1 00:00:11,010 --> 00:00:19,919 >>> EVEN BEFORE THE PANDEMIC, AMERICAN KIDS HAVE BEEN DEALING WITH A CRISIS. RISING RATES OF SUICIDE, SELF 2 00:00:19,986 --> 00:00:28,395 HARM, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION. YOUR GENERATION GOT HIT WITH THIS IN WHAT'S SUPPOSED TO BE A FUN, CAREFREE TIME. 3 00:00:28,461 --> 00:00:31,965 WHAT WAS LOST? WHAT DID YOU GUYS LOSE DURING THE PANDEMIC? >> MYSELF. 4 00:00:32,031 --> 00:00:44,811 >> YOURSELF. >> YEAH. >>> ICELAND IS KNOWN AS THE LAND OF FIRE AND ICE, WITH GOOD 5 00:00:44,878 --> 00:00:52,419 REASON. SINCE 2021, IT HAS HAD TWO MAJOR VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. >> THE HEAT IS STILL COMING OUT, 6 00:00:52,485 --> 00:00:57,624 AND IT WILL BE FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS. >> EVEN WITH THIS, THE TEMPERATURES HERE, IT'S GOING TO 7 00:00:57,690 --> 00:01:02,695 TAKE YEARS FOR THIS TO COOL DOWN? >> YES. >> SCIENTISTS SHOWED "60 8 00:01:02,762 --> 00:01:07,500 MINUTES" AFTER THE ISLAND AND WHAT THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO STUDY. ENCHING THEM CLOSER TO THE DAY 9 00:01:07,567 --> 00:01:15,241 WHEN ERUPTIONS WILL BE FORECAST LIKE RAIN. >>> TONIGHT, WE PAY HOMAGE TO OUR DOGS. 10 00:01:15,308 --> 00:01:29,889 TAKE A TRIP THROUGH HUMAN AND CANINE EVOLUTION. HOW ARE WOLVES AND MAN'S BEST FRIEND ALIKE? 11 00:01:29,956 --> 00:01:37,697 >> THAT WAS SO COOL. >> YOU'LL BE SURPRISED AT WHAT WE FOUND OUT. >>> I'M LESLEY STAHL. 12 00:01:37,764 --> 00:01:43,703 >> I'M BILL WHITTAKER. >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI. >> I'M JON WERTHEIM. 13 00:01:43,770 --> 00:01:59,419 >> I'M CECELIA VEGA. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. THOSE STORIES TONIGHT ON A SPECIAL EDITION OF 14 00:01:59,486 --> 00:02:06,426 CALLED IT AN URGENT PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS. A DEVASTATING DECLINE IN THE MENTAL HEALTH OF KIDS ACROSS THE 15 00:02:06,493 --> 00:02:14,400 COUNTRY. ACCORDING TO THE CDC, THE RATES OF SUICIDE, SELF HARM, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION ARE UP AMONG 16 00:02:14,467 --> 00:02:19,739 ADOLESCENTS. A TREND THAT BEGAN BEFORE THE PANDEMIC. LAST MAY, WE TOOK YOU TO 17 00:02:19,806 --> 00:02:26,112 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, A COMMUNITY TRYING TO HELP ITS KIDS NAVIGATE A MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS. 18 00:02:26,179 --> 00:02:33,920 WISCONSIN HAS THE FIFTH HIGHEST INCREASE OF ADOLESCENT SELF HARM AND ATTEMPTED SUICIDE IN THE COUNTRY WITH RATES NEARLY 19 00:02:33,987 --> 00:02:42,595 DOUBLING SINCE BEFORE THE PANDEMIC. IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM AT CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL IN 20 00:02:42,662 --> 00:02:48,568 MILWAUKEE, DOCTORS LIKE MICHELLE PICKETT ARE SEEING MORE KITS DESPERATE FOR MENTAL HEALTH HELP. 21 00:02:48,635 --> 00:02:56,976 >> WE UNFORTUNATELY SEE A LOT OF KIDS WHO HAVE ATTEMPTED SUICIDE. THAT IS SOMETHING THAT WE SEE, I WOULD SAY, AT LEAST ONCE A 22 00:02:57,043 --> 00:03:02,815 SHIFT. >> ONCE A SHIFT? >> OH, YES. UNFORTUNATELY. 23 00:03:02,882 --> 00:03:09,155 >> DR. PICKETT HAS WORKED IN THE E.R. FOR TEN YEARS. IS THERE ANY GROUP THAT'S NOT BEING IMPACTED? 24 00:03:09,222 --> 00:03:16,496 >> NO. WE'RE SEEING IT ALL, KIDS YOU KNOW WHO COME FROM VERY WELL OFF FAMILIES, KIDS WHO DON'T, KIDS 25 00:03:16,563 --> 00:03:25,071 WHO ARE SUBURBAN, URBAN, RURAL. WE'RE SEEING IT ALL. >> THE SURGE OF FAMILIES NEEDING HELP FOR THEIR KIDS HAS REVEALED 26 00:03:25,138 --> 00:03:30,643 A DEFICIT OF PEOPLE AND PLACES TO TREAT THEM. ACROSS THE COUNTRY, THE AVERAGE WAIT TIME TO GET AN APPOINTMENT 27 00:03:30,710 --> 00:03:39,352 WITH A THERAPIST IS FRE48 DAYS. FOR CHILDREN, IT'S OFTEN LONGER. WHAT DOES IT SAY TO YOU THAT THE PLACE THEY HAVE TO COME IS THE 28 00:03:39,419 --> 00:03:42,989 EMERGENCY ROOM? >> THERE'S SOMETHING WRONG WITH OUR SYSTEM. THE EMERGENCY ROOM SHOULD NOT BE 29 00:03:43,056 --> 00:03:50,630 THE PLACE TO GO AND GET ACUTE MENTAL HEALTH CARE WHEN YOU'RE IN A CRISIS. WE ARE NOT NICE, CALM 30 00:03:50,697 --> 00:03:55,602 ENVIRONMENT. >> BUT THEY'RE DESPERATE. >> YEAH, BUT WE'RE THERE, AND WE SEE EVERYBODY. 31 00:03:55,668 --> 00:04:01,174 BUT I WISH THERE WERE MORE PLACES THAT KIDS COULD GO TO GET THE HELP THAT THEY NEED. >> WE HAVE A COUPLE QUESTIONS 32 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:08,448 FOR YOU TO ANSWER ON THE iPAD. >> TO MANAGE THE MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS AND HEAVY CASE LOAD, DR. PICKETT INTRODUCED AN iPAD 33 00:04:08,514 --> 00:04:16,889 WITH A SERIES OF QUESTIONS THAT SCREEN THE MENTAL HEALTH OF EVERY CHILD 10 AND OLDER WHO COMES TO THE E.R. FOR ANY 34 00:04:16,956 --> 00:04:22,428 REASON. AMONG THE QUESTIONS, HAVE YOU BEEN HAVING THOUGHTS ABOUT KILLING YOURSELF, AND HAVE YOU 35 00:04:22,495 --> 00:04:29,869 FELT YOUR FAMILY WOULD BE BETTER OFF IF YOU WERE DEAD? HARSH QUESTIONS THAT CAN BE LIFE SAVERS TO THE KIDS WHO ANSWER 36 00:04:29,936 --> 00:04:35,008 THEM. >> WE HAVE HAD FOUR KIDS THAT I KNOW OF PERSONALLY WHO CAME IN FOR A COMPLETELY UNRELATED 37 00:04:35,074 --> 00:04:43,249 PROBLEM, SO A BROKEN ARM OR AN EARACHE OR WHATEVER IT WAS, AND ACTUALLY WERE ACUTELY SUICIDAL TO THE POINT WHERE WE NEEDED TO 38 00:04:43,316 --> 00:04:50,256 TRANSFER THEM TO IN PATIENT FACILITY RIGHT THERE. WE'RE CATCHING KIDS WHO ARE IN VERY MUCH CRISIS LIKE THAT. 39 00:04:50,323 --> 00:04:56,462 BUT WE'RE ALSO CATCHING THE KIDS THAT JUST NEED HELP AND DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO AND HAVING REALLY TALKED ABOUT THIS. 40 00:04:56,529 --> 00:05:05,438 >> ACCORDING TO THE CDC, HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS DATA SHOWS THE NUMBER OF TEENAGE GIRLS WHO HAVE BEEN SUICIDAL HAS INCREASED 41 00:05:05,505 --> 00:05:11,544 50% NATIONWIDE SINCE 2019. >> I THOUGHT IT WAS NORMAL. >> SOPHIA GIMENEZ WAS ONE OF THEM. 42 00:05:11,611 --> 00:05:20,119 >> I REMEMBER CRYING EVERY NIGHT, NOT KNOWING WHAT WAS GOING ON AND FELT SO ALONE. >> SOPHIA AND HER FRIEND WERE IN 43 00:05:20,186 --> 00:05:27,060 EIGHTH GREAT LOOKING FORWARD TO HIGH SCHOOL WHEN COVID TURNED THEIR WORLDS UPSIDE DOWN. >> I HAVE ALWAYS BEEN A SUPER 44 00:05:27,126 --> 00:05:36,569 SMART KID AND I HAVE ALWAYS HAD REALLY GOOD GRADES. AND THEN AS SOON AS THE PANDEMIC HIT, I FAILED A CLASS. 45 00:05:36,636 --> 00:05:45,912 WHEN I WAS VIRTUAL, I HAD NO MOTIVATION DO ANYTHING. I WOULD JUST SIT IN MY ROOM, NEVER LEAVE, AND IT WAS LIKE 46 00:05:45,978 --> 00:05:52,085 OBVIOUS SIGNS OF DEPRESSION. >> MY MENTAL HEALTH GOT REALLY BAD, ESPECIALLY MY EATING DISORDER. 47 00:05:52,151 --> 00:06:01,060 I WAS BASICALLY HOME ALONE ALL DAY, AND MY PARENTS, WELL, THEY NOTICED I WASN'T EATING, I WOULD RE 48 00:06:01,127 --> 00:06:05,965 REFUSE TO EAT, SO THEY TOOK ME TO THE HOSPITAL. >> SOPHIA HAD TO STAY IN THE HOSPITAL FOR TWO WEEKS BEFORE A 49 00:06:06,032 --> 00:06:11,237 BED OPENED UP AT A PSYCHIATRIC FACILITY. YOUR GENERATION GOT HIT WITH THEM IN WHAT'S SUPPOSED TO BE 50 00:06:11,304 --> 00:06:15,808 KIND OF A FUN, CARE-FREE TIME. WHAT WAS LOST? WHAT DID YOU GUYS LOSE DURING THE PANDEMIC? 51 00:06:15,875 --> 00:06:25,017 >> MYSELF. >> YOURSELF. >> YEAH. I WOULD DEFINITELY SAY THERE 52 00:06:25,084 --> 00:06:35,027 WERE BIG PIECES OF MYSELF THAT WERE DEFINITELY LOST. I LOST FRIENDS BECAUSE WE WOULDN'T SEE EACH OTHER. 53 00:06:35,094 --> 00:06:40,466 WE COULDN'T GO TO OUR FIRST HOMECOMING. I COULDN'T HAVE AN EIGHTH GRADE GRADUATION. 54 00:06:40,533 --> 00:06:46,005 I KNOW THAT DOESN'T SOUND LIKE THAT BIG OF A DEAL. >> IT'S A BIG DEAL WHEN YOU'RE IN EIGHTH GRADE. 55 00:06:46,072 --> 00:06:59,485 >> YEAH. I FEEL LIKE IF THE PANDEMIC HADN'T HAPPENED AT ALL, A LOT OF MY, LIKE, SADNESS AND MENTAL 56 00:06:59,552 --> 00:07:06,626 PROBLEMS WOULD NOT BE AS BAD AS THEY ARE. IT JUST MADE EVERYTHING WORSE. >> ARE WE IN CRISIS MODE RIGHT 57 00:07:06,692 --> 00:07:13,032 NOW? >> WE ARE. WE ARE IN CRISIS MODE. AND IT'S SCARY. 58 00:07:13,099 --> 00:07:22,275 >> TAMMY MAKHLOUF HAS WORKED AS A CHILD THERAPIST THROUGHOUT WIFG WHISK FOR THE LAST 26 YEARS. 59 00:07:22,341 --> 00:07:28,848 >> I THINK THERE'S A HOPE, WE'RE BACK IN SCHOOL, KIDS ARE ABLE TO SEE THEIR FRIENDS AGAIN AND PLAY SPORTS, THAT THIS WOULD ALL GO 60 00:07:28,915 --> 00:07:32,084 AWAY. HAS IT? >> NO. NO, I HAVE NOTICED THAT THE WAIT 61 00:07:32,151 --> 00:07:39,025 LISTS ARE LONGER. KIDS ARE STRUGGLING WITH MORE ANXIETY, MORE DEPRESSION. SO WE WERE IN A MENTAL HEALTH 62 00:07:39,091 --> 00:07:44,063 CRISIS PRIOR TO THE PANDEMIC. >> DID THE PANDEMIC ACCELERATE IT? >> I BELIEVE SO. 63 00:07:44,130 --> 00:07:52,605 WE'RE COMING OUT OF THE PANDEMIC, BUT KIDS HAVE STILL LOST TWO YEARS. TWO YEARS OF SOCIALIZATION, TWO 64 00:07:52,672 --> 00:08:00,446 YEARS OF EDUCATION. TWO YEARS OF THEIR WORLD KIND OF BEING SHAKEN UP. SO AS WE GET QUOTE/UNQUOTE BACK 65 00:08:00,513 --> 00:08:08,387 TO NORMAL, I THINK KIDS ARE STRUGGLING. EVEN WHEN THE PANDEMIC IS OVER, THIS CRISIS ISN'T GOING TO BE 66 00:08:08,454 --> 00:08:15,294 OVER. >> CDC NUMBERS SHOW THAT EVEN BEFORE THE PANDEMIC, THE NUMBER OF ADOLESCENTS SAYING THEY FELT 67 00:08:15,361 --> 00:08:22,034 PERSISTENTLY SAD OR HOPELESS WAS UP 40% SINCE 2009. THERE ARE LOTS OF THEORIES ON WHY. 68 00:08:22,101 --> 00:08:28,507 SOCIAL MEDIA, INCREASED SCREEN TIME, AND ISOLATION. BUT THE RESEARCH ISN'T DEFINITIVE. 69 00:08:28,574 --> 00:08:37,516 LAST MARCH, TAMMY WAS TAPPED BY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL TO RUN AN URGENT CARE WALK-IN CLINIC SPECIFICALLY OPEN TO TREAT KIDS' 70 00:08:37,583 --> 00:08:43,556 MENTAL HEALTH. >> MAY I HELP YOU GUYS? >> WE'RE HERE TO GET SOME HELP. >> OPEN SEVEN DAYS A WEEK FROM 71 00:08:43,623 --> 00:08:49,228 3:00 TO 9:30, IT'S ONE OF THE FIRST CLINICS OF ITS KIND IN THE COUNTRY. >> WHAT'S GOING TO WORK FOR YOU? 72 00:08:49,295 --> 00:08:53,699 AND WHAT'S GOING TO WORK FOR YOU? >> WHEN THEY COME TO OUR CLINIC, WE ASSESS THEM. 73 00:08:53,766 --> 00:08:59,572 AND WE PROVIDE THEM WITH A THERAPY SESSION. SO WE GIVE THEM SOME INTERVENTIONS. 74 00:08:59,639 --> 00:09:06,112 WE GIVE THEM A PLAN. AN ACTION PLAN. >> THE PLANS ARE CATERED TO EACH CHILD'S SITUATION. 75 00:09:06,178 --> 00:09:12,785 ACTIONABLE THINGS FAMILIES AND KIDS CAN DO WHILE THEY LOOK FOR A DOCTOR OR FACILITY TO MAKE ROOM FOR THEM. 76 00:09:12,852 --> 00:09:19,725 >> HOW LONG HAVE THE WAIT LISTS BEEN TO GET HELP? >> NORMALLY, YOU'RE PUT ON -- YOU'RE SCHEDULED AN APPOINTMENT. 77 00:09:19,792 --> 00:09:23,062 WITHIN A FEW MONTHS. AND THEN -- >> MONTHS? >> YEAH. 78 00:09:23,129 --> 00:09:31,203 THEN IF YOU WANT A CHILD PSYCHIATRIST, YOU'RE LOOKING AT LIKE MONTHS TO A YEAR. >> HOW IMPORTANT IS IT TO GET 79 00:09:31,270 --> 00:09:35,641 THEM HELP WHEN THEY NEED IT IMMEDIATELY? >> AS DAYS GO ON, THE SYMPTOMS GET WORSE. 80 00:09:35,708 --> 00:09:42,682 IF YOU HAVE A DEPRESSED CHILD, MAYBE THEY STARTED OUT WHERE THEY WERE FEELING DEPRESSED. AND THEN AS THE DAYS GO ON, 81 00:09:42,748 --> 00:09:49,755 THEY'RE SUICIDAL. IT REALLY, YOU REALLY DO NEED TO GET THAT HELP AND THAT SUPPORT RIGHT AWAY. 82 00:09:49,822 --> 00:09:58,364 >> 12-YEAR-OLD AUSTIN BRUENGER DESPERATELY NEEDED THAT SUPPORT IN THE PANDEMIC. HE'S A SIXTH GRADER AT 83 00:09:58,431 --> 00:10:01,867 LONGFELLOW MIDDLE SCHOOL IN MILWAUKEE. HOW OLD WERE YOU WHEN THE PANDEMIC HIT? 84 00:10:01,934 --> 00:10:10,876 >> I WAS 9, I KEPT GOING TO SCHOOL BUT I KEPT HEARING ON THE NEWS IN THE CAR, PANDEMIC, STAY PUT, QUARANTINE, 14 DAYS. 85 00:10:10,943 --> 00:10:17,984 >> WHEN THEY FIRST SAID HEY, YOU DON'T HAVE TO GO TO SCHOOL, WHAT WAS YOUR REACTION AT THAT MOMENT? 86 00:10:18,050 --> 00:10:25,725 >> HEAVEN. BUT THEN I REALIZED IT'S THE COMPLETE OPPOSITE. >> OPPOSITE BECAUSE LIKE 87 00:10:25,791 --> 00:10:32,765 MILLIONS OF SCHOOL-AGED KIDS, AUSTIN WAS FORCED INTO REMOTE LEARNING FOR MORE THAN A YEAR. AND DISCONNECTED FROM FRIENDS. 88 00:10:32,832 --> 00:10:41,140 >> IT WAS LIKE THIS SHUT-IN. LIKE THE ONLY WAY YOU COULD SEE PEOPLE IS THROUGH PHONES OR YOUR FAMILY THAT YOU LIVE WITH. 89 00:10:41,207 --> 00:10:47,480 >> THAT ISOLATION TOOK A TOLL ON AUSTIN, WHO WAS ALREADY STRUGGLING WITH NEWS THAT HIS PARENTS WERE GETTING A DIVORCE. 90 00:10:47,546 --> 00:10:51,917 >> AND THAT'S WHEN I THINK EVERYTHING JUST STARTED TO MAGNIFY MAGNIFY. 91 00:10:51,984 --> 00:10:55,955 HE WAS ALWAYS ASKING TO SEE HIS FRIENDS. WE COULDN'T. AND I REMEMBER THERE WAS ONE 92 00:10:56,022 --> 00:11:04,063 MOMENT THAT HE WAS JUST ON THE FLOOR, LIKE, KICKING AND PUNCHING THE AIR, JUST BUT COULDN'T DESCRIBE WHY HE WAS 93 00:11:04,130 --> 00:11:10,603 UPSET. >> UNABLE TO VENT WITH FRIENDS AND WITHOUT ACCESS TO IN-PERSON THERAPY, AUSTIN'S MOTHER MELISSA 94 00:11:10,669 --> 00:11:16,442 SAYS HIS WORLD BEGAN CLOSING IN ON HIM. >> FELT LIKE HE WAS INTERACTING LESS AND JUST KIND OF 95 00:11:16,509 --> 00:11:21,514 WITHDRAWING INTO HIMSELF AND SPENDING A LOT OF TIME BY HIMSELF. AND I WENT TO TUCK HIM IN, AND 96 00:11:21,580 --> 00:11:26,752 HE SAID MOM, I'M HAVING SUICIDAL THOUGHTS. >> AND HE WAS HOW OLD? >> 9. 97 00:11:26,819 --> 00:11:34,794 AND LIKE, I WAS KIND OF LIKE, I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO SAY. I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO DO. >> I JUST IMAGINE MYSELF GOING 98 00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:41,100 THROUGH ALL THESE THINGS, JUMPING FROM A BUILDING, AND LIKE, TAKING A KNIFE FROM MY KITCHEN. 99 00:11:41,167 --> 00:11:49,175 AND ENDING MY LIFE. IT WAS -- IT WAS OVER 50 OF THEM THAT JUST FLOODED MY MIND. I DON'T REALLY KNOW IF IT WAS 100 00:11:49,241 --> 00:11:55,781 FROM ALL THE, LIKE, JUST ANTISOCIALNESS. AND NOT BEING ABLE -- IT ALSO FELT LIKE WITH THE DIVORCE CAME 101 00:11:55,848 --> 00:12:06,692 A LOT OF YELLING, AND IT FELT LIKE MY PARENTS DIDN'T NEED ME ANYMORE. JUST REALLY HARD TO THINK ABOUT 102 00:12:06,759 --> 00:12:16,902 THAT MOMENT. >> DESPERATE, MELISSA CALLED AUSTIN'S PEDIATRICIAN WHO REFERRED HER TO OUTPATIENT 103 00:12:16,969 --> 00:12:23,943 THERAPISTS AND INPATIENT PSYCHIATRIC PROGRAMS ONLY TO BE TOLD THERE WERE LONG WAITING LISTS AND NO BEDS. 104 00:12:24,009 --> 00:12:29,148 >> ALL THIS STUFF IS RACING THROUGH MY HEAD AND THEN FOR THEM TO SAY THERE'S NO BEDS RIGHT NOW. 105 00:12:29,215 --> 00:12:37,723 I'M LIKE, HOW AM I GOING TO KEEP HIM SAFE? >> IN AN EFFORT TO TRY AND KEEP KIDS SAFE, WISCONSIN IS TRYING 106 00:12:37,790 --> 00:12:41,894 ANOTHER APPROACH THAT'S BEING ADOPTED IN OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. >> HELLO. 107 00:12:41,961 --> 00:12:48,968 HOW ARE YOU GUYS? >> 21 PEDIATRIC CLINICS ACROSS SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN HAVE INCORPORATED FULL-TIME 108 00:12:49,034 --> 00:12:58,711 THERAPISTS INSIDE THEIR OFFICES. >> LOOK WHO I GOT. >> OFFERING MENTAL HEALTH SCREENINGS AND TREATMENT AS PART 109 00:12:58,777 --> 00:13:04,550 OF ROUTINE CARE. >> OKAY. SO LET'S START WITH OUR ASSESSMENT. 110 00:13:04,617 --> 00:13:11,757 >> DR. BRILLIANT NIMMER WAS THE FIRST PEDIATRICIAN IN MILWAUKEE TO CREATE A THERAPIST'S OFFICE INSIDE HER OFFICE. 111 00:13:11,824 --> 00:13:17,329 >> YOU'RE SAYING WE'RE HERE TOGETHER. WE'RE ALL GOING TO WORK ON THIS TOGETHER, NOT WE CAN'T HELP YOU. 112 00:13:17,396 --> 00:13:23,135 GO SEE SOMEBODY ELSE. >> EXACTLY, HAVING THE THERAPIST IN OUR CLINIC TO REALLY HAVE A TEAM TOGETHER, DISCUSS THAT 113 00:13:23,202 --> 00:13:29,341 PATIENT AND FAMILY TOGETHER, TO BOUNCE IDEAS OFF EACH OTHER. BECAUSE WE BOTH KNOW THEM SO WELL. 114 00:13:29,408 --> 00:13:36,448 IT'S SO MUCH BETTER FOR PATIENT CARE. >> DR. NIMMER'S CLINIC TREATS AN UNDERSERVED COMMUNITY WHERE 115 00:13:36,515 --> 00:13:42,054 FAMILIES TYPICALLY STRUGGLE TO GET MENTAL HEALTH HELP. THERAPISTS HAVE TREATED MORE THAN 800 KIDS HERE SINCE THE 116 00:13:42,121 --> 00:13:51,530 PANDEMIC STARTED. >> I THINK AS PEDIATRICIANS AND PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS, LIKE, WE CAN NO LONGER JUST SOLELY SAY, 117 00:13:51,597 --> 00:13:57,736 YOU KNOW, MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDERS, YOU'RE THE ONLY ONES THAT ARE GOING TO BE TAKING CARE OF OUR PATIENTS IN REGARDS TO 118 00:13:57,803 --> 00:14:05,144 MENTAL HEALTH. THIS IS NOW SOMETHING THAT WE NEED TO BE DOING TOO. >> AUSTIN BRUENGER'S 119 00:14:05,211 --> 00:14:11,750 PEDIATRICIAN NOW HAS A THERAPIST IN HER OFFICE TOO. THEIR FAMILY WAS FORTUNATE TO FIND REGULAR OUT-PATIENT THERAPY 120 00:14:11,817 --> 00:14:20,893 FOR HIS DEPRESSION. >> HOW DO YOU FEEL NOW? >> I DON'T KNOW. IT'S MUCH BETTER THAN BEFORE. 121 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:27,199 EVERYTHING'S GOING UP IN MY LIFE. AND KNOWING THAT I'M FRIENDS WITH EVERYONE IN MY CLASS. 122 00:14:27,266 --> 00:14:34,039 I'M BUILDING BETTER SOCIAL LIFE, IT'S FUN TO JUST KNOW THERE'S OTHERS THAT LIKE THE SAME THINGS AS ME. 123 00:14:34,106 --> 00:14:40,045 >> AUSTIN, IT'S NOT AN EASY THING TO TALK ABOUT ALL THIS STUFF. WHY DID YOU AGREE TO TELL US 124 00:14:40,112 --> 00:14:45,851 ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE BEEN THROUGH? >> BECAUSE THE WORLD NEEDS TO. THE WORLD NEEDS TO KNOW. 125 00:14:45,918 --> 00:14:54,827 MENTAL HEALTH AND STUFF LIKE THAT NEEDS TO BE TREATED OR BAD STUFF COULD HAPPEN. IF YOU'RE GOING THROUGH THAT BY 126 00:14:54,893 --> 00:15:01,500 YOURSELF, TRY AND CONTACT SOMEONE YOU KNOW, LIKE YOUR FRIEND, YOUR FAMILY. >> AND TALK ABOUT IT. 127 00:15:01,567 --> 00:15:07,840 >> YEAH. >> SINCE OUR STORY FIRST AIRED, THE WALK-IN MENTAL HEALTH CLINIC AT CHILDREN'S WISCONSIN HAS 128 00:15:07,906 --> 00:15:14,947 TREATED MORE THAN 1,000 KIDS AND HAS RECEIVED FUNDING TO OPEN THREE ADDITIONAL CLINICS JUST LIKE IT. 129 00:15:15,014 --> 00:15:27,126 SOPHIA JIMENEZ, NEENAH HUGHES, AND AUSTIN ARE DOING WELL AND TELL US THEY'RE GETTING THE MENTAL HEALTH HELP THEY NEED. 130 00:15:27,192 --> 00:15:33,599 >>> FIND MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES FOR KIDS AND FAMILIES 131 00:15:42,341 --> 00:15:50,883 GELDINGADALIR VOLCANO ERUPTED IN 2021, ICELAND'S VOL CANOLOGISTS KNEW IT WAS COMING. A SUBTERRANEAN SERPENT OF MAGMA 132 00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:56,722 WAS COILING THROUGH THE DEPTH LOOKING FOR A WAY OUT. AS THE MAGMA STIRRED IT TRIGGERED TENS OF THOUSANDS OF 133 00:15:56,789 --> 00:16:02,394 EARTHQUAKES. WHEN THE VOLCANO FINALLY BLEW, SCIENTISTS SCRAMBLED FOR THE EQUIPMENT TO RECORD IT. 134 00:16:02,461 --> 00:16:10,769 MANY PREDICTED A NEW SEISMIC ERA FOR THE LAND OF FIRE AND ICE, AND LAST SUMMER, THE SAME VOLCANO EXPLODED AGAIN. 135 00:16:10,836 --> 00:16:22,214 AS WE FIRST REPORTED IN APRIL, SCIENTISTS HAVE REVEALED SOME STARTLING DISCOVERIES FROM THE TWO ERUPTIOS INCHING US CLOSER 136 00:16:22,281 --> 00:16:30,122 TO INDAY VOLCANOES WILL BE FORECAST AS WE FORECAST RAIN. WE WENT BACK TO ICELAND TO SEE HOW THE WORK WAS PROGRESSING. 137 00:16:30,189 --> 00:16:40,733 >> DURING THE 2021 ERUPTION, WE SAW CHUNKS OF MOLTEN ROCK THE SIZE OF CARS CARTWHEEL INTO THE AIR. 138 00:16:40,799 --> 00:16:48,741 LAVA BOILED UP THROUGH NINE VENTS AS THE EARTH UNZIPPED, BUT IT WAS NUMBER FIVE, THIS ONE, THAT STOLE THE SHOW. 139 00:16:48,807 --> 00:16:56,181 WE WATCHED TROMA HILLTOP. LOOK AT THAT. WITH SEISMOLOGIST KRISTEN JONSDOTTIR, AS WAVES OF LAVA 140 00:16:56,248 --> 00:17:03,522 POURED DOWN THE VALLEY. IN THE END, SCIENTISTS CALCULATED THERE WAS ENOUGH LAVA TO FILL AN OLYMPIC SIZED 141 00:17:03,589 --> 00:17:08,427 SWIMMING POOL EVERY FOUR SECONDS. WE WANTED TO SEE WHAT IT LOOKED LIKE NOW. 142 00:17:08,494 --> 00:17:15,334 SO WE FLEW BACK TO THE SAME HILL. WOW. THIS IS REMARKABLE. 143 00:17:15,401 --> 00:17:22,074 >> COMPLETELY CHANGED. >> COMPLETELY CHANGED. HOW MUCH LAVA IS OUT HERE? >> SO THE MAXIMUM THICKNESS IS 144 00:17:22,141 --> 00:17:28,814 ABOUT 100 METERS. AND IT IS THE THICKEST BY THE CRATER. >> THAT'S A LITTLE MORE THAN 300 145 00:17:28,881 --> 00:17:34,453 FEET DEEP. >> YES. >> THAT'S INCREDIBLE. LAVA HAD FILLED UP THE VALLEY 146 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:43,762 LIKE A BATHTUB. THE HILLS WHERE ICE LANDERS CAME FOR A CLOSER LOOK WERE GONE. SO WAS ITS TONGUE TWISTING ICE 147 00:17:43,829 --> 00:17:52,671 ICELANDIC NAME. NOW WE HAD TO LEARN A NEW ONE. >> SO THE WHOLE MASS YOU SEE BEHIND HERE IS CALLED 148 00:17:52,738 --> 00:17:55,941 FAGRADALSFJALL. >> FAGRADALSFJALL. >> VERY GOOD. EXCELLENT. 149 00:17:56,008 --> 00:18:04,283 >> THAT MEANS BEAUTIFUL VALLEY MOUNTAIN. A LOT EASIER TO PRONOUNCE. A NEW NAME FOR A NEW LANDSCAPE. 150 00:18:04,349 --> 00:18:11,623 JONSDOTTIR, HEAD OF EARTH SCIENCES AT ICELAND'S METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE TOLD US THE 2021 ERUPTIONS WERE HIGHLY 151 00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:17,963 UNUSUAL. THE QUAKE STORMS THAT USUALLY REACH A CRESCENDO BEFORE AN ERUPTION INSTEAD WENT SILENT. 152 00:18:18,030 --> 00:18:24,937 THE TREMORS STOPPED. ONLY THEN DID THE VOLCANO EXPLODE. >> SO THIS WAS SOMETHING WE 153 00:18:25,003 --> 00:18:32,778 DIDN'T EXPECT, BECAUSE BEFORE MOST ERUPTIONS, WE SEE AN ESCALATION IN THE PROCESS. SO WE SEE MORE AND BIGGER 154 00:18:32,845 --> 00:18:38,684 EARTHQUAKES THE CLOSER WE COME TO AN ERUPTION. >> WHAT DID YOU FIND THIS TIME? >> EVERYTHING GOT QUIET. 155 00:18:38,750 --> 00:18:43,555 AND WE THOUGHT, OKAY, MAYBE THIS IS IT. WE'RE NOT GOING TO SEE AN ERUPTION THIS TIME. 156 00:18:43,622 --> 00:18:52,197 BUT WE WERE WRONG. >> THE MAGMA BOMB LASTED SIX MONTHS. THEN THIS PAST AUGUST, THE 157 00:18:52,264 --> 00:18:58,370 VOLCANO EXPLODED AGAIN. THIS TIME, SCIENTISTS WEREN'T FOOLED. WHEN THE EARTHQUAKE STOPPED, 158 00:18:58,437 --> 00:19:05,577 THEY RAN TESTS THAT SHOWED THE VOLCANO WASN'T SLEEPING. ROCKS WERE STILL MOVING. GAS ESCAPING. 159 00:19:05,644 --> 00:19:16,321 SCIENTISTS CALLED AN AUDIBLE AND WARNED THE VOLCANO WOULD LIKELY BLOW WITHIN 24 HOURS. THEY WERE RIGHT. 160 00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:23,328 TODAY, THE CRATER IS STILL COOLING. IT'S QUIET FOR NOW. LOOK AT THAT. 161 00:19:23,395 --> 00:19:29,134 >> WOW. >> REMEMBER WHEN WE FLEW AROUND THE PLUME, THE FOUNTAIN? >> I REMEMBER. 162 00:19:29,201 --> 00:19:36,174 I DIDN'T FEEL AS SAFE AT THAT POINT. >> IN 2021, WE HAD TO VEER AWAY FROM THE CRATER. 163 00:19:36,241 --> 00:19:41,947 IT WAS TOO DANGEROUS TO GET ANY CLOSER. >> THIS FEELS MUCH SAFER. >> DO YOU THINK THE ERUPTION 164 00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:47,119 HERE IS COMPLETELY OVER? >> RIGHT NOW, WE ARE NOT SEEING ANYTHING. BUT WE ALSO KNOW THAT THIS CAN 165 00:19:47,185 --> 00:19:54,459 HAPPEN QUITE QUICKLY. THE WARNING TIME WE HAVE IS NOT NECESSARILY GOING TO BE MANY WEEKS BUT MAYBE JUST A COUPLE 166 00:19:54,526 --> 00:20:00,832 DAYS. >> THE LAVA FIELD IS LIKE A RECORD OF THE ERUPTION. SO WE SET OFF AT THE CRACK OF 167 00:20:00,899 --> 00:20:06,605 DAWN. THAT'S AN HOUR BEFORE NOON WHEN THE WINTER SUN RISES THIS FAR NORTH. 168 00:20:06,672 --> 00:20:17,249 SOON, WE RAN OUT OF ROAD. THEN, WE RAN OUT OF STEAM. OUR TRUCKS HAD 42-INCH TIRES BUT THAT WAS NO MATCH FOR SNOW THAT 169 00:20:17,316 --> 00:20:33,699 WAS AS FINE AS SUGAR. FINALLY, WE ARRIVED TO FIND A VAST SEA OF VOLCANIC ROCK, JUST SIX MONTHS OLD. 170 00:20:33,765 --> 00:20:39,104 GEOPHYSICIST FREYSTEINN SIGMUNDSON GAVE US A TOUR. >> IT IS FREEZING OUT HERE, BUT THIS IS WARM, HUH? 171 00:20:39,171 --> 00:20:47,346 >> YEAH, FEEL IT. THIS IS THE HEAT OF THE LAVA. >> LOOK AT THAT. FRAY STEIN SIGMUNDSON TOLD US IF 172 00:20:47,412 --> 00:20:53,352 WE DUG JUST 20 FEET BELOW WHERE WE WERE STANDING, WE WOULD FIND MOLTEN ROCK STILL AT A SCORCHING 1800 DEGREES. 173 00:20:53,418 --> 00:21:00,359 >> THE HEAT IS STILL COMING OUT. AND IT WILL BE FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS. >> EVEN WITH THIS, THE 174 00:21:00,425 --> 00:21:03,996 TEMPERATURES HERE, IT'S GOING TO TAKE YEARS FOR THIS TO COOL DOWN. >> YES, YES. 175 00:21:04,062 --> 00:21:11,203 IT WILL. >> THAT HOT. >> IT'S THAT HOT AND THAT THICK. >> INCREDIBLE. 176 00:21:11,269 --> 00:21:16,274 SIGMUNDSSON TOLD US THESE ERUPTIONS HAD SPEWED OUT THE LARGEST MIX OF LAVAS EVER RECORDED. 177 00:21:16,341 --> 00:21:28,020 THEY COOLED IN DIFFERENT SHAPES, SOME WERE AS SMOOTH AS SIDEWALK. GNARLED LIKE ROOTS OR STRETCHED TAUT LIKE ROOT. 178 00:21:28,086 --> 00:21:36,128 >> I WOULD SAY THIS MIGHT BE ONE OF THE BEST PLACES ON PLANET EARTH TO SEE THIS LAVA. >> SIGMUNDSSON TOLD US HE NOW 179 00:21:36,194 --> 00:21:44,503 WANTS TO FIND OUT IF THEIR MOST RECENT FINDING, A SEISMIC DECLINE BEFORE AN ERUPTION, MIGHT APPLY TO SIMILAR VOLCANOES 180 00:21:44,569 --> 00:21:50,842 IN JAPAN, RUSSIA, OR THE UNITED STATES. IT'S URGENT TO DO SO, HE TOLD US, AS WARMER TEMPERATURES MELT 181 00:21:50,909 --> 00:22:00,052 THE GLACIERS THAT SIT LIKE A PRESSURIZED LID ON MANY OF THE WORLD'S MOST VOLATILE VOLCANOES. SO THE RETREATING GLACIERS HAVE 182 00:22:00,118 --> 00:22:05,223 AN EFFECT ON VOLCANOES? >> YES, RETREATING GLACIERS CAN INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF ERUPTIONS. 183 00:22:05,290 --> 00:22:10,862 >> HOW SO? >> THE GLACIERS, THEY ARE PUSHING DOWN ON THE EARTH. THERE'S A FORCE, SO IF THE 184 00:22:10,929 --> 00:22:18,170 GLACIERS ARE MOVING, IT TENDS TO FORCE. ALREADY, THE RETREAT OF GLACIERS IN ICELAND, THEY'RE CAUSING A 185 00:22:18,236 --> 00:22:25,477 LOT MORE OF NEW MAGMA BEING FORMED UNDER ICELAND THAN NORMALLY. >> WITH THIS NEW MAGMA CAME NEW 186 00:22:25,544 --> 00:22:33,785 DISCOVERIES. IN 2021, ED MARSHALL, A TEXAS TRAINED GEOPHYSICIST, SHOWED US THE LAVA WALL WHEN IT WAS A MERE 187 00:22:33,852 --> 00:22:42,394 30 FEET HIGH. WE WATCHED AS HE SCOOPED THE MOLTEN LAVA FLASH COOLING IT IN WATER. 188 00:22:42,461 --> 00:22:49,935 THIS TRIP WE MET MARSHALL IN HIS LAB AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND TO SEE WHAT HE HAD FOUND. >> WE HAVE AN INSTRUMENT CALLED 189 00:22:50,001 --> 00:23:00,112 AN ICPOES. >> THAT STANDS FOR? >> INDUCTIVELY MEASURED PLASMA SPECTROMETER. 190 00:23:00,178 --> 00:23:06,585 >> THE IMPOSSIBLY NAMED MACHINE IS ABLE TO MEASURE WITH PINPOINT ACCURACY THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ROCK. 191 00:23:06,651 --> 00:23:13,225 BUT MARSHALL WASN'T EXPECTING WHAT THEY FOUND NEXT. CRYSTALS. SO WHAT DID YOU LEARN TROMTHESE? 192 00:23:13,291 --> 00:23:19,631 >> WE LEARNED THAT THEY'RE COMING FROM NINE MILES DEEP BELOW THE VOLCANO. >> NINE MILES DOWN. 193 00:23:19,698 --> 00:23:26,338 >> MM-HMM. IT'S ACTUALLY COMING FROM A PART OF THE EARTH THAT WE DON'T NORMALLY GET TO SAMPLE. 194 00:23:26,404 --> 00:23:32,210 THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE CRUST AND MANTEL. >> THE MAGMA HAD COME STRAIGHT UP LIKE AN EXPRESS ELEVATOR FROM 195 00:23:32,277 --> 00:23:41,019 DEEP IN THE MANTEL, OPENING A RARE WINDOW INTO THE EARTH'S DEEP PLUMBING. ED MARSHALL SHOWED UP SAMPLES OF 196 00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:46,158 THE DIFFERENT LAVAS HE'S COLLECTED. >> SO HERE, WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF LAVA. 197 00:23:46,224 --> 00:23:52,931 >> MUCH SMOOTHER. >> YEAH. >> WHEN THE LAVAS WERE STILL RED HOT, THEY FLOWED AT DIFFERENT 198 00:23:52,998 --> 00:23:59,571 SPEEDS, SOME OOZED OUT OF THE VOLCANO. OTHERS EXPLODED, MOVING AS FAST AS TEN MILES PER HOUR. 199 00:23:59,638 --> 00:24:05,010 >> IT'S IMPORTANT TO FIGURE IT OUT BECAUSE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT HAZARD POTENTIAL. YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE WORRIED 200 00:24:05,076 --> 00:24:10,015 ABOUT YOUR TOWN BEING COVERED BY LAVA -- >> MORE WORRIED ABOUT THIS ONE. >> EXACTLY. 201 00:24:10,081 --> 00:24:19,024 >> LIKE SO MANY OTHER VOL CANOLOGISTS WHO RUSHED TO THE ERUPTION SITE IN 2021, THIS SELF-DESCRIBED LAB RAT TOLD US 202 00:24:19,090 --> 00:24:24,996 HE WAS AWED BY THE SHEER POWER ON DISPLAY. >> YOU HAVE WORK TO DO, BUT THERE ARE TIMES WHERE YOU JUST 203 00:24:25,063 --> 00:24:29,301 SIT THERE AND STARE AT THE VOLCANO. IT'S JUST SO MUCH GRANDER THAN YOU. 204 00:24:29,367 --> 00:24:40,812 IT'S KIND OF THIS ALMOST DIVINE KIND OF PRESENCE. >> EVERY VOLCANO AS WE LEARNED HAS ITS OWN PERSONALITY. 205 00:24:40,879 --> 00:24:52,991 IF FAGRADALSFJALL HAD ELEMENTS OF THE DIVINE, OTHERS WERE NOT AS BEATIFFIC. THIS ONE OVERDUE FOR AN 206 00:24:53,058 --> 00:24:59,397 ERUPTION, GRIMES VOTEN IS HILD UNDERNEATH A GLACIER, MAKING IT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO MONITOR. SO SEISMOLOGIST KRISTEN 207 00:24:59,464 --> 00:25:06,204 JONSDOTTIR AND HER EUROPEAN PARTNERS TRIED SOMETHING NEW, BURYING A COIL OF FIBER OPTIC CABLES IN THE ICE CAP. 208 00:25:06,271 --> 00:25:14,446 >> SO THE CABLE WE USE WAS ONLY 4 MILLIMETERS THICK. AND SO THIN THEY ARE ACTUALLY THINNER THAN A HUMAN HAIR. 209 00:25:14,512 --> 00:25:24,823 YEAH, IT'S A BIT FUNNY, LIKE YOU'RE TRENCHING A VERY 13 KILOMETER LONG HAIR, ALONG A VOLCANO. 210 00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:31,363 >> THEY DEVISED MAKESHIFT TRENCHING SLED TO BURY THE CABLES TO TRY TO PICK UP VOLCANIC TREMORS. 211 00:25:31,429 --> 00:25:39,571 IT WORKED. WHERE REGULAR SEISMOMETERS BARELY REGISTERED A PULSE, THE FIBER OPTIC CABLE SHOWED 212 00:25:39,638 --> 00:25:46,645 GRIMSVOTN WAS GRUMBLING IRRITABLY INSIDE ITS ICY TOMB. JONSDOTTIR TOLD US IT COULD BE A GAME CHANGER. 213 00:25:46,711 --> 00:25:52,317 AND YOU FOUND HOW MANY MORE EARTHQUAKES? >> 100 TIMES MORE. >> FOUND WITH THIS FIBER? 214 00:25:52,384 --> 00:25:58,690 >> YES. >> DID YOU FIND SOMETHING IN THE PATTERN HERE THAT YOU COULD SAY, AH, IF WE SEE THIS, THIS 215 00:25:58,757 --> 00:26:03,495 INDICATES THAT AN ERUPTION IS GOING TO HAPPEN? >> SO THE POTENTIAL HERE IS REALLY TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 216 00:26:03,561 --> 00:26:12,304 THE VOLCANOES AND THE PLUMBING SYSTEM. YOU KNOW, JUST BEING ABLE TO SEE THIS HIGH DEFINITION PICTURE 217 00:26:12,370 --> 00:26:15,874 THAT WE'RE NOT ABLE TO SEE BEFORE. >> THIS IS JUST STANDARD CABLE? THE CABLE THAT WE USE FOR 218 00:26:15,941 --> 00:26:20,946 BRINGING TELEVISION INTO OUR HOMES. >> EXACTLY. >> BUT ICELAND IS ONE OF THE FEW 219 00:26:21,012 --> 00:26:28,954 PLACES IN THE WORLD TO ACTIVELY WATCH ITS VOLCANOES. THE LACK OF MONITORING ELSEWHERE CAN SOMETIMES SPELL DISASTER. 220 00:26:29,020 --> 00:26:38,897 LIKE THE 2018 BANG OUT OF THE BLUE IN INDONESIA THAT KILLED 400 PEOPLE. CORNELL GEOPHYSICIST MATTHEW 221 00:26:38,964 --> 00:26:44,302 PRITCHARD TOLD US THEY'VE GOT TO DO A BETTER JOB. >> SO THERE ARE ABOUT 600 THAT HAVE ERUPTED IN HISTORIC TIMES 222 00:26:44,369 --> 00:26:51,409 THE LAST 500 YEARS. OF THOSE, ONLY ABOUT 35% HAVE CONTINUOUS MONITORING AT THEM. >> WHAT'S THE PROBLEM? 223 00:26:51,476 --> 00:26:59,250 >> WELL, IT'S EXPENSE. IT'S MAINTAINING THESE INSTRUMENTS. AGAIN ONCE A VOLCANO STOPS 224 00:26:59,317 --> 00:27:05,190 ERUPTING SHOULD WE CONTINUE TO MONITOR IT OR HAS IT GONE TO SLEEP FOR 100 YEARS? IT'S A QUESTION OF PRIORITIES, A 225 00:27:05,256 --> 00:27:13,598 QUESTION OF RESOURCES. >> BUT PRITCHARD TOLD US THERE'S A SOLUTION ON HAND. SPYING ON VOLCANOES FROM SPACE. 226 00:27:13,665 --> 00:27:24,109 HE'S SPEARHEADING AN EFFORT TO CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR THE WORLD'S MOST RESTLESS VOLCANOES. TAKE MAUNA LOA IN HAWAII. 227 00:27:24,175 --> 00:27:30,115 THIS PAST NOVEMBER, IT TORE EPIEN THE EARTH AFTER 38 YEARS OF SLUMBER. ON THE GROUND, MAGMA FORCED ITS 228 00:27:30,181 --> 00:27:37,288 WAY THROUGH DEEP LAYERS OF ROCK UNTIL IT CRACKED THE EARTH'S SURFACE. FROM SPACE, IT LOOKED LIKE THIS. 229 00:27:37,355 --> 00:27:45,697 >> SO EACH ONE OF THESE CONTOURS HERE MEANS 25 CENTIMETERS OF GROUND MOTION. ON THIS SIDE OF THE RIFT, IT 230 00:27:45,764 --> 00:27:49,768 MOVED THIS WAY ABOUT 25 CENTIMETERS. ON THIS SIDE, THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 231 00:27:49,834 --> 00:27:55,807 THIS IS EVIDENCE OF THE MAGMA COMING UP THROUGH THE SYSTEM AND PUSHING THE GROUND TO THE SIDE AS IT WAS COMING OUT TO ERUPT. 232 00:27:55,874 --> 00:28:02,680 >> AND ALL OF THIS CAPTURED BY SATELLITE. >> YES. >> IT CAN DETECT WHAT LEVEL OF 233 00:28:02,747 --> 00:28:08,920 MOVEMENT ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH? >> BEST CASE SCENARIO, A FEW MILLIMETERS. 234 00:28:08,987 --> 00:28:13,158 >> A FEW MILLIMETERS, FROM SPACE? >> THAT'S RIGHT. >> HE TOLD US THE NEW GOLD 235 00:28:13,224 --> 00:28:19,264 STANDARD WOULD BE TO COMBINE GROUND SENSORS WITH SATELLITE IMAGES TO HELP DETECT ERUPTIONS EARLIER. 236 00:28:19,330 --> 00:28:27,839 NEXT YEAR, A NEW SATELLITE WILL BE LAUNCHED THAT WILL USE RADAR WAVES CAPABLE OF PENETRATING DENSE JUNGLE OR SNOW AND SEEING 237 00:28:27,906 --> 00:28:35,780 DEEPER UNDERGROUND THAN EVER BEFORE. BUT AS TECHNOLOGY TURBO CHARGES THE ABILITY OF VOLCANOLOGISTS TO 238 00:28:35,847 --> 00:28:42,120 FORECAST ERUPTIONS, WE WERE REMINDED THE EARTH HAS BEEN AT THIS FAR LONGER THAN SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN COLLECTING DATA. 239 00:28:42,187 --> 00:28:59,003 AND THAT, ONE TOLD US, KEEPS YOU HUMBLE. >>> THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT MANY OF YOU WATCHING RIGHT NOW 240 00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:06,277 HAVE A DOG SOMEWHERE NEARBY. BUT WHAT DO YOU ACTUALLY KNOW ABOUT WHERE DOGS COME FROM? YOU'RE PROBABLY AWARE THEY 241 00:29:06,344 --> 00:29:11,282 EVOLVED FROM WOLFS BUT HOW AND WHEN? IT TURNS OUT MUCH OF THAT IS STILL A MYSTERY. 242 00:29:11,349 --> 00:29:17,055 THERE ARE SOME INTRIGUING CLUES, HOWEVER, THAT HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN THE DNA OF DOGS AND WOLVES. 243 00:29:17,122 --> 00:29:23,027 CLUES THAT JUST MIGHT GIVE US BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THEY AND WE EVOLVED. YOU HAVE HEARD OF SURVIVAL OF 244 00:29:23,094 --> 00:29:29,601 THE FITNESS, BUT AS WE FIRST REPORTED IN NOVEMBER, A SCIENTIST AT DUKE UNIVERSITY SAYS THE TERM THAT MAY BEST 245 00:29:29,667 --> 00:29:37,442 DESCRIBE DOGS' EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS IS SURVIVAL OF THE FRIENDLIEST. THERE'S NO DOUBT DOGS ARE AN 246 00:29:37,509 --> 00:29:42,914 EVOLUTIONARY TRIUMPH. THERE'S AN ESTIMATED BILLION OF THEM ON THE PLANET, AND THEY NOSE THEIR WAY INTO EVERY CORNER 247 00:29:42,981 --> 00:29:49,754 OF OUR LIVES. LIVING WITH US, WORKING WITH US. >> YES, GOOD BOY. >> AND LOVING US. 248 00:29:49,821 --> 00:29:55,660 WHAT IS IT YOU'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT DOGS? >> I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN WHERE DOGS COME FROM. 249 00:29:55,727 --> 00:30:03,501 AND I THINK IT TEACHES US A LOT ABOUT WHERE HUMANS CAME FROM. >> BRIAN HARE, AN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGIST AND AUTHOR AT DUKE 250 00:30:03,568 --> 00:30:08,406 UNIVERSITY, HAS SPENT THE LAST 25 YEARS STUDYING ANIMAL EVOLUTION. >> LOOK. 251 00:30:08,473 --> 00:30:15,079 >> I THINK WHAT REALLY SUMMARIZES THE LINK BETWEEN DOG AND HUMAN EVOLUTION IS SURVIVAL OF THE FRIENDLIEST. 252 00:30:15,146 --> 00:30:22,320 >> WHAT ABOUT SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST? >> SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IS A MISCONSTRUAL IN THE PUBLIC MIND 253 00:30:22,387 --> 00:30:27,225 OF WHAT EVOLUTION IS, THE BIGGEST, THE STRONGEST ARE ALWAYS THE ONE THAT WIN. >> MIGHT MAKES RIGHT. 254 00:30:27,292 --> 00:30:35,200 >> NOT AT ALL. DOGS ARE EXHIBIT A OF THIS. >> HARE SAYS IT MAY BE HARD TO IMAGINE, BUT THAT SWEET DOG YOU 255 00:30:35,266 --> 00:30:44,842 LOVE STARTED OUT AS THIS. A WILD PREDATORY WOLF. AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY STORY BEGAN AT LEAST 20,000 YEARS AGO, 256 00:30:44,909 --> 00:30:51,916 WHEN HUMANS WERE HUNTER GATHERERS. >> WHAT WE BELIEVE HAPPENED, AND WE HAVE SCIENCE TO SHOW SOME OF 257 00:30:51,983 --> 00:30:58,990 THIS, IS THAT WOLVES CHOSE US. A POPULATION OF WOLVES ACTUALLY BECAME ATTRACTED TO HUMANS, AND THEY WERE AT AN ADVANTAGE 258 00:30:59,057 --> 00:31:03,928 BECAUSE THEY WERE EATING GARBAGE, THINGS PEOPLE WERE LEAVING AROUND HOME. AND THE WOLVES THAT SORT OF 259 00:31:03,995 --> 00:31:12,837 BASICALLY GAVE UP ON BEING WUVLING AND HUNTING AND WERE ATTRACTED AND FRIENDLIEST TO HUMANS WERE AT THE HUGE 260 00:31:12,904 --> 00:31:17,508 ADVANTAGE. >> SOME DOGS WERE ABLE TO FEED OFF SCRAPS, THEY WEREN'T AGGRESSIVE. 261 00:31:17,575 --> 00:31:22,113 OVER TIME, THEY BECAME DOMESTICATED. >> THAT'S RIGHT. >> TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THE 262 00:31:22,180 --> 00:31:28,319 TWO SPECIES DIVERGE SO DRASTICALLY, BRIAN CAME HERE TO THE WILDLIFE SCIENCE CENTER IN MINNESOTA. 263 00:31:28,386 --> 00:31:32,991 >> YOU WANT TO GUARD AND I'LL DRAG? >> YEAH. >> IT'S RUN BY DIRECTOR PEGGY 264 00:31:33,057 --> 00:31:39,230 CALLAHAN AND HER 23-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER MEG. BOTH SKILLED, WE SAW, AT NAVIGATING A CAGE FULL OF HUNGRY 265 00:31:39,297 --> 00:31:42,367 WOLVES. >> BACK UP. >> BACK UP. >> BACK UP. 266 00:31:42,433 --> 00:31:47,872 >> NO, NO, I KNOW YOU'RE HUNGRY. THIS IS ONLY GOING AS FAR AS IT'S GOING. >> YEAH, YOU MIGHT WANT TO HAND 267 00:31:47,939 --> 00:31:53,211 IT OVER. >> THERE ARE 110 GRAY WOLVES HERE. >> HI. 268 00:31:53,278 --> 00:32:00,752 >> SOME WERE RESCUED FROM THE WILD, BUT MOST WERE HAND RAISED BY PEGGY AND MEG. THEY'RE DIVIDED INTO PACKS, 269 00:32:00,818 --> 00:32:07,592 SEPARATED BY CHAIN LINK FENCES. THIS PACK IS NAMED AFTER THE '80s HORROR MOVIE, CHILDREN OF THE CORN. 270 00:32:07,659 --> 00:32:14,832 SO I SAW THE MOVIE CHILDREN OF THE CORN, WHICH IS TERRIFYING. WHY IS THIS PACK CALLED CHILDREN OF THE CORN? 271 00:32:14,899 --> 00:32:20,738 >> FOR TERRIFYING REASONS. THEY ATTACKED AND KILLED THEIR FATHER AND THEN TRIED TO KILL THEIR MOTHER. 272 00:32:20,805 --> 00:32:23,741 >> THIS PACK? >> THIS PACK. >> WHY DID THEIR KILL THEIR FATHER? 273 00:32:23,808 --> 00:32:30,448 >> OPPORTUNITY. >> OPPORTUNITY? WOW. >> PEGGY TOLD US THE ONLY REASON 274 00:32:30,515 --> 00:32:36,954 WE WERE ABLE TO SIT AMONG THE CHILDREN OF THE CORN IS BECAUSE THESE WOLVES VIEW HERE AS THE DOMINANT MEMBER OF THE PACK. 275 00:32:37,021 --> 00:32:44,162 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT IN THEIR MIND YOU'RE DOMINANT TO THEM? >> THE REVERSE IS QUITE 276 00:32:44,228 --> 00:32:49,133 DANGEROUS. I KNOW THAT THEY'RE CAPABLE OF KILLING ONE ANOTHER. THEIR TEETH, THEIR JAW PRESSURE 277 00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:54,572 IS ENORMOUS. >> EVEN NOW WITH THE WOLVES COMING BEHIND YOU, YOU'RE AWARE THEY'RE BEHIND YOU. 278 00:32:54,639 --> 00:33:02,347 >> YOU HAVE TO HAVE EYES IN THE BACK OF URHEAD. >> THEY'RE ASSESSING, WHO ARE THEY, CAN I TAKE THIS PERSON? 279 00:33:02,413 --> 00:33:09,687 >> ABSOLUTELY. I DON'T THINK THEY'RE PLANNING ANYTHING. BUT I THINK SHOULD AN TONIGHT 280 00:33:09,754 --> 00:33:17,261 AFFORD, THEY'RE INCREDIBLE OPPORTUNISTS. >> PEGGY WORKS HARD TO SECURE THE UPPER HAND. 281 00:33:17,328 --> 00:33:22,700 IF YOU HAVE ANY DOUBT ABOUT HER POSITION AS THE ALPHA DOG, JUST LISTEN. CAN YOU SHOW ME YOUR HOWL? 282 00:33:22,767 --> 00:33:30,174 >> ABSOLUTELY. 283 00:33:30,408 --> 00:33:47,558 [ HOWLING ] >> GOOSEBUMPS EVERY TIME. >> AND THAT WAS SO COOL. >> WHEN YOU LEARN TO HOWL, DOES 284 00:33:47,625 --> 00:33:52,063 THAT HAPPEN? >> WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HOWL? >> THEY USE IT TO MARK 285 00:33:52,130 --> 00:33:58,569 TERRITORY. THEY ALSO WILL HOWL AT INTRUDERS TO GET THEM TO LEAVE. >> BECOMING DOMINANT OVER A WOLF 286 00:33:58,636 --> 00:34:07,512 STARTS EARLY. IF A PUP NEEDS TO BE TAKEN AWAY FROM ITS MOTHER FOR HEALTH OR RESEARCH PURPOSES, MEG STEPS IN. 287 00:34:07,578 --> 00:34:13,484 WHEN WE WERE THERE WITH HER LAST YEAR, SHE WAS TAKING 1-MONTH-OLD PHILO EVERYWHERE, EVEN THE MORNING COFFEE RUN. 288 00:34:13,551 --> 00:34:20,091 >> SOMETIMES IF HE GETS REALLY MOUTHY -- OUCH -- LIKE THAT. ENOUGH. GOOD BOY. 289 00:34:20,158 --> 00:34:25,696 SO IT'S JUST A LITTLE CORRECTION. I JUST PINCH AND I GROWL. AND THEN THE SECOND HE STOPS 290 00:34:25,763 --> 00:34:30,568 GROWLING, I'M LIKE, OH, I WHINE TO HIM AND RUB HIS BELLY AND STUFF. >> THAT'S WHAT HIS MOTHER WOULD 291 00:34:30,635 --> 00:34:37,508 DO? >> EXACTLY, YEAH. >> I'M SORRY. SOME WOLVES LOOK JUST LIKE YOU 292 00:34:37,575 --> 00:34:42,914 THAT WAS BACKTALKING ME THERE. NOT YOU. >> DON'T BE FOOLED. DOMINANCE HAS ITS LIMITS. 293 00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:47,819 THIS IS MJ. THIS IS THE DOMINANT FEMALE? >> YES. >> SHE WAS ALSO HAND-RAISED AND 294 00:34:47,885 --> 00:34:53,524 LIKES A BELLY RUB, TOO, THAT IS UNTIL SHE DOESN'T. >> SHE'S TOLERATING THIS WITH US. 295 00:34:53,591 --> 00:35:00,064 SHE'S -- OH, NO, SHE'S NOT. >> OKAY, ENOUGH. OKAY. SHE JUST SAID STOP. 296 00:35:00,131 --> 00:35:10,942 >> I HEARD. >> TO SEE JUST HOW FAR DOGS HAVE EVOLVED BECAUSE OF DOMESTICATION, BRIAN HARE HAS 297 00:35:11,008 --> 00:35:19,250 SET UP A PUPPY KINDERGARTEN. STUDENTS HELP RAISE LABRADOR PUPPIES. THEY TAG ALONG. 298 00:35:19,317 --> 00:35:29,360 CRUISING THE QUAD, GOING TO BASKETBALL PRACTICE. EVEN THE TRACK TEAM'S PHOTO SHOOT. 299 00:35:29,427 --> 00:35:36,467 PART OF THE PROGRAM IS AIMED AT TRAINING SERVICE DOGS FOR THE ORGANIZATION CANINE COMPANIONS BUT THERE'S RESEARCH BEING DONE, 300 00:35:36,534 --> 00:35:43,741 TOO, TO COMPARE THE PUPPIES TO HAND-RAISED WOLF PUPS, BRIAN'S TEAM RUNS THEM THROUGH A SERIES OF BEHAVIORAL TESTS. 301 00:35:43,808 --> 00:35:50,214 >> LOOK, LOOK. OKAY. YES, GOOD JOB. >> WATCH AGAIN. 302 00:35:50,281 --> 00:35:55,753 >> PUPPY, LOOK. >> NOTICE HOW THIS PUPPY LOOKS BACK AND FORTH FROM THE RESEARCHER TO THE BOWL AND THEN 303 00:35:55,820 --> 00:36:03,227 IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWS HER POINT. >> PUPPY, LOOK. >> PHILO THE WOLF PUPPY MAY LOOK LIKE A DOG, BUT WATCH HIM TAKING 304 00:36:03,294 --> 00:36:14,472 THE SAME TEST. >> PUPPY LOOK, OKAY. OKAY, BABY. WHAT IS IT? 305 00:36:14,539 --> 00:36:19,443 >> YOU CAN SEE PHILO DIDN'T FOLLOW THE POINT HERE. >> BUT A PUPPY AT THIS AGE WOULD? 306 00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:26,083 >> TOTALLY, EXACTLY. IT LOOKS LIKE DOG PUPPIES COME INTO THE WORLD KIND OF PREPARED TO UNDERSTAND US IN A WAY WOLF 307 00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:30,288 PUPPIES ARE NOT BECAUSE OF DOMESTICATION AND INTERACTING WITH US. >> YOU HAVE DONE TESTING WITH 308 00:36:30,354 --> 00:36:37,828 DOZENS OF WOLVES. OVERALL, WHAT HAVE YOU FOUND? >> YOU CAN SPEND 24 HOURS A DAY WITH, SAY, A WOLF PUPPY. 309 00:36:37,895 --> 00:36:44,468 AND EVEN AFTER YOU HAVE DONE THAT FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, THEY'RE NOT ATTRACTED TO NEW PEOPLE. THEY DON'T WANT TO BE WITH 310 00:36:44,535 --> 00:36:48,339 EOPLE. THEY WANT TO BE WITH WOLVES. THAT'S NOT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CASE OF DOGS. 311 00:36:48,406 --> 00:36:55,212 AS A SPECIES, THEY'RE ACTUALLY WHAT'S KNOWN AS ZIN AFFILIC. THEY'RE ATTRACTED TO NEW THINGS AND NEW PEOPLE. 312 00:36:55,279 --> 00:37:03,754 >> HOW MUCH OF THAT IS IN THEIR GENES? BACK IN 2010, TO FIGURE THAT OUT, HARE'S COLLEAGUE, BRIDGET 313 00:37:03,821 --> 00:37:11,529 VONHOLDT, STARTED TO COMPARE THE DNA OF DOGS TO WOLVES. YOU HAVE LOCATED SOME SPECIFIC GENES THAT LEAD TO FRIENDLY 314 00:37:11,596 --> 00:37:16,033 BEHAVIOR. >> THAT'S RIGHT. WHEN WE SEQUENCED A BUNCH OF DOGS AND A BUNCH OF WOLVES, WE 315 00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:25,209 USED THAT TO THEN SEARCH FOR MUTATIONS IN THE DOG GENOME THAT ONLY DOGS HAD. AND WE CAME OUT WITH REALLY NICE 316 00:37:25,276 --> 00:37:32,416 HOT SPOT OF MUTATIONS ON CHROME ZONE NUMBER SIX IN THE DOG GENOME. THAT'S WHAT'S HIGHLIGHTED HERE. 317 00:37:32,483 --> 00:37:40,591 >> YOU CAN ACTUALLY PINPOINT GENETIC MUTATIONS IN DOGS THAT MAKE THAT DOG FRIENDLY TO HUMANS IN A WAY THAT WOLVES ARE NOT? 318 00:37:40,658 --> 00:37:44,462 >> ABSOLUTELY. >> WOW. >> THIS WAS A MAJOR FINDING IN MY OPINION. 319 00:37:44,528 --> 00:37:53,004 >> AND THAT IS SOMETHING THAT WOULD HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME. >> THAT'S RIGHT. SO WE CAN IMAGINE BACK IN THE 320 00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:59,910 PRE-DOG ERA WHERE THERE WERE WOLVES RUNNING AROUND, AND SOME OF THOSE WOLVES WERE MAYBE MAKING THEIR DENS CLOSER TO 321 00:37:59,977 --> 00:38:08,486 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS. I HYPOTHESIS IF I COULD GO AND SEQUENCE THOSE WOLVES, THEY WOULD CARRY MAYBE TWO OF THESE 322 00:38:08,552 --> 00:38:13,824 MUTATIONS. AND THE REST OF THE WOLVES MAYBE NONE. >> BRIDGET CALLS THESE 323 00:38:13,891 --> 00:38:23,467 FRIENDLINESS MUTATIONS. SO DOES MY DOG REALLY LOVE ME OR IS MY DOG JUST ACTING OUT ON ITS GENETIC CODE? 324 00:38:23,534 --> 00:38:29,674 >> SHE ABSOLUTELY LOVES YOU. SHE HAS THE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO WHOLEHEARTEDLY LOVE YOU MORE THAN SHE CAN 325 00:38:29,740 --> 00:38:37,114 PROBABLY HANDLE. >> WHAT CAME NEXT IN VONHOLDT'S RESEARCH STUNNED HER AND US. SHE FOUND THE LOCATION OF THE 326 00:38:37,181 --> 00:38:44,522 FRIENDLINESS MUTATIONS IN DOGS CORRESPONDS TO THE SAME GENES THAT WHEN DELETED IN HUMANS CAUSES A RARE CONDITION CALLED 327 00:38:44,588 --> 00:38:51,962 WILLIAMS SYNDROME. HER STUDY ESTABLISHED ONE OF THE FIRST GENETIC LINKS IN BEHAVIOR BETWEEN DOGS AND HUMAN. 328 00:38:52,029 --> 00:39:03,441 MEET 36-YEAR-OLD BEN MONCABBA. BEN IS NO STRANGER TO "60 MINUTES." WHEN HE WAS 11 IN 1997, MORLEY 329 00:39:03,507 --> 00:39:11,148 SAFER FOUND HIM ON A STORY ON WILLIAMS SYNDROME. >> HOW ARE YOU? PEOPLE WITH WILLIAMS SYNDROME 330 00:39:11,215 --> 00:39:17,655 LIKE BEN ARE OFTEN UNUSUALLY OUTGOING AND FRIENDLY, LEADING SOME TO CALL IT COCKTAIL PARTY PERSONALITY. 331 00:39:17,722 --> 00:39:29,800 WE WERE WITH BEN AT HIS FAVORITE PUB WHEN HE JUMPED UP MIDDINNER TO JOIN THE BAND. ♪ LOOK AT THIS NIGHT ♪ 332 00:39:29,867 --> 00:39:41,479 ♪ AND IT DON'T SEEM SO LONELY ♪ >> WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES YOU UNIQUE? >> WHAT MAKES ME UNIQUE IS MY 333 00:39:41,545 --> 00:39:46,517 WAY OF GIVING HAPPINESS TO PEOPLE. MY FRIENDLINESS, MY KINDNESS. >> I HAVE TO SAY, JUST MEETING 334 00:39:46,584 --> 00:39:52,656 YOU, YOU HAVE MADE ME SMILE THE MOMENT WE MET. >> WHEN PEOPLE ARE HAPPY T MAKES ME FEEL LIKE I HAVE ACHIEVED 335 00:39:52,723 --> 00:40:01,532 SOMETHING. >> WILLIAMS SYNDROME IS A LIFELONG CONDITION THAT OFTEN CAUSES SERIOUS PHYSICAL PROBLEMS 336 00:40:01,599 --> 00:40:08,339 AND MENTAL DISABILITIES. BEN AND OTHERS LIKE HIM ARE SO TRUSTING AND FRIENDLY, THEY CAN SOMETIMES BE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF. 337 00:40:08,405 --> 00:40:17,615 JUST EXPLAIN WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT BEN GENETICALLY? >> SURE, BEN IS MISSING 25 GENES ON CHROMOSOME SEVEN, THAT ALL OF 338 00:40:17,681 --> 00:40:24,321 THOSE GENES LINE UP. THAT'S ONE TENTH OF 1% OF THEIR GENETIC MAKEUP MISSING. >> THAT DELETION IN BEN'S DNA 339 00:40:24,388 --> 00:40:31,629 AND OTHERS WITH WILLIAMS SYNDROME INVOLVED THE SAME GENES THAT INCLUDE THE FRIENDLINESS MUTATIONS DISCOVERED IN DOGS. 340 00:40:31,695 --> 00:40:37,768 >> BEN, WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT? THERE MIGHT BE A LINK IN FRIENDLINESS IN DOGS AND 341 00:40:37,835 --> 00:40:45,876 FRIENDLINESS IN HUMANS? >> IT JUST MAKES ME FEEL SO HAPPY AND PROUD THAT DOGS AND PEOPLE HAVE SIMILARITIES. 342 00:40:45,943 --> 00:40:53,617 >> WHEN THE DISCOVERY WAS ANNOUNCED IN 2017, TERRY WAS HEAD OF THE WILLIAMS SYNDROME ASSOCIATION. 343 00:40:53,684 --> 00:41:00,424 SHE REACHED OUT TO SOME MEMBERS TO SEE HOW THEY FELT ABOUT IT. >> ONE OF THE PARENTS THAT I CALLED SAID, ARE YOU KIDDING? 344 00:41:00,491 --> 00:41:08,432 I'M SURE THAT IF A TAIL WAS PUT ON MY SON, IT WOULD BE WAGGING ALL THE TIME. SO I THINK THAT REALLY PUT IT 345 00:41:08,499 --> 00:41:15,372 INTO PERSPECTIVE. >> UNDERSTANDING WHY DOGS ARE SO FRIENDLY, BRIAN HARE TELLS US, IS HELPING UNRAVEL THE MYSTERY 346 00:41:15,439 --> 00:41:21,245 OF HOW HOMO SAPIENS CAME TO BE THE MOST DOMINANT SPECIES ON EARTH. WHAT IS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DOG 347 00:41:21,312 --> 00:41:26,851 EVOLUTION TELL US ABOUT HUMAN EVOLUTION? >> I THINK WHAT DOG EVOLUTION TEACHES US IS THAT ACTUALLY HOW 348 00:41:26,917 --> 00:41:34,225 YOU GET AHEAD IN THE GAME OF LIFE IS YOU EVOLVE A NEW WAY TO BE FRIENDLY THAT LEADS TO A NEW FORM OF COOPERATION. 349 00:41:34,291 --> 00:41:41,665 HUMANS 100,000 YEARS AGO, OUR SPECIES, WAS NOT ALONE. THERE WERE AT LEAST FOUR TO FIVE OTHER HUMAN SPECIES. 350 00:41:41,732 --> 00:41:50,140 THE QUESTION THEN BECOMES, WHY ARE WE THE ONLY ONE LEFT? AND WE THINK, AND WHAT DOGS POINT TO, IS THAT WE WERE THE 351 00:41:50,207 --> 00:41:56,814 FRIENDLIEST SPECIES THAT EVER EVOLVED AMONG HUMANS. AND THAT WE SURVIVED BECAUSE WE ARE FRIENDLY. 352 00:41:56,881 --> 00:42:08,492 >> SURVIVAL OF THE FRIENDLIEST, A SUCCESSFUL EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY MANY HUMANS TODAY WOULD BE WISE TO REMEMBER. 353 00:42:13,397 --> 00:42:15,933 >>> I'M BILL WHITTAKER. WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH