1 00:00:08,551 --> 00:00:11,343 >> HOW EFFECTIVE WILL THE FIRST VACCINE BE AGAINST THE 2 00:00:11,378 --> 00:00:14,034 CORONAVIRUS? 3 00:00:14,067 --> 00:00:18,724 TONIGHT, THE BACK STORY OF THE PFIZER VACCINE, AS TOLD BY THE 4 00:00:18,757 --> 00:00:22,792 SCIENTISTS ON TWO CONTINENTS WHO RACED TO CREATE SOMETHING THAT 5 00:00:22,827 --> 00:00:24,033 IS AS NOVEL AS THE VIRUS ITSELF. 6 00:00:24,068 --> 00:00:27,033 >> TO HAVE A VACCINE THAT WAS NEEDED SO MUCH, AND TO HAVE IT 7 00:00:27,068 --> 00:00:31,033 BE 95% PROTECTIVE, AND TO HAVE IT HAPPEN SO QUICKLY, IS 8 00:00:31,068 --> 00:00:34,551 UNPARALLELED IN MY EXPERIENCE. 9 00:00:34,585 --> 00:00:37,689 [ TICKING] >> GOOD AFTERNOON BROTHERS. 10 00:00:37,723 --> 00:00:42,206 OUR WORK IS TO HELP PEOPLE WHO DON'T HAVE LAWYERS TO ACCESS 11 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:43,481 JUSTICE. 12 00:00:43,517 --> 00:00:47,000 >> THIS SOFT SPOKEN, 35-YEAR-OLD LAWYER FOUNDED AN ORGANIZATION 13 00:00:47,033 --> 00:00:49,378 CALLED JUSTICE DEFENDERS. 14 00:00:49,412 --> 00:00:52,965 A GROUP THAT SO FAR HAS TRAINED HUNDREDS OF INCARCERATED MEN AND 15 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:57,344 WOMEN IN PRISONS IN AFRICA, TO BECOME PARALEGALS AND LAWYERS. 16 00:00:57,378 --> 00:01:01,758 THE RESULTS HAVE BEEN ASTOUNDING. 17 00:01:01,792 --> 00:01:07,034 [ TICKING] >> IT'S NOT EASY TO GET TO... 18 00:01:07,067 --> 00:01:11,379 ♪ ♪ ...BU FOR CENTURIES, PILGRIMS 19 00:01:11,412 --> 00:01:15,034 HAVE MADE THEIR WAY TO A PLACE WHERE FAITH, MYSTERY AND 20 00:01:15,067 --> 00:01:19,033 MIRACLES COEXIST. 21 00:01:19,067 --> 00:01:23,412 THE STORY OF THESE 11 ETHIOPIAN CHURCHES, EACH CARVED FROM A 22 00:01:23,448 --> 00:01:31,000 SINGLE BLOCK OF STONE, WITH NO BRICK, NO MORTAR, NOR WOOD, IS A 23 00:01:31,033 --> 00:01:35,033 CREATION STORY YOU'LL NEED TO SEE TO BELIEVE. 24 00:01:35,067 --> 00:01:37,723 [ TICKING] >> I'M LESLEY STAHL. 25 00:01:37,758 --> 00:01:39,033 >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. 26 00:01:39,067 --> 00:01:40,516 >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. 27 00:01:40,551 --> 00:01:42,000 >> I'M NORAH O'DONNELL. 28 00:01:42,033 --> 00:01:43,033 >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. 29 00:01:43,067 --> 00:01:47,000 THOSE STORIES, TONIGHT, ON "60 MINUTES." 30 00:01:47,033 --> 00:01:48,896 [ TICKING] 31 00:01:53,448 --> 00:01:56,343 >> Bill Whitaker: MORE THAN 15,000 OF OUR FAMILY MEMBERS, 32 00:01:56,378 --> 00:02:00,861 FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS FELL TO THE CORONAVIRUS THIS PAST WEEK. 33 00:02:00,896 --> 00:02:03,724 SO WE COULD ALMOST HEAR A NATIONAL SIGH OF RELIEF WHEN THE 34 00:02:03,757 --> 00:02:07,551 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY, PFIZER, STARTED DELIVERING THE FIRST 35 00:02:07,585 --> 00:02:10,448 DOSES OF ITS VACCINE ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 36 00:02:10,481 --> 00:02:14,378 PFIZER, A FREQUENT ADVERTISER ON THIS BROADCAST, AND ITS GERMAN 37 00:02:14,413 --> 00:02:18,655 PARTNER, BIONTECH, WERE THE ONLY MAJOR VACCINE DEVELOPERS TO 38 00:02:18,688 --> 00:02:20,378 REFUSE FEDERAL MONEY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, YET 39 00:02:20,413 --> 00:02:25,620 THEY WERE THE FIRST TO GET EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION FROM 40 00:02:25,655 --> 00:02:26,655 THE F.D.A. 41 00:02:26,688 --> 00:02:30,516 FRIDAY THE BIOTECH COMPANY, MODERNA, WAS GRANTED 42 00:02:30,550 --> 00:02:31,826 AUTHORIZATION TOO. 43 00:02:31,861 --> 00:02:35,688 UNDER OPERATION WARP SPEED, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SET A TARGET 44 00:02:35,723 --> 00:02:38,550 OF 20 MILLION INOCULATIONS BY THE END OF THE YEAR. 45 00:02:38,586 --> 00:02:43,516 BUT THAT GOAL MIGHT BE AMBITIOUS; THE VACCINE'S ROLLOUT 46 00:02:43,550 --> 00:02:44,826 HAS BEEN ROCKY. 47 00:02:44,861 --> 00:02:50,343 STILL, FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE PANDEMIC HIT, THERE APPEARS 48 00:02:50,378 --> 00:02:55,655 TO BE AN END IN SIGHT, THANKS TO A REVOLUTIONARY ADVANCE IN 49 00:02:55,688 --> 00:02:56,793 BIOTECHNOLOGY. 50 00:02:56,826 --> 00:03:02,068 THIS IS A WORLDWIDE PANDEMIC, THE WORST IN A CENTURY. 51 00:03:02,103 --> 00:03:06,516 A VACCINE WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY HAD NEVER GONE TO MARKET BEFORE. 52 00:03:06,550 --> 00:03:08,413 THAT'S A BIG BET YOU MADE THAT THIS WOULD WORK. 53 00:03:08,448 --> 00:03:12,205 >> Katrin Jansen: YEAH, I DIDN'T SEE IT AS MUCH-- MAYBE AS A BET 54 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:14,413 BECAUSE WE ARE SCIENTISTS. 55 00:03:14,448 --> 00:03:18,586 THAT'S WHAT WE DO FOR A LIVING, EVERY DAY. 56 00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:19,723 WE DISCOVER NEW THINGS. 57 00:03:19,758 --> 00:03:21,586 EVERYTHING IS NEW. 58 00:03:21,620 --> 00:03:23,758 >> Whitaker: KATHRIN JANSEN IS HEAD OF VACCINE RESEARCH AND 59 00:03:23,793 --> 00:03:26,378 DEVELOPMENT FOR PFIZER. 60 00:03:26,413 --> 00:03:30,896 BASED IN NEW YORK, IT'S ONE OF THE LARGEST PHARMACEUTICAL 61 00:03:30,931 --> 00:03:32,033 COMPANIES IN THE WORLD. 62 00:03:32,067 --> 00:03:35,688 JANSEN, WHO DEVELOPED AN INTEREST IN SCIENCE AS A CHILD 63 00:03:35,723 --> 00:03:38,378 IN GERMANY, GREW UP TO DEVELOP VACCINES FOR PNEUMONIA AND THE 64 00:03:38,413 --> 00:03:39,688 H.P.V. VIRUS. 65 00:03:39,723 --> 00:03:44,378 SO, WHEN SHE FIRST HEARD OF THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS, HER THOUGHTS 66 00:03:44,413 --> 00:03:47,688 TURNED IMMEDIATELY TO A VACCINE. 67 00:03:47,723 --> 00:03:55,655 WHEN YOU WERE STARTING OFF ON THIS MISSION, NEW YORK WAS ON 68 00:03:55,688 --> 00:03:56,861 FIRE WITH THIS VIRUS. 69 00:03:56,896 --> 00:03:59,655 >> Jansen: YEAH, WE WERE LIVING IN A HOT ZONE IN NEW YORK. 70 00:03:59,688 --> 00:04:07,723 AND WE SAW FIRSTHAND WHAT WAS HAPPENING EVERY DAY. 71 00:04:07,758 --> 00:04:11,723 AND BILL, THE MOST CHILLING THING FOR ME WAS WHEN WE WALKED 72 00:04:11,758 --> 00:04:14,413 OUR DOG. 73 00:04:14,448 --> 00:04:18,274 AND YOU SEE ONE REFRIGERATED TRUCK AFTER THE OTHER APPEARING 74 00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:20,413 IN THE PARKING LOTS IN FRONT OF THE HOSPITALS. 75 00:04:20,447 --> 00:04:23,379 >> Whitaker: REFRIGERATOR TRUCK MORGUES? 76 00:04:23,413 --> 00:04:24,689 >> Jansen: MORGUES, RIGHT. 77 00:04:24,723 --> 00:04:32,379 THAT WAS ABSOLUTELY FUELING THE DESIRE TO COME UP WITH A VACCINE 78 00:04:32,413 --> 00:04:34,896 NO MATTER WHAT IT TAKES. 79 00:04:34,930 --> 00:04:36,516 >> Whitaker: THIS WAS KIND OF PERSONAL? 80 00:04:36,550 --> 00:04:38,379 >> Jansen: I TOOK THIS VERY PERSONALLY. 81 00:04:38,413 --> 00:04:43,689 I WANTED TO FIGHT IT, BEAT IT, FIGHT IT DOWN. 82 00:04:43,723 --> 00:04:47,137 IT WAS-- NOTHING ELSE MATTERED. 83 00:04:47,172 --> 00:04:50,379 >> Whitaker: ACROSS THE ATLANTIC, IN MAINZ, GERMANY, 84 00:04:50,413 --> 00:04:55,689 DOCTORS UGUR SAHIN AND OZLEM TURECI WERE ALSO FOCUSED ON 85 00:04:55,723 --> 00:04:56,826 FIGHTING THE CORONAVIRUS. 86 00:04:56,862 --> 00:05:00,172 FOUNDERS OF A CUTTING EDGE BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANY CALLED 87 00:05:00,206 --> 00:05:03,723 BIONTECH, THEY HAD BEEN COLLABORATING WITH PFIZER ON A 88 00:05:03,757 --> 00:05:10,550 FLU VACCINE WHEN SAHIN READ AN ARTICLE ON JANUARY 24th, ABOUT A 89 00:05:10,586 --> 00:05:13,274 MYSTERIOUS DISEASE IN WUHAN, CHINA. 90 00:05:13,310 --> 00:05:15,723 >> Dr. Ugur Sahin: WE KNEW THAT WE ARE MOST LIKELY RUNNING INTO 91 00:05:15,757 --> 00:05:19,654 A GLOBAL PANDEMIC. 92 00:05:19,689 --> 00:05:22,447 AND WE KNEW THAT WE DON'T HAVE TIME TO WASTE. 93 00:05:22,481 --> 00:05:27,723 >> Dr. Ozlem Tureci: WE STARTED TO THINK ABOUT HOW TO IMPLEMENT 94 00:05:27,757 --> 00:05:31,896 A VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FROM SCRATCH BASICALLY, AND SO 95 00:05:31,930 --> 00:05:35,689 WE HAD TO PIVOT THE ENTIRE COMPANY. 96 00:05:35,723 --> 00:05:38,379 >> Whitaker: DID YOU HAVE ANY DOUBTS ABOUT DOING THAT? 97 00:05:38,413 --> 00:05:41,723 >> Sahin: I DID NOT HAVE DOUBTS. 98 00:05:41,757 --> 00:05:45,343 THE ONLY THING THAT CONCERNED ME IS THAT WE MIGHT BE TOO LATE. 99 00:05:45,379 --> 00:05:47,689 >> Whitaker: THE MARRIED COUPLE'S COMPANY, BIONTECH, IS 100 00:05:47,723 --> 00:05:51,689 DOING PIONEERING WORK ON VACCINES MADE WITH M.R.N.A., 101 00:05:51,723 --> 00:05:56,413 MOLECULES IN OUR CELLS THAT PASS GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FROM OUR 102 00:05:56,447 --> 00:06:01,550 D.N.A. TO PARTICLES THAT MAKE PROTEINS, THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF 103 00:06:01,586 --> 00:06:02,826 LIFE. 104 00:06:02,862 --> 00:06:07,723 >> Sahin: WE FELT RESPONSIBILITY TO START TO DEVELOP A VACCINE, 105 00:06:07,757 --> 00:06:10,757 BECAUSE WE KNEW THE POTENCY OF OUR TECHNOLOGY. 106 00:06:10,793 --> 00:06:14,413 >> Whitaker: MANIPULATING M.R.N.A. MOLECULES IN THE LAB TO 107 00:06:14,447 --> 00:06:18,550 FIGHT DISEASE HAS BEEN CONSIDERED PROMISING TECHNOLOGY 108 00:06:18,586 --> 00:06:20,447 FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS, BUT IT HAS NEVER PRODUCED A PROVEN 109 00:06:20,481 --> 00:06:23,033 VACCINE. 110 00:06:23,067 --> 00:06:26,447 WITH THE CORONAVIRUS SPREADING THROUGH EUROPE, SAHIN AND TURECI 111 00:06:26,481 --> 00:06:27,723 REDOUBLED THEIR EFFORTS. 112 00:06:27,757 --> 00:06:31,723 BY FEBRUARY, BIONTECH HAD PRODUCED 20 DIFFERENT VERSIONS 113 00:06:31,757 --> 00:06:35,723 OF M.R.N.A. THAT TRIGGERED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN MICE AND 114 00:06:35,757 --> 00:06:38,413 MONKEYS. 115 00:06:38,447 --> 00:06:42,516 SAHIN KNEW HIS SMALL COMPANY WOULD NEED HELP TAKING ITS 116 00:06:42,550 --> 00:06:46,206 RESEARCH BEYOND THE LAB, SO HE PICKED UP THE PHONE AND CALLED 117 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:47,826 HIS FRIEND AT PFIZER, KATHRIN JANSEN. 118 00:06:47,862 --> 00:06:50,793 >> Sahin: AND SHE SAID, "UGUR, WHY ARE YOU CALLING ME?" 119 00:06:50,826 --> 00:06:55,689 AND I SAID, "KATHRIN, WE STARTED TO MAKE A VACCINE AGAINST COVID- 120 00:06:55,723 --> 00:06:56,930 19. 121 00:06:56,965 --> 00:07:02,482 I WANTED TO ASK YOU IF YOU THINK THAT PFIZER WOULD JOIN US." 122 00:07:02,516 --> 00:07:06,862 AND SHE SAID, "OF COURSE, UGUR, ACTUALLY I WANTED TO CALL YOU, 123 00:07:06,896 --> 00:07:10,310 BECAUSE WE ARE ALSO INTERESTED TO DEVELOP A VACCINE, AND IT 124 00:07:10,343 --> 00:07:13,343 WILL BECOME OUR MOST IMPORTANT PROJECT." 125 00:07:13,379 --> 00:07:15,757 >> Whitaker: IT BECAME MORE LIKE AN OBSESSION FOR PFIZER'S 126 00:07:15,793 --> 00:07:17,826 C.E.O., ALBERT BOURLA. 127 00:07:17,862 --> 00:07:20,447 >> Albert Bourla: WHAT I WAS THINKING WAS IF-- IF-- NOT US, 128 00:07:20,481 --> 00:07:22,654 THEN WHO? 129 00:07:22,689 --> 00:07:26,103 WE ARE HAVING A LOT OF EXPERIENCE WITH VACCINES. 130 00:07:26,137 --> 00:07:29,964 WE HAVE A LOT OF MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY WITH VACCINES. 131 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,137 I WENT AND I SAID, "WE NEED TO DO SOMETHING TO SEE IF WE CAN 132 00:07:32,172 --> 00:07:35,723 HELP IN DEVELOPING A MEDICAL SOLUTION." 133 00:07:35,757 --> 00:07:39,723 >> Whitaker: SINCE MARCH HE HAD BEEN PRESSING PFIZER SCIENTISTS 134 00:07:39,757 --> 00:07:43,723 TO DEVELOP A VACCINE QUICKLY. 135 00:07:43,757 --> 00:07:44,896 HE SET AN OCTOBER DEADLINE. 136 00:07:44,930 --> 00:07:47,930 >> Bourla: THEN OF COURSE, I GAVE THEM ALSO SOME TOOLS IN 137 00:07:47,965 --> 00:07:49,689 THEIR HANDS. 138 00:07:49,723 --> 00:07:51,689 I TOLD THEM THAT THEY SHOULD THINK, THIS IS NOT BUSINESS AS 139 00:07:51,723 --> 00:07:54,103 USUAL. 140 00:07:54,137 --> 00:07:56,413 THERE IS NO CONSIDERATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENTS. 141 00:07:56,447 --> 00:07:59,654 THIS IS CONSIDERED W-- TO HAVE AN OPEN CHECKBOOK, THAT RIGHT-- 142 00:07:59,689 --> 00:08:00,896 >> Whitaker: AN OPEN CHECKBOOK. 143 00:08:00,930 --> 00:08:02,137 >> Bourla: YES. 144 00:08:02,172 --> 00:08:05,896 >> Whitaker: DID YOU HAVE ANY IDEA HOW MUCH YOU'D BE WILLING 145 00:08:05,930 --> 00:08:06,826 TO SPEND? 146 00:08:06,862 --> 00:08:08,481 >> Bourla: WILL COST US AROUND $2 BILLION. 147 00:08:08,516 --> 00:08:14,343 AND I KNEW THAT IF WE FAIL, AND TO HAVE TO WRITE IT OFF, IS 148 00:08:14,379 --> 00:08:15,137 GOING TO BE VERY PAINFUL. 149 00:08:15,172 --> 00:08:17,413 BUT IT WILL NOT TAKE PFIZER DOWN. 150 00:08:17,447 --> 00:08:19,757 >> Whitaker: KATHRIN JANSEN CONVINCED HER BOSS, ALBERT 151 00:08:19,793 --> 00:08:23,723 BOURLA, THAT M.R.N.A. TECHNOLOGY HAD THE BEST CHANCE OF MEETING 152 00:08:23,757 --> 00:08:26,481 HIS TIGHT DEADLINE. 153 00:08:26,516 --> 00:08:31,033 FROM HER WORK WITH BIONTECH ON A FLU VACCINE, SHE WAS CONVINCED 154 00:08:31,067 --> 00:08:34,965 M.R.N.A. WAS ON THE CUSP OF A BREAKTHROUGH. 155 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:37,965 SO PFIZER C.E.O. BOURLA SIGNED OFF ON THE PARTNERSHIP, AND 156 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:41,551 ROLLED THE DICE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY. 157 00:08:41,586 --> 00:08:43,724 THERE WAS A BIG CHANCE THAT YOU MIGHT NOT SUCCEED. 158 00:08:43,758 --> 00:08:47,724 >> Bourla: I BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF SCIENCE. 159 00:08:47,758 --> 00:08:50,447 I BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR. 160 00:08:50,481 --> 00:08:55,136 AND I BELIEVE IN THE MIRACLES THAT SCIENCE IN THE PRIVATE 161 00:08:55,172 --> 00:08:56,379 SECTOR CAN DO FOR MANKIND. 162 00:08:56,413 --> 00:08:59,688 >> Whitaker: UNLIKE OLD SCHOOL VACCINES MADE WITH REAL VIRUS 163 00:08:59,724 --> 00:09:03,758 OFTEN GROWN SLOWLY IN EGGS, THESE M.R.N.A. MOLECULES ARE 164 00:09:03,793 --> 00:09:07,758 PRODUCED RAPIDLY IN A LAB, PROGRAMMED WITH A BIT OF THE 165 00:09:07,793 --> 00:09:11,136 VIRUS' GENETIC CODE. 166 00:09:11,172 --> 00:09:14,481 WE'VE ALL SEEN PICTURES OF THE CORONAVIRUS WITH ITS CROWN OF 167 00:09:14,517 --> 00:09:15,758 SPIKE PROTEINS. 168 00:09:15,793 --> 00:09:19,758 THE M.R.N.A. VACCINE INSTRUCTS YOUR HEALTHY CELLS TO MAKE 169 00:09:19,793 --> 00:09:22,551 REPLICAS OF THE SPIKES. 170 00:09:22,586 --> 00:09:26,344 THEY CAN'T MAKE YOU SICK BUT THEY DO TEACH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 171 00:09:26,379 --> 00:09:27,620 WHAT THE VIRUS LOOKS LIKE. 172 00:09:27,654 --> 00:09:31,724 IF THE REAL VIRUS SHOWS UP, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM ANTIBODIES WILL 173 00:09:31,758 --> 00:09:34,551 ATTACK. 174 00:09:34,586 --> 00:09:38,033 BY MAY, PFIZER WAS READY TO START TESTING THE VACCINE AT 175 00:09:38,067 --> 00:09:39,206 DIFFERENT SITES IN THE U.S. 176 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:40,965 >> Dr. Mark Mulligan: AND I RAISED MY HAND AND SAID YES. 177 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,447 >> Whitaker: THEY TAPPED DR. MARK MULLIGAN. 178 00:09:43,481 --> 00:09:45,895 >> Mulligan: WHY DID YOU WANT TO BE IN THIS STUDY? 179 00:09:45,931 --> 00:09:49,344 >> Whitaker: HE'S DIRECTOR OF N.Y.U.-LANGONE VACCINE CENTER IN 180 00:09:49,379 --> 00:09:50,517 MANHATTAN. 181 00:09:50,551 --> 00:09:55,724 >> Mulligan: I'VE WORKED ON H.I.V./AIDS VACCINES, ZIKA, 182 00:09:55,758 --> 00:09:59,724 EBOLA, FLU PANDEMIC VACCINES. 183 00:09:59,758 --> 00:10:03,724 SO THIS IS REALLY THE MOMENT FOR US TO JUMP IN AND SAY, "OKAY, 184 00:10:03,758 --> 00:10:04,586 LET'S DO IT. 185 00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,688 LET'S TRY TO BE PART OF THE SOLUTION." 186 00:10:07,724 --> 00:10:11,344 >> Whitaker: ALMOST 44,000 PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD 187 00:10:11,379 --> 00:10:14,413 VOLUNTEERED FOR THE PHASED, DOUBLE BLIND TRIALS, TESTING THE 188 00:10:14,447 --> 00:10:18,033 VACCINES AGAINST A PLACEBO. 189 00:10:18,067 --> 00:10:20,413 MOST WERE BETWEEN THE AGES OF 16 AND 85. 190 00:10:20,447 --> 00:10:23,688 RESEARCHERS FACED SOME SKEPTICISM WHEN THEY REACHED OUT 191 00:10:23,724 --> 00:10:26,413 FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC VOLUNTEERS. 192 00:10:26,447 --> 00:10:29,586 WERE THESE COMMUNITIES WELL REPRESENTED IN THE TRIALS? 193 00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:31,688 >> Mulligan: I FEEL THAT THEY WERE. 194 00:10:31,724 --> 00:10:35,688 IF YOU ADD THE HISPANIC POPULATION AND THE AFRICAN 195 00:10:35,724 --> 00:10:38,379 AMERICAN BLACK POPULATION AND THE INDIGENOUS AMERICAN 196 00:10:38,413 --> 00:10:41,379 POPULATION, IT CAME IN AT JUST UNDER 40%. 197 00:10:41,413 --> 00:10:43,274 WE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE DONE A LITTLE BETTER, PARTICULARLY WITH 198 00:10:43,309 --> 00:10:43,861 AFRICAN AMERICANS. 199 00:10:43,895 --> 00:10:47,654 WE WERE JUST UNDER 10%. 200 00:10:47,688 --> 00:10:50,136 BUT I THINK OVERALL, IT'S GOOD AND WE'VE HAD SEVERAL TOWN HALLS 201 00:10:50,172 --> 00:10:52,931 WITH COMMUNITY PARTNERS IN HARLEM. 202 00:10:52,965 --> 00:10:55,172 IT'S IMPORTANT FOR US TO BE ABLE TO SAY, "YES. 203 00:10:55,206 --> 00:10:58,931 THAT WE TESTED IT IN YOUR COMMUNITY. 204 00:10:58,965 --> 00:11:01,793 YES, IT WAS EQUALLY TOLERATED, SAFE, AND EQUALLY PROTECTIVE." 205 00:11:01,826 --> 00:11:03,724 >> PARTICIPANTS ON THE SCHEDULE FOR TODAY. 206 00:11:03,758 --> 00:11:07,654 >> Whitaker: NORMALLY PHASED TRIALS RUN SEQUENTIALLY. 207 00:11:07,688 --> 00:11:11,724 TO SPEED UP THE PROCESS, THE F.D.A. ALLOWED THESE TRIALS TO 208 00:11:11,758 --> 00:11:13,586 RUN SIMULTANEOUSLY. 209 00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:17,826 DR. MULLIGAN TOLD US HE HAD NEVER SEEN IT DONE SO QUICKLY. 210 00:11:17,861 --> 00:11:21,309 WHAT DO YOU SAY TO PEOPLE WHO WORRY THAT THAT WAS TOO FAST, 211 00:11:21,344 --> 00:11:23,688 THAT THIS IS BEING RUSHED TO MARKET? 212 00:11:23,724 --> 00:11:26,413 >> Mulligan: GIVEN THE HUGE PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY THAT 213 00:11:26,447 --> 00:11:31,688 WE'RE IN INTERNATIONALLY, IT WAS APPROPRIATE THAT ALL SPEED BE 214 00:11:31,724 --> 00:11:32,931 USED. 215 00:11:32,965 --> 00:11:38,033 I'VE DONE VACCINE TRIALS FOR 30 YEARS, AND I-- I PROMISE NO 216 00:11:38,067 --> 00:11:43,102 CORNERS HAVE BEEN CUT ON THE USUAL SAFETY EVALUATIONS. 217 00:11:43,136 --> 00:11:46,688 >> Whitaker: VOLUNTEERS' BLOOD SAMPLES WERE BROUGHT TO THIS 218 00:11:46,724 --> 00:11:50,379 PFIZER FACILITY IN PEARL RIVER, NEW YORK, WHERE THESE ROBOTS RAN 219 00:11:50,413 --> 00:11:55,033 DAY AND NIGHT HELPING TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 220 00:11:55,067 --> 00:11:56,344 VACCINE. 221 00:11:56,379 --> 00:11:59,965 THEY'LL CONTINUE COLLECTING AND ANALYZING SAMPLES FOR TWO YEARS. 222 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:07,724 >> Jansen: THESE ROBOTS HAVE TAKEN CARE OF PROBABLY ABOUT 223 00:12:07,758 --> 00:12:08,861 OVER 180,000 TESTS. 224 00:12:08,895 --> 00:12:11,724 >> Whitaker: WHEN THE CRITICAL THIRD PHASE RESULTS WERE 225 00:12:11,758 --> 00:12:15,688 REVEALED LAST MONTH, KATHRIN JANSEN WAS TAKING A BREAK IN THE 226 00:12:15,724 --> 00:12:18,033 COUNTRY WITH HER HUSBAND. 227 00:12:18,067 --> 00:12:20,447 SHE GOT A CALL FROM PFIZER C.E.O., ALBERT BOURLA. 228 00:12:20,481 --> 00:12:23,688 >> Jansen: AND I SAID, "WHAT'S UP, ALBERT?" 229 00:12:23,724 --> 00:12:26,586 HE SAID, "WELL, KATHRIN, WE SPOKE TO THE F.D.A., WE CAN SAY 230 00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:31,688 THE VACCINE IS OVER 90% EFFICACIOUS." 231 00:12:31,724 --> 00:12:32,586 AND I SAID, "WHAT? 232 00:12:32,620 --> 00:12:35,688 [ LAUGHS] THAT IS FANTASTIC." 233 00:12:35,724 --> 00:12:38,413 SO MY HUSBAND AND I, HE WAS STANDING RIGHT NEXT TO ME, WE-- 234 00:12:38,447 --> 00:12:39,688 WE ARE JUMPING UP AND DOWN. 235 00:12:39,724 --> 00:12:43,688 >> Mulligan: TO HAVE A VACCINE THAT WAS NEEDED SO MUCH, AND TO 236 00:12:43,724 --> 00:12:47,654 HAVE IT BE 95% PROTECTIVE, AND TO HAVE IT HAPPEN SO QUICKLY, IS 237 00:12:47,688 --> 00:12:49,586 UNPARALLELED IN MY EXPERIENCE. 238 00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:51,654 >> Whitaker: CAN WE ALL JUST SAY GOODBYE TO OUR MASKS? 239 00:12:51,688 --> 00:12:53,481 >> Mulligan: I'M AFRAID NOT. 240 00:12:53,517 --> 00:12:55,654 WE AREN'T SURE YET THAT THE VACCINES WILL PREVENT 241 00:12:55,688 --> 00:12:58,724 ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION. 242 00:12:58,758 --> 00:13:01,965 THE VACCINE ISN'T PROBABLY GOING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE FOR THIS 243 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,172 CURRENT SURGE THAT WE'RE IN. 244 00:13:03,206 --> 00:13:04,067 >> Whitaker: WE'RE STILL GONNA BE GOING THROUGH THIS FOR A 245 00:13:04,102 --> 00:13:05,826 WHILE. 246 00:13:05,861 --> 00:13:07,206 >> Mulligan: ABSOLUTELY. 247 00:13:07,240 --> 00:13:11,688 THIS WON'T BE LIKE A LIGHT SWITCH THAT'S ON/OFF, BUT RATHER 248 00:13:11,724 --> 00:13:14,447 LIKE THOSE DIMMER SWITCHES THAT WE SLOWLY TURN UP TO BRING UP 249 00:13:14,481 --> 00:13:15,724 THE LIGHTS. 250 00:13:15,758 --> 00:13:23,688 5%, 10%, 20% 50% OF PEOPLE GETTING VACCINATED OVER MONTHS. 251 00:13:23,724 --> 00:13:27,688 BUT TO END THE PANDEMIC IN 2021, WE NEED TO GET PROBABLY 75% OF 252 00:13:27,724 --> 00:13:32,413 PEOPLE VACCINATED AND THEN WE CAN STOP THE PANDEMIC. 253 00:13:32,447 --> 00:13:35,688 >> Whitaker: THERE STILL ARE A NUMBER OF UNKNOWNS ABOUT THIS 254 00:13:35,724 --> 00:13:39,688 VACCINE: HOW LONG DOES IT LAST; ARE THERE LONG-TERM SAFETY 255 00:13:39,724 --> 00:13:43,931 ISSUES, WHY A FEW PEOPLE HAVE HAD SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS? 256 00:13:43,965 --> 00:13:47,344 IT STILL NEEDS TO BE TESTED ON YOUNG CHILDREN AND PREGNANT 257 00:13:47,379 --> 00:13:48,344 WOMEN. 258 00:13:48,379 --> 00:13:51,654 BUT THE MOST PRESSING ISSUE: THE BUMPY ROLLOUT. 259 00:13:51,688 --> 00:13:55,654 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VACCINE WAS RAPID, BUT SO FAR, THE 260 00:13:55,688 --> 00:13:59,654 DISTRIBUTION HAS BEEN ANYTHING BUT. 261 00:13:59,688 --> 00:14:03,724 PFIZER CUT THE PROJECTED NUMBER OF DOSES FOR 2020 BY MORE THAN 262 00:14:03,758 --> 00:14:07,724 50%, CITING A SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIALS. 263 00:14:07,758 --> 00:14:11,724 STATES ARE COMPLAINING THEY'RE NOT GETTING CLEAR GUIDANCE FROM 264 00:14:11,758 --> 00:14:14,447 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S OPERATION WARP SPEED ABOUT WHAT 265 00:14:14,481 --> 00:14:17,586 THEY'RE GETTING AND WHEN. 266 00:14:17,620 --> 00:14:19,724 AT THE MOMENT, THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL IS STILL 267 00:14:19,758 --> 00:14:23,481 FAINT. 268 00:14:23,517 --> 00:14:26,447 [ BELL RINGING] THIS PAST WEEK, WHEN THE U.S. 269 00:14:26,481 --> 00:14:31,447 DEATH TOLL FROM THE PANDEMIC HIT 300,000, THE BELLS AT THE 270 00:14:31,481 --> 00:14:35,688 NATIONAL CATEDRAL IN WASHINGTON, D.C. RANG 300 TIMES- 271 00:14:35,724 --> 00:14:42,447 - ONCE FOR EVERY THOUSAND AMERICANS KILLED BY THE VIRUS. 272 00:14:42,481 --> 00:14:46,481 THIS VACCINE HAS BEEN CALLED A MIRACLE. 273 00:14:46,517 --> 00:14:47,309 HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE IT? 274 00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:49,965 >> Jansen: WE CAN CALL IT A MIRACLE. 275 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:55,688 BUT A MIRACLE ALWAYS HAS A SENSE OF IT JUST HAPPENED. 276 00:14:55,724 --> 00:14:58,102 IT DIDN'T JUST HAPPEN, RIGHT? 277 00:14:58,136 --> 00:15:02,000 IT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS DELIBERATE. 278 00:15:02,033 --> 00:15:03,724 IT WAS WITH PASSION, DONE WITH PASSION. 279 00:15:03,758 --> 00:15:07,447 IT WAS URGENCY. 280 00:15:07,481 --> 00:15:11,724 IT WAS ALWAYS HAVING IN YOUR SIGHT THAT DEVASTATING DISEASE. 281 00:15:11,758 --> 00:15:15,724 [ TICKING] 282 00:15:19,965 --> 00:15:21,826 >> Anderson Cooper: OVER THE YEARS WE'VE DONE A NUMBER OF 283 00:15:21,861 --> 00:15:25,654 STORIES ABOUT WRONGLY CONVICTED PRISONERS WHO GET EXONERATED 284 00:15:25,688 --> 00:15:28,895 WHEN A CRUSADING ATTORNEY TAKES ON THEIR CASE. 285 00:15:28,931 --> 00:15:32,895 IN PRISONS AROUND THE WORLD HOWEVER, THAT RARELY HAPPENS. 286 00:15:32,931 --> 00:15:36,895 IN KENYA, FOR EXAMPLE MORE THAN 80% OF PRISONERS HAVE NEVER BEEN 287 00:15:36,931 --> 00:15:39,517 REPRESENTED BY A LAWYER. 288 00:15:39,551 --> 00:15:42,551 JUSTICE DEFENDERS WOULD LIKE TO CHANGE THAT. 289 00:15:42,586 --> 00:15:44,895 IT'S AN ORGANIZATION STARTED IN AFRICA BY A SOFT SPOKEN, 35 YEAR 290 00:15:44,931 --> 00:15:48,861 OLD LAWYER NAMED ALEXANDER McLEAN. 291 00:15:48,895 --> 00:15:52,861 JUSTICE DEFENDERS HAS WORKED IN 46 PRISONS IN KENYA AND UGANDA, 292 00:15:52,895 --> 00:15:56,136 GIVING LEGAL TRAINING TO HUNDREDS OF INMATES WHO CAN THEN 293 00:15:56,172 --> 00:16:00,931 HELP THEIR FELLOW PRISONERS, THE INNOCENT AND THE GUILTY, GET A 294 00:16:00,965 --> 00:16:02,102 FAIR HEARING IN COURT. 295 00:16:02,136 --> 00:16:05,172 THEY ARE ALSO HELPING SOME PRISONERS GET LAW DEGREES, AND 296 00:16:05,206 --> 00:16:08,931 AS WE FOUND OUT WHEN WE VISITED KENYA BEFORE THE PANDEMIC, THE 297 00:16:08,965 --> 00:16:12,931 RESULTS HAVE BEEN ASTOUNDING. 298 00:16:12,965 --> 00:16:16,931 THIKA MAIN PRISON OUTSIDE NAIROBI IS A MISERABLE PLACE. 299 00:16:16,965 --> 00:16:20,895 BUILT 66 YEARS AGO TO HOLD 300 PRISONERS, WHEN WE VISITED A 300 00:16:20,931 --> 00:16:24,895 LITTLE MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, THERE WERE MORE THAN 1,000. 301 00:16:24,931 --> 00:16:28,688 IN THIS ONE DANK HOLDING CELL, 140 MEN WERE PACKED TIGHTLY 302 00:16:28,724 --> 00:16:29,758 TOGETHER. 303 00:16:29,793 --> 00:16:32,895 THE AIR THICK WITH THE SMELL OF SWEAT, AND URINE. 304 00:16:32,931 --> 00:16:36,793 THEY'D BEEN ACCUSED OF EVERYTHING FROM TRESPASSING, AND 305 00:16:36,826 --> 00:16:38,000 ROBBERY, TO ASSAULT AND MURDER. 306 00:16:38,033 --> 00:16:40,688 SOME HAVE ALREADY BEEN CONVICTED BUT MOST HAVE YET TO STAND 307 00:16:40,724 --> 00:16:41,895 TRIAL. 308 00:16:41,931 --> 00:16:44,000 THEY CAN'T AFFORD BAIL, SO THEY'LL LIKELY HAVE TO WAIT HERE 309 00:16:44,033 --> 00:16:45,793 FOR YEARS. 310 00:16:45,826 --> 00:16:48,895 >> Alexander McLean: GOOD AFTERNOON BROTHERS. 311 00:16:48,931 --> 00:16:52,724 OUR WORK IS TO HELP PEOPLE WHO DON'T HAVE LAWYERS TO ACCESS 312 00:16:52,758 --> 00:16:53,931 JUSTICE. 313 00:16:53,965 --> 00:16:55,758 >> Cooper: THAT'S ALEXANDER McLEAN, THE FOUNDER OF JUSTICE 314 00:16:55,793 --> 00:16:59,654 DEFENDERS, WHICH HAS BEEN WORKING IN KENYA'S PRISONS FOR 315 00:16:59,688 --> 00:17:00,586 13 YEARS. 316 00:17:00,620 --> 00:17:04,895 >> McLean: HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE A LAWYER? 317 00:17:04,931 --> 00:17:06,067 >> Francis Munyao: TWO, THREE. 318 00:17:06,103 --> 00:17:08,034 >> Cooper: JUST THREE MEN IN THIS GROUP OF MORE THAN 200 319 00:17:08,067 --> 00:17:10,275 PRISONERS HAVE AN ATTORNEY. 320 00:17:10,309 --> 00:17:12,964 >> McLean: WE THINK IT'S A PROBLEM THAT OFTEN POOR PEOPLE 321 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,103 GO TO COURT WITHOUT DEFENSE. 322 00:17:15,136 --> 00:17:17,378 >> Cooper: DEFENDING THE DEFENSELESS IS AT THE HEART OF 323 00:17:17,413 --> 00:17:19,654 ALEXANDER McLEAN'S MISSION. 324 00:17:19,689 --> 00:17:23,689 MOST OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN PRISONS IN KENYA DON'T COME TO 325 00:17:23,723 --> 00:17:26,517 COURT KNOWING THEIR RIGHTS KNOWING HOW A COURT WORKS. 326 00:17:26,550 --> 00:17:28,895 >> McLean: YOU MIGHT MEET PEOPLE IN PRISON WHO THINK THAT THE 327 00:17:28,931 --> 00:17:31,792 POLICE ARE THE ONES WHO'VE CONVICTED THEM OF AN OFFENSE. 328 00:17:31,826 --> 00:17:34,205 OR THEY'VE NEVER HAD A COPY OF THEIR JUDGMENT. 329 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:36,895 SO THEY KNOW THAT THEY'VE BEEN CONVICTED, BUT THEY DON'T KNOW 330 00:17:36,931 --> 00:17:38,723 EXACTLY WHAT OF AND WHY. 331 00:17:38,758 --> 00:17:40,895 AND SO OUR HOPE WITH OUR WORK IS THAT WE GIVE PEOPLE FAIR 332 00:17:40,931 --> 00:17:43,723 HEARINGS, SO EVEN IF THEY'RE CONVICTED OR THEY'RE GIVEN A 333 00:17:43,758 --> 00:17:48,895 PRISON SENTENCE, AFTERWARDS THEY SAY, "WELL, THAT'S FAIR BECAUSE 334 00:17:48,931 --> 00:17:51,654 MY VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD." 335 00:17:51,689 --> 00:17:55,689 >> Cooper: MORRIS KABERIA WAS SENT TO THIKA PRISON IN 2005. 336 00:17:55,723 --> 00:17:59,654 HE WAS A POLICE OFFICER AND WAS ACCUSED OF STEALING A CELL PHONE 337 00:17:59,689 --> 00:18:00,931 AND CREDIT CARD. 338 00:18:00,964 --> 00:18:03,758 HOW MUCH TIME DO YOU END UP IN PRE-TRIAL DETENTION, WAITING FOR 339 00:18:03,792 --> 00:18:04,586 YOUR TRIAL? 340 00:18:04,619 --> 00:18:06,000 >> Morris Kaberia: EIGHT GOOD YEARS. 341 00:18:06,034 --> 00:18:07,067 >> Cooper: EIGHT YEARS? 342 00:18:07,103 --> 00:18:07,758 >> Kaberia: EIGHT YEARS. 343 00:18:07,792 --> 00:18:10,895 FROM 2005 TO 2013. 344 00:18:10,931 --> 00:18:12,964 >> Cooper: IN COURT, HE CLAIMED HE'D BEEN FRAMED BECAUSE HE 345 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,344 DIDN'T PAY A BRIBE TO A SUPERIOR OFFICER. 346 00:18:16,378 --> 00:18:19,723 THE JUDGE FOUND HIM GUILTY OF ARMED ROBBERY AND GAVE HIM THE 347 00:18:19,758 --> 00:18:20,931 MANDATORY SENTENCE: DEATH. 348 00:18:20,964 --> 00:18:23,586 THE DEATH PENALTY FOR AN ARMED ROBBERY? 349 00:18:23,619 --> 00:18:24,826 >> Kaberia: YES. 350 00:18:24,862 --> 00:18:28,067 >> Cooper: WHEN THE VERDICT CAME, DO YOU REMEMBER THAT DAY? 351 00:18:28,103 --> 00:18:29,240 >> Kaberia: VERY MUCH. 352 00:18:29,275 --> 00:18:32,931 WHEN THE JUDGE SENTENCED ME TO DEATH, TO SUFFER DEATH BY 353 00:18:32,964 --> 00:18:39,931 HANGING, I JUST SAW BLACK, DARKNESS EVERYWHERE. 354 00:18:39,964 --> 00:18:43,550 >> Cooper: McLEAN TOOK US TO LANGATA WOMEN'S PRISON IN 355 00:18:43,586 --> 00:18:48,034 NAIROBI, WHERE JUSTICE DEFENDERS HAVE TRAINED 31 INMATES TO BE 356 00:18:48,067 --> 00:18:49,309 WHAT THEY CALL PARALEGALS. 357 00:18:49,344 --> 00:18:52,550 THEY ARE GIVEN A THREE WEEK LAW COURSE, WHICH ENABLES THEM TO 358 00:18:52,586 --> 00:18:55,689 THEN TEACH OTHER PRISONERS ABOUT BAIL, COURT PROCEDURES, AND 359 00:18:55,723 --> 00:18:56,895 RULES OF EVIDENCE. 360 00:18:56,931 --> 00:19:00,964 THE PARALEGALS ALSO PREPARE PETITIONS AND WRITE APPEALS 361 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,964 CHALLENGING INMATES' CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES. 362 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:06,792 WHAT YEAR DID YOU ARRIVE HERE? 363 00:19:06,826 --> 00:19:08,964 JANE MANYONGE BECAME A PARALEGAL THREE YEARS AGO. 364 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:12,067 SHE WAS A SCHOOLTEACHER WHEN SHE WAS CHARGED WITH KILLING HER 365 00:19:12,103 --> 00:19:13,758 HUSBAND, WHO SHE SAYS WAS ABUSIVE. 366 00:19:13,792 --> 00:19:16,931 CONVICTED OF MURDER, SHE TOO WAS GIVEN A MANDATORY DEATH 367 00:19:16,964 --> 00:19:18,550 SENTENCE. 368 00:19:18,586 --> 00:19:19,758 YOU DIDN'T KNOW YOUR RIGHTS, YOU DIDN'T-- 369 00:19:19,792 --> 00:19:20,931 >> Jane Manyonge: NEVER, NEVER. 370 00:19:20,964 --> 00:19:23,067 >> Cooper: HOW COURTS WORK. 371 00:19:23,103 --> 00:19:25,723 >> Manyonge: AND THAT'S WHAT PROPELLED ME TO JOIN THE 372 00:19:25,758 --> 00:19:28,517 PARALEGALS. 373 00:19:28,550 --> 00:19:31,758 THAT LEGAL, BASIC KNOWLEDGE THAT I GET, IT GOES A LONG WAY. 374 00:19:31,792 --> 00:19:36,103 YOU DON'T NEED A DEGREE TO DRAFT SOMEBODY AN APPEAL, OR SOMETHING 375 00:19:36,136 --> 00:19:36,931 LIKE THAT. 376 00:19:36,964 --> 00:19:38,205 >> Cooper: HOW DOES THAT FEEL? 377 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,034 >> Manyonge: YOU FEEL THAT YOU ARE STILL A HUMAN BEING, EVEN IF 378 00:19:41,067 --> 00:19:43,000 YOU ARE HERE. 379 00:19:43,034 --> 00:19:44,895 YOU CAN DO SOMETHING TO CHANGE SOMEONE'S LIFE. 380 00:19:44,931 --> 00:19:48,895 >> Cooper: ALEXANDER McLEAN BEGAN VOLUNTEERING TO HELP 381 00:19:48,931 --> 00:19:52,034 OTHERS AS A TEENAGER GROWING UP IN SOUTH LONDON. 382 00:19:52,067 --> 00:19:55,205 HIS FATHER IS JAMAICAN AND HIS MOTHER IS ENGLISH. 383 00:19:55,240 --> 00:20:00,136 HE FIRST WENT TO AFRICA WHEN HE WAS 18 TO DO HOSPICE WORK IN 384 00:20:00,172 --> 00:20:01,344 PRISONS AND HOSPITALS IN UGANDA. 385 00:20:01,378 --> 00:20:04,689 >> McLean: WE WENT ONTO THIS WARD, AND BY THE TOILET ON THE 386 00:20:04,723 --> 00:20:06,931 FLOOR I SAW A MAN LYING ON A PLASTIC SHEET IN A POOL OF 387 00:20:06,964 --> 00:20:08,172 URINE. 388 00:20:08,205 --> 00:20:12,103 AND FOR FIVE DAYS I WASHED HIM AND TRIED TO ADVOCATE FOR HIM. 389 00:20:12,136 --> 00:20:13,309 CAME THE SIXTH DAY AND HE WAS LYING DEAD AND NAKED ON THE 390 00:20:13,344 --> 00:20:15,550 FLOOR >> Cooper: IT'S NOT SOMETHING A 391 00:20:15,586 --> 00:20:17,067 LOT OF PEOPLE I THINK WOULD VOLUNTEER TO DO. 392 00:20:17,103 --> 00:20:19,689 >> McLean: I GUESS THAT SOMETIMES IN LIFE, WE SEE THINGS 393 00:20:19,723 --> 00:20:22,517 THAT WE CAN'T UNSEE, AND THEN WE HAVE A CHOICE AS TO HOW WE 394 00:20:22,550 --> 00:20:24,862 RESPOND TO THEM. 395 00:20:24,895 --> 00:20:28,619 BECAUSE EVERY PERSON HAS GIFTS, AND TALENTS, AND SOMETHING TO 396 00:20:28,654 --> 00:20:29,895 CONTRIBUTE TO OUR SOCIETY. 397 00:20:29,931 --> 00:20:35,034 OUR SOCIETY CAN ONLY FLOURISH WHEN THE INHERENT WORTH OF EACH 398 00:20:35,067 --> 00:20:36,309 PERSON IS VALUED. 399 00:20:36,344 --> 00:20:37,654 >> Cooper: AFTER RETURNING TO LONDON, AND GRADUATING FROM LAW 400 00:20:37,689 --> 00:20:40,862 SCHOOL, HE COULD HAVE GOTTEN A HIGH PAYING JOB. 401 00:20:40,895 --> 00:20:47,103 INSTEAD, IN 2007, HE STARTED A CHARITY TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS IN 402 00:20:47,136 --> 00:20:48,792 AFRICAN PRISONS. 403 00:20:48,826 --> 00:20:52,826 AT NAIROBI'S KAMITI MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON, A NOTORIOUS AND 404 00:20:52,862 --> 00:20:55,654 SOMETIMES VIOLENT PLACE, HE MET GEORGE KARABA WHO WAS ON DEATH 405 00:20:55,689 --> 00:20:59,309 ROW FOR KILLING A MAN IN A DISPUTE OVER LAND. 406 00:20:59,344 --> 00:21:01,205 >> George Karaba: I REMEMBER THE FIRST THING THAT WE ASKED WAS 407 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:04,895 HOW HE COULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE US WITH READING MATERIALS. 408 00:21:04,931 --> 00:21:07,689 >> Cooper: SO McLEAN BEGAN COLLECTING WHATEVER BOOKS HE 409 00:21:07,723 --> 00:21:11,517 COULD FIND FOR THE PRISONERS >> McLean: MY SENSE WAS THAT 410 00:21:11,550 --> 00:21:13,689 BOOKS COULD TRANSFORM US AND-- AND TRANSFORM OUR CIRCUMSTANCES 411 00:21:13,723 --> 00:21:16,895 AND TAKE US-- TO A DIFFERENT PLACE. 412 00:21:16,931 --> 00:21:19,689 >> 9, 10, 11... 413 00:21:19,723 --> 00:21:22,931 >> Cooper: PRISON AUTHORITIES HAD ALREADY STARTED AN ACADEMY 414 00:21:22,964 --> 00:21:25,309 OF THEIR OWN, WITH CLASSES FROM FIRST GRADE THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL 415 00:21:25,344 --> 00:21:30,275 TEACHING MATH, ENGLISH, SCIENCE, AND RELIGION AND WITH MCLEAN'S 416 00:21:30,309 --> 00:21:31,964 HELP THEY TURNED A ROOM AT THE END OF A CELL BLOCK INTO A 417 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,862 LIBRARY. 418 00:21:33,895 --> 00:21:36,378 >> Karaba: YOU CAN'T IMAGINE THE HAPPINESS. 419 00:21:36,413 --> 00:21:37,654 YOU CAN'T IMAGINE-- >> Cooper: JUST FROM A BOOK. 420 00:21:37,689 --> 00:21:39,792 >> Karaba: YEAH. 421 00:21:39,826 --> 00:21:42,205 BECAUSE WHEN I START READING THIS BOOK, AND IT'S ACTUALLY 422 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:43,586 ENLIGHTENING ME. 423 00:21:43,619 --> 00:21:47,758 IT'S LIKE NOW, I'M BEING OPENED UP TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD. 424 00:21:47,792 --> 00:21:49,000 IT STARTED GIVING US HOPE. 425 00:21:49,034 --> 00:21:52,550 >> Cooper: McLEAN WANTED TO DO MORE THAN JUST IMPROVE LIFE IN 426 00:21:52,586 --> 00:21:55,654 KENYA'S PRISONS, HE WANTED TO MAKE SURE THOSE ACCUSED OF 427 00:21:55,689 --> 00:21:56,931 CRIMES HAD A FAIR HEARING. 428 00:21:56,964 --> 00:22:00,895 >> McLean: OFTEN THERE'S PEOPLE FROM BACKGROUNDS OF PRIVILEGE 429 00:22:00,931 --> 00:22:04,550 WHO BECOME LAWYERS, OR BECOME POLITICIANS AND MAKE THE LAW, 430 00:22:04,586 --> 00:22:06,758 BUT IT'S THE POOREST PEOPLE IN OUR SOCIETIES WHO 431 00:22:06,792 --> 00:22:08,895 DISPROPORTIONATELY FEEL THE IMPACT OF THE LAW. 432 00:22:08,931 --> 00:22:12,931 AND I WONDERED WHAT IT'D LOOK LIKE TO TAP INTO THAT LIVED 433 00:22:12,964 --> 00:22:15,723 EXPERIENCE. 434 00:22:15,758 --> 00:22:18,619 >> Cooper: SO IN 2012 McLEAN ARRANGED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF 435 00:22:18,654 --> 00:22:20,895 LONDON LAW SCHOOL FOR INMATES TO BEGIN TAKING A THREE YEAR 436 00:22:20,931 --> 00:22:24,895 CORRESPONDENCE COURSE, THE SAME ONE NELSON MANDELA TOOK WHEN HE 437 00:22:24,931 --> 00:22:26,205 WAS IN PRISON. 438 00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:29,413 TO QUALIFY, THEY HAVE TO PASS AN ENTRANCE EXAM, AND HAVE A TRACK 439 00:22:29,448 --> 00:22:31,758 RECORD OF HELPING OTHER PRISONERS WHILE THEY'VE BEEN 440 00:22:31,792 --> 00:22:32,862 BEHIND BARS. 441 00:22:32,895 --> 00:22:36,862 SO EVEN IF THEY MAY HAVE MURDERED SOMEBODY AND HAVE A 442 00:22:36,895 --> 00:22:42,034 LIFE SENTENCE, IF-- IF THEY HAVE TRANSFORMED THEMSELVES IN 443 00:22:42,067 --> 00:22:43,931 PRISON, IF THEY ARE SERVING OTHERS, THEY MIGHT BE ABLE TO 444 00:22:43,964 --> 00:22:44,862 QUALIFY? 445 00:22:44,895 --> 00:22:46,240 >> McLean: YES. 446 00:22:46,275 --> 00:22:49,034 BECAUSE WE BELIEVE THAT THERE'S MORE TO SOMEONE THAT'S KILLED 447 00:22:49,067 --> 00:22:53,205 THAN BEING A MURDERER OR MORE TO SOMEONE THAT'S-- WHO'S STOLEN 448 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:55,240 THAN BEING A THIEF. 449 00:22:55,275 --> 00:22:56,862 I DON'T THINK ANY OF US HAS TO BE DEFINED BY THE WORST THING 450 00:22:56,895 --> 00:22:58,654 THAT WE'VE DONE. 451 00:22:58,689 --> 00:23:00,931 >> Cooper: REMEMBER MORRIS KABERIA, THE COP IN FOR ARMED 452 00:23:00,964 --> 00:23:02,205 ROBBERY? 453 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:06,619 HE ENROLLED IN LAW SCHOOL AND FOUND THE LEARNING CURVE STEEP. 454 00:23:06,654 --> 00:23:08,758 >> Kaberia: I HAD NEVER TOUCHED A COMPUTER IN MY LIFE BEFORE I 455 00:23:08,792 --> 00:23:09,240 WENT TO PRISON. 456 00:23:09,275 --> 00:23:10,895 >> Cooper: REALLY? 457 00:23:10,931 --> 00:23:12,378 >> Kaberia: YES. 458 00:23:12,413 --> 00:23:16,344 I TOUCHED THE FIRST COMPUTER IN THAT LAW CLASS. 459 00:23:16,378 --> 00:23:19,689 >> Cooper: IN SOME WAYS, THEY ARE LIKE LAW STUDENTS ANYWHERE. 460 00:23:19,723 --> 00:23:24,517 IN THE CHAPEL AT KAMITI MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON, WE WATCHED AS 461 00:23:24,550 --> 00:23:28,895 THEY HELD A MOOT COURT, A MOCK LEGAL HEARING WHERE THEY ROLE- 462 00:23:28,931 --> 00:23:31,723 PLAY, ARGUING CASES WITH ALL THE GRAVITAS AND GRANDEUR OF A REAL 463 00:23:31,758 --> 00:23:35,275 KENYAN COURTROOM. 464 00:23:35,309 --> 00:23:36,758 SOME PRISONERS PLAY PROSECUTORS. 465 00:23:36,792 --> 00:23:40,000 >> THE SOCIETY, AS A WHOLE, NEEDS PROTECTION. 466 00:23:40,034 --> 00:23:41,240 >> Cooper: OTHERS, THE DEFENSE. 467 00:23:41,275 --> 00:23:48,586 >> IT IS BETTER TO ACQUIT NINE GUILTY SUSPECTS, THEN CONVICT 468 00:23:48,619 --> 00:23:49,413 ONE INNOCENT PERSON. 469 00:23:49,448 --> 00:23:52,067 >> Cooper: THERE'S ALSO A DEFENDANT. 470 00:23:52,103 --> 00:23:53,136 >> PLEASE PROCEED. 471 00:23:53,172 --> 00:23:55,654 >> Cooper: AND PRISONER JUDGES TO RENDER A VERDICT. 472 00:23:55,689 --> 00:24:00,689 >> THE APPELLANTS HAVE PROVED THE APPEAL. 473 00:24:00,723 --> 00:24:01,862 [CHEERS] >> Cooper: YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED 474 00:24:01,895 --> 00:24:05,413 PRISON GUARDS IN ATTENDANCE, REMARKABLY SOME OF THEM ARE 475 00:24:05,448 --> 00:24:07,723 TAKING LAW CLASSES AS WELL. 476 00:24:07,758 --> 00:24:11,964 WILLIE OJULU, IS THE CHIEF INSPECTOR AT LANGATA WOMEN'S 477 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:16,517 PRISON, AND JUST COMPLETED HIS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LAW DEGREE. 478 00:24:16,550 --> 00:24:19,723 I DON'T KNOW THAT I KNOW OF MANY GUARDS IN THE UNITED STATES WHO 479 00:24:19,758 --> 00:24:23,619 TRAIN TO BECOME A LAWYER SO THEY CAN GIVE LEGAL ADVICE TO THE 480 00:24:23,654 --> 00:24:24,895 PEOPLE THEY'RE GUARDING. 481 00:24:24,931 --> 00:24:26,205 IT'S PRETTY UNIQUE. 482 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:28,792 >> Willie Ojulu: WELL, IT SOUNDS UNIQUE, BUT THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS 483 00:24:28,826 --> 00:24:30,103 HERE. 484 00:24:30,136 --> 00:24:32,895 YOU KNOW, PEOPLE ARE BROUGHT TO PRISON AS A PUNISHMENT, BUT NOT 485 00:24:32,931 --> 00:24:33,964 FOR PUNISHMENT. 486 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,205 >> Cooper: I'VE NEVER HEARD IT PHRASED THAT WAY. 487 00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:37,689 SO YOUR GOAL IS NOT TO PUNISH THEM? 488 00:24:37,723 --> 00:24:40,205 BUT-- >> Ojulu: BUT TO HELP THEM 489 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:42,517 IMPROVE ON THEIR LIFE AND MANAGE THEIR LIFE PROPERLY, SO THAT 490 00:24:42,550 --> 00:24:48,862 THEY DON'T GET IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW. 491 00:24:48,895 --> 00:24:52,862 >> Cooper: LAST YEAR INSIDE KAMITI MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON, 492 00:24:52,895 --> 00:24:55,689 THERE WAS A GRADUATION CEREMONY THE LIKES OF WHICH NO ONE HERE 493 00:24:55,723 --> 00:24:56,862 HAD EVER SEEN. 494 00:24:56,895 --> 00:25:00,931 18 INMATES, FORMER PRISONERS AND GUARDS, RECEIVED THEIR 495 00:25:00,964 --> 00:25:04,931 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LAW SCHOOL DEGREES. 496 00:25:04,964 --> 00:25:07,723 GEORGE KARABA GOT HIS, AND WHILE HE MAY SPEND THE REST OF HIS 497 00:25:07,758 --> 00:25:12,586 LIFE IN PRISON, HE SAYS HE HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED. 498 00:25:12,619 --> 00:25:15,758 >> Karaba: EVEN IF I DO NOT GET OUT OF PRISON, I WILL STILL 499 00:25:15,792 --> 00:25:16,964 CONTINUE DOING WHAT I DO. 500 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:18,619 >> Cooper: TO SEE SOMEBODY YOU'VE HELPED GET OUT OF PRISON. 501 00:25:18,654 --> 00:25:20,689 >> Karaba: IT GIVES ME GREAT SATISFACTION. 502 00:25:20,723 --> 00:25:21,964 >> Cooper: DOES IT FEEL LIKE PART OF YOU GOES OUT WITH THAT 503 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:22,826 PERSON? 504 00:25:22,862 --> 00:25:23,619 >> Karaba: YEAH. 505 00:25:23,654 --> 00:25:24,895 I FEEL PART OF ME IS ACTUALLY OUT. 506 00:25:24,931 --> 00:25:27,205 AND THEREFORE, I'M GOOD. 507 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:30,034 >> Cooper: GEORGE KARABA AND OTHERS HELPED MORRIS KABERIA 508 00:25:30,067 --> 00:25:32,895 APPEAL HIS DEATH PENALTY CONVICTION. 509 00:25:32,931 --> 00:25:36,895 KABERIA ARGUED THE CASE HIMSELF, AND WAS STUNNED WHEN THE JUDGE 510 00:25:36,931 --> 00:25:40,895 ACQUITTED HIM OF ALL CHARGES AFTER 13 YEARS IN PRISON. 511 00:25:40,931 --> 00:25:43,689 >> Kaberia: I FELT LIKE-- I-- I- - I DID NOT HEAR RIGHT. 512 00:25:43,723 --> 00:25:46,344 SO I ASKED HER, "WHAT?" [LAUGH] 513 00:25:46,378 --> 00:25:47,413 AND SHE TOLD ME, "HEY, COME ON. 514 00:25:47,448 --> 00:25:48,481 I THOUGHT YOU'RE A LAWYER." 515 00:25:48,517 --> 00:25:49,275 >> Cooper: YOU DIDN'T BELIEVE WHAT SHE WAS SAYING? 516 00:25:49,309 --> 00:25:50,240 >> Kaberia: I-- I DON'T BELIEVE-- 517 00:25:50,275 --> 00:25:51,481 >> Cooper: YOU WANTED TO SEE IT IN WRITING? 518 00:25:51,517 --> 00:25:53,034 >> Kaberia: I DON'T BELIEVE IT CAN HAPPEN THAT WAY BECAUSE I-- 519 00:25:53,067 --> 00:25:55,550 IT-- IT WAS NOT-- EVEN IN MY MIND. 520 00:25:55,586 --> 00:25:58,034 FIRST IMPRESSION IS VERY IMPORTANT. 521 00:25:58,067 --> 00:26:00,931 >> Cooper: MORRIS KABERIA WAS FREED, BUT WHEN HE GOT OUT, HE 522 00:26:00,964 --> 00:26:04,931 WENT RIGHT BACK TO PRISON, AS A FULL-TIME EMPLOYEE OF JUSTICE 523 00:26:04,964 --> 00:26:06,689 DEFENDERS. 524 00:26:06,723 --> 00:26:08,931 HERE HE IS TEACHING INMATES A LESSON HE LEARNED IN COURT FIRST 525 00:26:08,964 --> 00:26:10,448 HAND. 526 00:26:10,481 --> 00:26:12,931 ALWAYS LOOK THE JUDGE STRAIGHT IN THE EYE. 527 00:26:12,964 --> 00:26:16,931 >> Kaberia: DON'T JUST LIE LOW, DON'T KEEP QUIET, IT MIGHT 528 00:26:16,964 --> 00:26:19,723 AFFECT YOUR DEFENSE OR YOUR CASE. 529 00:26:19,758 --> 00:26:22,862 >> Cooper: JUSTICE DEFENDERS SAYS IN THE LAST THREE YEARS IN 530 00:26:22,895 --> 00:26:25,034 KENYA, THEY'VE HELPED MORE THAN 18,000 PEOPLE GET A FAIR 531 00:26:25,067 --> 00:26:31,309 HEARING, AND ALMOST 4,000 PEOPLE GET ACQUITTED AND RELEASED. 532 00:26:31,344 --> 00:26:36,895 THIS WAS PAULINE NJERI'S WALK TO FREEDOM, AFTER FIVE YEARS IN 533 00:26:36,931 --> 00:26:39,723 PRISON FOR FRAUD. 534 00:26:39,758 --> 00:26:42,826 HER DAUGHTER WAS THERE TO GREET HER. 535 00:26:42,862 --> 00:26:47,034 SOME OF THE PEOPLE THAT YOUR PARALEGALS ARE TRAINING HAVE 536 00:26:47,067 --> 00:26:48,000 COMMITTED VERY SERIOUS OFFENSES. 537 00:26:48,034 --> 00:26:49,205 >> McLean: FOR SURE. 538 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,895 >> Cooper: DO THEY REALLY DESERVE, A CHANCE TO GET OUT IF 539 00:26:52,931 --> 00:26:55,136 THEY'VE REALLY COMMITTED THOSE CRIMES? 540 00:26:55,172 --> 00:26:56,862 >> McLean: WE'RE NOT DETERMINING SENTENCE. 541 00:26:56,895 --> 00:27:00,931 THOSE WHO ARE GUILTY OF OFFENSES SHOULD BE PUNISHED. 542 00:27:00,964 --> 00:27:04,862 AND THE PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROPORTIONATE AND IT SHOULD BE 543 00:27:04,895 --> 00:27:07,758 VIEWED TOWARDS EQUIPPING THEM ONE DAY TO LEAVE PRISON AND TO 544 00:27:07,792 --> 00:27:10,034 CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY. 545 00:27:10,067 --> 00:27:13,758 BUT THOSE WHO ARE INNOCENT SHOULDN'T BE WRONGLY PUNISHED. 546 00:27:13,792 --> 00:27:18,517 >> Cooper: JUSTICE DEFENDERS RELIES ENTIRELY ON DONATIONS, 547 00:27:18,550 --> 00:27:20,931 AND SPENDS ABOUT $2 MILLION A YEAR HELPING INMATES. 548 00:27:20,964 --> 00:27:24,931 THEY'VE BEGUN TRYING TO EXPAND THEIR WORK INTO OTHER PRISONS IN 549 00:27:24,964 --> 00:27:28,309 AFRICA, EUROPE, AND THE UNITED STATES. 550 00:27:28,344 --> 00:27:31,309 >> McLean: WE HAVE A SHARED HUNGER FOR JUSTICE. 551 00:27:31,344 --> 00:27:35,172 >> Cooper: ALREADY, THEIR IMPACT IN KENYA HAS BEEN PROFOUND. 552 00:27:35,205 --> 00:27:37,723 MORRIS KABERIA WAS PART OF A TEAM OF JUSTICE DEFENDERS WHO 553 00:27:37,758 --> 00:27:40,895 SUCCESSFULLY CHALLENGED THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF KENYA'S 554 00:27:40,931 --> 00:27:43,723 MANDATORY DEATH SENTENCE. 555 00:27:43,758 --> 00:27:48,067 THE LAW WAS CHANGED, AND AS A RESULT THOUSANDS OF DEATH ROW 556 00:27:48,103 --> 00:27:51,654 INMATES BECAME ELIGIBLE FOR RE- SENTENCING. 557 00:27:51,689 --> 00:27:52,689 THAT MUST FEEL EXTRAORDINARY. 558 00:27:52,723 --> 00:27:53,205 >> Kaberia: EXTRAORDINARY. 559 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:54,344 I LOVE LAW. 560 00:27:54,378 --> 00:27:55,103 I LOVE LAW. 561 00:27:55,136 --> 00:27:55,689 I EAT LAW AND DRINK LAW. 562 00:27:55,723 --> 00:27:58,895 I LOVE LAW. 563 00:27:58,931 --> 00:27:59,689 I-- >> Cooper: YOU EAT AND DRINK IT. 564 00:27:59,723 --> 00:28:00,550 >> Kaberia: I SLEEP LAW. 565 00:28:00,586 --> 00:28:01,619 I-- EVERYTHI-- I DO EVERYTHING IN LAW. 566 00:28:01,654 --> 00:28:04,862 [LAUGH] >> Cooper: LISTENING TO YOU TALK 567 00:28:04,895 --> 00:28:07,758 ABOUT THE LAW, IT SORT OF MAKES ME EXCITED ABOUT THE LAW. 568 00:28:07,792 --> 00:28:08,931 >> Kaberia: YES. 569 00:28:08,964 --> 00:28:11,240 LET ME TELL YOU, COOPER. 570 00:28:11,275 --> 00:28:13,758 YOU KNOW, THERE IS ONE THING WE DO. 571 00:28:13,792 --> 00:28:17,034 WE MAKE ASSUMPTIONS AS PEOPLE, AS A SOCIETY. 572 00:28:17,067 --> 00:28:20,931 AND WE DIG OUR GRAVES THROUGH THOSE ASSUMPTIONS. 573 00:28:20,964 --> 00:28:24,689 LAW IS NOT FOR LAWYERS. 574 00:28:24,723 --> 00:28:25,723 LAW IS NOT FOR THE GOVERNMENT. 575 00:28:25,758 --> 00:28:29,275 LAW IS NOT FOR SOME PEOPLE SOMEWHERE OR THE RICH. 576 00:28:29,309 --> 00:28:31,758 LAW IS FOR EVERYONE. 577 00:28:31,792 --> 00:28:37,309 [ TICKING] >> HOW PRISON INTERNET ACCESS 578 00:28:37,344 --> 00:28:40,895 TRANSFORMED THE KENYAN COURT SYSTEM. 579 00:28:40,931 --> 00:28:42,413 AT 60minutesovertime.com. 580 00:28:45,517 --> 00:28:51,000 [ TICKING] >> Scott Pelley: THIS CHRISTMAS 581 00:28:51,034 --> 00:28:55,000 SEASON BRINGS FRESH HOPE WITH VACCINES ROLLING OUT AND A NEW 582 00:28:55,034 --> 00:28:56,136 YEAR DAWNING. 583 00:28:56,172 --> 00:29:00,378 IT'S A TIME OF FAITH, AND REMINDED US OF LALIBELA, A 584 00:29:00,413 --> 00:29:04,205 MONUMENT TO RARE DEVOTION. 585 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,344 800 YEARS AGO, AN ETHIOPIAN KING ORDERED A NEW CAPITAL FOR 586 00:29:07,378 --> 00:29:09,758 CHRISTIANS. 587 00:29:09,792 --> 00:29:16,000 ON THE CENTRAL PLATEAU OF ETHIOPIA STAND 11 CHURCHES, EACH 588 00:29:16,034 --> 00:29:19,034 CARVED FROM A SINGLE, GIGANTIC, BLOCK OF STONE. 589 00:29:19,067 --> 00:29:24,205 NO BRICKS, NO MORTAR, NO CONCRETE, NO LUMBER- JUST ROCK 590 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:26,758 SCULPTED INTO ARCHITECTURE. 591 00:29:26,792 --> 00:29:30,654 AS WE FIRST TOLD YOU LAST CHRISTMAS, NOT MUCH IS KNOWN 592 00:29:30,689 --> 00:29:31,792 ABOUT WHO BUILT THEM OR HOW. 593 00:29:31,826 --> 00:29:36,172 BUT THE FAITHFUL OF THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH SAY 594 00:29:36,205 --> 00:29:37,172 THERE'S NO MYSTERY REALLY. 595 00:29:37,205 --> 00:29:43,034 THE CHURCHES OF LALIBELA WERE BUILT BY ANGELS. 596 00:29:43,067 --> 00:29:48,172 THE NORTHERN HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA ROSE 31 MILLION YEARS 597 00:29:48,205 --> 00:29:52,172 AGO, WHEN FISSURES IN THE EARTH FLOODED THE HORN OF AFRICA WITH 598 00:29:52,205 --> 00:29:55,034 LAVA A MILE DEEP. 599 00:29:55,067 --> 00:30:00,205 ON HILLSIDES, YOU CAN STILL SEE COLUMNS OF LAVA FROZEN IN TIME. 600 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:04,136 IRON MADE THE BASALT RED, AND GASES TRAPPED INSIDE MADE THE 601 00:30:04,172 --> 00:30:11,034 STONE LIGHT-- AS LIGHT AND PLIABLE AS AIR. 602 00:30:11,067 --> 00:30:15,895 CHRISTIANS LAID THEIR MARK ON ETHIOPIA BEFORE THE YEAR 400. 603 00:30:15,931 --> 00:30:19,000 THEY FOUND THE ANCIENT STONE WELCOMED THE BITE OF A CHISEL. 604 00:30:19,034 --> 00:30:24,136 THE CHURCHES WERE CARVED AROUND THE YEAR 1200 BY PEOPLE CALLED 605 00:30:24,172 --> 00:30:27,517 THE ZAGWE. 606 00:30:27,550 --> 00:30:31,000 THEIR KING, LALIBELA, IS SAID TO HAVE TRAVELED THE 1,600 MILES TO 607 00:30:31,034 --> 00:30:32,205 JERUSALEM. 608 00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:36,103 LEGEND HAS IT, WHEN HE RETURNED AND JERUSALEM FELL TO THE 609 00:30:36,136 --> 00:30:40,103 ISLAMIC CONQUEST, LALIBELA ORDERED A NEW HOME FOR 610 00:30:40,136 --> 00:30:41,931 CHRISTIANITY. 611 00:30:41,964 --> 00:30:47,205 >> Fasil Giorghis: AND HE CAME BACK WITH AN AMBITIOUS IDEA, A 612 00:30:47,240 --> 00:30:50,758 VISION OF CREATING AN AFRICAN JERUSALEM, A BLACK JERUSALEM, 613 00:30:50,792 --> 00:30:53,205 HERE IN THE HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA. 614 00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:56,103 >> Pelley: FASIL GIORGHIS IS AN ETHIOPIAN ARCHITECT AND 615 00:30:56,136 --> 00:30:59,481 HISTORIAN WHO WALKED US THROUGH THE ROCK OF AGES. 616 00:30:59,517 --> 00:31:03,517 >> Giorghis: WELL, THERE ARE THREE GROUPS OF CHURCHES, AND 617 00:31:03,550 --> 00:31:07,000 EACH GROUP IS INTERCONNECTED WITHIN ITSELF. 618 00:31:07,034 --> 00:31:09,654 >> Pelley: WE'RE SITTING IN SAINT MARY'S CHURCH. 619 00:31:09,689 --> 00:31:11,309 >> Giorghis: YES. 620 00:31:11,344 --> 00:31:12,448 >> Pelley: HOW WAS IT BUILT? 621 00:31:12,481 --> 00:31:16,136 >> Giorghis: WELL, IT WAS BUILT STARTING FROM OUTSIDE. 622 00:31:16,172 --> 00:31:18,758 THEY FORMED THE SHAPE. 623 00:31:18,792 --> 00:31:21,758 AND THEN THEY START DIGGING OR EXCAVATING DOWNWARDS. 624 00:31:21,792 --> 00:31:24,034 >> Pelley: SO THEY DUG ESSENTIALLY A TRENCH AROUND THE 625 00:31:24,067 --> 00:31:24,517 WHOLE PERIMETER. 626 00:31:24,550 --> 00:31:26,034 >> Giorghis: YES. 627 00:31:26,067 --> 00:31:28,619 >> Pelley: WHICH LEFT THEM WITH A GIANT CUBE OF SOLID ROCK. 628 00:31:28,654 --> 00:31:30,205 >> Giorghis: YES, EXACTLY. 629 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:33,067 >> Pelley: AND THEN THEY CARVED THEIR DOORS AND IN THEY WENT? 630 00:31:33,103 --> 00:31:34,275 >> Giorghis: IN THEY WENT. 631 00:31:34,309 --> 00:31:37,000 >> Pelley: CHIPPING INSIDE, LARGELY IN DARKNESS, ARTISTS 632 00:31:37,034 --> 00:31:42,895 SCULPTED MANY ROOMS, WITH NO ROOM FOR ERROR. 633 00:31:42,931 --> 00:31:47,103 ARCHWAYS, VAULTS AND COLUMNS IMITATE TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION 634 00:31:47,136 --> 00:31:48,964 EVEN THOUGH, IN SOLID ROCK, THERE'S NO NEED TO HOLD UP THE 635 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,103 CEILING. 636 00:31:52,136 --> 00:31:54,964 THE ENDURING MYSTERY IS, WHY? 637 00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:59,309 WHY DID KING LALIBELA ATTEMPT THE SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE WHEN 638 00:31:59,344 --> 00:32:01,034 EASIER BUILDING TECHNIQUES WERE KNOWN? 639 00:32:01,067 --> 00:32:04,034 AS THE STORY GOES, HE WAS HELPED BY ANGELS. 640 00:32:04,067 --> 00:32:05,034 >> Giorghis: YES. 641 00:32:05,067 --> 00:32:07,034 >> Pelley: WHO WORKED ON THE PROJECT OVERNIGHT. 642 00:32:07,067 --> 00:32:10,378 >> Giorghis: I THINK I WOULD RATHER TAKE THIS AS A SYMBOLIC 643 00:32:10,413 --> 00:32:12,136 THING, BECAUSE-- >> Pelley: DO YOU NOT HAVE ANY 644 00:32:12,172 --> 00:32:15,586 EXPERIENCE WORKING WITH ANGELS IN ARCHITECTURE? 645 00:32:15,619 --> 00:32:19,034 >> Giorghis: WELL, I GET INSPIRATION FROM ANGELS. 646 00:32:19,067 --> 00:32:24,136 >> Pelley: THE SITE OF THE 11 CHURCHES COVERS ABOUT 62 ACRES. 647 00:32:24,172 --> 00:32:28,136 IT'S DIVIDED BY A STREAM KING LALIBELA CHRISTENED THE RIVER 648 00:32:28,172 --> 00:32:31,000 JORDAN. 649 00:32:31,034 --> 00:32:36,136 THE LARGEST CHURCH COVERS AROUND 8,000 SQUARE FEET. 650 00:32:36,172 --> 00:32:39,586 EACH IS ABOUT FOUR STORIES TALL. 651 00:32:39,619 --> 00:32:44,136 BUT THEIR MOST ASTOUNDING DIMENSION CANNOT BE MEASURED-- 652 00:32:44,172 --> 00:32:51,103 IT IS THE LENGTH TO WHICH THEY SUMMON ADORATION. 653 00:32:51,136 --> 00:32:54,964 >> Giorghis: THIS IS CONSIDERED TO BE A HOLY PLACE, THAT COMING 654 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:59,964 HERE AS A DEVOUT CHRISTIAN IS A VERY STRONG SIGN OF THEIR 655 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:01,240 BELIEF. 656 00:33:01,275 --> 00:33:04,275 SOME PEOPLE TRAVEL HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS TO GET HERE ON FOOT. 657 00:33:04,309 --> 00:33:06,172 ON FOOT. 658 00:33:06,205 --> 00:33:08,172 AND THEY HAVE BEEN DOING IT FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES. 659 00:33:08,205 --> 00:33:13,034 ♪ ♪ >> Pelley: THE CHURCHES ARE OPEN 660 00:33:13,067 --> 00:33:19,034 FOR WORSHIP YEAR-ROUND, BUT WE WERE THERE CHRISTMAS EVE WHEN 661 00:33:19,067 --> 00:33:24,136 NEARLY 200,000 PILGRIMS ROSE TO HEAVEN ON A PATH DESCENDING INTO 662 00:33:24,172 --> 00:33:25,344 THE EARTH. 663 00:33:25,378 --> 00:33:31,000 MANY WALKED FOR DAYS OR WEEKS, FASTING, ROBED IN WHITE-- AN 664 00:33:31,034 --> 00:33:36,136 ORDEAL THAT IS RINSED FROM THE DISCIPLES IN THE TRADITION OF 665 00:33:36,172 --> 00:33:40,136 JESUS. 666 00:33:40,172 --> 00:33:44,136 ANY ETHIOPIAN OVER THE AGE OF 30 CANNOT FORGET THE SUFFERING OF 667 00:33:44,172 --> 00:33:49,000 DROUGHT AND WAR AND A MILLION PEOPLE LOST TO STARVATION. 668 00:33:49,034 --> 00:33:54,964 AND SO, HAVING KNOWN POVERTY IN THIS LIFE, THEY'VE INVESTED 669 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,205 THEIR SOULS IN THE NEXT. 670 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,517 TEWEDE YIGZAW, TOLD US, "I BELIEVE GOD IS HERE. 671 00:34:00,550 --> 00:34:04,172 I CAME WITH FAITH." 672 00:34:04,205 --> 00:34:07,378 HER NEIGHBOR, GETAYE ABEBEAW, AND HIS DAUGHTER TOLD US THEY 673 00:34:07,413 --> 00:34:11,481 WALKED FROM THEIR FARMS NEARLY 100 MILES AWAY-- A JOURNEY OF 674 00:34:11,516 --> 00:34:13,034 THREE DAYS. 675 00:34:13,068 --> 00:34:15,896 GOD CAN HEAR YOUR PRAYERS ANYWHERE. 676 00:34:15,931 --> 00:34:19,034 WHY DID YOU FEEL YOU HAD TO BE HERE? 677 00:34:19,068 --> 00:34:24,137 "SO THAT GOD CAN SEE OUR DEVOTION," SHE SAID, "AND OUR 678 00:34:24,172 --> 00:34:25,034 DEDICATION." 679 00:34:25,068 --> 00:34:27,931 "WE WERE VERY TIRED," HE SAID. 680 00:34:27,965 --> 00:34:31,000 "WE WERE FALLING AND GETTING BACK UP THROUGHOUT THE JOURNEY, 681 00:34:31,034 --> 00:34:34,655 ALL TO SEE THE CELEBRATION HERE. 682 00:34:34,688 --> 00:34:40,137 AND GOD WILL RECOGNIZE OUR EFFORT." 683 00:34:40,172 --> 00:34:48,137 [ BELL TOLLING] THE CHRISTMAS CELEBRATION 684 00:34:48,172 --> 00:34:52,137 ETHIOPIANS CALL "GENNA" COMPRESSES THEM SHOULDER TO 685 00:34:52,172 --> 00:34:56,103 SHOULDER, TO FAST AND CHANT AND PRAISE ALL NIGHT 'TIL DAWN 686 00:34:56,137 --> 00:35:01,034 BRINGS CHRISTMAS DAY. 687 00:35:01,068 --> 00:35:07,000 THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH CLAIMS TO BE AMONG THE EARLIEST 688 00:35:07,034 --> 00:35:11,757 CAPITALS OF CHRISTIANITY, THANKS TO A MYSTERIOUS FIGURE OF THE 689 00:35:11,793 --> 00:35:13,000 HEBREW BIBLE. 690 00:35:13,034 --> 00:35:17,965 THE FAITHFUL BELIEVE THAT THE QUEEN OF SHEBA LEFT ETHIOPIA, 691 00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:20,172 WENT TO JERUSALEM, WHERE SHE MET KING SOLOMON. 692 00:35:20,206 --> 00:35:24,275 FROM THAT MEETING CAME A SON, AND, WHEN THE SON WAS AN ADULT, 693 00:35:24,309 --> 00:35:30,827 HE RETURNED TO ETHIOPIA WITH 12,000 ISRAELITES AND THE ARK OF 694 00:35:30,862 --> 00:35:35,862 THE COVENANT, CONTAINING THE TABLETS WITH THE WORD OF GOD, 695 00:35:35,896 --> 00:35:37,172 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. 696 00:35:37,206 --> 00:35:40,137 AND THE ARK REMAINS IN ETHIOPIA, ACCORDING TO THE PRIESTS OF THE 697 00:35:40,172 --> 00:35:43,000 ORTHODOX CHURCH. 698 00:35:43,034 --> 00:35:49,000 WE MET TSIGIE SELASSIE MEZGEBU, THE HEAD PRIEST OF LALIBELA, AT 699 00:35:49,034 --> 00:35:54,655 THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE, WHICH WAS LAST TO BE BUILT, AND JUDGED 700 00:35:54,688 --> 00:35:55,931 TO BE THE MASTERPIECE. 701 00:35:55,965 --> 00:36:00,240 I MET A WOMAN ON CHRISTMAS DAY WHO HAD SPENT THREE DAYS WALKING 702 00:36:00,275 --> 00:36:01,034 HERE. 703 00:36:01,068 --> 00:36:04,172 WHO ARE THESE PILGRIMS? 704 00:36:04,206 --> 00:36:07,034 "THESE ARE BELIEVERS," HE TOLD US. 705 00:36:07,068 --> 00:36:12,172 "NOT JUST THREE DAYS, EVEN THREE MONTHS SOMETIMES. 706 00:36:12,206 --> 00:36:16,516 ♪ ♪ WHEN THERE WAS NO AIR TRAVEL OR 707 00:36:16,550 --> 00:36:20,172 BUSES, PEOPLE USED TO TRAVEL FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE 708 00:36:20,206 --> 00:36:29,688 COUNTRY FOR MONTHS, TO COME HERE AND CELEBRATE WITH US." 709 00:36:29,724 --> 00:36:35,793 THE CELEBRATION BEATS TO THE RHYTHM OF ANCIENT INSTRUMENTS; 710 00:36:35,827 --> 00:36:40,137 THE KEBERO DOUBLE-HEADED DRUM, AND A RATTLE CALLED THE SISTRUM 711 00:36:40,172 --> 00:36:47,481 WHOSE SOUND WAS KNOWN IN NORTH AFRICA 3,000 YEARS BEFORE JESUS. 712 00:36:47,516 --> 00:36:52,137 ON CHRISTMAS EVE, WE WATCHED YOU AND YOUR PRIESTS LEAD THE CHANT 713 00:36:52,172 --> 00:36:53,206 ALL NIGHT LONG. 714 00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:56,137 WHAT ARE YOU SAYING IN THAT CHANT? 715 00:36:56,172 --> 00:37:00,206 "WE TELL THE PEOPLE THAT GOD BECAME HUMAN, AND A HUMAN BECAME 716 00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:02,793 GOD. 717 00:37:02,827 --> 00:37:07,034 BECAUSE OF CHRIST, WE WENT FROM BEING PUNISHED BY GOD TO BEING 718 00:37:07,068 --> 00:37:10,862 HIS CHILDREN AGAIN. 719 00:37:10,896 --> 00:37:15,724 CHRISTMAS IS THE DAY THAT FORGIVENESS WAS BORN." 720 00:37:15,757 --> 00:37:18,862 BUT, WHILE GOD FORGIVES, TIME DOES NOT. 721 00:37:18,896 --> 00:37:23,068 AFTER EIGHT CENTURIES, THE BASALT BASILICAS ARE WEARY OF 722 00:37:23,103 --> 00:37:24,172 WIND AND WATER. 723 00:37:24,206 --> 00:37:26,550 >> Stephen Battle: WHAT'S ABSOLUTELY CLEAR IS THAT 724 00:37:26,585 --> 00:37:28,172 SOMETHING QUITE MIRACULOUS HAPPENED HERE. 725 00:37:28,206 --> 00:37:31,034 >> Pelley: STEPHEN BATTLE IS AN ARCHITECT WITH THE WORLD 726 00:37:31,068 --> 00:37:36,172 MONUMENTS FUND, WHO TOLD US LALIBELA'S MIRACLE IS BEING 727 00:37:36,206 --> 00:37:39,000 UNDERMINED, BECAUSE THE ROCK IS NOT ROCK-SOLID. 728 00:37:39,034 --> 00:37:40,585 >> Battle: WHEN YOU'RE BUILDING A CONVENTIONAL BUILDING, YOU GO 729 00:37:40,619 --> 00:37:44,137 TO A QUARRY, AND YOU'LL HAVE DIFFERENT GRADES OF STONE. 730 00:37:44,172 --> 00:37:47,000 AND YOU TRY AND SELECT THE BEST STONE. 731 00:37:47,034 --> 00:37:48,275 YOU LEAVE THE BAD STUFF BEHIND. 732 00:37:48,309 --> 00:37:52,240 WHEN YOU'RE CARVING A CHURCH OUT OF THE MOUNTAINSIDE, YOU DON'T 733 00:37:52,275 --> 00:37:55,000 HAVE THAT LUXURY. 734 00:37:55,034 --> 00:37:58,275 AND SO, TYPICALLY, IN ANY ONE OF THE CHURCHES HERE, YOU GET GOOD 735 00:37:58,309 --> 00:38:00,275 STONE-- AND A LOT OF IT IS GOOD STONE. 736 00:38:00,309 --> 00:38:04,206 BUT THEN YOU ALSO GET ACTUALLY BAD STONE, AND ACTUALLY VERY BAD 737 00:38:04,240 --> 00:38:07,034 STONE, WHICH IS REALLY VERY SOFT INDEED. 738 00:38:07,068 --> 00:38:09,619 AND OVER TIME, IF YOU TOUCH IT, IT ACTUALLY CRUMBLES. 739 00:38:09,655 --> 00:38:12,206 >> Simon Warrack: AND THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST SACRED PARTS OF 740 00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:13,413 LALIBELA. 741 00:38:13,447 --> 00:38:16,206 >> Pelley: WE SAW THE GOOD AND THE BAD IN THE CHAMBER WHERE 742 00:38:16,240 --> 00:38:19,034 KING LALIBELA IS LAID TO REST. 743 00:38:19,068 --> 00:38:23,000 THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST- PRESERVED SCULPTURES I'VE SEEN 744 00:38:23,034 --> 00:38:23,862 AT LALIBELA. 745 00:38:23,896 --> 00:38:24,585 >> Warrack: YES. 746 00:38:24,619 --> 00:38:25,206 THIS IS PARTICULARLY BEAUTIFUL. 747 00:38:25,240 --> 00:38:27,619 AND THEY'RE ALSO PAINTED. 748 00:38:27,655 --> 00:38:31,034 >> Pelley: SIMON WARRACK IS A MASTER STONEMASON, ALSO WITH THE 749 00:38:31,068 --> 00:38:35,309 WORLD MONUMENTS FUND, A U.S.- BASED CHARITY THAT PRESERVES 750 00:38:35,344 --> 00:38:39,516 SOME OF HUMANKIND'S GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS. 751 00:38:39,550 --> 00:38:42,481 WARRACK HAS REPAIRED EUROPEAN CATHEDRALS AND ROMAN 752 00:38:42,516 --> 00:38:43,757 ANTIQUITIES. 753 00:38:43,793 --> 00:38:48,172 BUT LALIBELA IS MORE COMPLICATED BECAUSE OF THE SINCERE BELIEF 754 00:38:48,206 --> 00:38:52,137 THAT ANGELS WORKED THIS STONE. 755 00:38:52,172 --> 00:38:55,000 SIMON, YOU CAN'T ACTUALLY CUT THIS STONE IN ORDER TO FIT A NEW 756 00:38:55,034 --> 00:38:59,619 PIECE IN, BECAUSE THE STONE YOU WOULD BE CUTTING IS SACRED. 757 00:38:59,655 --> 00:39:01,034 >> Warrack: YEAH, THIS WAS ONE OF THE FIRST BIG ISSUES THAT I 758 00:39:01,068 --> 00:39:03,793 CAME ACROSS. 759 00:39:03,827 --> 00:39:06,862 IF WE EVER HAD TO DRILL A HOLE TO STRENGTHEN IT, TO PUT IN A 760 00:39:06,896 --> 00:39:10,034 PIN, WE HAD TO DISCUSS IT WITH THE PRIESTS. 761 00:39:10,068 --> 00:39:12,206 THEY COLLECTED THE DUST. 762 00:39:12,240 --> 00:39:14,896 THERE WAS A WHOLE PROCEDURE AROUND TOUCHING THE FABRIC OF 763 00:39:14,931 --> 00:39:16,206 THE CHURCH. 764 00:39:16,240 --> 00:39:19,034 >> Pelley: THE PRIESTS COLLECTED THE DUST? 765 00:39:19,068 --> 00:39:20,206 >> Warrack: YES, YES. 766 00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:23,309 >> Pelley: THAT WAS THE ISSUE WHEN WARRACK WAS ASKED TO 767 00:39:23,344 --> 00:39:27,550 RESURRECT THE CROSS IN THIS WINDOW WITHOUT DISTURBING THE 768 00:39:27,585 --> 00:39:28,206 FRAGMENT THAT REMAINED. 769 00:39:28,240 --> 00:39:29,309 SO, THIS CROSS WASN'T HERE. 770 00:39:29,344 --> 00:39:31,034 >> Warrack: THIS WAS COMPLETELY GONE, YES. 771 00:39:31,068 --> 00:39:34,862 IT WAS A VERY THIN PIECE OF STONE REMAINING. 772 00:39:34,896 --> 00:39:37,034 SO I HOLLOWED OUT THE BACK OF THE CROSS SHAPE THAT WE WERE 773 00:39:37,068 --> 00:39:42,619 INSERTING, SO THAT IT WAS FITTING OVER THE ORIGINAL STONE, 774 00:39:42,655 --> 00:39:43,896 A BIT LIKE A, LIKE A DENTIST. 775 00:39:43,931 --> 00:39:48,172 AND SO WE WERE ABLE TO CONSERVE THIS TINY BIT OF STONE, WHICH 776 00:39:48,206 --> 00:39:51,481 IS, IN STONE MASONRY TERMS, IT'S CRAZY. 777 00:39:51,516 --> 00:39:54,034 BUT YOU HAVE TO DO THAT IN THIS KIND OF SITUATION. 778 00:39:54,068 --> 00:39:58,309 >> Pelley: THERE HAVE BEEN OTHER CRAZY CONSERVATION IDEAS. 779 00:39:58,344 --> 00:40:01,000 A DOZEN YEARS AGO, FIVE UMBRELLAS WERE BUILT TO KEEP THE 780 00:40:01,034 --> 00:40:04,034 HEAVENS FROM POURING DOWN. 781 00:40:04,068 --> 00:40:08,137 >> Battle: THE LOCAL PEOPLE CALL THEM GAS STATION ROOFS. 782 00:40:08,172 --> 00:40:11,413 AND I THINK IT'S A PRETTY APT WAY OF DESCRIBING THEM. 783 00:40:11,447 --> 00:40:13,000 SO YOU CAN IMAGINE, WE HAVE THIS EXTRAORDINARY SITE WITH SOME OF 784 00:40:13,034 --> 00:40:16,344 THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD, WITH EXTRAORDINARY, 785 00:40:16,378 --> 00:40:18,550 HUGE, SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE. 786 00:40:18,585 --> 00:40:20,137 AND THERE'S A BUNCH OF GAS STATION ROOFS THAT HAVE BEEN 787 00:40:20,172 --> 00:40:22,688 PLACED OVER THE TOP OF THEM. 788 00:40:22,724 --> 00:40:25,000 IT'S REALLY NOT COMPATIBLE, IT'S NOT APPROPRIATE. 789 00:40:25,034 --> 00:40:30,550 >> Pelley: UNHOLY TO BEHOLD, THE ROOFS BECAME A LESSON IN THE LAW 790 00:40:30,585 --> 00:40:31,172 OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. 791 00:40:31,206 --> 00:40:34,137 THE CHURCHES WERE TOO WET. 792 00:40:34,172 --> 00:40:35,655 NOW, THEY'RE TOO DRY. 793 00:40:35,688 --> 00:40:36,965 FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 900 YEARS, THEY'RE NOT BEING RAINED ON. 794 00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:39,862 >> Battle: EXACTLY RIGHT. 795 00:40:39,896 --> 00:40:42,378 AND SO THE STONE IS CONTRACTING MUCH MORE THAN IT HAS EVER DONE 796 00:40:42,413 --> 00:40:43,688 BEFORE. 797 00:40:43,724 --> 00:40:47,793 AND WHAT HAPPENS IS THIS CREATES LITTLE FAILURES ON A MICRO LEVEL 798 00:40:47,827 --> 00:40:49,068 AND THE STONE STARTS TO CRUMBLE. 799 00:40:49,103 --> 00:40:52,103 >> Pelley: THE ROOFS WERE MEANT TO BE TEMPORARY, AND IN A FEW 800 00:40:52,137 --> 00:40:54,965 YEARS THEY MUST BE RE-COVERED. 801 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:59,793 STEPHEN BATTLE PRAYS THEY'LL BE REMOVED ALTOGETHER AND REPLACED 802 00:40:59,827 --> 00:41:01,103 BY INTENSIVE MAINTENANCE. 803 00:41:01,137 --> 00:41:04,655 TO THAT END, THE WORLD MONUMENTS FUND IS TEACHING CONSERVATION TO 804 00:41:04,688 --> 00:41:11,793 DOZENS OF LALIBELA'S PRIESTS AND LAYMEN IN THE HOPE THAT A HOST 805 00:41:11,827 --> 00:41:15,275 CAN PROTECT THE HEAVENLY PERHAPS FOR CENTURIES TO COME. 806 00:41:15,309 --> 00:41:16,481 HOW LONG CAN THEY LAST? 807 00:41:16,516 --> 00:41:18,724 >> Battle: WELL, ANOTHER 900 YEARS, IF THEY'RE LOOKED AFTER 808 00:41:18,757 --> 00:41:20,034 PROPERLY. 809 00:41:20,068 --> 00:41:23,757 OH, YES, WAY BEYOND A SHADOW OF A DOUBT, ABSOLUTELY, IF THEY'RE 810 00:41:23,793 --> 00:41:25,000 LOOKED AFTER CORRECTLY. 811 00:41:25,034 --> 00:41:28,137 >> Pelley: EVEN BEYOND ANOTHER MILLENNIA, WE'RE NOT LIKELY TO 812 00:41:28,172 --> 00:41:31,000 KNOW WITH CERTAINTY THE ANSWER TO WHY. 813 00:41:31,034 --> 00:41:39,550 WHY ATTEMPT WHAT MUST HAVE SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE? 814 00:41:39,585 --> 00:41:42,965 NO ANSWER WAS APPARENT, UNTIL WE CHIPPED AWAY AT WHAT WE SAW 815 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:44,172 CHRISTMAS DAY. 816 00:41:44,206 --> 00:41:48,965 IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, ISAIAH ADVISES THOSE WHO SEEK GOD TO, 817 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,481 "LOOK TO THE ROCK FROM WHICH YOU WERE CUT, AND THE QUARRY FROM 818 00:41:52,516 --> 00:41:54,965 WHICH YOU WERE HEWN." 819 00:41:55,000 --> 00:42:00,172 WHOEVER CUT THIS ROCK, ANGELS OR MAN, UNDERSTOOD THAT IN THE 820 00:42:00,206 --> 00:42:08,172 PRESENCE OF A MIRACLE, FAITH IS NEVER WASHED AWAY. 821 00:42:08,206 --> 00:42:11,516 [ TICKING] 822 00:42:15,413 --> 00:42:18,896 >> Whitaker: NEXT SUNDAY, "60 MINUTES" PRESENTS "HOME FOR THE 823 00:42:18,931 --> 00:42:20,034 HOLIDAYS." 824 00:42:20,068 --> 00:42:23,481 IF YOU'RE STAYING PUT THIS SEASON, WE HAVE WRAPPED UP A 825 00:42:23,516 --> 00:42:25,206 PACKAGE OF SOME OF OUR FAVORITE ENTERTAINERS FROM THE PAST YEAR 826 00:42:25,240 --> 00:42:27,688 FOR YOU. 827 00:42:27,724 --> 00:42:31,550 THEY'RE SURE TO TRANSPORT YOU OFF THE COUCH AND BRING YOU TO 828 00:42:31,585 --> 00:42:35,688 SOME FASCINATING PLACES TO SEE SOME MEMORABLE PERFORMANCES. 829 00:42:35,724 --> 00:42:37,000 I'M BILL WHITAKER. 830 00:42:37,034 --> 00:42:40,931 WE'LL BE BACK IN JANUARY WITH AN ALL-NEW EDITION OF "60 MINUTES." 831 00:42:40,965 --> 00:42:43,793 MERRY CHRISTMAS, AND A HAPPIER NEW YEAR. 832 00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:45,206 [ TICKING]