ANNOUNCER: This program contains content
which may not be suitable for all audiences.
Viewer discretion is advised.
(car horns honking)
REPORTER: The American embassy in Tehran is in the hands
of Muslim students tonight.
ED BRADLEY: They're holding hostages, one report says
as many as 100, most of them American.
TED KOPPEL: The State Department has set up a special task force.
SAM DONALDSON: Here in New York, Iranian students
chained themselves to the Statue of Liberty.
REPORTER: The reaction in New York,
whether or not it's a coincidence,
has been the occupation of the Statue of Liberty.
REPORTER: The demonstrators draped a banner demanding
the United States return the Shah to Iran.
BARBARA ROSEN: My mother-in-law,
she would keep the radio on all night.
And it was the first thing that she heard.
Reports say as many as 90 Americans may be involved,
others say as few as 35.
BARBARA ROSEN: We hadn't had any calls from the State Department.
It just came across as a news report.
The government would not release the names
of any of the people who were being held.
REPORTER: At a news conference inside the compound,
we were shown photographs taken yesterday
of U.S. Marine guards at the embassy after they were
taken prisoner and blindfolded by their captors.
Outside the compound,
"Give us the Shah!" they cried,
"And we will free the Americans."
REPORTER The U.S. does not have a great number of options
in dealing with what is a very
sensitive situation in which there is no central authority.
But one thing is certain: there will be no bowing
to the mob's demand for the return of the Shah.
In answer to the question, are we considering handing him over,
or are there any plans to do so or to meet that demand?
The answer is no.
REPORTER: Your Highness, could I talk to you for just a moment?
How is your husband?
QUEEN FARAH: He's fine. Thank you.
REPORTER: Because of what's happening in Iran, would you consider
going to another country for treatment?
PROTESTERS: Burn! Burn! Burn!
MAN: They invaded a sacred part--
the embassy.
An embassy is a sacred part of any nation.
That's what they invaded.
The Ayatollah is condoning this.
And we want him!
(protesters shouting)
BARBARA ROSEN: There was demonstrations
in the United States against Iran.
Americans were very angry, and rightly so.
PROTESTERS: Go home! Go home! Go home!
REPORTER: Despite a police ban,
up to a thousand Iranian and anti-Iranian demonstrators
massed in Beverly Hills,
the Iranians outnumbered and targets of violence.
There is little sympathy for Iranian students
supporting the takeover.
JOHN JOHNSON: Given the fact that most of
the Iranian students here in the United States
are receiving the benefits of American education,
and at the same time supporting
your student counterparts in Iran
who are holding Americans hostages,
the American public has begun to ask,
"Should you be allowed to stay in the country?"
CROWD: Go home! Go home!
I think the Iranians, if they don't like our government
and they don't like our system,
I think they need to go back to Iran.
(crowd agreeing)
We're sick of being stomped on!
We're not gonna take it anymore!
We're sick of it!
(crowd cheering)
America! America!
♪ ♪
(cars rushing past)
(car horn honks)
BARBARA ROSEN: 1979
was a time in American history
when we weren't feeling
very good about ourselves.
(protesters shouting)
The Vietnam War had ended in a terrible evacuation
of our people from the embassy.
I remember the images
of people clawing to get on the last helicopters going out.
The economy was not doing very well.
Everything in the country was like negative, negative.
REPORTER: A gasoline shortage
led to violence over the weekend
in Levittown, Pennsylvania, just outside of Philadelphia
REPORTER: A new study shows the American people spend one-fourth
of their entire personal income on buying and operating
cars and trucks.
It is a crisis of confidence.
It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart, and soul,
and spirit of our national will.
America had just been battered from one side to another.
We have another oil crisis
so that basically people are waiting at the pumps.
The economy was tanking.
Everything seemed to be
going wrong at the same time.
And this simply added to that sense.
REPORTER: Any encouraging news
from Iran Mr. President? No.
Status quo, sir?
Yes, I'm afraid so.
REPORTER: President Carter's special two-man diplomatic mission
to Iran remains stalled in Turkey.
REPORTER: The spokesman tried to counter a spreading bleak impression
that all diplomatic trails
have led to a dead end.
BARBARA ROSEN: The America who, you know,
of John F. Kennedy could go to the moon,
all of a sudden we can't do anything right,
and here's our people being held hostage in Iran.
And, again, we can't do anything.
♪ ♪
HILARY BROWN: Initially, it wasn't easy for anybody to get into Iran
in the first few days after the seizure on the hostages.
But then the Ayatollah and his supporters realized that
this was a wonderful way to get the world's attention.
And a wonderful platform for their anti-American message
was to let the press in,
so then the press corps
came in in droves
and I was among those people
who were allowed in.
(archival): At the embassy today,
members of the Revolutionary Guard...
(interview): What made it riveting was that
they had been able to do this.
That they've been able to seize
American diplomats, and, you know, and the odd Marine,
and hold them hostage inside the American embassy,
which they had occupied-- 3,000 of them, apparently--
in total defiance of international law.
♪ ♪
(telephone dialing out)
CAROLE JEROME I received a phone call
one morning in my hotel room.
It was this voice saying, "This is the Student Followers
"of the Imam's Line.
"We are calling you from the Nest of Spies to tell you
"to be here at 9:00 because
we have revelations to make."
(man singing over loudspeaker)
It was rather haunting to know
that the American hostages
were right there
within shouting distance,
but we could do nothing for them.
We were taken in to one of the Marine guard huts,
I believe it was,
where the students would hold their press conferences.
(camera shutters clicking)
The main reason of our occupation
in United States embassy
is to attack to America,
and its actions,
and the expulsion of Shah from America.
JEROME: They were very naive if they thought that the United States
could just hand the Shah over.
MAN: If the America doesn't answer to our demand,
we will never release the hostages,
and we will never release the embassy.
In case if United States
decide to do something to release these hostages,
you must be sure that they will definitely be killed.
JEROME: I'm not even sure they fully understood
that seizing the embassy was an act of war.
♪ ♪
As far as we knew, everybody in the embassy had been taken.
For the first 72 hours it was basically just what we could get
from our intelligence sources, which, of course, was limited.
REPORTER: At the State Department,
a special working group was on duty around the clock
trying to monitor developments in Iran.
But there's a tremendous sense of frustration...
SICK: We had a report from the Iranians
actually covering the event,
that the son of Ayatollah Khomeini
came to the embassy and climbed over the wall, lost his turban,
and then got in and announced
the Iranian government was fully behind
the people who took the hostages.
And at that point,
it was very clear that until Khomeini changed his mind
or decided to do something differently,
that the people were there to stay.
(crowd shouting indistinctly)
People in the West don't appreciate just how shocking
this was not just to us, but even to people in Iran.
(people shouting in distance, horns honking)
REPORTER: Well, here in Washington, there's a real sense
of humiliation and depression,
and I think, above all, helplessness.
The president has no intention of handing over the Shah.
I think that the bottom line may be that the only hope
for a solution here is that the Ayatollah,
that he may come around to reason...
SICK: At that point,
we realized that this was going to be a marathon
and not a sprint.
I told my family that basically they had lost me
until this was over.
You were basically dedicating yourself to something.
I actually felt like it was sort of taking religious orders.
(applause)
The actions of Iranian leaders and the radicals who invaded
our embassy were completely unjustified.
They and all others must know
that the United States of America will not yield
to international terrorism or to blackmail.
(loud explosion)
JAMES ROBERTS: There were a number of terrorist incidents...
(loud explosion)
...in the mid- to late-'70s.
REPORTER: Six guerrillas stormed the OPEC offices with a barrage
of submachine gun fire just before noon today.
(rapid gunfire) Three men were killed.
The terrorist issued a host of...
ROBERTS: Hostage-taking became a cottage industry.
WALTER CRONKITE: Waiting in the sweltering heat
of a metal aircraft,
hostages of the 20th century equivalent
of the Barbary pirates.
ROBERTS: There was the hijacking of a Lufthansa aircraft
that went to Mogadishu.
There was the Munich Olympics hostage-taking
and disastrous results there.
REPORTER: Five Arab commandos
carrying submachine guns climbed the Olympic compound fence,
broke into the Israeli team's quarters,
shot and killed two Israelis, and held nine others hostages
all day and into the night.
♪ ♪
ROBERTS: So there was definitely a whole series of events
that attracted military professionals
because these events began to create that demand
among Western governments
for the building of specialized
hostage rescue forces.
(alarm ringing, man shouting "go" repeatedly)
(helicopter whirring)
SICK: The idea of a rescue mission
was discussed within hours after the taking of the hostages.
I was not involved in that planning process,
but I was aware that it was, was going on.
ROBERTS: Military planning began right away.
I was called, I think, within the first three or four days.
They were looking for people who spoke Farsi,
who knew the embassy,
folks who would be able to help
get an assault force
that deep inside Iran, and that deep inside a city
of six million people, without being discovered.
The next day, I flew to Washington.
I told the guy that picked me up, "I can tell you right now
you can count me in."
♪ ♪
The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
pulled together a small group of planners in the Pentagon.
They put a new cipher lock on the door.
They shut it off from everybody else.
But the planning started immediately.
The control of the number of people exposed was draconian.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: In the beginning, I assumed
the United States Air Force
was going to come in
and maybe bomb Abadan,
make it incrementally difficult for Iran to export anything.
And maybe that would stop them.
But again, the question would be:
would they take it out on us?
(indistinct chatter)
The C.I.A. had various agents as embassy personnel
to each of whom a cover was assigned so that the true nature
of his job would not be exposed.
FRANK REYNOLDS: In one respect, at least, the Iranians
have succeeded, you might say, because they have
forced themselves into the consciousness of this country.
And they have made it very difficult, if not impossible,
for the highest officials of this government
to deal with anything else.
♪ ♪
TV ANNOUNCER: This is an ABC News Special.
"The Iran Crisis: America Held Hostage."
SICK: This was the story of the year.
And it was the only story of the year in many respects
because it just kept coming at you day after day.
And that has affected us ever since.
...committee on Iran. Hours are spent...
BROWN: It led to huge audience ratings.
The appetite that the American viewing audience
has for news
was kind of discovered with this story.
It's Saturday morning there.
And we are going to switch live to Tehran...
(protesters chanting)
PETER JENNINGS: Iranians are well aware
that these demonstrations are being seen
in American living rooms.
Some of them actually believe they will convince Americans
to see the Shah and the embassy occupation
as they, Iranians, see it.
(protesters shouting)
(camera shutters clicking, indistinct chatter)
The long and the short of it is that terrorism is theater.
It's political theater.
You're drawn to the events like bugs to a light.
We watched every inch of footage.
Of the guards,
of the people around the embassy,
of their demeanor,
of their military training,
of how they were holding their weapons,
of where their guard posts were,
trying to get
an ever-more-accurate picture of the situation
around the outside of the embassy walls, as well as
any pictures that we could get from inside the embassy.
(indistinct chatter)
BARRY ROSEN: The students became
quite sophisticated in bringing in media people,
bringing in officials.
They would say, "Okay,
"I want your room cleaned up,
"you sit down there and smile.
And we will do stills and have videographers coming in."
The Iranians were trying to make a point
that we were treated well.
♪ ♪
And there were posters all over
about what America had done to Iran.
It was just everywhere.
♪ ♪
They knew that they were the center of all the news
that could be used by the government and by foreign press.
♪ ♪
BARBARA ROSEN: As time goes on,
I also became very angry
that there were American reporters who were standing
outside the embassy
giving them a platform in the United States.
We shouldn't have been there.
♪ ♪
BROWN: Yeah, of course, we realized that we were being played.
Yes.
We were providing a daily platform for them,
for their anti-American grievances.
There is a kind of symbiotic relationship
between the hostage-takers and the press.
It worked both ways, I suppose, in that sense.
But we had to cover this.
HOSTAGE TAKERS (in Farsi):
MAN: I ask them to introduce themselves.
QUARRELS: My name is Sergeant William Quarrels,
United States Marine Corps.
REPORTER: Three Americans from among the 80 hostages at the U.S. Embassy
in Tehran have been freed by their Muslim captors
and are now in hospital in West Germany.
Ten others later told foreign reporters that they too
would be released later tonight.
WALTER CRONKITE: Good evening.
Ten more American hostages-- four women, six Black men--
at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran prepared this evening to leave
Iran having been ordered freed by Ayatollah Khomeini.
MALE HOSTAGE: They indicated that we are being released
not as a compromise,
but because they felt some type of... of feeling for us
as Blacks and women.
JEROME: Yeah, they thought that would make Americans say,
"Oh, they're wonderful, folks, they let these other
"persecuted minorities-- Blacks and women--
they let them free."
And they actually thought that would garner them some support
in the United States.
They actually thought the Black people of America
would rise up and support them.
VERNON JORDAN: The freeing of the Black and female hostages in Iran
is a cynical attempt to divide the American public.
We join today
with all Americans in demanding the release of
all of the hostages in Tehran today.
JACKSON: The recent statement by the Ayatollah Khomeini
calling on Afro Americans to join his struggle
against the United States
is convincing evidence of how sadly and perhaps
how tragically misinformed he is about our country.
(crowd chanting)
JEROME: Their ignorance of America
was only equaled by American ignorance of Iran.
REPORTER: You've seen it before this week around the country.
Today happened in Atlanta, the burning of the Iranian flag.
(crowd cheering)
JEROME: You've never seen two countries
that understood each other so little,
even after all those decades of being an alliance, as it were.
(crowd chattering indistinctly)
MASSOUMEH "MARY" EBTEKAR: The United States is an imperialist power.
And it's one of the characteristics
of an imperialist power
to plant spy dens
and spy networks all over a country to control
all its major political, social, economical systems,
and to control these systems for its own benefits.
But are you really saying that the people that
you have taken prisoner,
that you're holding in this building,
are responsible for that in a way?
We don't say that these hostages are innocent-- no.
They were the people through which these crimes,
many of them, have been done,
and yet they bring...
But they're still hostages, aren't they?
I mean, they were diplomats and they're now hostages.
Well, what does that have to-- I mean...
I mean, that is, that is the basis, if you like,
of international anger. That is the basis
but what about, what about the crimes?
That international law...
that international law has been broken?
What about, what about international law in the case of
the crimes that the Shah committed?
In the case of 60,000 martyrs we gave in this country?
JEROME: We all got very curious about Mary.
She spoke excellent English and we asked her
where she'd learned her English.
And she said she learned it
in Tehran, but she was lying.
Because Mary
had been educated in the United States.
Mary was not her name.
At that time I learned her name was Niloofar Ebtekar.
And I gather she since became Massoumeh.
♪ ♪
She was obviously very dedicated
to this revolution that she was a part of
and certainly very, very hardline about the hostages.
Are you at all worried that there could be some kind of
psychological damage to these people that you're holding
as a result of their captivity?
Psychological damage to the hostages?
Yes, that quite simply, that some of them might,
if you hold on much longer, just go mad.
Why should they?
I mean, in our prisons at the time of SAVAK,
tens of thousands of our most brilliant youngsters
were kept in dungeons and tortured.
No one cared for their psychological after effects.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: Sister Mary.
She was there to interrogate most of us.
Accusing us, threatening trials.
I had very negative feelings toward her.
I just felt that... (exhales)
...she brought out the worst in me.
You say you will follow the orders of Ayatollah Khomeini.
BARRY ROSEN: And she had lived in the United States as a young woman.
She spoke English.
Her English was good enough so that she could
speak to reporters.
So she was the basic PR person.
The only way is that the American government,
led by the criminal Carter, return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,
the cause of corruption and the exploitation
of the Iranian people.
Must be returned to Iran with the property
of the Iranian people and must be tried in a court of justice.
And this court of justice will be the trial
of the American presidents of his time as well.
♪ ♪
SAM DONALDSON: Mr. President, can this crisis go on indefinitely?
Or ought the Ayatollah Khomeini
understand that at some point
the American people may demand,
and other nations may expect,
that you move forward to resolve it by whatever means
you find necessary?
It would not be possible or even advisable for me
to set a deadline about when or if I would take a certain action
in the future.
This is an ever-present consideration on my mind.
I'm carrying out all the duties that normally fall on
the president's shoulder, which are adequate.
But I never forget one moment that I'm awake
about the hostages whose lives and whose safety depend on me.
♪ ♪
SICK: People were really behind the president.
They were prepared to support him.
And, you know, to be brutally honest,
he was taking advantage of that too.
Presidents are politicians.
BARBARA ROSEN: All the families were invited down to Washington
for a meeting and to let us know what was going on.
Jimmy Carter and Rosalyn Carter were standing up front
and each one of the family members
who were there came up and spoke to them for a few minutes.
They didn't tell us a whole lot.
And I gave them a picture
of the two children, and I said,
"Just remember that their father
"is one of the people
"in the embassy.
So keep that in mind whatever it is that you decide to do."
He put it in his...
his jacket pocket and, you know, he held my hand and he said,
"I will always put the well-being
"of the hostages first,
that's the most important thing to me."
SICK: Carter is a very empathetic person.
And he met with the hostage families.
He was advised not to.
Brzezinski said, "Don't do it.
"Send me, send somebody else to talk to them.
"But don't you, as president,
sit down with the hostage families."
Because he knew
you would hear some terrible stories
and you would probably say something that you shouldn't.
All of which he did.
I am not going to take any military action that would cause
bloodshed or arouse the unstable captors of our hostages
to attack them or to punish them,
I'm going to be very moderate,
very cautious.
Our purpose is to get the hostages home and get them safe.
That's my total commitment.
SICK: Meeting with the hostage families,
telling them he's not going to do anything that will harm
their people, that quickly,
you know, filtered out into the world.
And the Iranians knew that the price they might have to pay
for keeping people there was minimal.
(indistinct chatter, camera shutter clicking)
BARBARA ROSEN: You know, I'm deeply grateful as
the wife of one of the hostages,
how deeply Jimmy Carter felt about the hostages.
But I think there had to be a separation of--
and, you know, this is like a hard thing to say--
of the humanity of the people who are being held
and what you have to do diplomatically.
And he was never able to do that.
So he suffered greatly because he felt the responsibility
of the lives of the people who were being held.
(subway clacking on tracks)
In the beginning of the crisis,
the news media didn't have any idea of where I was,
and I kept my own location secret.
I didn't want anybody to know.
I was never a public person.
I don't like people knowing who I am.
However, the media went ahead and called every Rosen
in the Brooklyn phone book trying to find out
if this was the family of Barry Rosen.
Barbara Rosen is with us tonight.
Her husband is the press attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.
And he's been in Iran in November.
And he is now one of the 50 people who are being held there.
BARBARA ROSEN: It was very difficult.
I've never done this before.
I was a public school teacher.
I'm a mother, I'm a wife, I'm not a media personality.
What do you do and how do you navigate this?
How do you feel about
Iranians right now?
I have absolutely nothing
against the Iranian people.
Um, I know quite a few Iranians.
My husband has been a graduate
student of Iranian studies.
And as a result of that
we know a lot of Iranians.
And it's not the fault
of the Iranian people.
It's one group of terrorists
who are holding them,
and it has nothing to do
with the people of Iran.
BARBARA ROSEN (interview): I said one time on a news program,
I called them terrorists and then I, you know, it was like,
"Oh my God, what did I just say?
"What if this affects how he's being held
"and what they're doing to him?
Can I take that back?"
And they say, "No, you've already said it."
And so you just were on your own to figure out
exactly what to say, what not to say.
Can you believe that this happened?
No, and there were days
that I can still, you know...
(voiceover): It was difficult.
At times it was also very helpful for me.
What can we do for you,
all of us Americans?
BARBARA ROSEN: In that I felt that I could
maybe influence what was happening.
Well, for us personally,
I don't think there's much
that can be done.
We just have to go through the situation.
But for the hostages,
to send the postcards.
Christmas cards? You like that?
Christmas cards and postcards
to the Iranian Embassy
asking that the,
the hostages be freed
and to the Iranian mission
at the United Nations.
And perhaps by so many thousands
of postcards coming in,
we will be able to effect
a change in their attitude.
♪ ♪
REPORTER: Christmas time usually brings people together,
and this Christmas, a lot of people have gotten together
because of a good cause.
Some say we haven't been this united since Pearl Harbor.
(birds twittering)
MAN: People are... angry, frustrated, supportive, together, unified.
They want to do something.
BARRY ROSEN: What amazed me was the amount of mail
that we would receive from any American.
Piles would come in.
Guards would bring in these bags and they'd open them up
and then-- (exhales)--
hundreds and letters.
♪ ♪
And that was really, really
the first time that I realized
how people were supporting us in the United States.
WOMAN: I'm an American and I want those hostages home.
Say it again, kids.
ALL: I'm an American and I want those hostages home!
BARBARA ROSEN: Penny Laingen, who is the wife of Bruce Laingen,
the chargé at the embassy, came up with the idea of
a yellow ribbon to show support for the hostages.
And it caught on.
You would go anywhere practically in the country
and there were yellow ribbons tied for the hostages.
(archival): The families of the hostages feel so good to know
that there are so many people out here in the United States
who care so deeply for the ordeal that we've gone through.
And it helps give us the support that we need to go on.
♪ ♪
(present-day): We had a large maple tree
in front of the house in Brooklyn,
and we tied a big yellow ribbon around the tree.
ROBERT STONE: Tie a yellow ribbon...
Yes, tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree.
♪ ♪
It's a lot nicer than going out and you're having demonstrations
where you're burning or, you know,
yelling hatred at somebody.
We pray that you'll impart your infinite wisdom
with the leaders of both nations.
The end arrangements will be swiftly arrived at,
which these hostages will be set free
to return to our nation, and to their loved ones.
BARBARA ROSEN: We always celebrated both holidays.
We did a Hanukkah celebration with my mother-in-law
in my brother-in-law's house.
And then we did a little Christmas with, you know,
the kids at my parents'.
I believe it was that
Christmas Day that they showed the, the film
of the the hostages' Christmas.
(piano playing)
REVEREND SLOANE COFFIN: ♪ Silent night ♪
♪ Holy night ♪
BARRY ROSEN: Christmas.
They brought in Reverend Sloane Coffin from New York,
who is very, very famous.
Videographers came in and photographers came in
for propaganda purposes.
That was their way to show they care about
the hostages and their holiday.
And that they were going to
broadcast it to the families outside
to show that we're all right.
I must have garnered about 20 oranges
and every other possible fruit.
They were in my pockets, everywhere.
We had no fruit, all that time.
COFFIN (in background): ♪ Holy night ♪
BARBARA ROSEN: We heard that Reverend Sloane Coffin
was going to be one of the ministers going over to Iran,
and we gave him letters to bring to Barry.
BARRY ROSEN: He whispered to me,
"Here are the photos that Barbara sent to you.
(singing continues)
She sent her love."
And I said, "Please send my love to her."
BARBARA ROSEN: You're watching it.
And that's your husband, the father of your children,
halfway around the world being held hostage.
He looks okay, but you don't know that he's okay.
It's a very strange experience.
COFFIN: ♪ ...peace ♪ (song ends)
Communicating with our families was very strange.
♪ ♪
We would write letters never knowing
if they would ever get there.
We had to be very careful in what we said,
just sort of very cursory letters about,
"How are the kids, Ari and Zan?'
"I love you both and send my love to Mommy."
Well, I think he's trying to tell me that he's being treated,
you know, as well as possible under the...
under the circumstances.
And I was very heartened by what he did write.
His spirit seems to be very high
and he seems to be handling the situation very well.
REPORTER: Mrs. Rosen, how did your son react
to this gorgeous cartoon?
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: I remember writing a little cartoon for Alexander,
where I'm mailing a letter to him with my love.
BARBARA ROSEN: Oh, he loves it. He's only three.
I mean, he sits and looks at it and, you know,
we explain it to him.
REPORTER: Does he have any idea what's going on?
BARBARA ROSEN: Oh, he does know where his father is.
He does know the names of the people involved.
He knows Ayatollah Khomeini.
He knows... he's able to pronounce Ghotbzadeh,
which a lot of people here can't do.
BARR: That became something for me that was very, very important,
was my direct communication with him.
I didn't want him to forget me.
(crowd chanting)
Early today, Iranian television broadcast
a film called "Spy Confessions."
It was produced by the embassy militants
and it showed two of their hostages
alleging that this embassy was engaged in espionage.
...not like wolf and the lamb.
♪ ♪
EBTEKAR: We have found no evidence that proves
that these people are diplomats.
All evidence proves that these people are spies.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: There were very few Farsi speakers in the embassy.
I think there were three of us.
It didn't register at all to our hostage-takers
that three Farsi speakers could not be overthrowing
the Iranian government
or trying to pervert Iran.
We know that they are spy because we have the documents.
TOM BROKAW: This film shows militants and the paper shredder
embassy officials used
to destroy U.S. documents.
Apparently, they believe the repaired documents
will support their charges of American crimes against Iran.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: One day, there's this phalanx of guards with rifles,
and they march me to this desk.
And I'm told, "Sign this piece of paper,"
which confirms that I am a spy,
and I was working for the C.I.A.
I'm saying to myself, "Hmm, Barry,
I'm a member of the Foreign Service, I can't do this."
And then I'm thinking about Barbara and the kids,
and I'm saying, "Look, they're not going to do...
"I mean they're not going to kill me.
"They're not.
They need me."
But I don't know.
So I think the better part of valor is to sign.
♪ ♪
BARBARA ROSEN: Barry was accused of being
"the great spy and plotter."
His photo was on the front page
of the "Post."
REPORTER: Do you want these people to go on trial?
EBTEKAR: Yes.
And the hostages will be tried
in a Islamic court and the sentences will be
carried out on them.
BARBARA ROSEN: When we saw the accusations that were being made against him,
it was extremely, extremely upsetting.
And I think it became
very hard on Barry because
it wasn't too long after that
when, you know, pictures came
out and he was pretty sick.
REPORTER: A doctor from the local version of the Red Cross
takes a close look at the hostages.
There's little doubt that the release of the film by Iran
is to try to allay nagging doubts abroad,
especially in America, about their wellbeing
and physical condition.
It's hardly definitive evidence.
In January,
I had what I thought was a convulsion.
My heart started to beat very fast.
And my stomach and everything...
(present-day voiceover): I was undergoing a panic attack.
I was in a pretty deep depression.
♪ ♪
You know, it's very hard to talk about the issue of depression.
I was in a black hole.
I totally was in a situation where I felt hopeless
and helpless and only thought very negatively about myself.
(no dialogue)
In the beginning of the captivity
I was trying to be tough.
But I was worn down.
I was totally worn down.
There were moments and times where I thought about
doing away with myself.
And it was not inconceivable because
several of us...
slit their wrists, tried to commit suicide
by knocking their heads against cement walls.
REPORTER (on television): ...and Barry Rosen in the center,
the press attaché, he is from Brooklyn.
(crying)
BARBARA ROSEN: My mother-in-law became extremely, extremely depressed.
As anybody would.
(crying): President Carter,
this is my plea to you as a mother to a father.
Not as a president, but as a mother to a father.
Please listen to my plea.
My husband is gone but I want my son back.
Barry is fading away.
BARBARA ROSEN (voiceover): I feel a lot of times during the whole crisis
I was always the one
who was trying to hold these different things together.
I had to represent Barry.
I had to take care of the children,
I had to take care of the extended family, you know,
and how do you do all of this?
REPORTER: Does Alexander ever say "When's Daddy coming home?"
Just about every night when I put him to bed.
What do you... what do you tell him?
Soon, we hope.
♪ ♪
CARTER: I continue to share with all of you
the sense of outrage and impatience.
We are attempting to secure
the release of the Americans
through the International Court
of Justice,
through the United Nations,
and through public and private diplomatic efforts.
We are determined to achieve this goal.
We hope to do so without bloodshed.
SICK: The White House chief of staff, Hamilton Jordan,
and President Carter,
they were conducting negotiations behind the scenes
with a couple of people
who represented Ghotbzadeh.
JEROME: Ghotbzadeh was made foreign minister
during the hostage crisis.
He desperately wanted to get the hostages released.
He understood the threat that this hostage seizure was
to any kind of moderation in the Islamic Revolution.
And it was gradually forcing
any other voices to be silent.
♪ ♪
You know, we have to remember that Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
had been sent to live and study with Mossadegh
when he was a young man.
Mossadegh had been the prime minister
before the C.I.A. coup in 1953.
But this was in the mid-'50s, after the coup.
So Sadegh studied with him and was very, very much affected
by his teachings.
Ghotbzadeh saw himself very much as a son of Mossadegh
and wanted to carry on in that tradition.
REPORTER: One last question:
some Americans are characterizing you
as a hardliner.
Is that fair?
Well, I'm a nice guy.
(laughter)
PETER JENNINGS: In the revolutionary atmosphere, Mr. Ghotbzadeh has at times
shown a willingness to find a compromise solution
to the Iranian-American confrontation.
JEROME: He had spent a lot of his years
of exile in America,
where he was a big part of the Student Revolutionary Movement,
and the Liberation Movement of Iran.
And he had a lot of admiration for some of the best
of what America had to offer.
Has the hostage crisis become more of
an obstacle than a rallying point for the revolution?
Is it blocking you from getting on with
the business of governing?
The reality of the things...
JEROME (voiceover): I was not aware at the time
that Sadegh was meeting
with Hamilton Jordan.
♪ ♪
That was a complete secret, and he would never have told me
something like that, that was so explosive.
And he and Jordan got along fairly well in that,
and they came up with this scenario of the U.N. Commission.
SAM DONALDSON: A special U.N.-sponsored commission to be part of a deal
that would free the hostages.
JEROME: Investigators would come
and report on Iran's history
and the crimes of the Shah.
The idea was they would be able to visit the hostages.
And when they issued their report,
the hostages could be released.
♪ ♪
KOPPEL: Hope for the release of the 50 inside continues to be fueled
by reports from Iran and the United Nations.
The hostages could be released within three weeks.
Recently, there have been some positive signs.
Although experience has taught us to guard against
excessive optimism.
BARBARA ROSEN: We were all hopeful.
Things would come back
from Iran that we're negotiating.
Ghotbzadeh would say, "Oh, we're getting close to an agreement."
And the students would say something else.
REPORTER: The students are ready to allow
the U.N. commission inside the embassy,
but only on their terms.
REPORTER: The commission failed to get into the U.S. embassy
to visit the hostages.
A power struggle between the students
and Foreign Minister Ghotbzadeh,
refereed by the Ayatollah Khomeini, made that impossible.
SICK: The fact is that the people who were doing the negotiating
were representing Ghotbzadeh,
whose power was actually
slipping at that point.
And the real power
in the country was Khomeini.
(crowd shouting)
REPORTER: They sang and chanted to those who gathered outside
the embassy gates waiting to hear Tehran radio
broadcast Ayatollah Khomeini's ruling on the U.N. commission's
visit to the hostages.
♪ ♪
JEROME: Sadegh worked very hard to try to make
some of these things work.
But at every step, Khomeini would pull the rug out
from under him.
REPORTER: As the five commissioners
emerged from a meeting with
Foreign Minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh,
they declined all comment to the press.
CRONKITE: The U.N. commission will leave Tehran tomorrow.
Khomeini's statement to
"Fight against America until death"
shattered the first real hope in this prolonged crisis.
(crowd chanting)
JEROME: Khomeini smelled power.
He realized very quickly
that this was a way to hold the Americans over a barrel
and at the same time to silence all moderate voices in Iran.
(crowd shouting)
SICK: There was no end to this that you could see.
Basically the hostages were going to be there
until Khomeini decided to let them go.
(crowd chanting)
♪ ♪
Here is a guy who is in his 80s.
He has single-handedly ended the monarchy
as a 2,500-year-old institution in Iran.
And he's got God on his side and he truly believes that.
(crowd clamoring)
And he won't even talk to diplomats,
so almost nobody gets to see him.
So how do you approach that?
REPORTER: Secretary of State Cyrus Vance
emerged from several hours
of talks with U.N. Secretary General Kurt Waldheim
and the members of the U.N. Commission.
VANCE: I am counseling patience.
I believe that this is
the best course to follow.
As I indicated, the door is not closed,
and I think we should continue to pursue this option.
♪ ♪
SICK: When we got to April and all of these negotiations
had broken down, I was approached by
a delegation of people from the State Department
who didn't want it to be known
that they were approaching the White House.
They said it was time to do something.
That basically,
if there was something that could be done,
this was the moment to do it
because clearly the Iranians
were not negotiating in good faith.
But the reason they didn't want it to be known
is that their boss, Cy Vance, didn't share their view at all.
Vance was a lovable character, and his staff
in the State Department, they loved him.
They despised Brzezinski.
BRZEZINSKI: My view is that in addition
to being guided by moral concerns,
we have to recognize the
continuing relevance of power.
Be strong.
Be strategically innovative.
Take tough decisions.
SICK: The one place where Brzezinski and Vance would clearly disagree
with each other was over the actual use of military force.
And so whenever that subject came up, Vance opposed it.
KOPPEL: There's been a serious drop in public support
for President Carter's handling of the hostage crisis.
WOMAN: Right from the beginning this has been
a total fiasco.
I'm not so sure if they kill
every one of them tomorrow that he'd do anything.
People were tired of this whole business of negotiating
with no real hope of accomplishing anything
and that every effort had been made.
Patience had really run out.
I wrote a memo to Brzezinski.
My first line was "the hawks are flying."
I said that if there is in fact a plan
for a rescue mission, this is the moment to do it.
♪ ♪
CARTER: The authorities in Iran should realize
that the availability of peaceful measures
like the patience of the American people is running out.
The American hostages must be freed.
BARBARA ROSEN: I never thought that the United States would try to free
the hostages with military action.
At least through the beginning of April.
And all of a sudden I started to hear
instead of the well-being of the hostages,
and the honor of the United States, things became flipped.
And I started becoming a little bit more concerned.
To me, that was a
marker that something was going to happen.
♪ ♪
REPORTER: Barbara Rosen wants people to know that the families
of the hostages are against the use of military force.
It is a very real fear.
I think most of the family members have this fear
that things are escalating to a point that there...
that there'll be no turning back.
And we don't want to see..
we don't want to see fighting.
We don't want to see a war.
We don't want to see people dying.
(voiceover): Within about
a month of the takeover,
the families organized into the Family Liaison Action Group,
or FLAG.
JOHN CHANCELLOR: A group of mothers and wives of American hostages
who are in favor of peaceful pressure against Iran
and against military action.
BARBARA ROSEN (voiceover): They organized trips to Washington,
where we met with President Carter a number of times.
And they also organized the trip to Europe that I went on.
We wanted to humanize the hostages
and to ask for as much help
as they were able to give us.
I was in Germany.
I met with the Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt,
and tried to get sanctions to be placed against Iran.
♪ ♪
I kept saying, gee, I shouldn't be here,
Barry should be doing this. (laughs)
I don't know what I'm doing, I don't know what I'm saying.
REPORTER: It was an extraordinary meeting.
It lasted one hour.
Mrs. Rosen said it was not meant to undermine
President Carter's policies,
but rather to reinforce the message that the families
and the European allies have unlimited patience
as long as the hostages are safe.
♪ ♪
AUSTRALIAN REPORTER: Since he came into office, many Americans
and allied leaders have had trouble figuring out
what Jimmy Carter would do next.
And he is still keeping them guessing.
♪ ♪
SICK: The hostage rescue mission
was officially presented to the key individuals involved
when Vance was on vacation in Florida.
He then came back to Washington and then
privately, he told Carter that if they go ahead
with a hostage rescue, no matter how it turned out,
he was going to resign.
He thought it was likely to fail,
and he thought it was likely to end up in bloodshed.
(helicopter whirring)
♪ ♪
(helicopter whirring)
(shots firing)
JAMES ROBERTS: In the history of special operations,
this is, in my opinion,
the most complex ever tried.
♪ ♪
The concept of the operation was...
C-130s with the assault force on board
was supposed to fly from the Masirah Island,
up through the gut of central Iran,
to the rendezvous point at Desert One.
(helicopters whirring)
At the same time, eight helicopters
were supposed to take off from the Nimitz,
and fly close to the ground to avoid Iranian
radar and rendezvous at Desert One.
We would refuel the helicopters,
and transfer the assault force
from the C-130s to the helicopters.
Then, depart Desert One
and head towards the mountainous valley
east of Tehran, Desert Two.
♪ ♪
Once nightfall occurred, we would drive in a loose
convoy formation into the city and drive up
along the eastern wall of the embassy.
The assault force would climb over the wall,
rescue the hostages, kill the terrorists,
and then, run across the street
to the soccer stadium. (helicopter whirring)
The helicopters would fly in, land,
and everybody would fly to a little-used airfield
to the southwest of Tehran called Manzariyeh.
The Iranian forces would be eliminated,
the runway would be cleared.
Everybody would transition to the airplanes
and fly out back to Germany.
That's what was supposed to have happened.
Although many of us believed
this was going to be a very long shot proposition,
we could see how many moving parts there were.
Many of us knew how far it was to get from
the coast of Iran, all the way to Tehran,
and then get all the way back out.
But I believed everybody was willing to go
on the mission because we believed
in the righteousness and the justness of our cause.
And you got to try.
I mean, that's what, you know...
if you don't try, who are you?
(jet engines screeching)
The Delta Force moves from Fort Bragg
to Masirah Island, off the coast of Oman.
The night before the mission,
we have the Delta Force on Masirah.
When it's time to go,
I get on the airplane,
and we took off and we flew into Iran.
(radio chatter)
At the same time,
the helicopters leave the Nimitz,
and they fly inland
with Desert One as their ultimate goal.
MAN (over radio): Destination is Oscar, Oscar,
Mike, Alpha.
ROBERTS: In the very early stages
of the helicopter flight,
two helicopters are lost.
MAN (over radio): Be advised, there are two aircraft
that apparently have been overdue.
ROBERTS: One has some kind
of a malfunction and lands.
The other one lands beside
that one and picks up that crew.
And then, they turn around and fly back to the Nimitz.
(helicopter whirring)
Before we get 45 minutes
into the helicopter flight,
we are at six helicopters,
which is the number required to go forward.
(helicopters whirring)
Eventually, all the other helicopters
and the assault force arrives at Desert One,
which is supposed to be a place lost in the middle
of the desert where nobody ever goes.
♪ ♪
A few minutes after the first airplane touches down,
along comes a bus
with 40 Iranians on it.
(bus brakes squeal)
The force stops the bus, pulls all the people off,
sets them over beside the road.
Shortly thereafter,
another vehicle comes through the mist.
And this is a fuel truck,
followed by a pickup truck.
The security force shoots the fuel truck.
(explosion)
The fuel truck explodes in a ball of flame.
The driver and passenger
jump in the pickup truck and take off.
♪ ♪
The mission has gone wildly awry.
OPERATOR: The president's on the line. Go ahead, gentlemen.
DAVID JONES: Yes, sir, Dave Jones.
The one disturbing thing,
when they landed,
two vehicles were stopped on the road,
but a third vehicle escaped.
The vehicles included a bus with 44 passengers,
and that there were no injuries,
but a gas truck's on fire.
JIMMY CARTER: David, how close is there a settlement
or town to Desert One?
JONES: It's quite a distance to the first town.
GENERAL: Yes, quite a distance.
CARTER: Do you recall why we decided to land
just adjacent to a highway?
(fire crackling)
(men shouting)
ROBERTS: We have a huge fire burning on the south end.
The desert is lit up like it's daylight,
and we have this group of 40 Iranians huddled over
on the side of the road worried
that we're going to kill them all.
The deal is that you need six helicopters to move forward.
Finally, it comes to pass that one of the six is not flyable.
So that meant that we couldn't go forward.
The order says,
fewer than six helicopters, abort the mission.
So, the decision was made that we would abort the mission.
We continued to refuel the helicopters.
In the midst of the refueling process,
one of the helicopters took off,
and as he lifted up, he lost his orientation
and he flew into the left side
of the C-130 that was sitting on the ground.
I can see the crew on fire inside the cockpit.
Some of the crew were trying to get out as they burned.
An image that you cannot forget.
(flames roaring, people shouting)
And then the ammunition and the fuel on the airplane
started cooking off live rounds, flying all over the place
as we moved away from that airplane
and over toward the remaining C-130s.
(people shouting)
I just knew I wanted to have my butt on one of those C-130s.
I was on the airplane that lost an engine on takeoff.
The airplane was just
barely flying.
We were way over-gross on weight,
we had a whole bunch of people on board.
We flew all the way back to Masirah Island on three engines.
When we landed,
they determined who the eight were
who were left behind.
♪ ♪
The day of the failed mission
was one of the worst days of my life,
perhaps the worst day of my life.
There was a possibility that the assault force
and everybody involved would have accomplished
the ultimate special operation.
You live for that.
That's your business.
OPERATOR: General Jones, one moment. Mr. President, sir.
CARTER: Hello.
JONES: Yes sir, Mr. President.
CARTER: Heard anything else? JONES: Yes, sir.
I've just got a report from (inaudible).
He believes that all the Americans
who are alive are off the ground.
CARTER: All Americans what?
JONES: Who are, he said, who are alive.
The pilot is missing
and presumed dead.
The passengers, most got out,
but there may have been some trapped in there.
And they haven't been able to make an exact account.
(deep exhalation)
CARTER: I understand.
♪ ♪
SICK: I was awakened in the middle of the night
and told that our forces had not made it
and were on their way out.
The failure of the mission was
extremely hard to take.
I still feel that way about it.
I think it was the worst day
of my life,
both for the benefit
of the hostages,
and the U.S. government, and Carter, and everything.
I, you know, came in
and we did damage control as best we could.
But basically, there was not much damage control
that you could really do.
CARTER: It was my decision
to attempt the rescue operation.
It was my decision to cancel it
when problems developed in the placement
of our rescue team for a future rescue operation.
The responsibility is fully my own.
REPORTER: The landing site the Americans chose
was through the mountains out in the flat remote desert,
ten miles from habitation.
But across it runs a road upon which perhaps
a dozen vehicles pass each hour.
The Americans seem not to have anticipated
that one would pass whilst they were here.
ROBERTS: The first thing in my mind's eye that went wrong
was the choice of Desert One.
I, of course, in hindsight have thought long and hard
about why the hell did we do this there?
And I don't know.
But I do know that the C.I.A.
helped us pick that site.
The C.I.A. didn't pick that site off a map.
In all likelihood, they had used that site
for a small airplane in-fill or for agent exfils,
or for some other purpose down through history.
And instead of looking for a piece of terrain
that was really remote and isolated,
they went with the known.
And, of course, the known resulted in
two vehicles driving through the middle of our
clandestine special operation
before we were an hour into it.
♪ ♪
CARTER: Do you recall why we decided to land
just adjacent to a highway?
JONES: It's not a highway, sir, it's that little road.
It was the only place we've been able to find
so far that we could, uh...
land the 130s.
And we looked and looked and looked
and it's the only place we found.
CARTER: Okay, thank you. Bye.
And the fact that General Jones couldn't answer the president,
and fact that the president asked the question point blank,
that rang bells for me.
♪ ♪
BARBARA ROSEN: I was in Germany when the rescue mission took place,
and I had a premonition the night before.
The next morning when I woke up,
one of the reporters who had been with us came and told us
eight men had been killed trying to free the hostages.
♪ ♪
You know, they tried.
It was just so sad.
The fire and the loss of life,
it's just...
it hurts, it still hurts.
(indistinct chatter)
CAROLE JEROME: I was in the CBS suite in Tehran
with a bunch of very, very seasoned American correspondents
watching the film of Ayatollah Khalkhali
and the other Iranians displaying
the bodies of the dead Marines
and crowing over it.
AYATOLLAH KHALKHALI (speaking Farsi):
JEROME: In addition
to the indecency
of displaying these bodies,
they were actually cheering.
And very seasoned,
hardened correspondents in that suite were in tears.
ROBERTS: Very disturbing footage.
I mean, it's despicable behavior.
For senior officials
in an alleged government
to be behaving like that
is truly beyond the pale.
♪ ♪
As they left Iran,
following an unpredictable accident
during the withdrawal stage,
with eight of their fellow warriors dead,
they carefully released, without harm,
44 Iranians who had passed by the site
and who were detained to protect
the integrity of the mission.
This is in sharp comparison
to the ghoulish action
of the terrorists and some of the government
officials in Iran in our embassy.
JOHN CHANCELLOR: The question being asked most often today was,
will the president get some sympathy
because he tried and failed?
Or, will the failure of the mission make
even more people question Mr. Carter's competence?
(reporters clamoring)
RADIO HOST: Good morning, you're on KDA Conversations,
this is Jim DiMarco.
CALLER 1: Hello, I'd just like to say that
I've never been an admirer of President Carter's,
but I think that what he has done now is wonderful.
I'm very proud of him.
Even if it did fail,
then it makes me proud to be an American.
RADIO HOST: Good morning, you're on KDA Conversations.
CALLER 2: I'm wondering why the president hasn't done
something before now.
He has waited...
SICK: Whatever else one may believe,
the rescue mission probably doomed
Carter's reelection campaign.
RONALD REAGAN: Isn't it about time that we decided we don't care
if they don't like us, we're going to be respected.
(applause)
Let us be respected to the point that never again
will a demented dictator dare to invade
an American embassy and hold our people hostage.
(applause)
BARBARA ROSEN: If the hostages had been rescued
from under the noses of the Iranians,
Carter would have won the election.
He would have been the hero, and that would have been it.
If, on the other hand, it had failed,
and the hostages had been killed,
it could be argued that we tried.
What happened was the worst thing
that could possibly happen to Jimmy Carter.
The rescue mission failed.
And the hostages were still hostage.
(horn honks)
BARRY ROSEN: On April 24, they took us
out of the embassy
and everybody was dispersed all over the country.
♪ ♪
I not only felt terrible for the American military men,
but I also felt that we were no longer
going to have any type of exit.
There was no way that the United States was going
to try this again.
At the time, I was upset that
the rescue didn't succeed,
and if I had died
during that situation,
it would have ended
the misery of captivity.
♪ ♪
By June, we were in Evin prison,
which is considered the worst prison in Iran.
We were in prison cells.
We had a window with bars
that were about 13 feet high.
It was very dark.
There's a bulb hanging from the ceiling,
and all the windows were blocked with bricks.
There was a vent with a fan.
The light was hitting the vent
and would reflect on our ceiling.
This one beautiful bird
would come at a certain time in the afternoon
and just sit on a branch and I'd watch him.
I would tell you the other three in the cell,
"He's here."
And we would just sit there mesmerized by him.
(bird singing)
He was just there tweeting.
It was some way where I can move myself
out of this horror into something beautiful.
(bird singing)
I was living in darkness most of the time
and there was that bird of light.
The Iranians were censoring our mail.
But I did get a letter one day.
My nephew said, "I'm looking forward to seeing you
"at my bar mitzvah and it's going to be
this and this date."
And then he writes, "The Shah is dead."
And then it continues on with the bar mitzvah
and what's going on at home.
REPORTER: Death came at 9:50 this morning
in a Cairo military hospital where the Shah had spent
the last 31 days fighting complications
of cancer surgery done in March.
BARRY ROSEN: Once I learned that the Shah was dead,
the guards were not unashamed about talking about it.
There was this great glee of his death.
REPORTER: Tehran radio ran the news under the headline,
"The Bloodsucker of the Century is Dead."
BARRY ROSEN: But at the same time,
they admired the respect that the Shah received
in his burial out in Egypt.
It would seem as though this could be some kind
of turning point in the entire crisis,
but in talking to people here today,
I get no sense whatsoever
that any imminent break is expected.
(people shouting)
JEROME: By the time the Shah actually died,
it had long ago ceased to be just about him.
And it wasn't really about American hostages.
It was about a power struggle in Iran.
♪ ♪
In the mid to late September,
September 20 approximately,
there was some bombing going on in Tehran.
(explosions, bomb whooshing, jet engines roaring)
I could hear jet planes going over.
(crowd chanting)
What was strange is that the students
were not saying "Margbar America"
but "Margbar Saddam Hussein."
Ah!
There has to be a war going on
between the Iraqis and the Iranians.
Little did I know that it was a full-fledged invasion.
(jet engines roaring)
JEROME: Saddam Hussein had invaded in September of 1980...
Thinking he could just capitalize on the chaos
that Iran was in because of the revolution.
(gunfire, shouting)
REPORTER: The Iraqis set out to take Iran's main oil center, Abadan.
Despite their internal political problems,
the Iranians are confident about their own superiority.
(gunshots firing)
(helicopter whirring)
(explosions)
JEROME: The Iranians fought back hard.
They even had members of the Air Force,
especially their elite pilots, released from prison
where the revolutionaries had put them,
so that they had an air force.
But it was a very, very costly war,
in lives and in misery.
REPORTER: It's believed the Iranian Army, Air Force, and Navy
have now deteriorated to a disastrous level
15 to 20 percent of normal.
ROBERTS: The Iranian regime is on its knees.
The last thing that the Iranian government
and Khomeini needed was another
six months of a hostage crisis.
This is a pure distraction
from survival against the Iraqis.
And yet, for some reason,
they continue to hold the hostages.
♪ ♪
JEROME: I remember going to the war front,
just a group of us in the press.
We were in a little village and the villagers are all
chanting Margbar America-- "Death to America."
They're standing on the rubble of their village
that had just been bombed by the Iraqis.
And we said, "Wait a minute,
why are you shouting "Margbar America"?
And they said, "We can't see Allah, but we know He is there.
"And just the same, we can't see the Americans,
but we know they are there."
America had achieved a kind of extraordinary status
as an omniscient, omnipotent,
not a god, but a demon.
The Great Satan.
Nothing could persuade these people
that it wasn't America behind this war.
That was always an extraordinary thing was how large
America loomed in the mythology
and in the minds of everybody.
TED KOPPEL: Who could have predicted, the full year after
the U.S. embassy was seized,
the Ayatollah Khomeini would tell the radicals
that they had proved a small nation can humiliate
a great power and get away with it.
BARRY ROSEN: It was Khomeini's aim
to make sure that Carter would lose the election.
They didn't know what would happen in the future,
but they certainly wanted to hand Carter a defeat.
♪ ♪
The hostage crisis was the reason
Jimmy Carter lost the election.
♪ ♪
He couldn't solve the hostage crisis.
He wasn't seen as a person who could solve the problems
that were presented to the United States at that time.
It is not only a very big evening for Ronald Reagan,
but it is a big evening for
conservative activists throughout this country.
The size of Ronald Reagan's victory in terms
of electoral votes will be historic.
The electoral vote count now stands,
President Carter, 45, Ronald Reagan, 449.
MAN: And here he is, the President-Elect.
(crowd chanting): We want Reagan!
We want Reagan!
Thank you very much.
JEROME: The hostage crisis was
a tragedy for Jimmy Carter.
It was a tragedy for the people at the embassy.
It was a tragedy for the moderate leadership of Iran.
And it was, above all, a tragedy for the people of Iran.
It was an excuse for the hardliners
to completely take over.
Because nobody could speak out against it.
It was treason.
ROBERTS: Khomeini used the Iran-Iraq War
to eliminate political opponents
by putting them on the front lines with no weapons
and having them do suicide charges.
They used those human wave attacks to purge their ranks
of those more moderates who were not fully on board
with a Shia fundamentalist Islamic republic.
♪ ♪
JEROME: It had taken Sadegh Ghotbzadeh all his life
to build this revolution.
It turned out that instead of bringing wonderful
freedom and democracy to his country,
he had brought it a monster.
♪ ♪
SADEGH GHOTBZADEH: This radicalization,
when it faces
the reality of things,
it has to change itself
or be destroyed.
JEROME: Then he tried to organize a revolt
to save the revolution.
They caught wind of what he was doing, and he was arrested.
REPORTER: Sadegh Ghotbzadeh became a household word
in the United States.
He was Iran's foreign minister,
its chief spokesman to the world.
Well, tonight, in the latest bizarre twist of events,
Ghotbzadeh himself is a captive in Tehran.
♪ ♪
JEROME: He was accused of developing a plot
to blow up Khomeini's house, which was in fact true.
I remember the last time he saw me, he said,
"You have to get out of here-- now."
♪ ♪
They had decided that it would
be useful if they arrested me
and claimed I was
his C.I.A. contact,
which was totally ludicrous.
I am so far from being an agent of anything.
I was very worried about being picked up at the airport,
but... I got through okay.
And when I got to London,
I was told that the Revolutionary Guards had arrived
at my room three hours after I left to pick me up.
(bike engine buzzes)
SICK: The Iranians wanted to be done with this.
They were losing money,
they were losing reputation,
they were losing everything.
Iran had $12 billion
in assets in the United States,
$12 billion, most of it in gold,
and huge quantities of money.
When the hostage crisis struck, we froze those assets.
As time went on, that became more and more important to them.
So, it really came down to money.
Has there been significant movement in the last
24 hours toward a settlement?
No, I'm afraid I couldn't say
that there has been significant movement.
There have been continuing discussions.
SICK: The big holdup was the banks.
Bank loans that were syndicated all over the world.
And ultimately in our negotiations with them,
they offered to pay off all of those loans down to zero.
So, Iran's $12 billion
basically wittered away.
There was a little bit left, which was about $3 billion.
Well, after almost a year and a quarter in captivity,
the 52 American hostages really seem
on the verge of freedom.
And what is known is that President Carter has made over
$2 billion worth of Iranian gold and securities
available as part of the terms for a deal.
♪ ♪
SICK: Imagine any other president in American history,
who has just lost a devastating reelection campaign,
would devote themselves totally
to the job of actually getting us out of this problem
and resolving it before leaving office.
Pretty much nobody.
But Carter, he worked at it day and night.
I know you've been up all night with me
and I appreciate that very much.
We have now reached an agreement with Iran
which will result, I believe,
in the freedom of our American hostages.
REPORTER: Word has just been received from Algiers
that an agreement has now been signed
to free the American hostages.
SICK: At the end, it was agreed,
it was signed, and then we had
to actually do the transaction.
That is, literally moving the gold
from one place to another.
Moving the assets from one account to another account.
It was a nightmare.
WALTER MONDALE: There are some very complex banking problems,
legal problems that we're trying to resolve
within hours that under normal commercial
circumstances might take months to resolve.
CARTER: If it could get there at 8:00 in the morning--
oh, I see the time difference...
SICK: And the problem was resolved
literally the night before the inauguration.
Hello.
Right on, man, that's great, that's great.
Carter basically slept in the Oval Office that night.
BARBARA ROSEN: They were up at the White House trying to get this done.
I was at my parents' home and...
the press thought it was going to happen.
They were all outside the front gate
wanting me to come out and make a comment.
I just had the radio on, they said that
they're expecting things to happen momentarily.
However, we've been expecting things to happen
momentarily for four days now.
And so when the plane actually leaves the ground,
I think that's when we will breathe a sigh of relief.
(airplane engine whooshes past)
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: We were told you had to be ready within an hour.
An hour.
Just think about it.
All this time and now-- bang, an hour.
SICK: The transaction was being done,
then I went downstairs to the operations center
of the White House.
And I had a phone in one hand,
which had a permanent connection to Carter,
who was driving up to the Capitol
to go through the inauguration.
We were marched out
single file.
And there was this bus.
There, we start to move.
(sirens wailing)
♪ ♪
Within a half an hour, the bus stops.
And we had to go through this phalanx
of our former guards who were spitting at us
as we move toward this airplane.
(crowd shouting)
It was so unnecessary.
Why continue to humiliate us even further?
This attendant on the plane
helps me up the staircase, and then I look around,
and I'm seeing everyone
who I hadn't seen for months.
I sat down.
Our pilot said we needed to go
through Iranian airspace and there could be
the possibility of an intercept
with the Iranian Air Force.
So, hold on.
Those moments were... (exhales sharply) interminable.
SICK: We were getting second-by-second updates.
And I kept interfering with Carter's ride up the hill.
It looked like it was going to happen and then I gave him
the final report before they went out on the stage.
(applause)
I, Ronald Reagan, do solemnly swear...
That I will faithfully execute the office of
President of the United States.
REAGAN: That I will faithfully execute
the office of President of the United States.
(engine roaring)
(applause)
BARRY ROSEN: Finally, we crossed the Turkish border.
Everybody looked at everybody else.
We were all smiling and laughing, telling jokes,
just slapping each other on the shoulder.
I mean, we went wild.
It's over.
It's finally over.
The misery is over
and maybe there'll be a good life ahead.
♪ ♪
SICK: And that was it.
I opened the door of the operation center
and stepped out into the halls of the White House
and there were huge portraits of Reagan everywhere.
And it was a different world.
ROBERTS: In the end, we were talking about theater.
You can't get more theater
than having the airplane take off from Tehran
minutes after Ronald Reagan
takes the oath of office.
♪ ♪
Now that is political theater in the extreme.
♪ ♪
(crowd chattering)
(blows whistle)
(people cheering)
BARBARA ROSEN: Finally, the news came through that they had taken off
and it was just a big celebration at the house.
Come here, come here, you tell everybody.
You can make the announcement, come on.
Let's get up.
Tell everybody, what did we just find out?
What'd we just find out?
That what?
Daddy's coming home. Hooray, yes.
Oh, my God, it's over.
We're so happy. (bell chiming)
DAN RATHER: The hostages are out.
The hostage aircraft are now nearing Algiers, Algeria.
Barbara Rosen, who's in our studio here,
Barbara Rosen, I'm just going to ask you briefly
what your thoughts are at this moment when you see
that airplane touch down in Algiers.
Just that we wish it would
touch down and see who's aboard.
It is very nerve wracking.
REPORTER: Dan, the plane has just landed here
at Boumediene Airport in Algiers.
We finally have two planes from Tehran
on the ground here in Algiers.
♪ ♪
The plane is taxiing into our position.
The Algerian television crew that is shooting these
pictures for us has moved out onto the tarmac.
There is quite a group of dignitaries
waiting here to greet the hostages.
The former hostages, I guess we should say.
♪ ♪
The door is open.
RATHER: This is one of those occasions,
it's such an exciting moment,
such a dramatic moment, such a meaningful moment.
We want it to speak for itself.
(loud, rhythmic whooshing)
REPORTER: Here they come, Dan.
(applause)
RATHER: That's Bruce Laingen,
and Richard Queen if you could help me
with these identifications.
RICHARD QUEEN: Okay, Ann Swift on the left, Kate Koob on the right.
Ah... Charlie Jones... Bob Ode...
BARBARA ROSEN: If I have the pleasure, that's Barry Rosen.
RATHER: Barbara Rosen recognizing her husband.
BARBARA ROSEN (interview): When Barry got off the plane,
I remember saying, I'd like
to introduce everybody now
to my husband, Barry Rosen,
that's him, you know.
RATHER: The 52 American hostages,
all of them back.
♪ ♪
REPORTER: Certainly the, the thing that we can feel here in Algiers,
Dan, is, is, their happiness.
They certainly appear to be well in spite of the ordeal,
from what we're able to see.
You saw your husband briefly as he stepped off the aircraft.
How did he look to you?
He looked wonderful. (laughs)
I can't wait to see him in person now.
Don't they all look... Yes.
(applause)
BARRY ROSEN: Once we landed in Algiers,
it was absolutely pandemonium.
We were only there for a very, very short time.
But the media was on top of all of us.
God bless America.
RATHER: And now the 52 freed Americans will be brought inside
for very brief ceremony, and then for
rapid transfer to the American aircraft
for a flight to West Germany.
KOPPEL: Day 444, the last day of captivity
for the hostages in Iran.
Tonight they are free.
What a day, what a night.
Here in Washington, the president is moving around town
from one inaugural ball to another.
In Plains, Georgia, the former president is presumably
getting his first sleep in almost three days.
But before dawn, he'll be airborne again,
flying to West Germany, where he'll meet with
the men and women whose fate over these past 444 days
became his personal obsession.
♪ ♪
SICK: I went over in the airplane
and we had a champagne toast to freedom.
♪ ♪
He wanted to be briefed on each one of the individuals,
find out their stories and background.
We got there,
and then went straight to the hospital.
(crowd cheering)
(whistles blaring)
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: Once we landed in Wiesbaden,
there was this moment where we met Jimmy Carter.
He was not the president anymore,
but he was with Cyrus Vance.
And Jimmy Carter wanted to speak
to us about what happened.
♪ ♪
SICK: We got to the hospital,
Carter, he went straight in,
and it was an extremely emotional moment.
He didn't know how these folks would react.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: I think he was brave to come into that room
with 52 people who were held hostage
for 14-and-a-half months.
Some were very angry at him
and they said that they were angry at him.
And he accepted the fact
that they were angry at him and the administration.
He said to us he cared mostly about
our lives more than anything else.
And he was pushed to the rescue because
there was no possibility of any negotiation with Iran.
No one would negotiate with the United States.
He stayed with us for a while.
There were these booths all over the place,
so everybody could speak to their families all at once.
(train clacking on tracks)
I spoke to Barbara and told her how much I missed her
and I, and I can't wait to see the children
and how it'll be, you know, life will be beautiful once again.
Of course, that's always the dream that people say they have.
BARBARA ROSEN: It was a very strange time,
but very good to hear his voice.
(no audible speaking)
You know, "I'm so happy that you're home,
but you're not home yet," you know?
BARRY ROSEN: My mother-in-law got on the phone.
And before I know it, I got a tap
on my shoulder and it was President Carter.
So Barry says, "Here, I'm putting Jimmy on the phone."
So Jimmy Carter says to my mother, "Hello, this is Jimmy.
Jimmy, this is Jimmy."
She says, "Jimmy who?" (laughing)
BARRY ROSEN: They talked for a very long time,
and I thought that was really
a wonderful thing that he did.
It showed the compassion that he had.
(cheering, whistling)
CARTER: On behalf of all the American people...
one of the acts in my life which has been
the most moving and gratifying
is meeting with and discussing
the future and the past
with the now-liberated Americans who were
held hostage in Iran for so long.
I pointed out to them that since their capture
by the Iranian terrorists
that the American people's hearts have gone out to them,
and our nation has been united
as perhaps never before in history,
and that the prayers that have gone up from the people
around the world to God for their safety
have finally been answered.
♪ ♪
BARBARA ROSEN: The hostages came home
and he was just holding us all
and we were just crying.
(crowd cheering)
We were flown to D.C., where there was a special
reception at the White House.
From there we went up to New York.
Mayor Koch had a ticker-tape parade,
and that was amazingly wonderful.
Because we were all Americans, we weren't broken up into
Republicans, Democrats,
conservatives, liberals.
Everybody was just so happy that they all came home.
(cheers and applause)
BARRY ROSEN: It was very, very difficult
for me to understand why I became a celebrity.
I didn't do anything heroic.
(reporters clamoring)
I just wanted to be back home again.
But it was impossible, it was just totally impossible.
The story was too big.
I felt obligations.
Television shows, writing a book.
Doing all these other things that I really--
I don't know if I really wanted to do,
but somehow I felt that I was drawn into it.
(speech): This agonizing imprisonment,
this depersonalizing trial, led me once more...
BARBARA ROSEN: He was sort of frozen in that period of time.
Just internalized everything
and his life became very small.
Mine, on the other hand, grew exponentially.
♪ ♪
Prior to the hostage crisis, I was always, like,
sort of in the background
and I, I didn't really have a voice.
And then, because I had to,
I had to go ahead and become far more
of a public person during that time.
You now have taken control of the Rosen family?
BARBARA ROSEN: And it was hard when he came home-- I mean,
he felt that I was taking over doing everything.
BARRY ROSEN: Barbara was very busy with the kids, busy with her own life.
She was doing things with the media,
going back to school again,
and we weren't seeing each other very often.
But life intercedes and sometimes
the dreams and hopes that you have
are basically, uh...
done away with in many ways.
BARBARA ROSEN: So now Barry is home, and how do you get
everything back together?
So there is a lot of negotiating that had to go on
and a lot of reworking the relationship.
♪ ♪
I had a reporter who said to me,
"What are you going to do now that your husband's home
and you are not going to be on television anymore?"
That's not how I see myself.
Everybody wants to be a star, but, you know...
I got little taste of what that was like
and I did not like it.
♪ ♪
And I went back eventually to teaching,
and I taught in Manhattan.
And I think it was the best thing
that I could have ever done.
BARRY ROSEN: We wanted our children
to be enveloped in love.
And they are--
they are great, great kids,
and I have wonderful grandchildren now.
Loving and... they are the very best.
♪ ♪
(bike motor buzzes)
♪ ♪
HILARY BROWN: You know, in the '60s and '70s,
America spent billions
supporting a pro-Western Shah,
arming him, and what they got
was an Islamic revolution
and a theocracy run by clerics who despise America.
♪ ♪
ROBERTS: The Iranian revolution
had an impact across the Muslim world.
And the idea that Iranian Shia
were going to revert
to a fundamentalist,
devout, strict form of Islam
shocked the Muslim world.
♪ ♪
BARRY ROSEN: It may not seem to contemporaries today
that the 1979 hostage crisis
has anything to do with the current situation
between the United States and Iran.
In my mind, it certainly does.
From the American side,
I honestly believe
that a great deal of our motivation
stems from humiliation.
And in Iran, the notion is that
the United States is still the imperialist that it was
in 1953 and in 1979,
and that has not changed.
♪ ♪
We should have been a closer friend
to Iranian democracy.
♪ ♪
I think we lost our way.
♪ ♪
ANNOUNCER: Next time, it was a fight
against America's most dreaded disease.
MAN: I don't remember being afraid that I would die.
I was afraid I wouldn't get better.
ANNOUNCER: A massive mobilization
fueled by millions of dimes.
Two bitter rivals would race to find a cure,
culminating in a gamble with immense promise
and terrifying risk.
"The Polio Crusade," next time on "American Experience."
Made possible in part by Liberty Mutual Insurance.
♪ ♪ ♪ ♪