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♪ ♪

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(audience applauding)

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ANNOUNCER:
Tonight, from Atlanta,
live and in color:

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"The Nixon Answer."

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Tonight, Richard Nixon in person

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is going to face a panel of
citizens

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asking the questions they want
answered.

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Thank you very much, thank you.
(chuckles)

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Hi, how are you?

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(applause continues)

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I thank all of you in the studio
audience for your warm welcome,

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and I just hope my campaigning's

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a lot better than my putting.
(all laugh)

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And so we'll start over on this
side

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with Mr. Murphy from Atlanta.

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REG MURPHY:
Mr. Nixon, General Curtis LeMay
became

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Governor Wallace's
running mate today,

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and he immediately said that he
would use a nuclear bomb

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to win in Vietnam.

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How do you feel about
the use of nuclear weapons

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in Vietnam or elsewhere?

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I do not believe
that nuclear bombs

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or nuclear weapons should
be used in Vietnam,

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I do not think they're
necessary to be used in Vietnam,

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and we should not risk
a nuclear war in Vietnam

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by any matter or means.

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(audience applauds)

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MORTON HALPERIN:
We learned pretty quickly

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that his secret plan was to
threaten the North Vietnamese

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with nuclear weapons.

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That was his plan.

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And he was
convinced that the way

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to make the threat credible was
for the North Vietnamese to fear

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that he was crazy
and might actually do this.

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♪ ♪

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(explosions pounding)

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♪ ♪

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WALTER CRONKITE:
Richard Nixon goes over the top

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with 287 electoral votes,

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and that seems
to be the 1968 election.

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(crowd cheering and applauding)

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DICK FERNANDEZ:
After his election,

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there was a feeling in the
anti-war movement of exhaustion.

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We felt devastated
by the Nixon election.

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And there were a lot of
questions like,

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what should we be doing,
what needs to be done,

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and what do we do next?

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We didn't know at that time that
they were

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already planning
to blow up Vietnam.

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♪ ♪

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NIXON:
Dr. Kissinger is a man who
is known

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to all people who are
interested in foreign policy

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as perhaps one of the major
scholars in America

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and the world today
in this area.

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And I trust,
under his direction,

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he will develop new ideas

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and new policies for
the critical

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problems America has in the
field

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of foreign policy around the
world.

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(Nixon murmuring)

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Ladies and gentlemen,

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I am honored by the confidence

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that the president-elect
has expressed in me.

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And I shall serve
the president-elect

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with all my energy and
dedication.

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HALPERIN:
Kissinger and I had been
colleagues together at Harvard.

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I came into
the government in '66,

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and I very quickly came
to believe that we had no idea

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what we were doing in Vietnam,

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and that it was hopeless,
and that we should get out.

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Which, of course,
Kissinger knew.

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Kissinger and
I taught a seminar at Harvard

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called the Defense Policy
Seminar.

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There's actually a very famous
"New York Times" picture

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of the last
class of the seminar in 1968,

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'cause I alerted
"The New York Times" to the fact

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that this was going
to be Henry's last class.

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The photographer
walks in and Henry says,

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"This will be good for
my megalomania."

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After the class was over,
Kissinger asked to talk to me.

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He said that he wanted to ask me
to come and work for him

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in the White House,
and I immediately said yes.

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Kissinger had a sense of urgency
because by Inauguration Day,

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Nixon wanted a paper on options

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for what should be done in
Vietnam.

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We looked at a range of
options all the way towards

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the one that I favored,
which was announcing

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that we would
withdraw all our forces.

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The paper went to Nixon
and his response was,

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"This is a good options paper,

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"but the option
that I'm interested in

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is not in the paper, and that's
the option of escalating."

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♪ ♪

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I was surprised by
the escalation request,

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mostly because
I thought it was infeasible,

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that the country
wouldn't stand for it.

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And I said to Kissinger,

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"If you go in this direction,
it will become Nixon's war."

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And Kissinger went off
and talked to Nixon,

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and came back and said,

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"He will be proud to
have it called Nixon's war."

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("All Along the Watchtower"
playing)

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TOM WELLS:
Nixon wanted to end the war
quickly.

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And the way he hoped to do
that was by threatening

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the North Vietnamese with
a major escalation of the war.

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And he had this idea
that somehow he could convince

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the North Vietnamese that he was
capable of anything--

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to blow them to smithereens.

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(flashes popping)

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DANIEL ELLSBERG:
H.R. Haldeman,

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who became Nixon's chief of
staff,

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revealed in his memoirs

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that during the '68 campaign,

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Nixon had discussed with him how

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he expected effectively to win
the war in Vietnam.

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(bomb releasing and exploding)

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Nixon's secret plan was
to threaten the North Vietnamese

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that he would go to a much
higher level of escalation than

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President Johnson
had ever managed,

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including the use
of nuclear weapons.

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But how to
make the North Vietnamese

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believe that he would do it?

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He said, "We'll get the word
to them

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"that this guy is unpredictable,

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"crazy, we can't control him,

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and he has his finger
on the nuclear button."

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And Nixon said to Haldeman,

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"Ho Chi Minh will be in Paris

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the next day to negotiate."

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And in his own mind,
the word was used, madman.

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He said, "I call it
the Madman Theory, Bob."

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♪ ♪

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And, by the way, privately,
I believe

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Nixon was that crazy.

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FERNANDEZ:
My name is Dick Fernandez.

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I am a minister in
the United Church of Christ.

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I worked for eight years as a
director

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of Clergy and Laity Concerned
during the Vietnam War.

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In February of 1969,
there were a group of us

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that went to see Kissinger:

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Coretta Scott King,

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William Sloane Coffin at Yale,

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Rabbi Abraham Heschel.

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And as we came in the door,
you had these two Jewish men

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who had both escaped
Nazi Germany

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and Poland, respectively.

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You could kind of tell
there was this recognition.

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We said we wanted the war to
end, and as our meeting went on,

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at one point, Kissinger said,

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"You know, I've just been here
six weeks-- it takes a while."

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He said to us,
we need to be patient with them.

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Rabbi Heschel,
he kind of looked at Kissinger,

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and he said,
"You know, Mr. Secretary,

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the children of Vietnam are
dying, so you should hurry."

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You could have heard a pin drop.

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We didn't know at that time

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that they were already planning
to blow up Vietnam.

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SAM DONALDSON:
It has now come to Richard Nixon

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as it came so often to his
predecessor, Lyndon Johnson:

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the sight of hundreds of
sign-carrying women

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marching in
front of the White House,

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demanding an immediate
end to the war in Vietnam.

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It was all very peaceful
and quiet.

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So was Lyndon Johnson's
first anti-war demonstration.

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CAROLYN EISENBERG:
Nixon is acutely aware of the
fact

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that Lyndon Johnson's presidency

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had been essentially destroyed
by the anti-war movement.

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That's not lost on him at all.

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And he doesn't
want to be in that spot.

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So from the very beginning,
Richard Nixon is always paying

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attention to
the anti-war movement.

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CORA WEISS:
Women Strike for Peace

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was a gathering of housewives,
that's for sure.

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And we were
all over the country.

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We began getting
worried about the Vietnam War.

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It was a war of atrocities.

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We committed
crimes against humanity.

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It was horrible.

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And we were going to work

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to try to prevent this war from
escalating and end it.

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DONALDSON:
Today, they marched from
the White House

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to Capitol Hill; at the Capitol,

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the women took turns

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listening to
anti-war congressmen...

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SHIRLEY CHISHOLM:
The war should be ended
immediately.

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We really need
a complete re-evaluation

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of what this nation's
priority is going to be.

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And until we end
the war in Vietnam

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and address ourselves
to the domestic war at home,

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we are going to continue
to be in trouble in our country.

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DAVID HAWK:
In the early '60s,

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what I was most concerned about
was really

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the Civil Rights Movement.

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I went to Mississippi
in the summer of 1964

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as part of
Mississippi Freedom Summer.

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And being concerned with

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the issue of poverty in America,
you could see

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easily who was getting sent
to Vietnam

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and where in American society
the draftees

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were coming from--
the small towns,

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the farms, and the ghettos.

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And I went from concern about
civil rights at home

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directly into concern for the
escalation

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of the war in Vietnam,

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and many, many of my colleagues

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and friends from the
Civil Rights Movement

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also transitioned
into the anti-war movement.

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I became the anti-war
and anti-draft coordinator

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for the National Student
Association,

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and I organized a
"We Won't Go" letter

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addressed to Nixon,
advising him of how deep

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and how wide opposition
to the war was on the campuses.

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And to our surprise,
we were invited to meet

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with Henry Kissinger and
Nixon's chief domestic adviser,

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John Ehrlichman,
and had that meeting

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in the Situation Room
in the White House.

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ROGER BLACK:
Dr. Kissinger

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repeated a, a number of times
that, that we really

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should give them, give them
more time, be patient.

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Dr. Kissinger said that

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if we came back a year
from now

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and the war was still
in the same position,

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he would really have no
moral argument against us.

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HAWK:
Kissinger left the room after
20, 30 minutes,

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and John Ehrlichman took
the floor

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and was so hard-line,
it shocked people.

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He said, "If you think

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"that you can break laws
you don't like,

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"you're going to force us to up
the ante

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"to the point
where we have to give out

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death sentences
for traffic violations."

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I mean, this was so
off the wall and over the top

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that everybody's jaw just
dropped.

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(laughs): "What is this guy
talking about?"

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(guns firing)

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It was clear to everybody that
the war was going to go on.

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(explosion pounds)

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These guys were not going
to end it,

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and they might even
be worse than the last bunch.

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ROGER MORRIS: I'm Roger Morris.

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I was on the National Security
Council staff

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under Henry Kissinger
and President Richard Nixon.

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Nixon intended to be very much
his own secretary of state,

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as well as his own president.

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In foreign policy, it would
be, in the end, Henry and Dick.

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00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:30,533
As early as the spring of 1969,
we knew that Nixon was making

247
00:12:30,533 --> 00:12:34,200
(chuckling):
very, very definite
and often somewhat

248
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:38,333
furtively menacing approaches
to the Soviet Union,

249
00:12:38,333 --> 00:12:40,933
what struck me at
the time as almost childish,

250
00:12:40,933 --> 00:12:44,300
if not adolescent,
playing with the whole issue:

251
00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:45,966
"You'll have to get on board
here

252
00:12:45,966 --> 00:12:48,733
"with pressuring the
North Vietnamese to end the war

253
00:12:48,733 --> 00:12:51,866
or terrible things will happen."

254
00:12:51,866 --> 00:12:54,500
STEPHEN BULL: I was a very, very
strong supporter

255
00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:56,200
of Richard Nixon.

256
00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,900
He was my boss, I admired him.

257
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:03,133
And whatever his decision was,
I was going to support it.

258
00:13:03,133 --> 00:13:05,600
President Nixon
wanted the Russians

259
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,366
to believe that he would do
anything.

260
00:13:08,366 --> 00:13:11,366
He wanted to make them
think that he was a madman.

261
00:13:11,366 --> 00:13:14,433
However, my personal observation
was, it was a bluff.

262
00:13:14,433 --> 00:13:17,100
He wasn't going to do anything,

263
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:19,900
he was never going to use
nuclear weapons,

264
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,000
but he wanted the threat to be
out there

265
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,600
to force them to the table.

266
00:13:27,133 --> 00:13:30,266
ELLSBERG: By May of 1969,

267
00:13:30,266 --> 00:13:32,533
Henry Kissinger had
told Dobrynin,

268
00:13:32,533 --> 00:13:34,833
the Russian ambassador,
Soviet ambassador,

269
00:13:34,833 --> 00:13:39,600
that if the North Vietnamese did
not agree to Nixon's terms,

270
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,133
we would move to measures of the
greatest consequence,

271
00:13:43,133 --> 00:13:45,900
the gravest consequence.

272
00:13:47,733 --> 00:13:50,600
HALPERIN: I found out about the
threats in which Kissinger

273
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:52,966
says to the Russian ambassador,
Dobrynin,

274
00:13:52,966 --> 00:13:55,266
"The president
wants you to tell the Russians

275
00:13:55,266 --> 00:13:59,133
"that the North Vietnamese
have nothing to gain by waiting,

276
00:13:59,133 --> 00:14:01,700
 
"that if they wait,
things will get much worse.

277
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:03,366
There will
be terrible destruction."

278
00:14:03,366 --> 00:14:04,766
It did everything

279
00:14:04,766 --> 00:14:06,700
but use the word "nuclear
weapons," but it was clearly

280
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:09,266
meant to be a nuclear threat.

281
00:14:09,266 --> 00:14:12,000
Which, of course,
I found very disturbing.

282
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:17,800
EISENBERG:
In May of 1969,

283
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,966
you have
the Battle of Hamburger Hill.

284
00:14:20,966 --> 00:14:25,766
It's very close to the Laotian
border, in a mountainous region.

285
00:14:25,766 --> 00:14:29,233
Groups of soldiers
are sent up the hill

286
00:14:29,233 --> 00:14:31,966
to get the North Vietnamese out,

287
00:14:31,966 --> 00:14:35,100
but they're in a terrible
position.

288
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:38,400
The enemy troops are on the top
and they're just killing them.

289
00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,500
But their officer
cannot bear to give up.

290
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:45,300
Hamburger Hill was
a term that the men used

291
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:49,900
because they were being
ground up like ground meat.

292
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:51,466
Eventually, they actually
take the hill,

293
00:14:51,466 --> 00:14:54,566
and of course, by that point,
enemy's either dead

294
00:14:54,566 --> 00:14:57,366
or they've crossed back over
the border into Laos.

295
00:14:57,366 --> 00:15:01,133
So it's really a big nothing in
terms of what they're achieving.

296
00:15:01,133 --> 00:15:03,900
CRONKITE:
Today, a squad leader
wounded in those assaults,

297
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,766
Sergeant Ken Tepper,
talked about the fight.

298
00:15:06,766 --> 00:15:09,100
 
It seemed so useless, because
they just,

299
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:11,033
they just kept sending us up
there,

300
00:15:11,033 --> 00:15:13,566
and they were just
slaughtering us.

301
00:15:13,566 --> 00:15:16,100
My best friend was right
behind me with his machine gun.

302
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:18,900
He got killed right there,
got a bullet through his head,

303
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:20,900
and it was, it was pretty awful.

304
00:15:22,166 --> 00:15:25,366
And I cried
that night, and many guys did.

305
00:15:25,366 --> 00:15:28,233
EISENBERG:
Nixon sees this,

306
00:15:28,233 --> 00:15:29,933
and he sends
a message to Kissinger.

307
00:15:29,933 --> 00:15:33,333
"How in the world do people like
that get put on the television?

308
00:15:33,333 --> 00:15:35,900
How did we allow that
to happen?"

309
00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:39,333
The absolute disconnection,
both of them,

310
00:15:39,333 --> 00:15:42,100
between the things that they're
deciding to do

311
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:43,733
and the human costs of it,

312
00:15:43,733 --> 00:15:46,700
whether it's to our own
soldiers or it's civilians,

313
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,200
has absolutely no
part in their thinking.

314
00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:51,433
They don't care.

315
00:15:55,533 --> 00:16:01,133
(hammers pounding)

316
00:16:01,133 --> 00:16:02,766
SAM BROWN:
I was teaching

317
00:16:02,766 --> 00:16:05,733
a seminar at Harvard
at the time.

318
00:16:05,733 --> 00:16:08,833
In the seminar, I said,
"Let's play a 'what if?' game.

319
00:16:08,833 --> 00:16:12,500
What if you wanted
to end the war in Vietnam?"

320
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:15,766
We were casting about to see
what other people were thinking.

321
00:16:15,766 --> 00:16:18,300
Jerry Grossman,
who was a businessman,

322
00:16:18,300 --> 00:16:20,733
but deeply
committed against the war,

323
00:16:20,733 --> 00:16:25,266
had come up with this
idea of a national strike.

324
00:16:25,266 --> 00:16:28,233
Jerry came to
the seminar and pitched this.

325
00:16:28,233 --> 00:16:31,666
And over a period of weeks,
we carried on

326
00:16:31,666 --> 00:16:33,500
a conversation about, how is
that going to work?

327
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:36,166
Who's going
to be attracted to that?

328
00:16:36,166 --> 00:16:38,800
Will people be put
off by the word "strike"?

329
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:42,466
And also, the question was,
could you pull it off?

330
00:16:42,466 --> 00:16:45,666
That is, would people actually
walk off their jobs?

331
00:16:45,666 --> 00:16:47,900
We began to think, on
the other hand, maybe we can

332
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:50,133
use that idea, reframed,

333
00:16:50,133 --> 00:16:52,400
saying not, "We're gonna strike
that day,"

334
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:55,600
but we're going to take some
time to contemplate that day.

335
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,400
We're going to
set aside business as usual.

336
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:04,533
And from that came
the idea of the Moratorium.

337
00:17:04,533 --> 00:17:08,700
HAWK: We thought there was a lot
more latent opposition

338
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:13,866
to the war that could
be mobilized at the local level.

339
00:17:13,866 --> 00:17:17,933
Since I had this active network
of student leaders,

340
00:17:17,933 --> 00:17:20,266
we decided to
bring some of them back

341
00:17:20,266 --> 00:17:25,366
to Washington, and Sam
came down and laid out the idea.

342
00:17:25,366 --> 00:17:28,300
BROWN: You know, we were
basically political people.

343
00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:30,500
We didn't think revolution was
in the air.

344
00:17:30,500 --> 00:17:32,766
We didn't think
that the United States

345
00:17:32,766 --> 00:17:34,366
is going to change overnight.

346
00:17:34,366 --> 00:17:36,666
So we wanted to find
a way that made people

347
00:17:36,666 --> 00:17:38,966
feel comfortable,
that made them feel like,

348
00:17:38,966 --> 00:17:40,666
"Oh, I've been thinking about
the war,

349
00:17:40,666 --> 00:17:42,766
"and maybe now I can actually
do something

350
00:17:42,766 --> 00:17:44,966
right here in my hometown."

351
00:17:44,966 --> 00:17:49,233
So that was
the intent of the Moratorium.

352
00:17:49,233 --> 00:17:50,533
HAWK: We decided to
give it a try,

353
00:17:50,533 --> 00:17:52,966
and set
October 15

354
00:17:52,966 --> 00:17:55,566
as the target
date.

355
00:17:55,566 --> 00:17:57,166
BROWN:
Yeah, well,
we didn't know any better.

356
00:17:57,166 --> 00:17:59,366
Nobody had told
us we couldn't do it,

357
00:17:59,366 --> 00:18:02,300
so we just
sort of set out to do it.

358
00:18:02,300 --> 00:18:04,233
("The I-Feel-Like-
I'm-Fixing-to-Die Rag" playing)

359
00:18:04,233 --> 00:18:07,366
♪ Well, come on, all
of you big strong men ♪

360
00:18:07,366 --> 00:18:08,933
♪ Uncle Sam needs your help
again ♪

361
00:18:08,933 --> 00:18:10,533
♪ Got himself
in a terrible jam ♪

362
00:18:10,533 --> 00:18:12,700
♪ Way down yonder in Vietnam ♪

363
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:15,366
♪ Put down your books
and pick up a gun ♪

364
00:18:15,366 --> 00:18:16,633
♪ We're gonna have a
whole lot of fun ♪

365
00:18:16,633 --> 00:18:19,033
♪ And it's one, two,
three ♪

366
00:18:19,033 --> 00:18:20,966
♪ What are we fighting for? ♪

367
00:18:20,966 --> 00:18:23,100
♪ Don't ask me,
I don't give a damn ♪

368
00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:25,300
♪ The next stop is Vietnam ♪

369
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:28,266
♪ And it's five, six, seven ♪

370
00:18:28,266 --> 00:18:29,800
♪ Open up the Pearly Gates ♪

371
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,600
♪ Well, there ain't no
time to wonder why ♪

372
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,600
♪ Whoopee!
We're all gonna die ♪

373
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:37,300
DAVID HARTSOUGH:
I'm David Hartsough.

374
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:40,233
And I was a lobbyist
working on ending the war.

375
00:18:40,233 --> 00:18:43,666
My job was to help
educate Congress

376
00:18:43,666 --> 00:18:47,233
and bring pressure
on Congress about the war,

377
00:18:47,233 --> 00:18:49,733
and trying to bring
the truth to Congress.

378
00:18:49,733 --> 00:18:52,533
I was living
the Vietnam War day and night,

379
00:18:52,533 --> 00:18:57,000
and feeling a heavy
responsibility on my shoulders.

380
00:18:58,533 --> 00:19:02,566
Every week, 300
American soldiers were dying,

381
00:19:02,566 --> 00:19:07,200
and thousands of Vietnamese.

382
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:11,566
Quakers decided somehow
we had to publicly help

383
00:19:11,566 --> 00:19:15,200
the American people
understand the reality

384
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,733
of what the war was costing in
lives,

385
00:19:18,733 --> 00:19:21,200
and came up with the idea

386
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,200
of reading the names
of the American war dead

387
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,733
on the Capitol steps,
which we proceeded to do.

388
00:19:27,733 --> 00:19:29,333
MAN:
Joe Mac Kemp.

389
00:19:29,333 --> 00:19:31,366
Kent Alan Leonard.

390
00:19:31,366 --> 00:19:34,200
HARTSOUGH:
We got through 50, 60 names,

391
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,600
and we were arrested
and taken off to jail.

392
00:19:39,366 --> 00:19:41,000
The next Wednesday,
again, we went back

393
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,033
and continued reading
the names of the war dead.

394
00:19:44,033 --> 00:19:47,033
And we were again
arrested and taken off to jail.

395
00:19:47,033 --> 00:19:49,300
Vacate the lane forthwith

396
00:19:49,300 --> 00:19:53,600
or subject yourself to arrest.
(woman reading names)

397
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,466
HARTSOUGH:
So I went to see
Congressman George Brown

398
00:19:56,466 --> 00:20:00,333
of Southern California,
and I said,

399
00:20:00,333 --> 00:20:03,700
"George, is there anything you
could do to help us?"

400
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:05,800
He sits back
on his swivel chair and says,

401
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,066
"Yeah, I think I'll join you."

402
00:20:08,066 --> 00:20:09,533
(laughs)

403
00:20:09,533 --> 00:20:11,266
REPORTER:
For the fourth straight
Wednesday,

404
00:20:11,266 --> 00:20:13,333
a group of Quakers tried to read
from

405
00:20:13,333 --> 00:20:17,400
the Capitol steps the names
of Americans killed in Vietnam.

406
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:19,066
They were joined today
by members of Congress

407
00:20:19,066 --> 00:20:21,066
who sat with them on the steps.

408
00:20:21,066 --> 00:20:22,300
HARTSOUGH:
The congressmen,

409
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,000
they had congressional immunity,

410
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,000
so we got arrested
and they just continued

411
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,833
reading the names, for hours and
hours and hours.

412
00:20:31,833 --> 00:20:35,500
That got publicity, and more
members of Congress joined us.

413
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:38,100
Charles Diggs from Detroit.

414
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:42,266
Ed Koch, who later became
mayor of New York City.

415
00:20:42,266 --> 00:20:45,233
Shirley Chisholm
of New York.

416
00:20:45,233 --> 00:20:49,700
 
♪ We shall not,
we shall not be moved ♪

417
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:53,833
♪ We shall not, we shall not
be moved ♪

418
00:20:53,833 --> 00:20:55,700
♪ Just like a tree ♪

419
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:59,866
♪ That's standing by the water ♪

420
00:20:59,866 --> 00:21:04,300
♪ We shall not be moved ♪

421
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:06,766
HARTSOUGH:
I like to believe that
our courage

422
00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:10,133
gave these congresspeople
the courage to do

423
00:21:10,133 --> 00:21:12,233
what they believed was right.

424
00:21:12,233 --> 00:21:15,766
And their courage gave courage

425
00:21:15,766 --> 00:21:19,600
and encouragement to
the media to begin sharing this

426
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,466
terrible story of how
many Americans

427
00:21:22,466 --> 00:21:26,633
and how many Vietnamese were
dying every single week.

428
00:21:26,633 --> 00:21:31,000
Orrie Julius Buskey,
Reuben Butcher...

429
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,466
HARTSOUGH: Congresspeople
inserted all 40,000 names

430
00:21:34,466 --> 00:21:37,566
of the American war dead
into the Congressional Record,

431
00:21:37,566 --> 00:21:40,433
so that became public knowledge,

432
00:21:40,433 --> 00:21:42,266
and people began

433
00:21:42,266 --> 00:21:45,066
reading the names of the war
dead all over the country.

434
00:21:45,066 --> 00:21:46,366
MAN:
Nathaniel Collins.

435
00:21:46,366 --> 00:21:49,900
Thomas Edward Collins.

436
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:52,066
Farrell Richard Carew.

437
00:21:52,066 --> 00:21:55,733
Randall Vincent Cook.

438
00:21:55,733 --> 00:21:57,333
Joseph Henry Cooper, Jr.

439
00:21:57,333 --> 00:22:00,466
HARTSOUGH:
The message we were
trying to send out was,

440
00:22:00,466 --> 00:22:03,133
this war has to end.

441
00:22:03,133 --> 00:22:06,000
This madness has to end.

442
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:07,433
JOHN LENNON:
One, two, three, four!

443
00:22:07,433 --> 00:22:12,100
("Give Peace a Chance" playing)

444
00:22:13,133 --> 00:22:16,900
♪ Everybody's talking 'bout
Bagism, Shagism, Dragism ♪

445
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:20,133
♪ Madism, Ragism, Tagism,
this-ism, that-ism ♪

446
00:22:20,133 --> 00:22:21,600
♪ Ism, ism, ism ♪

447
00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:28,366
♪ All we are saying ♪

448
00:22:28,366 --> 00:22:32,000
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

449
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,466
(exclaiming)

450
00:22:34,466 --> 00:22:39,266
♪ All we are saying ♪

451
00:22:39,266 --> 00:22:43,900
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

452
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:46,066
We tried to do it in New York,
but the American government

453
00:22:46,066 --> 00:22:47,400
wouldn't let us in.

454
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:49,666
So we ended up doing
it in Montreal, instead,

455
00:22:49,666 --> 00:22:52,566
and broadcasting across the
border.

456
00:22:52,566 --> 00:22:56,900
♪ And Fishops and Rabbis and
Popeyes and bye-bye, bye-bye ♪

457
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:01,566
♪ All we are saying ♪

458
00:23:03,366 --> 00:23:05,133
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

459
00:23:05,133 --> 00:23:07,066
Okay, beautiful!

460
00:23:07,066 --> 00:23:09,700
Yeah!
(all cheer and applaud)

461
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:18,533
CHRISTIAN APPY:
By the middle of 1969,

462
00:23:18,533 --> 00:23:20,633
many Americans,
middle Americans,

463
00:23:20,633 --> 00:23:22,566
were beginning to think,
you know,

464
00:23:22,566 --> 00:23:25,066
"Maybe it doesn't make sense
for us to be continuing

465
00:23:25,066 --> 00:23:26,366
"to send our sons

466
00:23:26,366 --> 00:23:30,033
to fight this war that seems
unwinnable."

467
00:23:30,033 --> 00:23:31,100
(explosion pounds)

468
00:23:33,233 --> 00:23:34,700
NIXON:
After five years

469
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:38,900
in which more and more Americans
have been sent to Vietnam,

470
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:42,066
we finally have reached the
point where we can begin

471
00:23:42,066 --> 00:23:45,000
to bring Americans home
from Vietnam.

472
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,033
APPY:
He did realize that he could no
longer escalate

473
00:23:48,033 --> 00:23:51,200
the war of American ground
troops in Vietnam.

474
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,900
Those soldiers had to be brought
back.

475
00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:55,133
He wanted to bring them back

476
00:23:55,133 --> 00:23:57,500
as slowly as possible,
but he understood

477
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:00,433
that the American public
could no longer tolerate

478
00:24:00,433 --> 00:24:03,966
large numbers of American body
bags coming home.

479
00:24:03,966 --> 00:24:07,300
♪ ♪

480
00:24:11,933 --> 00:24:13,633
BROWN:
You could not forget

481
00:24:13,633 --> 00:24:15,833
that June issue
of "Life" magazine.

482
00:24:15,833 --> 00:24:18,300
I think "Life"
may have had a circulation

483
00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:20,300
of five or six
million or something.

484
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:22,166
It seemed like
it came

485
00:24:22,166 --> 00:24:23,300
to every home
in America,

486
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:25,833
and suddenly, here are these
pictures,

487
00:24:25,833 --> 00:24:29,300
and you have a face and a name.

488
00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:32,566
Not just, oh,
last week, people died,

489
00:24:32,566 --> 00:24:37,733
which is horrifying,
but it had become so normalized.

490
00:24:37,733 --> 00:24:42,333
That magazine brought
back to reality

491
00:24:42,333 --> 00:24:45,333
that that new normal was
terrible.

492
00:24:45,333 --> 00:24:47,766
It was devastating.

493
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:52,266
(firing)

494
00:24:52,266 --> 00:24:54,900
HAWK:
Nixon announced the withdrawal

495
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:58,100
of 25,000 troops,

496
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:03,600
but the rate of withdrawal
they were talking about

497
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,766
meant the war would go on for
another four or five years.

498
00:25:06,766 --> 00:25:10,533
We wanted to indicate
that won't do it.

499
00:25:10,533 --> 00:25:14,100
The war's gone
on too long already.

500
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:16,366
Just simply end it-- end it!

501
00:25:16,366 --> 00:25:18,700
Bring them home--
immediate withdrawal.

502
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,266
("Volunteers" by
Jefferson Airplane playing)

503
00:25:22,266 --> 00:25:25,333
JOAN LIBBY:
I was student body
president at Mount Holyoke,

504
00:25:25,333 --> 00:25:27,200
and I hated the war.

505
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:31,866
I met David Hawk, who was
looking to hire people

506
00:25:31,866 --> 00:25:35,033
who were good organizers
and could get things done.

507
00:25:35,033 --> 00:25:36,633
(chuckles):
And of course, at 21,

508
00:25:36,633 --> 00:25:39,200
you knew that you could get
anything done.

509
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:43,600
And I said, "I'm in."

510
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,633
I remember I packed my
things in a cardboard box

511
00:25:46,633 --> 00:25:49,533
and went on an airplane, you
know, I had no suitcase, even.

512
00:25:49,533 --> 00:25:52,033
And it's a beehive.

513
00:25:52,033 --> 00:25:55,433
It's frenetic, it's organized.

514
00:25:55,433 --> 00:25:57,466
REPORTER:
At 26, Sam Brown is the oldest
of the four

515
00:25:57,466 --> 00:26:01,233
Moratorium organizers, and has
a master's degree from Rutgers.

516
00:26:01,233 --> 00:26:03,600
David Hawk is
a quietly intense young man

517
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:06,400
with the best
connections to the radical left.

518
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,800
He graduated from Cornell,
went to Harvard Divinity School,

519
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,533
and expects to go to prison in a
few months

520
00:26:12,533 --> 00:26:14,266
for refusing the draft.

521
00:26:14,266 --> 00:26:17,033
At 22, Marge Sklencar
is extraordinary.

522
00:26:17,033 --> 00:26:19,400
She's been accepted
at Yale Law School,

523
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,866
works 18 hours a day,
handles the money,

524
00:26:21,866 --> 00:26:24,533
breaks up the arguments,
and knows everyone.

525
00:26:24,533 --> 00:26:28,366
David Mixner was recruited
by Brown for his long experience

526
00:26:28,366 --> 00:26:31,866
in student organization and
his knowledge of Capitol Hill.

527
00:26:31,866 --> 00:26:34,033
♪ We're the volunteers
of America ♪

528
00:26:34,033 --> 00:26:36,366
MIXNER: My family has always
had a great military history.

529
00:26:36,366 --> 00:26:38,433
All my uncles served in World
War II,

530
00:26:38,433 --> 00:26:42,500
my father, and there
was real pride in that.

531
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,366
And then I had four members
of my family die in Vietnam.

532
00:26:45,366 --> 00:26:48,400
And my best friend
from high school

533
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,666
and elementary school died
in Vietnam.

534
00:26:50,666 --> 00:26:53,233
All before they were 22.

535
00:26:53,233 --> 00:26:54,433
It's something you never forget,

536
00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:56,566
and my sister
and I became outspoken

537
00:26:56,566 --> 00:26:58,900
opponents against the war.

538
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:01,233
And then I got a draft notice.

539
00:27:01,233 --> 00:27:03,966
There was no question
in my mind-- I wasn't going.

540
00:27:03,966 --> 00:27:08,266
The only question in my mind was
whether to go overseas or jail.

541
00:27:08,266 --> 00:27:10,433
And I dreaded telling my father.

542
00:27:10,433 --> 00:27:13,000
But I said, "Dad, I got
drafted."

543
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,800
And he sort of
turned pale and I said,

544
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,666
"I know you're not going to like
this, but I ain't going."

545
00:27:18,666 --> 00:27:21,666
I said, "I sent a letter
to the Salem County draft board,

546
00:27:21,666 --> 00:27:24,700
saying, '(muted) you and (muted)
your war, I ain't going.'"

547
00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:27,433
And that's exactly what I wrote.

548
00:27:27,433 --> 00:27:29,966
And he said,
"Of course you're not going.

549
00:27:29,966 --> 00:27:32,633
We've given enough already."

550
00:27:32,633 --> 00:27:34,466
And he says,
"You'll go when the Rockefellers

551
00:27:34,466 --> 00:27:36,366
start sending their sons."

552
00:27:36,366 --> 00:27:39,933
Shocked the (muted) out of me.

553
00:27:39,933 --> 00:27:43,133
LIBBY: I was from this
working-class town

554
00:27:43,133 --> 00:27:45,466
called Revere, Massachusetts.

555
00:27:45,466 --> 00:27:50,166
I did have a sense from
my lower-middle-class upbringing

556
00:27:50,166 --> 00:27:52,800
and my father that I wanted
to do something

557
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,900
that would convince people who
were like my parents

558
00:27:56,900 --> 00:28:00,700
to turn against the war.

559
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:06,833
My father was in World War II
and was a master sergeant,

560
00:28:06,833 --> 00:28:11,533
and came back from the war
and became a police officer.

561
00:28:11,533 --> 00:28:15,400
 
My family is Jewish,
and my father

562
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,500
had been with General Patton

563
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,833
and had helped liberate
concentration camps.

564
00:28:20,833 --> 00:28:24,633
So the notion of conscience
was for me

565
00:28:24,633 --> 00:28:27,066
very important.

566
00:28:27,066 --> 00:28:30,233
And when I thought about
Vietnam,

567
00:28:30,233 --> 00:28:32,900
I didn't want to say
I just, you know,

568
00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:35,533
finished college and
went to grad school, honey.

569
00:28:35,533 --> 00:28:39,533
I wanted to know that I did what
I could,

570
00:28:39,533 --> 00:28:43,233
in the smartest way I knew how,

571
00:28:43,233 --> 00:28:45,433
to end the war in Vietnam.

572
00:28:45,433 --> 00:28:48,633
I was not going
to be the bystander.

573
00:28:51,933 --> 00:28:55,100
MIXNER: Mary McGrory was a
Pulitzer Prize columnist

574
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:58,033
at the "Washington Evening Star"
at the time.

575
00:28:58,033 --> 00:29:00,766
Her column was in, like,
400 papers around the world.

576
00:29:00,766 --> 00:29:02,433
I mean, she was a star.

577
00:29:02,433 --> 00:29:06,033
And she was passionately
committed against the war.

578
00:29:06,033 --> 00:29:09,000
She fell in
love with the Moratorium.

579
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:14,033
And she arranged
a lunch with Ehrlichman.

580
00:29:14,033 --> 00:29:17,200
And the lunch went well,
and then he said,

581
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:19,300
"You've got to call this off.

582
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:22,766
"This is treasonous,
this is undercutting our troops.

583
00:29:22,766 --> 00:29:26,400
And if you don't,
we'll put you in jail."

584
00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:28,333
BROWN:
One of us said,

585
00:29:28,333 --> 00:29:30,533
"Eventually, you'll
have to put us all in jail."

586
00:29:30,533 --> 00:29:34,233
And he made some joke in a kind
of mock German accent about,

587
00:29:34,233 --> 00:29:37,300
"Well, we'll build
the walls higher and higher."

588
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:40,633
(chuckles): That's pretty
unnerving, thank you.

589
00:29:42,166 --> 00:29:44,766
MIXNER: I was very much in the
closet as a gay man.

590
00:29:44,766 --> 00:29:48,366
And I was living in
total fear of that coming out.

591
00:29:48,366 --> 00:29:50,700
And before he left,
he patted me on the knee

592
00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:52,733
and he said,
"David, don't forget,

593
00:29:52,733 --> 00:29:57,233
we know all about you--
all about you."

594
00:29:57,233 --> 00:29:59,266
And I knew what
he was talking about.

595
00:29:59,266 --> 00:30:02,533
And it was, uh, scary.

596
00:30:06,166 --> 00:30:09,366
 
FERNANDEZ:
Over the July 4 weekend,
a large group of us gathered

597
00:30:09,366 --> 00:30:12,466
in Cleveland, Ohio, to
plan a march on Washington.

598
00:30:12,466 --> 00:30:15,600
We called our coalition
the New Mobilization Committee

599
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:17,566
to End the War in Vietnam,

600
00:30:17,566 --> 00:30:20,100
or simply the Mobe.

601
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:23,233
REPORTER: The New Mobilization
is a big, floppy umbrella,

602
00:30:23,233 --> 00:30:25,566
a loose, sometimes quarrelsome
coalition

603
00:30:25,566 --> 00:30:28,300
of old left, new left,
and ordinary liberals.

604
00:30:28,300 --> 00:30:31,133
It does not include the Yippies

605
00:30:31,133 --> 00:30:32,633
nor the Students
for a Democratic Society.

606
00:30:32,633 --> 00:30:34,233
Its 60-member-plus
steering committee

607
00:30:34,233 --> 00:30:36,333
does include a member of the
Communist Party

608
00:30:36,333 --> 00:30:37,466
and two members of

609
00:30:37,466 --> 00:30:39,500
the Trotskyite Socialist
Workers Party.

610
00:30:40,333 --> 00:30:44,000
FRANK JOYCE: If you can't handle
a meeting that lasts 18 hours,

611
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,700
you're not ready
to be in the movement.

612
00:30:46,700 --> 00:30:48,933
Now, that's kind of
a joke and it's kind of funny,

613
00:30:48,933 --> 00:30:52,633
and it's also kind of
true, because

614
00:30:52,633 --> 00:30:56,933
we had really incredibly intense

615
00:30:56,933 --> 00:30:59,866
and lengthy discussions
and debates

616
00:30:59,866 --> 00:31:03,533
at any Mobe
meeting that I was ever at.

617
00:31:03,533 --> 00:31:05,933
WEISS: I had to fight

618
00:31:05,933 --> 00:31:07,133
all the way for my points,

619
00:31:07,133 --> 00:31:11,333
and I frequently won.

620
00:31:11,333 --> 00:31:14,200
My role, which I gave to myself,

621
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,666
was to make sure that any
demonstration that was planned

622
00:31:17,666 --> 00:31:21,033
would be safe for families.

623
00:31:21,033 --> 00:31:22,733
If I couldn't bring my children,

624
00:31:22,733 --> 00:31:25,300
I wasn't going to go to the
demonstration,

625
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:28,533
and I wouldn't let them move off
that issue

626
00:31:28,533 --> 00:31:30,100
until they agreed.

627
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:33,033
I said we would triple
our numbers

628
00:31:33,033 --> 00:31:35,166
if we let the whole family come,

629
00:31:35,166 --> 00:31:38,766
or quadruple our numbers.

630
00:31:38,766 --> 00:31:40,966
And violence was not going

631
00:31:40,966 --> 00:31:43,766
to win us any friends.

632
00:31:43,766 --> 00:31:46,700
MARGERY TABANKIN:
Cora was one tough cookie.

633
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:49,066
She was one of the only
people, in combination

634
00:31:49,066 --> 00:31:50,666
with this incredible guy,

635
00:31:50,666 --> 00:31:52,200
Reverend Dick Fernandez,

636
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:55,533
who was, like, the gentle giant
of the anti-war movement.

637
00:31:55,533 --> 00:31:59,200
They were the only people who
could actually hold together

638
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,900
all the different wings of what
was now a really massive

639
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:05,666
anti-war movement
in the country.

640
00:32:05,666 --> 00:32:07,700
FERNANDEZ:
At the Cleveland meeting,
we agreed

641
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:10,933
to organize major anti-war
demonstrations in November,

642
00:32:10,933 --> 00:32:14,233
a three-day protest in
Washington

643
00:32:14,233 --> 00:32:18,033
and a large march
and rally in San Francisco.

644
00:32:18,033 --> 00:32:20,200
We were able to figure
out a way to lock arms

645
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:23,200
going toward the fall,
fanning out across the country

646
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,600
to stir up interest
for the fall anti-war protests.

647
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:30,433
 
WEISS: The public and the press
spoke of November and October

648
00:32:30,433 --> 00:32:33,166
as the Moratorium days,

649
00:32:33,166 --> 00:32:36,433
not distinguishing
between the two.

650
00:32:36,433 --> 00:32:39,000
We all wanted
the war in Vietnam to stop.

651
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,666
And we appealed to the
conscience

652
00:32:41,666 --> 00:32:43,766
of the American people.

653
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:48,600
All of the leaders had
some contact with religion.

654
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:50,200
I couldn't believe it.

655
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:54,200
Dave Hawk and Sam Brown both
went to theological seminary.

656
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,033
Marge Sklencar had
spent a year in a nunnery.

657
00:32:58,033 --> 00:33:00,866
Even Dave Dellinger,
from the New Mobe,

658
00:33:00,866 --> 00:33:02,700
went to theological seminary.

659
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,566
I mean, God
must have been on our side!

660
00:33:08,333 --> 00:33:10,233
ANTHONY LAKE:
I'm Tony Lake.

661
00:33:10,233 --> 00:33:12,466
Vietnam was very much
a part of my early life.

662
00:33:12,466 --> 00:33:16,900
I served in Vietnam for two
years at the American Embassy,

663
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:20,600
and then as the vice consul
in Hue in Central Vietnam.

664
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:23,833
In 1969, Kissinger convinced me

665
00:33:23,833 --> 00:33:26,066
to become his special assistant.

666
00:33:26,066 --> 00:33:29,366
He told me that he was
going to end the war in Vietnam,

667
00:33:29,366 --> 00:33:33,600
and he knew I was
passionate by then in my belief

668
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:36,600
that the war
was a horrible mistake.

669
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:38,833
And he was offering
me the opportunity

670
00:33:38,833 --> 00:33:41,233
to work to try to end it.

671
00:33:41,233 --> 00:33:43,533
And so I agreed.

672
00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:48,966
I flew with Kissinger
to the secret meetings.

673
00:33:48,966 --> 00:33:51,033
 
The State Department
was being completely cut out,

674
00:33:51,033 --> 00:33:52,900
including
the Secretary of State.

675
00:33:52,900 --> 00:33:55,433
I did not believe that was
the right way to run a railroad,

676
00:33:55,433 --> 00:33:59,633
but I wasn't going
to violate the secrecy

677
00:33:59,633 --> 00:34:01,866
that Kissinger had sworn me to.

678
00:34:01,866 --> 00:34:04,966
MORRIS: Kissinger asked
Tony Lake and me to be his,

679
00:34:04,966 --> 00:34:07,500
what he called his
special project staff

680
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:10,033
in those talks with the
North Vietnamese.

681
00:34:10,033 --> 00:34:12,566
It was a stunning venture
for me,

682
00:34:12,566 --> 00:34:17,200
meeting in safe houses in Paris,
completely off the record.

683
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:19,866
LAKE:
The strategy was to convince
the North Vietnamese

684
00:34:19,866 --> 00:34:23,466
to withdraw their forces
from South Vietnam.

685
00:34:23,466 --> 00:34:25,133
How do you do that?

686
00:34:25,133 --> 00:34:29,533
Well, the answer was
to threaten them,

687
00:34:29,533 --> 00:34:33,033
and Kissinger began implementing
threats

688
00:34:33,033 --> 00:34:35,433
built around the ultimatum that

689
00:34:35,433 --> 00:34:37,733
if they did not
withdraw their forces,

690
00:34:37,733 --> 00:34:40,800
or agree to withdraw
their forces, by November 1,

691
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:45,733
then there would be measures of
great force taken against them.

692
00:34:45,733 --> 00:34:48,833
The threats were never specific.

693
00:34:48,833 --> 00:34:51,066
It was simply
"measures of great force."

694
00:34:51,066 --> 00:34:53,433
And it was clear from the face

695
00:34:53,433 --> 00:34:55,700
of the North Vietnamese
negotiator

696
00:34:55,700 --> 00:35:00,133
that he was not particularly
intimidated by the threat.

697
00:35:00,133 --> 00:35:05,266
They'd built their whole lives
around Vietnamese independence.

698
00:35:05,266 --> 00:35:07,566
I did not believe
that any blow

699
00:35:07,566 --> 00:35:10,966
short of the
almost complete destruction

700
00:35:10,966 --> 00:35:14,233
of North Vietnam
was going to deter

701
00:35:14,233 --> 00:35:19,133
these people and those leaders
who had spent their lifetimes

702
00:35:19,133 --> 00:35:23,466
fighting against foreign
domination of their country.

703
00:35:25,733 --> 00:35:27,266
MORRIS: The approaches to the
North Vietnamese

704
00:35:27,266 --> 00:35:30,300
had not yielded very much
of any value.

705
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:35,133
So, if I had to characterize
the late summer of 1969,

706
00:35:35,133 --> 00:35:39,100
it would be a kind
of frustration and dismay,

707
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:42,500
and that inevitably made for the
planning

708
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:45,866
for a resort
to extreme violence.

709
00:35:47,966 --> 00:35:51,433
WELLS:
The plan for a dramatic
escalation of the war

710
00:35:51,433 --> 00:35:54,500
was known as
Operation Duck Hook.

711
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:56,700
And I'm not sure how
they came up with that name.

712
00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:59,066
It's a golf term
for slicing it to the left

713
00:35:59,066 --> 00:36:00,633
when you hit a golf ball.

714
00:36:00,633 --> 00:36:02,700
EISENBERG: Duck Hook was a plan
that Kissinger

715
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:06,033
and his staff are working on.

716
00:36:06,033 --> 00:36:08,000
For Kissinger, the idea is that

717
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:12,033
you're going to hit North
Vietnam very hard,

718
00:36:12,033 --> 00:36:15,366
very dramatically,
get a lot of casualties,

719
00:36:15,366 --> 00:36:16,466
scare them out of their wits,

720
00:36:16,466 --> 00:36:19,200
and then pray

721
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,900
that the North Vietnamese
will now accept their terms.

722
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:26,766
MORRIS: A special working group
was assembled

723
00:36:26,766 --> 00:36:28,500
and came to be known in some
quarters

724
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:30,333
as the September Group.

725
00:36:30,333 --> 00:36:33,333
It was strictly select
people from the NSC staff

726
00:36:33,333 --> 00:36:36,433
handpicked by Kissinger.

727
00:36:36,433 --> 00:36:39,066
Its marching orders were
very clear, and had been cast

728
00:36:39,066 --> 00:36:42,000
by Kissinger himself,
which was his famous remark,

729
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,700
"I can't believe
that a fourth-rate power

730
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:47,300
like North Vietnam does
not have a breaking point."

731
00:36:49,033 --> 00:36:52,333
We'd formulated plans for a
very, very punishing blow.

732
00:36:52,333 --> 00:36:54,833
And those plans were
very sophisticated

733
00:36:54,833 --> 00:36:58,366
and detailed in military terms.

734
00:36:58,366 --> 00:37:01,433
LAKE: The military planning was
being done

735
00:37:01,433 --> 00:37:04,666
in the military section
of the NSC staff.

736
00:37:04,666 --> 00:37:07,800
 
I do remember
looking at a draft,

737
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:09,033
and I do remember

738
00:37:09,033 --> 00:37:11,300
that it referred to
the bombing of the dikes

739
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:15,266
around the Red River in North
Vietnam, and being appalled

740
00:37:15,266 --> 00:37:17,400
 
at the thought of the
devastation that would cause.

741
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:20,766
ELLSBERG:
The plans for escalation,

742
00:37:20,766 --> 00:37:22,666
code-named Duck Hook,

743
00:37:22,666 --> 00:37:25,433
called for all kinds
of escalations and options,

744
00:37:25,433 --> 00:37:29,133
including going
into Cambodia and Laos,

745
00:37:29,133 --> 00:37:32,333
and possibly a full
invasion of North Vietnam.

746
00:37:32,333 --> 00:37:34,966
Definitely for
an expansion of bombing

747
00:37:34,966 --> 00:37:38,600
to all areas of North Vietnam,
up to the northernmost areas

748
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:41,200
on the border with China,

749
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:44,633
including the use
of nuclear weapons.

750
00:37:44,633 --> 00:37:50,933
♪ ♪

751
00:37:50,933 --> 00:37:53,666
Only a handful
of people in the White House

752
00:37:53,666 --> 00:37:56,400
and the Pentagon knew
that the war was on the verge

753
00:37:56,400 --> 00:38:01,866
of becoming much larger
and possibly nuclear.

754
00:38:01,866 --> 00:38:04,533
MORRIS: The massive, savage blow
that we contemplated

755
00:38:04,533 --> 00:38:06,366
in the September Group was going
to kill

756
00:38:06,366 --> 00:38:08,033
hundreds of thousands of people.

757
00:38:08,033 --> 00:38:10,066
It was going to risk
confrontation

758
00:38:10,066 --> 00:38:11,466
with the great powers.

759
00:38:11,466 --> 00:38:15,333
It was an extraordinarily
risky and punishing option.

760
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:19,666
I think Kissinger
and Nixon were ruthless.

761
00:38:19,666 --> 00:38:22,266
I think, in many
respects, they were savage.

762
00:38:22,266 --> 00:38:24,066
I think they were expedient.

763
00:38:24,066 --> 00:38:28,833
I think that for both men,
the end justified the means.

764
00:38:28,833 --> 00:38:32,933
And I think that they were,
if not blind,

765
00:38:32,933 --> 00:38:37,366
relatively insensate to the
sheer depth and breadth

766
00:38:37,366 --> 00:38:41,566
and horror of the human cost.

767
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:49,433
HARTSOUGH: When I heard that
there were some young people

768
00:38:49,433 --> 00:38:52,366
organizing what they called
the Vietnam Moratorium,

769
00:38:52,366 --> 00:38:54,733
and their office
was over on Vermont Avenue,

770
00:38:54,733 --> 00:38:56,700
I went over to visit them.

771
00:38:56,700 --> 00:39:00,200
And it was really inspiring.

772
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,233
They were in touch with student
groups and church groups,

773
00:39:03,233 --> 00:39:06,033
community people,
all over the country.

774
00:39:06,033 --> 00:39:08,133
("Turn! Turn! Turn!" by The
Byrds playing)

775
00:39:08,133 --> 00:39:10,566
LIBBY: The people in the office
were fantastic.

776
00:39:10,566 --> 00:39:13,433
They were bright
and they were funny,

777
00:39:13,433 --> 00:39:17,433
and they all came
from somewhere different.

778
00:39:17,433 --> 00:39:20,866
 
You got there early
and fueled yourself on coffee

779
00:39:20,866 --> 00:39:24,133
and soda and cheap food,

780
00:39:24,133 --> 00:39:28,100
and worked until midnight,
1:00, or 2:00, every day.

781
00:39:29,233 --> 00:39:31,600
There was George Wiley,

782
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,866
who ran the Poor People's
Campaign.

783
00:39:34,866 --> 00:39:37,766
There were numerous people out
of the Civil Rights Movement,

784
00:39:37,766 --> 00:39:40,400
like Fannie Lou Hamer.

785
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:43,933
Paul Newman came in to
kind of cheer us up at times,

786
00:39:43,933 --> 00:39:48,400
but also to use
his network to help raise money

787
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,900
and visibility
and keep things going.

788
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:54,500
MIXNER:
Bill Clinton was working

789
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:57,000
with Senator Fulbright as an
intern.

790
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:01,400
He came over, and Clinton
and I hit it off instantly

791
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:02,866
and became friends.

792
00:40:02,866 --> 00:40:05,466
Big country man, big hillbilly.

793
00:40:05,466 --> 00:40:09,033
And I mean, it was so clear
that he wanted to be president.

794
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:12,433
BROWN: A regular volunteer in
our office, Betty Ann Ottinger,

795
00:40:12,433 --> 00:40:15,233
Dick Ottinger's wife,
was den mother to us all.

796
00:40:15,233 --> 00:40:16,933
She was ten or 15 years older,

797
00:40:16,933 --> 00:40:18,800
and she was
in the office every day.

798
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:20,800
Wife of a congressman.

799
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:25,466
♪ ♪

800
00:40:25,466 --> 00:40:28,166
MIXNER:
I was put in charge of labor.

801
00:40:28,166 --> 00:40:31,566
The big unions had been very
pro-war, the rank and file.

802
00:40:31,566 --> 00:40:34,733
But these were
the people we needed.

803
00:40:34,733 --> 00:40:38,600
A man named Bill Dodds
was Walter Reuther's top aide

804
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:41,000
at the United Automobile
Workers.

805
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,200
And I went to Bill,
and Bill had behind him

806
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,033
Ben Shahn's lithograph of
Gandhi,

807
00:40:47,033 --> 00:40:49,333
and I knew I was in the right
place.

808
00:40:49,333 --> 00:40:51,333
And I said, "Bill,
we're not going to stop this war

809
00:40:51,333 --> 00:40:52,633
"until labor comes.

810
00:40:52,633 --> 00:40:54,900
"And the only one
that can make it a reality

811
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,666
"is Mr. Reuther and his brother
Victor.

812
00:40:57,666 --> 00:40:59,733
How do we do this?"

813
00:40:59,733 --> 00:41:01,133
He said, "First of all,

814
00:41:01,133 --> 00:41:02,800
"you have to understand there is
strong support

815
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,033
"in the UAW members for the war,
so if it's not done right,

816
00:41:06,033 --> 00:41:10,066
Mr. Reuther
could get hurt very badly."

817
00:41:10,066 --> 00:41:13,900
But we hammered out an agreement
where Walter Reuther would be

818
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:17,300
the first major labor leader
to come out against the war.

819
00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:21,400
So Sam Brown came with me,
and we met with Mr. Reuther,

820
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,933
and outlined what he would do
and what he wouldn't do.

821
00:41:23,933 --> 00:41:26,466
And I'll never forget,
he hugged us and said,

822
00:41:26,466 --> 00:41:27,933
"I'm so proud of you.

823
00:41:27,933 --> 00:41:30,300
"You remind me of Victor and I
in the early years

824
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:32,300
of the labor movement."

825
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:34,733
And I said, "I can't think of
any greater compliment

826
00:41:34,733 --> 00:41:36,933
that you could have given us,
Mr. Reuther."

827
00:41:36,933 --> 00:41:39,400
And we're walking through
the door,

828
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,900
and he has his arms
on Sam and my shoulder,

829
00:41:41,900 --> 00:41:45,200
he said, "Did I ever tell you
about going to the dentist?"

830
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:46,933
And I thought,
"What the (muted) is this?

831
00:41:46,933 --> 00:41:48,200
Is it some sort of joke?"

832
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:49,533
And he said,
"I hated to go to the dentist

833
00:41:49,533 --> 00:41:51,066
"more than anything
in the world.

834
00:41:51,066 --> 00:41:52,800
"But finally,
I got this toothache

835
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:54,366
"that I couldn't live with.

836
00:41:54,366 --> 00:41:55,766
"So I went in
and I got in that chair.

837
00:41:55,766 --> 00:41:57,666
"And that dentist came at me

838
00:41:57,666 --> 00:42:00,933
(drill whirring)
"with that buzz saw
towards my tooth.

839
00:42:00,933 --> 00:42:03,766
"And I grabbed him by the
(muted)

840
00:42:03,766 --> 00:42:07,433
"and squeezed them hard and
looked him in the eyes and said,

841
00:42:07,433 --> 00:42:10,533
'We're not going to hurt
each other, are we, Doctor?'"

842
00:42:10,533 --> 00:42:12,466
I knew what
that story was about.

843
00:42:12,466 --> 00:42:15,000
It was, like,
"Don't you (muted) me,

844
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,466
or I'll have
you both by the balls."

845
00:42:17,466 --> 00:42:20,900
And I said, "Mr. Reuther,
that story is not wasted on us."

846
00:42:20,900 --> 00:42:23,166
And he said, "I thought
you would get it, David.

847
00:42:23,166 --> 00:42:24,866
I thought you would."

848
00:42:24,866 --> 00:42:30,533
♪ Come, senators, congressmen,
please heed the call ♪

849
00:42:30,533 --> 00:42:32,566
♪ Don't stand in the doorway ♪

850
00:42:32,566 --> 00:42:34,100
♪ Don't block up the hall ♪

851
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:36,266
MIXNER: We got a huge number
of endorsements

852
00:42:36,266 --> 00:42:38,100
which had never before
come out publicly

853
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:42,100
as a unified opposition
to the war.

854
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:44,200
Congressman Don Riegle,

855
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:46,533
Congressman Pete McCloskey.

856
00:42:46,533 --> 00:42:48,433
Senator Hatfield, McGovern.

857
00:42:48,433 --> 00:42:50,766
And we got it being
for immediate withdrawal.

858
00:42:50,766 --> 00:42:52,033
We didn't budge on that.

859
00:42:52,033 --> 00:42:54,200
And I remember
one senator saying,

860
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:55,533
"David, you can't do that."

861
00:42:55,533 --> 00:42:57,166
And I said, "Well, we have to."

862
00:42:57,166 --> 00:42:58,500
And they said,
"Well, how would you do it?

863
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:00,566
It's just not practical."

864
00:43:00,566 --> 00:43:03,333
And I said, "It's real easy,
stop making it complex.

865
00:43:03,333 --> 00:43:05,700
"You put them on
ships and planes,

866
00:43:05,700 --> 00:43:07,833
and you point them East,
and you bring them home."

867
00:43:07,833 --> 00:43:14,666
♪ For the times,
they are a-changin' ♪

868
00:43:18,433 --> 00:43:20,900
Sit down, please-- good.

869
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:23,133
REPORTER:
Mr. President,
what is your view, sir,

870
00:43:23,133 --> 00:43:24,900
concerning
the student moratorium

871
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:27,533
and other campus demonstrations

872
00:43:27,533 --> 00:43:31,533
being planned for this fall
against the Vietnam War?

873
00:43:31,533 --> 00:43:34,933
I understand that there has been
and continues to be

874
00:43:34,933 --> 00:43:37,000
opposition to the war in Vietnam

875
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,333
on the campuses
and also in the nation.

876
00:43:40,333 --> 00:43:46,233
As far as this kind of activity
is concerned, we expect it.

877
00:43:46,233 --> 00:43:48,100
However, under no circumstances

878
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:50,866
will I be affected
whatever by it.

879
00:43:50,866 --> 00:43:52,566
(reporters talking)

880
00:43:52,566 --> 00:43:54,166
HAWK:
As soon as he said,

881
00:43:54,166 --> 00:43:58,700
"Under no circumstances will I
be affected by it whatsoever,"

882
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:06,600
we knew that it was much too
harsh and cavalier a statement.

883
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,266
So we seized on it.
(laughs)

884
00:44:09,266 --> 00:44:11,100
BROWN: Good morning.

885
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:12,966
I'm Sam Brown,
one of the co-coordinators

886
00:44:12,966 --> 00:44:15,400
of the Vietnam Moratorium
Committee.

887
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:19,900
HAWK:
We immediately called
a press conference,

888
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:24,633
which was extremely
well attended, with TV cameras

889
00:44:24,633 --> 00:44:25,633
and national reporters.

890
00:44:25,633 --> 00:44:27,000
BROWN:
And we intend

891
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:30,566
to build a movement which will
make it imperative

892
00:44:30,566 --> 00:44:32,766
that the United States
withdraw from Vietnam.

893
00:44:32,766 --> 00:44:34,866
HAWK:
Our response to Nixon
ended up on

894
00:44:34,866 --> 00:44:38,033
the front page of
"The Washington Post."

895
00:44:38,033 --> 00:44:42,700
At which point, newspapers
editors around the country

896
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:48,466
realized that the Moratorium
was a big national story.

897
00:44:48,466 --> 00:44:52,800
♪ ♪

898
00:45:00,366 --> 00:45:04,100
LAKE: I was there when Kissinger
told Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin

899
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:06,666
that the train has
left the station, i.e.,

900
00:45:06,666 --> 00:45:10,100
that we were now going to go
after the North Vietnamese

901
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,266
with measures of great force,
if the Soviets didn't help us

902
00:45:13,266 --> 00:45:16,800
by making
the North Vietnamese agree.

903
00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:19,200
WELLS: If the North Vietnamese
did not come to

904
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:23,000
satisfactory peace terms
by November 1,

905
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:26,866
they were going to
dramatically escalate the war:

906
00:45:26,866 --> 00:45:28,733
Operation Duck Hook,

907
00:45:28,733 --> 00:45:31,366
what Kissinger called
"a savage punishing blow,"

908
00:45:31,366 --> 00:45:35,733
possibly even using
nuclear devices.

909
00:45:35,733 --> 00:45:40,900
ELLSBERG: We had no notion
that as of October 1969,

910
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,433
the possibility of nuclear war
lay weeks ahead.

911
00:45:49,066 --> 00:45:55,966
(bell tolling)

912
00:45:55,966 --> 00:45:59,200
REPORTER: The Mennonite bell
at Bethel College was rung once

913
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:02,866
for each of the American
men killed in the war.

914
00:46:02,866 --> 00:46:05,400
It is still ringing tonight.

915
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:07,900
It will still
be ringing tomorrow.

916
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:10,366
(bell continues)

917
00:46:10,366 --> 00:46:13,366
(crowd cheering, shouting)

918
00:46:13,366 --> 00:46:15,066
A dove was released

919
00:46:15,066 --> 00:46:17,933
above Chicago's Civic Center
this afternoon,

920
00:46:17,933 --> 00:46:20,300
symbolizing, in its flight
to freedom,

921
00:46:20,300 --> 00:46:22,700
the hopes of 5,000
peace demonstrators

922
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:25,066
gathered in the plaza below.

923
00:46:25,066 --> 00:46:28,533
(crowd singing
"Let the Sunshine In")

924
00:46:28,533 --> 00:46:30,366
REPORTER:
They came across
the Charles River from Harvard

925
00:46:30,366 --> 00:46:33,633
and they marched from M.I.T.
and Boston University.

926
00:46:33,633 --> 00:46:35,700
They came from
almost all of the city's

927
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,033
colleges and universities,
and despite their numbers,

928
00:46:38,033 --> 00:46:39,333
their marches were peaceful.

929
00:46:39,333 --> 00:46:42,166
Perhaps 100,000 came.

930
00:46:42,166 --> 00:46:43,600
At any rate, never before

931
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:45,833
has Boston seen
so many demonstrate

932
00:46:45,833 --> 00:46:47,100
so peacefully for peace.

933
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:51,800
("Chimes of Freedom"
by the Byrds playing)

934
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,400
LIBBY:
It was a really beautiful day.

935
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:58,166
All of a sudden, it is real.

936
00:46:58,166 --> 00:47:01,533
And that was, like, jubilant.

937
00:47:01,533 --> 00:47:04,166
♪ Far between sundown's finish ♪

938
00:47:04,166 --> 00:47:08,033
♪ And midnight's broken toll ♪

939
00:47:08,033 --> 00:47:10,800
♪ We ducked inside the doorway ♪

940
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,533
♪ Thunder crashing ♪

941
00:47:14,533 --> 00:47:16,933
♪ ♪

942
00:47:16,933 --> 00:47:19,133
♪ As majestic bells of bolts ♪

943
00:47:19,133 --> 00:47:24,200
♪ Struck shadows
in these sounds ♪

944
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:28,200
♪ Seeming to be
the chimes of freedom flashing ♪

945
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:31,866
♪ ♪

946
00:47:31,866 --> 00:47:34,666
♪ Flashing for the warriors ♪

947
00:47:34,666 --> 00:47:39,366
♪ Whose strength
is not to fight ♪

948
00:47:39,366 --> 00:47:42,000
♪ Flashing for the refugees ♪

949
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:44,833
♪ On the unarmed road
of flight ♪

950
00:47:44,833 --> 00:47:48,633
♪ And for each and every ♪

951
00:47:48,633 --> 00:47:52,500
♪ underdog
soldier in the night ♪

952
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:58,966
♪ And we gazed upon the chimes
of freedom flashing ♪

953
00:47:58,966 --> 00:48:02,166
MELVIN SMALL: Nothing like this
had ever been seen before.

954
00:48:02,166 --> 00:48:05,433
On October 15, 1969,

955
00:48:05,433 --> 00:48:08,666
there were demonstrations,
vigils,

956
00:48:08,666 --> 00:48:11,033
marches,
appeals,

957
00:48:11,033 --> 00:48:14,166
in at least 200 cities,

958
00:48:14,166 --> 00:48:18,033
involving at least
two million people,

959
00:48:18,033 --> 00:48:20,833
and maybe as many as
three million people.

960
00:48:20,833 --> 00:48:23,333
And it went from the East Coast,
from Maine,

961
00:48:23,333 --> 00:48:25,066
from New England, all the way

962
00:48:25,066 --> 00:48:27,533
to the Golden Gate Bridge.

963
00:48:27,533 --> 00:48:32,533
(song ends)

964
00:48:32,533 --> 00:48:34,666
The word "protester"
generally evokes an image

965
00:48:34,666 --> 00:48:36,666
of long hair and love beads.

966
00:48:36,666 --> 00:48:38,866
But today, the crowds
that marched

967
00:48:38,866 --> 00:48:41,266
and chanted and cheered
the speeches looked more

968
00:48:41,266 --> 00:48:46,366
like a cross-section picked by
the Census Bureau.

969
00:48:46,366 --> 00:48:48,700
I speak for Business Executives
Move for Vietnam Peace,

970
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:51,166
of which I am a co-founder,

971
00:48:51,166 --> 00:48:53,133
and which has some
2,600 executives

972
00:48:53,133 --> 00:48:56,866
who have endorsed and who
support the Vietnam Moratorium.

973
00:48:56,866 --> 00:48:59,833
We're proud,
we business executives,

974
00:48:59,833 --> 00:49:02,300
to stand behind them
and support them

975
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:05,266
in this remarkable
popular effort

976
00:49:05,266 --> 00:49:08,000
which they have launched
and which is now taking on

977
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:10,766
the proportions of a tidal wave.

978
00:49:10,766 --> 00:49:13,966
MAN:
Alan Robert Haugen,
Grass Valley.

979
00:49:13,966 --> 00:49:16,666
WOMAN:
Roy Lockhart, Vallejo.

980
00:49:16,666 --> 00:49:18,666
MAN:
Gary Allaen Machado, Oakland.

981
00:49:18,666 --> 00:49:21,966
HAMER (on loudspeaker):
Bring those men home
from Vietnam!

982
00:49:21,966 --> 00:49:23,766
I am sick of the racist war

983
00:49:23,766 --> 00:49:27,466
in Vietnam when we don't
have justice

984
00:49:27,466 --> 00:49:29,266
in the United States.
(crowd cheering)

985
00:49:29,266 --> 00:49:30,900
♪ All the world over ♪

986
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:32,966
♪ So easy to see ♪

987
00:49:32,966 --> 00:49:37,566
♪ People everywhere
just wanna be free ♪

988
00:49:37,566 --> 00:49:40,966
♪ Listen, please, listen,
that's the way it should be ♪

989
00:49:40,966 --> 00:49:42,433
♪ Peace in the valley ♪

990
00:49:42,433 --> 00:49:45,800
♪ People got to be free ♪

991
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,766
We ask every citizen to examine
his own conscience.

992
00:49:49,766 --> 00:49:51,033
♪ See that train over there? ♪

993
00:49:51,033 --> 00:49:53,366
GAME ANNOUNCER:
Welcome to the fourth game

994
00:49:53,366 --> 00:49:55,866
of the 1969 World Series.

995
00:49:55,866 --> 00:49:57,900
The amazing New York Mets,

996
00:49:57,900 --> 00:49:59,733
underdogs when this series
began,

997
00:49:59,733 --> 00:50:02,566
now lead the Baltimore Orioles
two games to one.

998
00:50:02,566 --> 00:50:05,333
(bat hits, crowd cheers)

999
00:50:05,333 --> 00:50:08,966
("Chimes of Freedom"
by Bob Dylan playing)

1000
00:50:08,966 --> 00:50:13,000
♪ Far between sundown's finish ♪

1001
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:16,500
♪ And midnight's broken toll ♪

1002
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:20,066
♪ We ducked inside
the doorways ♪

1003
00:50:20,066 --> 00:50:24,633
♪ Thunder went crashing ♪

1004
00:50:24,633 --> 00:50:27,300
♪ As majestic bells of bolts ♪

1005
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:29,066
TABANKIN:
The brilliance of the Moratorium

1006
00:50:29,066 --> 00:50:32,666
was that it put front and center

1007
00:50:32,666 --> 00:50:35,466
real Americans
from real America.

1008
00:50:35,466 --> 00:50:39,500
What a brilliant idea to
mainstream it and give it a face

1009
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:42,400
in the public that was
not as threatening

1010
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,600
and was more understandable
to the average person.

1011
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:47,600
"This is for everybody."

1012
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:52,600
♪ And we gazed upon the chimes
of freedom flashing ♪

1013
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:59,700
♪ ♪

1014
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:04,300
(song ends)

1015
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,400
EISENBERG: Nixon is very
disturbed by the Moratorium,

1016
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:11,066
even though he announces that
he's paying no attention to it.

1017
00:51:11,066 --> 00:51:14,900
And he's very, very worried
about the second demonstration

1018
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:17,200
that's coming in November.

1019
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:18,900
WELLS:
Nixon was concerned that the

1020
00:51:18,900 --> 00:51:23,900
protests in the fall of '69
undercut the credibility

1021
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:26,433
of his ultimatum by convincing
the North Vietnamese

1022
00:51:26,433 --> 00:51:29,366
that he would not have enough
domestic support

1023
00:51:29,366 --> 00:51:31,000
to carry out his ultimatum,

1024
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:33,100
and that if he
dramatically escalated the war,

1025
00:51:33,100 --> 00:51:34,700
the country might explode.

1026
00:51:36,133 --> 00:51:38,466
SMALL:
Nixon folded.

1027
00:51:38,466 --> 00:51:41,133
He did not go through
with Operation Duck Hook

1028
00:51:41,133 --> 00:51:44,700
because he didn't think
the American public would settle

1029
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:48,066
for the kind of military
escalation that he had in mind.

1030
00:51:48,066 --> 00:51:51,000
LAKE:
I know that Kissinger
was very unhappy,

1031
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,233
but do not ask me to get into
the mind of Richard Nixon

1032
00:51:54,233 --> 00:51:57,166
and tell you exactly
what was going through it.

1033
00:51:57,166 --> 00:52:01,666
♪ ♪

1034
00:52:17,233 --> 00:52:22,566
♪ ♪

1035
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:33,533
WILLIAM BURR:
Nixon and Kissinger ordered a
secret worldwide nuclear alert,

1036
00:52:33,533 --> 00:52:35,800
in the hope that it would
lend credibility

1037
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:39,533
to their prior warnings
to Moscow and Hanoi.

1038
00:52:39,533 --> 00:52:43,133
It was to be what Nixon called
"a special reminder"

1039
00:52:43,133 --> 00:52:45,933
of how far he might go.

1040
00:52:45,933 --> 00:52:51,300
♪ ♪

1041
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:54,066
JOE URGO:
After serving in Vietnam,

1042
00:52:54,066 --> 00:53:00,700
in 1969, I was assigned
to a base in Atlantic City.

1043
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:05,300
And we had nuclear bunkers with
nuclear weapons at this base.

1044
00:53:08,533 --> 00:53:11,933
In the fall of 1969,

1045
00:53:11,933 --> 00:53:13,866
between the
October 15 Moratorium

1046
00:53:13,866 --> 00:53:16,800
and the November 15
Moratorium,

1047
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:20,400
all of a sudden,
we go on this alert.

1048
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:24,033
We had F-106
fighter interceptor jets,

1049
00:53:24,033 --> 00:53:27,233
and the planes are sitting out
on the taxiway

1050
00:53:27,233 --> 00:53:29,566
loaded with nuclear weapons.

1051
00:53:29,566 --> 00:53:32,133
Nobody was explaining
anything to us,

1052
00:53:32,133 --> 00:53:35,733
and I was freaked out by this--

1053
00:53:35,733 --> 00:53:37,866
seeing those planes
out of the hangar

1054
00:53:37,866 --> 00:53:39,100
loaded with nuclear weapons.

1055
00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:42,533
♪ ♪

1056
00:53:42,533 --> 00:53:44,800
ELLSBERG: Nixon ordered

1057
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,200
a Strategic Air Command--
SAC-- alert

1058
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:48,800
that would make it look
as though

1059
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:51,700
we were on the edge
of launching nuclear war,

1060
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:55,366
 
done in a way that would not be
visible to the American people,

1061
00:53:55,366 --> 00:53:59,066
Nixon demanded, but would be
visible to the Soviets.

1062
00:53:59,066 --> 00:54:02,400
BURR:
There was a risk
that the Soviets could see

1063
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:03,733
the nuclear alert
as threatening,

1064
00:54:03,733 --> 00:54:05,166
but it was a risk that

1065
00:54:05,166 --> 00:54:09,233
Nixon and Kissinger apparently
thought was worth taking.

1066
00:54:09,233 --> 00:54:12,566
It involved military
operations around the world

1067
00:54:12,566 --> 00:54:18,133
carried out between October 13
and October 30, 1969.

1068
00:54:18,133 --> 00:54:21,466
The activities included
movements of aircraft carriers

1069
00:54:21,466 --> 00:54:23,233
and ballistic missile submarines

1070
00:54:23,233 --> 00:54:25,633
to destroyers
and to the shadowing

1071
00:54:25,633 --> 00:54:30,400
of Soviet merchant ships
sailing towards Haiphong Harbor.

1072
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:34,866
Beginning on October 27,
the SAC plan put six B-52s

1073
00:54:34,866 --> 00:54:38,466
in the air for
18-hour stretches each day

1074
00:54:38,466 --> 00:54:40,366
for three days in a row,

1075
00:54:40,366 --> 00:54:42,466
all over Northern Alaska.

1076
00:54:42,466 --> 00:54:47,200
Nixon assumed that he could bend
Cold War adversaries

1077
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:51,266
to his will by making them fear
that he was crazy enough

1078
00:54:51,266 --> 00:54:54,366
to launch a nuclear attack.

1079
00:54:54,366 --> 00:54:56,600
It remains to be learned
what exactly Moscow

1080
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:57,833
made of the alert.

1081
00:54:57,833 --> 00:54:59,800
What is known is that
the nuclear ploy

1082
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:03,633
failed to move the Soviets,
and that failure marked

1083
00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:06,066
a turning point in
the administration's strategy

1084
00:55:06,066 --> 00:55:08,633
for exiting from Vietnam.

1085
00:55:08,633 --> 00:55:11,533
Good evening,
my fellow Americans.

1086
00:55:11,533 --> 00:55:14,900
Tonight I want to talk to you
on a subject of deep concern

1087
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:17,800
to all Americans and
to many people

1088
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:20,300
in all parts of the world:
the war in Vietnam.

1089
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:25,166
EISENBERG: Nixon had planned to
give a speech on November 3,

1090
00:55:25,166 --> 00:55:27,666
and the speech that he had
intended to give

1091
00:55:27,666 --> 00:55:32,000
was supposed to be announcing
his escalation of the war.

1092
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,300
But that's no longer
in the hopper,

1093
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:37,666
and so now he is very clear
that he's going to direct

1094
00:55:37,666 --> 00:55:41,566
his November speech really
to the question of

1095
00:55:41,566 --> 00:55:43,300
how to defuse
the peace movement.

1096
00:55:43,300 --> 00:55:46,800
In San Francisco
a few weeks ago,

1097
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:49,266
I saw demonstrators
carrying signs reading,

1098
00:55:49,266 --> 00:55:53,800
"Lose in Vietnam--
bring the boys home!"

1099
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:55,933
As president
of the United States,

1100
00:55:55,933 --> 00:55:59,666
I would be untrue
to my oath of office

1101
00:55:59,666 --> 00:56:03,566
if I allowed the policy
of this nation to be dictated

1102
00:56:03,566 --> 00:56:05,633
by the minority who hold
that point of view

1103
00:56:05,633 --> 00:56:08,633
and who try to impose it
on the nation

1104
00:56:08,633 --> 00:56:11,966
by mounting demonstrations
in the street.

1105
00:56:11,966 --> 00:56:15,666
HAWK:
In Nixon's November 3 speech,

1106
00:56:15,666 --> 00:56:19,366
he made very clear
that the war was going to go on,

1107
00:56:19,366 --> 00:56:23,533
and that he was going to attack
the opponents of the war.

1108
00:56:23,533 --> 00:56:29,233
And so tonight, to you,
the great silent majority

1109
00:56:29,233 --> 00:56:33,500
of my fellow Americans,
I ask for your support.

1110
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:36,233
Let us be united for peace.

1111
00:56:36,233 --> 00:56:41,066
Let us also be united
against defeat.

1112
00:56:41,066 --> 00:56:42,766
Because let us understand:

1113
00:56:42,766 --> 00:56:48,900
North Vietnam cannot defeat
or humiliate the United States.

1114
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:52,000
Only Americans can do that.

1115
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:54,266
♪ ♪

1116
00:56:54,266 --> 00:56:56,166
BULL:
I believe the
"silent majority" speech

1117
00:56:56,166 --> 00:56:59,400
gave permission of those
who were being cowed by the left

1118
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:01,233
to stand up and say,

1119
00:57:01,233 --> 00:57:05,233
"No, you violent,
anti-American people are wrong.

1120
00:57:05,233 --> 00:57:07,566
"We're standing up for America,

1121
00:57:07,566 --> 00:57:09,600
and we're standing up for
this president."

1122
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:13,800
I remember him being in a very
good mood the next morning.

1123
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:18,433
His desk was covered
with a mountain of telegrams

1124
00:57:18,433 --> 00:57:23,600
congratulating the president on
his speech and pledging support.

1125
00:57:23,600 --> 00:57:26,100
SMALL:
Now, obviously a lot of people
sent in telegrams

1126
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:27,733
and letters to the White House,

1127
00:57:27,733 --> 00:57:29,833
but a lot of the letters
that arrived at the White House

1128
00:57:29,833 --> 00:57:32,533
were a part of a
secret program run by

1129
00:57:32,533 --> 00:57:34,400
the Republican
National Committee.

1130
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:37,266
EISENBERG: They want to make
sure that the White House

1131
00:57:37,266 --> 00:57:41,000
is flooded with telegrams
and phone calls

1132
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:44,133
that will express vast
enthusiasm

1133
00:57:44,133 --> 00:57:45,733
for what he's just said.

1134
00:57:45,733 --> 00:57:48,833
They've already developed
a network for doing it.

1135
00:57:48,833 --> 00:57:52,466
They have a whole set of
organizations that are in place

1136
00:57:52,466 --> 00:57:55,300
to get their members
to make phone calls,

1137
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:59,266
to send these telegrams,
so that's a setup by them.

1138
00:57:59,266 --> 00:58:02,400
APPY: As a backlash
to the anti-war demonstrations

1139
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:06,633
of the fall of 1969,
many powerful people

1140
00:58:06,633 --> 00:58:11,533
around the country who supported
the war rallied around Nixon.

1141
00:58:11,533 --> 00:58:15,666
 
And he began to really
successfully turn the debates

1142
00:58:15,666 --> 00:58:20,466
around Vietnam into a debate
around patriotism,

1143
00:58:20,466 --> 00:58:23,333
and cast anti-war activists
as unpatriotic,

1144
00:58:23,333 --> 00:58:25,666
playing a kind of
divisive politics

1145
00:58:25,666 --> 00:58:30,066
that the Nixon administration
was really expert at doing.

1146
00:58:30,066 --> 00:58:32,200
A massive anti-war march with a
quarter-

1147
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:33,433
to a half-million people

1148
00:58:33,433 --> 00:58:35,933
is supposed to come down
Pennsylvania Avenue

1149
00:58:35,933 --> 00:58:38,366
and past the White House
November 15.

1150
00:58:38,366 --> 00:58:41,433
SMALL:
Nixon is going into
an offensive mode

1151
00:58:41,433 --> 00:58:43,200
against the demonstrators,

1152
00:58:43,200 --> 00:58:45,566
and he knows that on November
15,

1153
00:58:45,566 --> 00:58:47,633
there is going to be a
mass demonstration

1154
00:58:47,633 --> 00:58:49,000
led by the New Mobe.

1155
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:52,733
♪ ♪

1156
00:58:52,733 --> 00:58:55,400
EISENBERG:
The positive coverage that had
been the case

1157
00:58:55,400 --> 00:58:56,566
with the Moratorium,

1158
00:58:56,566 --> 00:58:59,833
Nixon doesn't want that
to happen again.

1159
00:58:59,833 --> 00:59:01,966
PAT BUCHANAN:
So I wrote Nixon a memo,

1160
00:59:01,966 --> 00:59:04,033
and I said,
"It's time to attack the media."

1161
00:59:04,033 --> 00:59:05,733
And I said, "The vice president
of the United States

1162
00:59:05,733 --> 00:59:06,933
ought to deliver this speech,"

1163
00:59:06,933 --> 00:59:08,966
and so I wrote that
Agnew speech.

1164
00:59:08,966 --> 00:59:11,766
And there was one editor
for that Agnew speech:

1165
00:59:11,766 --> 00:59:14,333
Richard Milhous Nixon.

1166
00:59:14,333 --> 00:59:17,900
And he said, "This'll tear
the scab off those bastards."

1167
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:21,066
And we broke out laughin'.
(laughs)

1168
00:59:21,066 --> 00:59:23,366
 
And it did.
(laughs)

1169
00:59:23,366 --> 00:59:26,866
How many marches
and demonstrations would we have

1170
00:59:26,866 --> 00:59:30,233
if the marchers did not know
that the ever-faithful

1171
00:59:30,233 --> 00:59:33,366
TV cameras would be there
to record their antics

1172
00:59:33,366 --> 00:59:35,066
for the next news report?

1173
00:59:35,066 --> 00:59:36,900
(audience cheering
and applauding)

1174
00:59:36,900 --> 00:59:39,700
EISENBERG: They get Agnew to
give a major speech

1175
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:43,033
attacking the media, and they
put pressure on the media

1176
00:59:43,033 --> 00:59:48,900
to run Agnew's speech
in its entirety, which they do.

1177
00:59:48,900 --> 00:59:52,300
SMALL: Nixon has his
vice president, Spiro Agnew,

1178
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,266
go on the attack
directly against the media.

1179
00:59:55,266 --> 00:59:59,033
He attacked the elitism of
the Eastern elites,

1180
00:59:59,033 --> 01:00:01,133
the people in Washington
and New York.

1181
01:00:01,133 --> 01:00:02,533
He earlier had called them

1182
01:00:02,533 --> 01:00:05,033
"the nattering nabobs
of negativism.

1183
01:00:05,033 --> 01:00:07,833
Who elected these people
to tell you what to think?"

1184
01:00:07,833 --> 01:00:10,233
AGNEW:
The views of a majority
of this fraternity

1185
01:00:10,233 --> 01:00:14,900
do not-- and I repeat, not--
represent the views of America.

1186
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:18,666
(audience applauds)

1187
01:00:18,666 --> 01:00:20,833
SMALL:
It is interesting to note that
journalism scholars

1188
01:00:20,833 --> 01:00:23,733
think this is the beginning
of the American people

1189
01:00:23,733 --> 01:00:27,833
beginning to lose faith
in their media.

1190
01:00:27,833 --> 01:00:30,166
♪ ♪

1191
01:00:30,166 --> 01:00:33,266
BROWN:
A day or two before
the November march,

1192
01:00:33,266 --> 01:00:35,500
Bill Ayers, who was then
with the Weathermen,

1193
01:00:35,500 --> 01:00:41,666
he came into the office to say
that their intent was

1194
01:00:41,666 --> 01:00:43,966
to mount an attack
on the Justice Department

1195
01:00:43,966 --> 01:00:46,200
during the demonstration.

1196
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:49,300
But he knew that we had been
very successful

1197
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:55,133
raising money, and that if we
gave them, as I recall, $20,000,

1198
01:00:55,133 --> 01:00:57,000
they would call off
the demonstration

1199
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:58,433
at the Justice Department.

1200
01:00:58,433 --> 01:01:00,633
Straight-out blackmail.

1201
01:01:00,633 --> 01:01:02,233
Extortion, whatever.

1202
01:01:02,233 --> 01:01:06,333
This was hard to believe that
it was actually taking place.

1203
01:01:06,333 --> 01:01:09,066
Of course, we said,
"Go away, get out of here."

1204
01:01:09,066 --> 01:01:10,933
But we knew that that was
a potential

1205
01:01:10,933 --> 01:01:13,666
for incredible trouble.

1206
01:01:13,666 --> 01:01:17,133
BILL DOWNS:
It's estimated that some
3,000 troops

1207
01:01:17,133 --> 01:01:20,733
will be bivouacked here under
canvas during the crisis period.

1208
01:01:20,733 --> 01:01:22,633
Marines from
the 2nd Marine Division,

1209
01:01:22,633 --> 01:01:24,000
which will be flown
in later tonight,

1210
01:01:24,000 --> 01:01:28,333
making up the total of
9,000 troops activated.

1211
01:01:28,333 --> 01:01:30,366
They have been
especially trained

1212
01:01:30,366 --> 01:01:32,933
in civil disturbance
and mob control.

1213
01:01:32,933 --> 01:01:36,333
They brought their duffle bags,
their M-16s...

1214
01:01:36,333 --> 01:01:38,466
MIXNER:
They played for keeps.

1215
01:01:38,466 --> 01:01:40,866
I remember the trucks coming in,

1216
01:01:40,866 --> 01:01:44,166
federal troops with their
bayonets and their gas masks,

1217
01:01:44,166 --> 01:01:46,666
and they put buses around
the White House.

1218
01:01:46,666 --> 01:01:48,100
BULL: In preparation

1219
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:52,266
for this huge demonstration that
was expected,

1220
01:01:52,266 --> 01:01:57,266
President Nixon had
the White House ringed by buses,

1221
01:01:57,266 --> 01:02:00,200
parked bumper to bumper.

1222
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:03,566
There were troops in full gear--
full military troops,

1223
01:02:03,566 --> 01:02:05,666
not National Guard.

1224
01:02:05,666 --> 01:02:07,500
And it certainly was
pretty stark

1225
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,300
and quite tangible evidence

1226
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:14,266
that this country was close to
a revolution.

1227
01:02:21,533 --> 01:02:23,866
BRENDA CAVANAGH:
There were many, many buses

1228
01:02:23,866 --> 01:02:28,633
with protesters from all over
the states going to Washington.

1229
01:02:28,633 --> 01:02:32,533
My sister, Jill,
was four years younger than me.

1230
01:02:32,533 --> 01:02:36,366
So she was 17 at the time.

1231
01:02:36,366 --> 01:02:38,200
And we took a bus to Washington.

1232
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:45,233
Of course my sign was
my husband, Dick Genest.

1233
01:02:45,233 --> 01:02:50,166
He was in the 197th Artillery
of the National Guard.

1234
01:02:50,166 --> 01:02:53,933
There were five members of
the New Hampshire National Guard

1235
01:02:53,933 --> 01:02:56,833
in his convoy coming home.

1236
01:02:56,833 --> 01:03:03,266
They hit a mine
and killed them all instantly.

1237
01:03:03,266 --> 01:03:09,566
♪ ♪

1238
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:14,233
(voice breaking):
I'm sorry. I'm going to cry.

1239
01:03:15,366 --> 01:03:18,400
The pain never goes away.

1240
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:21,400
It just takes
part of your heart.

1241
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:23,133
It's cut out.

1242
01:03:23,133 --> 01:03:24,900
That's the only way
to describe it.

1243
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,400
(drum beating)

1244
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:38,966
STEWART MEACHAM:
In this march we will carry
the names of those

1245
01:03:38,966 --> 01:03:43,900
who are the victims of
U.S. military policy in Vietnam.

1246
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:48,433
We will carry the names
of the Americans.

1247
01:03:48,433 --> 01:03:51,300
We will carry the names of the
towns and the villages

1248
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:57,033
that have been bombed
and burned out of existence.

1249
01:03:57,033 --> 01:04:00,233
Through this march we
commit ourselves

1250
01:04:00,233 --> 01:04:04,800
to continue our protest
and our resistance

1251
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:10,633
to this vast inhumanity
until it has been ended.

1252
01:04:10,633 --> 01:04:15,800
(drum beating)

1253
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:19,000
BOY:
Well, my brother Mike was killed
in the war.

1254
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:22,100
And our, our whole family
is here.

1255
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:25,100
MAN:
I'm here because
there are a whole lot of

1256
01:04:25,100 --> 01:04:26,733
soldiers over in Vietnam

1257
01:04:26,733 --> 01:04:29,000
that would like to be here
themselves.

1258
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:33,600
And they can't be here
so I'm here protesting.

1259
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:37,000
WOMAN:
I keep thinking of the man
whose name I'm carrying

1260
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:39,866
and of the candle
I'm carrying for him.

1261
01:04:39,866 --> 01:04:41,833
It keeps flickering out.

1262
01:04:41,833 --> 01:04:45,200
And I see the candle
as symbolic of his life.

1263
01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:48,633
And I'm just very moved
by this one man.

1264
01:04:48,633 --> 01:04:50,733
(drum continues)

1265
01:04:50,733 --> 01:04:55,133
SUSAN MILLER:
Between 47,000 and
50,000 people marched.

1266
01:04:55,133 --> 01:04:57,666
The March Against Death

1267
01:04:57,666 --> 01:05:01,733
lasted for 39 hours
day and night.

1268
01:05:01,733 --> 01:05:04,033
It took between
three and four hours

1269
01:05:04,033 --> 01:05:08,066
to walk the distance from
Arlington, past the White House,

1270
01:05:08,066 --> 01:05:10,033
over to the Capitol grounds.

1271
01:05:10,033 --> 01:05:11,566
It was not a short walk.

1272
01:05:11,566 --> 01:05:13,633
And it was freezing.

1273
01:05:13,633 --> 01:05:18,200
I have never been so cold
in my entire life.

1274
01:05:18,200 --> 01:05:20,666
(beating drum)

1275
01:05:20,666 --> 01:05:24,066
APPY: At one point during
the candlelight ceremony

1276
01:05:24,066 --> 01:05:26,800
out in front of the White House,
Nixon turned to his aides

1277
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:29,500
and said
"Can't we get some helicopters

1278
01:05:29,500 --> 01:05:33,366
to fly over that demonstration
and blow out the candles?"

1279
01:05:33,366 --> 01:05:37,266
Which shows you the level to
which he was concerned about it.

1280
01:05:37,266 --> 01:05:43,000
♪ ♪

1281
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:50,266
PROTESTERS:
♪ We shall live in peace ♪

1282
01:05:50,266 --> 01:05:54,566
♪ We shall live
in peace ♪

1283
01:05:54,566 --> 01:06:00,933
♪ Someday ♪

1284
01:06:00,933 --> 01:06:09,066
♪ Oh, deep in my heart ♪

1285
01:06:09,066 --> 01:06:15,733
♪ I do believe ♪

1286
01:06:15,733 --> 01:06:21,000
♪ We shall overcome ♪

1287
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:24,500
♪ Someday ♪

1288
01:06:24,500 --> 01:06:29,233
♪ ♪

1289
01:06:29,233 --> 01:06:31,300
(car honking)

1290
01:06:34,033 --> 01:06:37,833
MARY POSNER:
About 35 of us got to
Washington, DC,

1291
01:06:37,833 --> 01:06:43,333
any way we could to participate
in the national mobilization.

1292
01:06:43,333 --> 01:06:45,033
Me and a few other students

1293
01:06:45,033 --> 01:06:47,200
crashed someplace in
Washington, DC.

1294
01:06:47,200 --> 01:06:48,666
I have no idea who with.

1295
01:06:48,666 --> 01:06:52,900
And we got up early on
the morning of November 15,

1296
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:54,600
and made our way to the Mall,

1297
01:06:54,600 --> 01:06:59,466
and it was just this huge,
huge crowd.

1298
01:06:59,466 --> 01:07:02,366
And we just knew we were
a part of this

1299
01:07:02,366 --> 01:07:06,800
amazing group of people
who all believed what we did,

1300
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:09,100
which was a great feeling
to know that

1301
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:10,866
that many people
were against the war.

1302
01:07:10,866 --> 01:07:12,466
("Fortunate Son" by Creedence
Clearwater Revival playing)

1303
01:07:12,466 --> 01:07:15,566
♪ Yeah, some folks
inherit star-spangled eyes ♪

1304
01:07:15,566 --> 01:07:19,900
♪ Ooh, they send you down
to war ♪

1305
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:23,133
♪ And when you ask 'em,
"How much should we give?" ♪

1306
01:07:23,133 --> 01:07:25,966
♪ Ooh, they only answer,
"More, more, more" ♪

1307
01:07:25,966 --> 01:07:30,200
♪ It ain't me, it ain't me ♪

1308
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,800
♪ I ain't no military son, son ♪

1309
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:37,066
♪ It ain't me, it ain't me ♪

1310
01:07:37,066 --> 01:07:42,200
WEISS:
It was a very peaceful
bipartisan demonstration.

1311
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:44,866
Charlie Goodell, a Republican
member of the Senate,

1312
01:07:44,866 --> 01:07:48,533
and George McGovern, a
Democratic member of the Senate,

1313
01:07:48,533 --> 01:07:54,700
literally held hands
leading the demonstration.

1314
01:07:54,700 --> 01:07:58,500
(crowd chanting indistinctly)

1315
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:00,933
DAVID CORTRIGHT:
The march was led by

1316
01:08:00,933 --> 01:08:02,866
a contingent of active-duty
service members

1317
01:08:02,866 --> 01:08:06,600
and then behind us
was a group of veterans.

1318
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:07,966
So if you look at the photos
from those days,

1319
01:08:07,966 --> 01:08:10,533
you can see,
there we are with our

1320
01:08:10,533 --> 01:08:13,900
short hair and these caps
that say "G.Is. for Peace."

1321
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:16,200
We are definitely unmistakable.

1322
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:17,966
We're active-duty people
in the military,

1323
01:08:17,966 --> 01:08:20,600
we have to follow orders
and do our duty in the military,

1324
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,100
but we're also citizens,
and we oppose this war

1325
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,100
and we're going to speak out
against it.

1326
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:29,966
♪ So if you love
your Uncle Sam ♪

1327
01:08:29,966 --> 01:08:33,433
♪ Bring 'em home,
bring 'em home ♪

1328
01:08:33,433 --> 01:08:36,933
♪ Support our boys
in Vietnam ♪

1329
01:08:36,933 --> 01:08:40,066
BOTH:
♪ Bring 'em home,
bring 'em home ♪

1330
01:08:40,066 --> 01:08:43,533
KIRKPATRICK:
♪ Richard Nixon
thinks he's slick ♪

1331
01:08:43,533 --> 01:08:46,733
BOTH:
♪ Bring 'em home,
bring 'em home ♪

1332
01:08:46,733 --> 01:08:50,366
KIRKPATRICK:
♪ We've got to outwit
that Tricky Dick ♪

1333
01:08:50,366 --> 01:08:53,533
BOTH:
♪ Bring 'em home,
bring 'em home ♪

1334
01:08:53,533 --> 01:08:55,300
Last month, the
president of the United States

1335
01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:57,833
said nothing you young kids
would do

1336
01:08:57,833 --> 01:08:59,566
would have any effect on him.

1337
01:08:59,566 --> 01:09:02,666
Well, I suggest to the
president of the United States,

1338
01:09:02,666 --> 01:09:04,833
if he wanna know how much effect
you youngsters

1339
01:09:04,833 --> 01:09:06,633
can have on a president,

1340
01:09:06,633 --> 01:09:09,066
he should make
one long-distance phone call

1341
01:09:09,066 --> 01:09:12,266
to the LBJ Ranch and
ask that boy

1342
01:09:12,266 --> 01:09:14,533
how much effect you can have.

1343
01:09:14,533 --> 01:09:16,266
(cheering)

1344
01:09:16,266 --> 01:09:18,466
BULL:
There were about a
half a million demonstrators

1345
01:09:18,466 --> 01:09:20,866
from all over the country
that gathered in Washington.

1346
01:09:20,866 --> 01:09:22,266
And it just annoyed the
heck out of me

1347
01:09:22,266 --> 01:09:25,433
that here are these guys
coming after President Nixon.

1348
01:09:25,433 --> 01:09:28,800
I felt, and I think so many
others of us felt,

1349
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:31,700
that they were wrong
and we felt that they were

1350
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:37,000
left-wing useful idiots of the
growing left-wing movement

1351
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:39,100
in the United States.

1352
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:42,933
APPY:
Nixon of course said that
he would pay no attention

1353
01:09:42,933 --> 01:09:45,166
whatsoever to these
demonstrations.

1354
01:09:45,166 --> 01:09:47,800
In effect, the only college
students he was interested in

1355
01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:50,300
were the ones playing football
on television.

1356
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:52,633
But he was in fact
deeply obsessed

1357
01:09:52,633 --> 01:09:55,233
with the anti-war movement

1358
01:09:55,233 --> 01:09:59,500
and was paying serious attention
to the November demonstration.

1359
01:09:59,500 --> 01:10:03,533
The White House became a kind of
bunker and fortress,

1360
01:10:03,533 --> 01:10:07,333
and he had military personnel
stationed throughout

1361
01:10:07,333 --> 01:10:09,633
the White House itself for fear
that these demonstrators

1362
01:10:09,633 --> 01:10:13,800
might actually assault
the center of power.

1363
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:16,866
(chanting):
One, two, three, four,
Tricky Dick, stop the war.

1364
01:10:16,866 --> 01:10:20,833
KISSINGER: You know, the White
House was ringed by students.

1365
01:10:20,833 --> 01:10:23,633
(chanting continues)

1366
01:10:23,633 --> 01:10:25,000
There are facilities

1367
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:28,466
in the White House in case of
a bombing attack.

1368
01:10:28,466 --> 01:10:33,333
And I moved into one of these
facilities for a few days

1369
01:10:33,333 --> 01:10:36,700
and slept in the basement
of the White House.

1370
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:39,033
 
MAN: When do you want it?
PROTESTERS: Now!

1371
01:10:39,033 --> 01:10:41,166
MAN: What do you want?
When do you want it?

1372
01:10:41,166 --> 01:10:43,600
LAKE: They were extremely
concerned about their security

1373
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:48,333
and they were concerned by
the size of the demonstration,

1374
01:10:48,333 --> 01:10:50,833
and how it was helping keep

1375
01:10:50,833 --> 01:10:54,000
the issue of Vietnam
front and center.

1376
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:55,666
(protesters chanting)

1377
01:10:55,666 --> 01:10:57,466
I found it extremely painful.

1378
01:10:57,466 --> 01:10:59,966
My wife, many of my friends,

1379
01:10:59,966 --> 01:11:01,533
were outside the White House
demonstrating,

1380
01:11:01,533 --> 01:11:04,000
while I was inside.

1381
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,833
And I wanted to be outside.

1382
01:11:06,833 --> 01:11:10,666
RICHIE HAVENS:
♪ A long ♪

1383
01:11:10,666 --> 01:11:17,566
♪ Way from my home ♪

1384
01:11:17,566 --> 01:11:20,366
♪ Which is freedom ♪

1385
01:11:20,366 --> 01:11:22,400
♪ Freedom ♪

1386
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:25,833
♪ Freedom! Freedom! ♪

1387
01:11:25,833 --> 01:11:28,866
♪ This land is your land ♪

1388
01:11:28,866 --> 01:11:31,866
♪ And this land is my land ♪

1389
01:11:31,866 --> 01:11:34,500
♪ From California ♪

1390
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:37,233
♪ To the New York island ♪

1391
01:11:37,233 --> 01:11:40,400
♪ From the redwood forest ♪

1392
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:45,566
♪ To the Gulf Stream water ♪

1393
01:11:45,566 --> 01:11:49,333
♪ This land was made
for you and me ♪

1394
01:11:49,333 --> 01:11:52,266
(crowd cheering and applauding)

1395
01:11:54,333 --> 01:12:01,266
CORETTA SCOTT KING:
My dear peace-loving friends.

1396
01:12:01,266 --> 01:12:08,666
I want to thank you
for providing me

1397
01:12:08,666 --> 01:12:13,466
with one of the most
awe-inspiring experiences

1398
01:12:13,466 --> 01:12:15,933
of my life.

1399
01:12:15,933 --> 01:12:19,933
There is only one other
experience

1400
01:12:19,933 --> 01:12:25,000
that reminds me
of this one today

1401
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:29,400
and that was the
March on Washington in 1963.

1402
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:30,766
(cheers and applause)

1403
01:12:30,766 --> 01:12:34,633
SEEGER:
♪ All we are saying ♪

1404
01:12:34,633 --> 01:12:39,766
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

1405
01:12:39,766 --> 01:12:41,633
♪ All we are... ♪

1406
01:12:41,633 --> 01:12:44,800
HAWK:
We were concerned to make it

1407
01:12:44,800 --> 01:12:48,233
a hugely successful event.

1408
01:12:48,233 --> 01:12:50,100
And it was!
(laughs)

1409
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:54,066
Primarily, in my opinion,
thanks to the music,

1410
01:12:54,066 --> 01:12:56,100
which was out of this world.

1411
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:00,466
You know, a couple of hundred
thousand people singing

1412
01:13:00,466 --> 01:13:03,533
"Give Peace a Chance" within
earshot of the White House.

1413
01:13:03,533 --> 01:13:05,866
That was the high point
of Saturday.

1414
01:13:05,866 --> 01:13:08,933
PROTESTERS:
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

1415
01:13:08,933 --> 01:13:11,300
SEEGER:
Are ya listening, Nixon?

1416
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:14,000
PROTESTERS:
♪ All we are saying ♪

1417
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:15,466
SEEGER:
Are ya listening, Agnew?

1418
01:13:15,466 --> 01:13:16,866
PROTESTERS:
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

1419
01:13:16,866 --> 01:13:20,566
SEEGER:
Are ya listening in
the Pentagon?

1420
01:13:20,566 --> 01:13:25,466
PROTESTERS:
♪ All we are saying ♪

1421
01:13:25,466 --> 01:13:29,100
♪ Is give peace a chance ♪

1422
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:32,766
♪ This is the dawning of
the Age of Aquarius ♪

1423
01:13:32,766 --> 01:13:34,033
♪ Age of Aquarius ♪

1424
01:13:34,033 --> 01:13:35,933
MEL WAX:
Here in San Francisco,

1425
01:13:35,933 --> 01:13:37,833
Moratorium Day protesters

1426
01:13:37,833 --> 01:13:40,700
assembled early
for the seven-mile march

1427
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:43,900
through downtown San Francisco
to Golden Gate Park.

1428
01:13:43,900 --> 01:13:46,733
Estimates of crowd size vary,

1429
01:13:46,733 --> 01:13:49,500
but all agree it was the largest
peace demonstration

1430
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:52,133
ever held in
Western United States,

1431
01:13:52,133 --> 01:13:54,666
and it was peaceful.

1432
01:13:54,666 --> 01:13:59,300
CROWD:
♪ Let the sunshine in ♪

1433
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:02,233
♪ The sunshine in ♪

1434
01:14:02,233 --> 01:14:05,033
♪ Let the sunshine in ♪

1435
01:14:05,033 --> 01:14:06,266
What do you want?

1436
01:14:06,266 --> 01:14:07,266
CROWD:
Peace!

1437
01:14:07,266 --> 01:14:08,266
ABERNATHY:
What do you want?

1438
01:14:08,266 --> 01:14:09,633
Peace!

1439
01:14:09,633 --> 01:14:11,133
ABERNATHY:
When do you want it?

1440
01:14:11,133 --> 01:14:12,566
CROWD:
Now!

1441
01:14:12,566 --> 01:14:13,766
ABERNATHY:
When do you want it?

1442
01:14:13,766 --> 01:14:14,800
CROWD:
Now!

1443
01:14:17,033 --> 01:14:21,200
ABERNATHY:
Who is the one
callous individual

1444
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:27,800
who is going against the current
of history and social change?

1445
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:31,133
Nixon's the one!

1446
01:14:31,133 --> 01:14:34,466
Who writes himself telegrams?

1447
01:14:34,466 --> 01:14:35,866
(crowd laughing)

1448
01:14:35,866 --> 01:14:39,166
(guitar playing)

1449
01:14:39,166 --> 01:14:43,833
♪ It's always the old
to lead us to the wars ♪

1450
01:14:43,833 --> 01:14:48,200
♪ It's always the young
to fall ♪

1451
01:14:48,200 --> 01:14:52,866
♪ Now look at all we've won
with a saber and a gun ♪

1452
01:14:52,866 --> 01:14:55,433
♪ Tell me, is it worth it all? ♪

1453
01:14:55,433 --> 01:14:57,933
♪ ♪

1454
01:14:57,933 --> 01:15:01,500
♪ Call it peace or
call it treason ♪

1455
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:04,600
♪ Call it love or
call it reason ♪

1456
01:15:04,600 --> 01:15:07,766
♪ But I ain't marchin'
anymore ♪

1457
01:15:07,766 --> 01:15:12,333
♪ No, I ain't
marchin' anymore ♪

1458
01:15:12,333 --> 01:15:13,466
Thank you very much.

1459
01:15:13,466 --> 01:15:14,966
(cheers and applause)

1460
01:15:14,966 --> 01:15:16,500
CARL REINER:
I have three words for you:

1461
01:15:16,500 --> 01:15:18,666
Crosby, Stills, and Nash.

1462
01:15:18,666 --> 01:15:21,133
(cheers and applause)

1463
01:15:21,133 --> 01:15:23,433
("Find the Cost of Freedom" by
Crosby, Stills and Nash playing)

1464
01:15:23,433 --> 01:15:24,433
(crowd clapping to beat)

1465
01:15:24,433 --> 01:15:30,966
♪ Find the cost of freedom ♪

1466
01:15:30,966 --> 01:15:35,966
♪ Buried in the ground ♪

1467
01:15:35,966 --> 01:15:38,833
♪ Mother Earth ♪

1468
01:15:38,833 --> 01:15:41,666
♪ Will swallow you ♪

1469
01:15:41,666 --> 01:15:46,366
♪ Lay your body down ♪

1470
01:15:46,366 --> 01:15:53,600
♪ Find the cost of freedom ♪

1471
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:58,200
♪ Buried in the ground ♪

1472
01:15:58,200 --> 01:16:05,566
♪ Mother Earth
will swallow you ♪

1473
01:16:05,566 --> 01:16:09,700
♪ Lay your body down ♪

1474
01:16:09,700 --> 01:16:12,533
We love you. Right on!

1475
01:16:12,533 --> 01:16:17,600
(cheers and applause)

1476
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:21,100
And so it went off, the largest
political demonstration

1477
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:22,766
in American history.

1478
01:16:22,766 --> 01:16:24,233
Almost without violence.

1479
01:16:24,233 --> 01:16:25,633
Late in the afternoon,

1480
01:16:25,633 --> 01:16:27,933
several thousand demonstrators,
led by a hard core

1481
01:16:27,933 --> 01:16:29,333
of militants, clashed with
police

1482
01:16:29,333 --> 01:16:31,433
outside the Justice
Department.

1483
01:16:31,433 --> 01:16:35,500
They were driven off
with tear gas.

1484
01:16:35,500 --> 01:16:37,633
(shouting, screaming)

1485
01:16:37,633 --> 01:16:40,200
BROWN:
A group of people did go attack
the Justice Department,

1486
01:16:40,200 --> 01:16:42,066
but it was isolated.

1487
01:16:42,066 --> 01:16:44,200
FERNANDEZ:
This was not a
Sunday school picnic.

1488
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:46,433
People were upset and angry.

1489
01:16:46,433 --> 01:16:48,766
We were part of
a long train of people,

1490
01:16:48,766 --> 01:16:50,900
tried to make things right.

1491
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:54,366
And I thought it was a terrific
day for American democracy.

1492
01:16:54,366 --> 01:16:58,766
("Something in the Air"
by Thunderclap Newman playing)

1493
01:16:58,766 --> 01:17:06,266
♪ ♪

1494
01:17:06,266 --> 01:17:10,766
♪ And you know that it's right ♪

1495
01:17:10,766 --> 01:17:17,166
♪ We have got to
get it together ♪

1496
01:17:17,166 --> 01:17:21,300
♪ We have got to get it
together ♪

1497
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:23,033
♪ Now ♪

1498
01:17:23,033 --> 01:17:24,666
MILLER:
We had brought 500,000 people

1499
01:17:24,666 --> 01:17:27,233
to Washington,
which at that time

1500
01:17:27,233 --> 01:17:29,066
and for quite a long time
to come,

1501
01:17:29,066 --> 01:17:33,500
was the largest demonstration
that had ever been organized.

1502
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:37,766
(song resumes):
♪ And you know that it's right ♪

1503
01:17:37,766 --> 01:17:42,333
♪ We have got to
get it together ♪

1504
01:17:42,333 --> 01:17:47,700
♪ We have got to get it
together ♪

1505
01:17:47,700 --> 01:17:50,266
♪ Now ♪

1506
01:17:50,266 --> 01:17:52,833
(song ends)

1507
01:17:55,333 --> 01:17:57,633
The White House acknowledged
that the latest protests

1508
01:17:57,633 --> 01:17:59,933
generally were peaceful,
but stressed again

1509
01:17:59,933 --> 01:18:02,533
that President Nixon does not
intend to let policy

1510
01:18:02,533 --> 01:18:04,200
be made in the streets.

1511
01:18:04,200 --> 01:18:06,133
♪ ♪

1512
01:18:06,133 --> 01:18:11,466
JOYCE: It quickly set in
that the war raged on.

1513
01:18:11,466 --> 01:18:15,266
That, however proud of ourselves
we might have been,

1514
01:18:15,266 --> 01:18:19,566
we obviously, at that point,
hadn't stopped the war.

1515
01:18:19,566 --> 01:18:25,200
ELLSBERG:
The demonstrations in October
and November of 1969

1516
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:28,766
did not have the appearance
of changing anything

1517
01:18:28,766 --> 01:18:31,466
because the war went on
as before.

1518
01:18:31,466 --> 01:18:34,466
And none of the people
who participated knew

1519
01:18:34,466 --> 01:18:37,066
that the war had been within
days or weeks

1520
01:18:37,066 --> 01:18:41,533
of erupting enormously
and becoming much bigger.

1521
01:18:41,533 --> 01:18:45,366
(explosion echoes)

1522
01:18:45,366 --> 01:18:47,766
The bottom line is,
I believe we would have had

1523
01:18:47,766 --> 01:18:51,333
the first nuclear attacks
since Nagasaki in 1969

1524
01:18:51,333 --> 01:18:56,333
had it not been for the
October 15 demonstrations

1525
01:18:56,333 --> 01:18:59,966
and the demonstrations
in November.

1526
01:18:59,966 --> 01:19:02,766
HAWK:
At the time we had no idea.

1527
01:19:02,766 --> 01:19:07,633
It was only decades later,
when the archives were released,

1528
01:19:07,633 --> 01:19:11,733
that we realized what, in fact,
we had accomplished.

1529
01:19:11,733 --> 01:19:15,966
FERNANDEZ:
We now know we had a big impact
on Nixon and Kissinger.

1530
01:19:15,966 --> 01:19:18,333
What they thought they could
get away with in November,

1531
01:19:18,333 --> 01:19:20,366
namely blowing to bits Vietnam,

1532
01:19:20,366 --> 01:19:22,300
and maybe even using
nuclear weapons,

1533
01:19:22,300 --> 01:19:24,933
they had to take it
off the table.

1534
01:19:24,933 --> 01:19:27,533
There were too many of us
who were saying no now.

1535
01:19:27,533 --> 01:19:29,933
 
POSNER:
And when I heard that news,

1536
01:19:29,933 --> 01:19:33,266
I, I just cannot express
what that meant to me.

1537
01:19:33,266 --> 01:19:35,566
That after all these years,

1538
01:19:35,566 --> 01:19:38,933
I finally knew that what we did

1539
01:19:38,933 --> 01:19:43,700
had made such
a significant difference.

1540
01:19:43,700 --> 01:19:45,900
MILLER:
Nobody understood at the time

1541
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:49,233
that we had prevented
an escalation of the war

1542
01:19:49,233 --> 01:19:53,133
and actually
saved people's lives.

1543
01:19:53,133 --> 01:19:55,733
It tells me that this was
the most amazing

1544
01:19:55,733 --> 01:20:00,200
and most important thing
I'd ever done in my life.

1545
01:20:00,200 --> 01:20:03,466
RIEGLE:
The people stopped the war and
made the Congress stop the war.

1546
01:20:03,466 --> 01:20:06,366
And that's what finally brought
the war to the end.

1547
01:20:06,366 --> 01:20:10,200
They thought they could
strongarm and bomb North Vietnam

1548
01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:13,166
into submission,
and that didn't work.

1549
01:20:13,166 --> 01:20:17,466
And what we found was
the limits of U.S. power

1550
01:20:17,466 --> 01:20:21,466
when you're trying to do the
wrong thing in the wrong place.

1551
01:20:21,466 --> 01:20:25,500
MORRIS: And the absolutely
torturous, haunting reality

1552
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:28,433
hanging over all of this
are the casualties.

1553
01:20:28,433 --> 01:20:30,800
We must remember that when Nixon
is inaugurated

1554
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:34,100
and Henry Kissinger hired, the
names on that long black wall

1555
01:20:34,100 --> 01:20:38,866
in Washington were only half
as long as they ended up being.

1556
01:20:38,866 --> 01:20:41,300
And absolutely agonizing,

1557
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:45,766
the mounting casualties on
the Vietnamese side.

1558
01:20:45,766 --> 01:20:48,300
And the price of Nixon's
"peace with honor"

1559
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:50,266
would be enormous.

1560
01:20:50,266 --> 01:20:54,266
And, I think, in the end,
unforgivable.

1561
01:20:54,266 --> 01:20:57,700
♪ ♪

1562
01:20:57,700 --> 01:20:59,566
JOYCE: When I talk to
young activists today,

1563
01:20:59,566 --> 01:21:04,133
one of the points I make is,
you will not know in the moment

1564
01:21:04,133 --> 01:21:07,033
the real impact
of what you are doing.

1565
01:21:07,033 --> 01:21:09,033
And you may not know it
in a week.

1566
01:21:09,033 --> 01:21:10,666
You may not know it in a month.

1567
01:21:10,666 --> 01:21:12,466
You may not know it in a decade,

1568
01:21:12,466 --> 01:21:15,166
but you are having an impact.

1569
01:21:15,166 --> 01:21:18,633
It does matter.

1570
01:21:18,633 --> 01:21:20,133
WEISS:
Never give up.

1571
01:21:20,133 --> 01:21:21,933
It's very important.

1572
01:21:21,933 --> 01:21:24,533
It's easy to get tired.

1573
01:21:24,533 --> 01:21:28,300
It's easy to get discouraged.

1574
01:21:28,300 --> 01:21:30,700
But we can't afford that.

1575
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:32,466
So don't give up.

1576
01:21:32,466 --> 01:21:35,933
We didn't give up until
it was over.

1577
01:21:35,933 --> 01:21:38,200
♪ ♪

1578
01:21:40,266 --> 01:21:43,066
♪ ♪

1579
01:21:43,066 --> 01:21:44,466
ANNOUNCER: Next time...

1580
01:21:44,466 --> 01:21:46,166
The sun's energy is absorbed

1581
01:21:46,166 --> 01:21:48,033
and transformed into heat.

1582
01:21:48,033 --> 01:21:51,233
MAN: Mária Telkes was
a solar evangelist.

1583
01:21:51,233 --> 01:21:53,733
WOMAN: She really imagined this
as revolutionizing

1584
01:21:53,733 --> 01:21:56,266
the way that people lived.

1585
01:21:56,266 --> 01:21:57,533
WOMAN: Nothing else would
even get close

1586
01:21:57,533 --> 01:21:58,766
to the Dover sun house.

1587
01:21:58,766 --> 01:22:00,200
WOMAN:
She's laying the foundation

1588
01:22:00,200 --> 01:22:02,366
for pretty much everything now

1589
01:22:02,366 --> 01:22:04,000
that we do with solar.

1590
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:05,200
ANNOUNCER:
"The Sun Queen,"

1591
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:07,966
next time
on "American Experience."

1592
01:22:07,966 --> 01:22:11,000
Made possible in part
by Liberty Mutual Insurance.

1593
01:22:14,433 --> 01:22:14,700
♪ ♪

1594
01:22:21,000 --> 01:22:23,933
♪ ♪