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Support your local PBS station.

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All around the planet,

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billions of animals
are on the move...

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...making incredible journeys.

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The most amazing of these...
are the smallest.

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This series uses
the latest camera technology

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to follow six tiny animals

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on the biggest adventures
of their lives...

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...as they travel through
extraordinary landscapes...

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...where every little step
counts.

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The greatest adventures
are the smallest.

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Taiwan is home to
an animal that inspired legends

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of underground dragons.

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But this is no
scaly fire breather.

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It's a Formosan pangolin.

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And as evening falls,
his journey is just beginning.

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At two years old,
he's the size of a pineapple.

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It's his first breeding season,
but timing is crucial.

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He must find a receptive female

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before peak season ends
in few days' time.

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As he travels, he leaves his own
distinct scent markings,

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a calling card
for any prospective mate.

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And his own sensitive nose
can detect female pheromones.

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His territory is a tiny patch
of forest half a mile wide.

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He hasn't found any sign
of another pangolin here.

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His species is
critically endangered,

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and so he must walk far
to find another.

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To fuel his journey,
he needs food.

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And he's very picky
about what he eats.

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Something has caught
his attention.

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One of his favorite foods...

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...black ants.

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He needs to eat
80,000 ants a day to bulk up.

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But woodpiles are dangerous
places to root around.

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A disturbed Taiwanese cobra can
strike in the blink of an eye.

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Flicking its tongue, the snake
can taste the pangolin's odor.

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Just one drop of its venom
could kill a human.

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But it would be a mistake
to try and bite a pangolin.

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His body is covered
by snake-proof scales

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made of the same material
as a buffalo's horn.

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The scent of tree-dwelling ants
now draws him upwards.

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Being snake-proof does come
with its disadvantages.

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His suit of armor is heavy,

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almost a quarter
of his body weight.

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But it's not enough
to stop him from trying.

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His scales overlap
to give flexibility.

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He's primed for rapid feeding
with a 16-inch tongue...

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...essential for tackling
cocktail ants...

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...so called by the way they
cock their tail when alarmed.

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He laps them up by the dozen.

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The ants are quick
to mobilize...

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...fighting back
with vicious bites.

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He has flaps
to protect his ears,

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but the ants are small enough
to exploit chinks in his armor.

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He's managed to snaffle
a few thousand ants.

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But their attacks have become
too painful to bear.

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Time to retreat.

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A nocturnal traveler,

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he is ready to journey
through the night

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and into the unknown
in his search for a mate.

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On the opposite side
of the world

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in Brazil's Atlantic Forest...

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...dawn is breaking for
another endangered species,

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a family of golden-headed
lion tamarins.

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This female is 6 years old.

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She has made a home here
with her lifelong partner.

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They are no larger
than a milk bottle,

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but they have
a giant responsibility--

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three boys under 2 years old...

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...and baby twins-- a boy...

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and a girl.

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They are no bigger
than the palm of a human hand.

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Mom is struggling to provide
the milk that they need

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because the drying climate
has made fruit scarce.

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The twins must eat
every two days

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or they could die of starvation.

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Driven by hunger,

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the family must travel quickly
to find food.

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Lion tamarins
are canopy sprinters.

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With claws like running spikes,
they dash along the branches,

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and their forelimbs are like
springs boosting their momentum.

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They can cover large areas
by sprinting in bursts

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of 25 miles per an hour.

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Scientists must use
radio collars

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to follow their journeys.

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Carrying babies a quarter of
their own weight is exhausting.

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They urgently need food.

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Black-necked aracari.

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Birds have an aerial advantage
when it comes to spotting fruit.

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They've revealed
a hoard of figs.

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She only needs to eat around 40

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to get the calories
to produce milk today.

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But she can smell
scent markings.

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She's trespassing
into someone else's territory.

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Nervously, they feed as fast
as they can.

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With food becoming
unpredictable,

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lion tamarins are pushed
into more conflict.

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The rivals' alarm calls

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are a sign that they have
no intentions of sharing.

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And with young babies in tow,

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it's too risky
for the family to stay.

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Mom has barely eaten enough.

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But at least she can feed
the twins

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with a little milk today.

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Yet if they don't get another
meal within the next two days,

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the babies may not make it.

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That's not the only threat
they face right now.

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A storm.

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When it rains,

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the air temperature plummets
to 50 degrees.

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Hungry and drenched, the babies
can't generate heat fast enough.

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Hypothermia is a major killer
of these tiny monkeys.

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But being 10 inches tall
does have advantages.

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You can hide
in the smallest spaces.

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And the family huddles inside
to keep warm.

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Almost four miles from
their old home and hungry--

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but at least tonight
they have somewhere to sleep.

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Back in Taiwan,

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the pangolin is nearly
two miles beyond his territory,

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with no sign of a female.

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It's critical
that he picks up a scent

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within the next few days.

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And very few will be receptive
so late in the season.

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But his search has taken him
into a strange type of forest.

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There are no trees
to climb here.

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Bamboo-- the tallest grass
in the world.

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This species can grow three feet
in one day.

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Here, it towers 65 feet high.

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Row upon row... mile upon mile.

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It's easy to get lost.

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This is a strange landscape,

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a plantation created
by humans...

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...a monoculture.

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Nothing but bamboo.

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Except...

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...the faint scent of a female.

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The scent has led him into
a different type of a forest...

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...an area that's been
left wild.

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And there's a pangolin burrow.

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But something
doesn't smell right.

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He must be cautious.

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Other animals
move into vacant burrows.

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A gem-faced civet.

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Like a skunk, it can release
a stink when alarmed.

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Not what you want

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when your sexual prowess
depends on smelling good.

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While the pangolin tries to
sniff out a mate,

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another animal here employs
a different strategy.

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Light.

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There are 56 species of firefly
found in Taiwan.

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Each has its own distinctive
sequence of flashes,

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all used for attracting a mate.

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The presence of fireflies
is a sign of a healthy habitat.

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If the pangolin continues
in this direction,

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he might find more burrows.

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As wild habitats are turned
to monoculture,

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fireflies disappear

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and pangolins find themselves
more exposed to humans.

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Another pangolin burrow.

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This time it's empty.

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With dawn breaking,
at least it's a place to sleep.

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The lion tamarins have woken
to a new dawn,

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hungry and far
from the fruiting trees

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that they once called home.

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Grooming reinforces the bonds
between mom and dad.

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Giant trees are
the perfect place to live,

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full of hiding spaces.

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And ahead, there's one of the
biggest trees they've ever seen.

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Its branches support
a rich garden of plants.

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But the lion tamarins want
what might be hiding within.

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They don't just eat fruit.

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Ten percent of their diet
is prey.

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Their extended fingers are
adapted to reach deep inside.

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These grasshoppers are
the first proper meal

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they've had in days.

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It's an incredible feast.

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00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,520
But there's even better food
here.

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Frogs.

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Concentrated protein.

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Mom's got one.

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And the whole family are keen
for a bite.

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It's important
that mom eats first

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and replenishes her energy
for making milk...

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...even if the twins want to
try frog for themselves.

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It's the baby's first taste
of solid food.

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This is the perfect home
for the family--

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all the frogs they can eat

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and no other lion tamarins
to compete with.

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They could establish a new
territory of fruiting trees

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around it.

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The future for the family
is looking bright.

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With Mom and Dad relaxed,
they allow the male twin

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to take his first steps
towards independence.

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It's a big feat when you are
30 feet off the ground.

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Two months old, he's learning
by copying his older brothers.

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00:25:56,040 --> 00:26:00,160
But he's not ready to join in
on the play fighting just yet.

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All the commotion
hasn't gone unnoticed.

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On the forest floor,
predators hunt in the shadows.

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An ocelot.

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00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,480
It's only twice the size
of a house cat,

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but to the tiny primates,
it's a giant

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and could kill each of them
with a single bite.

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The lion tamarins are unaware
of the danger approaching below.

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00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:18,840
The ocelot's speckled coat

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makes him disappear
amongst the undergrowth.

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00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,680
His feet are three inches wide,

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larger than
a lion tamarin's head.

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00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,600
They allow him to tread
stealthily.

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00:27:55,880 --> 00:28:00,720
And ocelots are agile enough
to hunt...

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00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:02,880
in the trees.

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00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,160
Something isn't right.

213
00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,000
The cat's been spotted.

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00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,400
The family needs to abandon
the tree quickly.

215
00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:04,440
For the ocelot,
it's not worth a chase.

216
00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:12,280
He's a nighttime hunter,
and this is his sleeping tree,

217
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:16,720
at the heart of his territory,
three miles wide.

218
00:29:22,440 --> 00:29:26,400
The family must escape
from this area quickly.

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Come nightfall, the cat
will be back on the hunt.

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00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:50,360
In Taiwan,

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00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,760
the daytime temperature
can reach 100 degrees--

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too uncomfortable for
a heavily armored pangolin.

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00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:06,600
He hides in the burrow,
where it's 20 degrees cooler.

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00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:13,040
As dusk approaches,

225
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he can get back to his journey.

226
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:24,320
Out there is the female
who dug this burrow,

227
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and her scent
is growing stronger.

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00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,200
He's entered an olive grove...

229
00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:36,800
...and is deep in a world
transformed by humans.

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He has never been so exposed.

231
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:57,960
In Taiwan, feral dogs
pose the biggest threat.

232
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:00,840
They're one of the few animals

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able to bite through
the pangolin's armor.

234
00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:37,000
Finally-- a female.

235
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Instinct now takes over.

236
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Gently stroking her back,
he seeks approval.

237
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:25,160
But the more he makes
his advances,

238
00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:27,240
the tighter she curls up.

239
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:37,000
She's not interested...

240
00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,920
a sign that she may
already be pregnant.

241
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He's too late.

242
00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,080
With time running out
on the season,

243
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,480
he must continue
if he is to find another female.

244
00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:18,040
Fortunately, he's within reach
of a remarkable place.

245
00:33:19,680 --> 00:33:23,360
Taoist shrines are believed
to bestow good luck

246
00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:25,680
upon all who pass,

247
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:29,120
and they are often found
close to a protected forest

248
00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:32,000
where pangolins thrive.

249
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,200
Back in Brazil,

250
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,840
The lion tamarins have spent
the last five days

251
00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:45,840
jumping between thousands
of trees.

252
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:54,000
But they have yet to find
anywhere safe

253
00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:56,840
with enough food to make a home.

254
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:11,840
Suddenly, something that they
have never seen before--

255
00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:14,120
a break in the tree cover.

256
00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:21,200
A road.

257
00:34:24,240 --> 00:34:28,760
Here, they are more exposed
to aerial threats.

258
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:34,240
A monkey-eating harpy eagle,

259
00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:38,160
15 times the weight
of a lion tamarin.

260
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:45,400
With nightfall fast approaching,
the family can't turn back.

261
00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:49,480
They must find a way
to cross the open road.

262
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:02,800
The gap here is 30 feet wide--
too far to jump.

263
00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:21,000
And they aren't the only ones
stuck here.

264
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:24,280
A sloth.

265
00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:42,720
This overhanging tree could be
the family's only way over.

266
00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,120
An aerial attack
can come from anywhere.

267
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:58,400
Mom goes first--
16 feet in a single bound.

268
00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:07,440
The rest of the family
must follow.

269
00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:14,720
Five have made it.

270
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,160
Two to go.

271
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:33,720
The eagle's caught something.

272
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:40,800
It's a sloth.

273
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:48,040
All the family
are accounted for.

274
00:36:55,560 --> 00:37:00,360
They continue their journey
for just over a mile,

275
00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:05,000
until, suddenly,
their path is blocked again.

276
00:37:08,720 --> 00:37:12,680
Having spent their entire lives
surrounded by trees,

277
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:14,680
they have reached the edge
of the forest.

278
00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:23,720
Beyond is human territory--
a farm.

279
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:29,440
The lion tamarins are trapped

280
00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:32,000
within one
of the few remaining patches

281
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:36,000
of the once-vast
Atlantic Forest.

282
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:42,360
Today only 12% remains.

283
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:54,920
Traveling along
the forest edge...

284
00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:04,960
...there's nothing for them
out there.

285
00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:08,040
It's a dead end for the family.

286
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:25,200
When forest fragments become
too small,

287
00:38:25,320 --> 00:38:26,800
there's not enough food

288
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:30,120
to sustain a healthy population
of animals.

289
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:34,560
The whole ecosystem
begins to collapse.

290
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:43,320
It's the end of five days
searching for a new home...

291
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:51,480
...and the Tamarins' future
seems as uncertain as ever.

292
00:38:57,600 --> 00:38:59,240
For the pangolin,

293
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:03,000
it's now coming towards the end
of the breeding season.

294
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:09,000
He's crossing the boundary
into a protected forest,

295
00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:11,880
one of thousands
scattered across Taiwan,

296
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:15,280
covering nearly 20%
of the island.

297
00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,200
Here, dogs are kept out.

298
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:40,480
Reserves like this are home

299
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,680
to the world's densest
population of pangolins--

300
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:48,400
as many as 25 in a square mile.

301
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:51,960
But before he continues,

302
00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:56,280
he needs to find food
and replenish his energy.

303
00:40:01,560 --> 00:40:06,360
Termites-- packed with protein.

304
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:39,720
He isn't the only one
that's hungry.

305
00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:54,680
A moon bear,
Taiwan's largest carnivore--

306
00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:57,920
30 times bigger than a pangolin.

307
00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:11,760
They usually live
high in the mountains.

308
00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:13,320
But in the spring,

309
00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:17,680
these bears travel down
to lower slopes to seek food.

310
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,440
They're built
for ripping apart trees,

311
00:41:31,560 --> 00:41:35,880
with powerful muscles
and two-inch-long claws.

312
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:46,240
It could crunch a pangolin
in one bite.

313
00:41:48,320 --> 00:41:52,240
It isn't going to give up
without a meal.

314
00:41:59,720 --> 00:42:03,600
The pangolin takes his chance
to get away.

315
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,320
Luckily, he's not what
the bear is after.

316
00:42:11,720 --> 00:42:14,480
It's the termites.

317
00:42:21,440 --> 00:42:25,160
He needs to find a meal
that the bear can't reach.

318
00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:34,520
Cocktail ants-- again.

319
00:43:03,120 --> 00:43:04,800
There's only one scent

320
00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:08,640
that can entice a young male
away from food.

321
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:12,720
The pheromones of a female.

322
00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:17,240
This could be his chance.

323
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:34,760
She is in the last few days
of her reproductive cycle.

324
00:43:34,880 --> 00:43:38,960
Soon she will be unable
to get pregnant.

325
00:43:43,240 --> 00:43:49,040
The final stage of his journey
is now led by this female.

326
00:43:51,560 --> 00:43:53,840
It's a good sign.

327
00:43:56,720 --> 00:44:01,200
They travel hour after hour
through the night.

328
00:44:08,560 --> 00:44:12,560
He has proved himself worthy.

329
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:29,120
Mating in a suit of armor
isn't easy.

330
00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:36,200
Finding the right angle
could take till morning.

331
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:47,960
His first great journey
is a success.

332
00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:50,040
He's found a mate.

333
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:02,680
And, safe in this
protected forest,

334
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:06,880
he can help to ensure
the survival of his species.

335
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:18,240
Seven months later...

336
00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:29,080
...the pangolins' baby
is born.

337
00:45:32,560 --> 00:45:35,600
And the story continues...

338
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:40,720
...with a new generation

339
00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:46,360
...and a new journey.

340
00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:57,800
It's morning in Brazil.

341
00:45:59,960 --> 00:46:02,040
The tamarins are
still traveling

342
00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:04,280
along the forest edge.

343
00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:10,520
And now they are being watched.

344
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:26,320
Mom isn't sure
what to make of these monkeys.

345
00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:47,360
These are Wied's marmosets,
a distant cousin of tamarins.

346
00:46:49,120 --> 00:46:52,880
Remarkably, they speak
a similar language

347
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:55,400
and can understand each other.

348
00:46:58,080 --> 00:47:03,160
They too are homeless
and have babies to feed.

349
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:07,880
it gives them a unique
opportunity to join forces.

350
00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:22,600
The lion tamarins take
the high branches

351
00:47:22,720 --> 00:47:25,800
and keep watch
for aerial threats.

352
00:47:31,280 --> 00:47:34,480
The marmosets keep an eye out
down below

353
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:37,080
for predators on the prowl.

354
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,320
One has spotted an agouti...

355
00:47:47,680 --> 00:47:52,680
...a giant rodent three times
bigger than a lion tamarin.

356
00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:57,480
It searches for food
with its nose like a dog

357
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:01,240
and stores nuts in the ground
like a squirrel.

358
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:10,680
Both families follow it,

359
00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:13,520
watching where it stores
its stash.

360
00:48:16,840 --> 00:48:21,480
The agouti has led them
to a new world of opportunity...

361
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:34,160
...a place
of strange plants...

362
00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:38,360
...and huge, colorful fruits.

363
00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:43,880
A cocoa pod...

364
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:48,800
with enough cocoa beans to feed
a lion tamarin for a day.

365
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:05,040
This is a territory with plenty
of food to go around.

366
00:49:12,160 --> 00:49:15,640
For both families,
it's a paradise.

367
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:20,600
As they travel further,

368
00:49:20,720 --> 00:49:24,920
they discover the most
remarkable fruit of all...

369
00:49:26,680 --> 00:49:29,680
...the biggest of any tree
on Earth.

370
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,600
This is jackfruit.

371
00:49:40,080 --> 00:49:43,440
It's as big as a basketball...

372
00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:47,280
and five times bigger
than a lion tamarin.

373
00:49:50,840 --> 00:49:55,400
The fruit on a single tree
is packed with enough calories

374
00:49:55,520 --> 00:50:00,760
to feed 6,000 golden-headed
lion tamarins for the day...

375
00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:05,120
...the entire world population.

376
00:50:16,520 --> 00:50:19,800
The family has made it
to a part of the forest

377
00:50:19,920 --> 00:50:21,800
known as cabruca...

378
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:30,920
...a place where people
sustainably grow cocoa and fruit

379
00:50:31,040 --> 00:50:33,920
in the shade
of giant native trees.

380
00:50:40,720 --> 00:50:44,520
Every year, thousands
of new trees are planted...

381
00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:49,640
...to connect dying
forest fragments...

382
00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:54,400
...making them bigger
to keep them alive.

383
00:50:59,240 --> 00:51:02,240
The lion tamarins
can now play their part

384
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,800
to enrich these new areas

385
00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:07,360
by spreading seeds
in their droppings.

386
00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:18,280
Cabrucas across
the Atlantic Forest

387
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:23,360
are sanctuaries for almost every
golden-headed lion tamarin.

388
00:51:30,720 --> 00:51:36,880
Here they grow bigger,
healthier...

389
00:51:38,120 --> 00:51:39,800
...and produce more babies.

390
00:51:50,520 --> 00:51:53,400
The family has discovered
a new home

391
00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:55,880
on the edge of their world.

392
00:51:58,360 --> 00:52:01,240
And they are already playing
a vital role

393
00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:06,320
in protecting the forest
for future generations.