1 00:00:11,978 --> 00:00:24,224 >>> LAST SYEAR A CONDOMINIUM IN SURFSIDE, FLORIDA, COLLAPSED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT. 98 PEOPLE WERE KILLED. 2 00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:30,997 MORE THAN A YEAR LATER, NO ONE KNOWS WHY THE 40-YEAR-OLD BUILDING FELL. >> I'VE BEEN INVESTIGATING 3 00:00:31,064 --> 00:00:38,037 FAILURES FOR OVER 40 YEARS. THIS PARTICULAR INVESTIGATION IS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX AND CHALLENGING THAT HAS EVER BEEN 4 00:00:38,104 --> 00:00:47,614 UNDERTAKEN. >>> THE HORRORS OF THE HOLOCAUST WERE MET WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF RESISTANCE. 5 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:54,187 SOME FOUGHT BACK BY SMUGGLING FOOD AND WEAPONS INTO JEWISH GHETTOS. TONIGHT WE'LL TELL YOU ABOUT A 6 00:00:54,254 --> 00:01:04,998 DIFFERENT KIND OF RESISTANCE GROUP LIVING IN LITHUANIA. THERE, MEMBERS RISKED DEATH SMUGGLING ARTWORK, BOOKS AND 7 00:01:05,064 --> 00:01:17,177 RARE MANUSCRIPTS, HIDING THEM IN UNDERGROUND BUNKERS. 80 YEARS LATER, WE FOUND TROVES OF HIDDEN MATERIAL STILL BEING 8 00:01:17,243 --> 00:01:21,247 DISCOVERED. ♪ >>> TAKE A LISTEN AS WE DID TO SONA JOBARTEH AS SHE PLAYS THE 9 00:01:21,314 --> 00:01:34,661 KORA. ♪ >> WITH ITS 21 STRINGS, PLAYED BY JUST FOUR FINGERS, TWO ON 10 00:01:34,727 --> 00:01:48,908 EACH HAND, IT HAS A SOUND BOTH FOREIGN AND FAMILIAR. ♪ >>> I'M LESLIE STALL. 11 00:01:48,975 --> 00:01:56,349 >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M JON WERTHEIM. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. >> THOSE STORIES AND MORE 12 00:01:56,416 --> 00:02:14,067 >>> THIS PAST WEEK HURRICANE NICOLE FORCED RESIDENTS IN MORE THAN A DOZEN CONDOMINIUMS NEAR DAYTONA BEACH FROM THEIR HOMES 13 00:02:14,133 --> 00:02:20,340 BECAUSE OFFICIALS DECLARED THE BUILDINGS UNSAFE. IN SEPTEMBER, HURRICANE IAN CAUSED MORE THAN $40 BILLION IN 14 00:02:20,406 --> 00:02:28,781 DAMAGE ACROSS FLORIDA. TO COVER THE BILL, IT'S WIDELY EXPECTED INSURANCE PREMIUMS ARE GOING TO GO UP IN THE SUNSHINE 15 00:02:28,848 --> 00:02:35,755 STATE. ANOTHER DISASTER WAS ALREADY THREATENING TO MAKE HOUSING UNAFFORDABLE FOR MANY. 16 00:02:35,822 --> 00:02:42,762 LAST YEAR, A 40-YEAR-OLD CONDOMINIUM IN THE CITY OF SURFSIDE COLLAPSED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT. 17 00:02:42,829 --> 00:02:49,135 98 PEOPLE WERE KILLED. MORE THAN A YEAR LATER NO ONE KNOWS WHY THE BUILDING FELL. WE WONDERED WHY IT WAS TAKING SO 18 00:02:49,202 --> 00:02:54,741 LONG TO FIND AN ANSWER. TONIGHT, YOU'LL HEAR FROM THE ENGINEERS LEADING THE LOCAL AND FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS AND SEE 19 00:02:54,807 --> 00:03:03,383 HOW THE SURFSIDE MYSTERY IS IMPACTING FLORIDA CONDO OWNERS. THIS IS SURVEILLANCE VIDEO FROM A NEARBY BUILDING. 20 00:03:03,449 --> 00:03:11,090 LOOK JUST BEYOND THE POOL, THE MIDDLE OF THE CONDO COLLAPSES, DISAPPEARING INTO DUST. SECONDS LATER, THE OCEANSIDE 21 00:03:11,157 --> 00:03:16,229 WING SEEMS TO MELT TO THE GROUND. IT WAS ABOUT 1:30 IN THE MORNING. 22 00:03:16,296 --> 00:03:27,907 >> I AM SOUND ASLEEP, AND I HEAR THIS AWFUL NOISE. I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT IT WAS. IT FELT LIKE A MOUNTAIN COMING 23 00:03:27,974 --> 00:03:34,981 DOWN. TWO SECONDS LATER, ALL I REMEMBER IS LITERALLY BEING THROWN OUT OF MY BED AND LANDING 24 00:03:35,048 --> 00:03:43,856 IN FRONT OF THE BED. >> LISA RODRIGUEZ LIVED ON THE NINTH FLOOR IN THE PART OF THE BUILDING THAT SOMEHOW REMAINED 25 00:03:43,923 --> 00:03:49,028 STANDING. >> THERE'S A SMALL BALCONY. SO I STEPPED OUT. MY BRAIN COULDN'T COMPUTE WHAT I 26 00:03:49,095 --> 00:03:53,800 WAS LOOKING AT. I SAID TO MYSELF, WHERE'S THE BUILDING? YOU KNOW, SCREAMING AT THIS 27 00:03:53,866 --> 00:04:00,573 TIME, WHERE'S THE BUILDING? >> THE ELEVATORS WERE GONE, THE STAIRWELLS CLOGGED WITH CONCRETE. 28 00:04:00,640 --> 00:04:07,280 THERE'S NO WAY TO GET OUT? >> THERE'S NO WAY TO GET OUT. I THINK I JUST SNAPPED INTO, OKAY, THIS IS THE SITUATION. 29 00:04:07,347 --> 00:04:16,122 I'M TERRIFIED, I DON'T WANT TO DIE TONIGHT. >> SO RODRIGUEZ STARTED NAVIGATE NAVIGATING A WAY DOWN, HELPING 30 00:04:16,189 --> 00:04:25,331 AN ELDERLY NEIGHBOR OVER THE DEBRIS IN STAIRWELLS. IT TOOK TWO HOURS BEFORE THEY REACHED A FLOOR LOW ENOUGH TO BE 31 00:04:25,398 --> 00:04:31,004 RESCUED WITH A LADDER. TODAY, THIS IS ALL THAT'S LEFT OF THE BUILDING, A CONCRETE SCAR ON THE GROUND. 32 00:04:31,070 --> 00:04:38,611 THE NAMES OF THE VICTIMS ARE LISTED ON A FENCE THAT SURROUNDS THE SITE. IT INCLUDES RETIREES AND YOUNG 33 00:04:38,678 --> 00:04:46,919 FAMILIES. >> PEOPLE WENT TO SLEEP THAT NIGHT IN THE SAFEST SPOT IN THEIR WORLD, YOUR HOME, YOUR 34 00:04:46,986 --> 00:04:51,124 BEDROOM. IT WASN'T THE SAFEST SPOT IN THE WORLD. >> WHAT ANSWERS DO YOU WANT? 35 00:04:51,190 --> 00:04:57,864 >> WHAT ANSWER I WANT? I WANT THE TRUTH FOR MY FRIENDS WHO DIED. THEY DESERVE AN ANSWER. 36 00:04:57,930 --> 00:05:07,774 >> THE ANSWER COULD BE IN THIS MASSIVE MIAMI WAREHOUSE WHERE THE REMNANTS OF THE TOWERS, 800 TONS OF IT, IS BEING STORED. 37 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:14,447 THE FACILITY IS OFF LIMITS TO ANYONE EXCEPT FEDERAL INVESTIGATORS WHO PROVIDED US WITH THIS VIDEO. 38 00:05:14,514 --> 00:05:25,091 THEY'VE STARTED COMBING THROUGH THE TWISTED STEEL AND CONCRETE FOR CLUES. GLENN BELL IS ONE OF THE TEAM'S 39 00:05:25,158 --> 00:05:29,629 LEAD INVESTIGATORS. BELL SPOKE TO US FROM THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND 40 00:05:29,696 --> 00:05:40,773 TECHNOLOGY, THE AGENCY CONDUCTING THE FEDERAL INVESTIGATION. WHEN ADO YOU THINK WHEN HE WILL 41 00:05:40,840 --> 00:05:47,780 KNOW WHY -- WE WILL KNOW WHY THE BUILDING COLLAPSED? >> BY FALL OF 2023 AND THEN WE 42 00:05:47,847 --> 00:05:54,687 HAVE TO WORK ON OUR REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS AND WE'RE LOOKING AT THE FALL OF 2024. >> A LOT OF PEOPLE IN FLORIDA 43 00:05:54,754 --> 00:06:02,228 CAN'T UNDERSTAND WHY THIS IS TAKING AS LONG AS IT IS. >> I WANT THEM TO KNOW THAT WE WE'RE WORKING AS FAST AS WE CAN. 44 00:06:02,295 --> 00:06:09,135 THE IMPLICATIONS FOR OUR FINDINGS ARE HUGE. WE HAVE TO GET THIS RIGHT. >> BASED ON WHAT'S FOUND, BELL'S 45 00:06:09,202 --> 00:06:15,374 TEAM WILL RECOMMEND ANY NECESSARY CHANGES TO BUILDING CODES OR CONSTRUCTION METHODS NATIONWIDE. 46 00:06:15,441 --> 00:06:22,715 >> WE HAVE OVER 600 PIECES OF THE STRUCTURE THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE DOING A LOT OF TESTING ON. THE MORE YOU PUT TOGETHER, THE 47 00:06:22,782 --> 00:06:29,388 MORE THE PIECES OF THE PUZZLE BEGIN TO EMERGE AND STORIES EMERGE. >> WHAT IS THE STORY THAT'S 48 00:06:29,455 --> 00:06:36,329 EMERGED AT THIS POINT? WHAT DO YOU KNOW? >> RIGHT NOW WE'RE PURSUING ABOUT TWO DOZEN HYPOTHESES ABOUT 49 00:06:36,395 --> 00:06:45,738 WHAT THE CAUSES MAY HAVE BEEN. >> AMONG THE POSSIBILITIES ARE SHODDY CONSTRUCTION, BAD DESIGN OR FAULTY MATERIALS. 50 00:06:45,805 --> 00:06:54,580 THOSE ON THE ENGINEERING TEAM THAT INVESTIGATED THE COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER FOLLOWING THE 9/11 ATTACK CAME 51 00:06:54,647 --> 00:07:02,455 OUT OF RETIREMENT TO TRY AND SOLVE THE SURFSIDE MYSTERY. >> I'VE BEEN INVESTIGATING FAILURES FOR OVER 40 YEARS. 52 00:07:02,522 --> 00:07:08,227 THIS PARTICULAR INVESTIGATION I CAN SAY IS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX AND CHALLENGING THAT HAS EVER BEEN UNDERTAKEN. 53 00:07:08,294 --> 00:07:16,235 >> WHY IS THAT? >> SOMETIMES IN BUILDING FAILURES, THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES ARE RELATIVELY APPARENT. 54 00:07:16,302 --> 00:07:34,754 WE HAVE NO SUCH APPARENT CAUSE AFTER CHAMPLAIN TOUWERS AFTER MORE THAN A YEAR. >> THE TESTS ON BUILDING 55 00:07:34,821 --> 00:07:44,697 MATERIALIS BEGAN IN AUGUST. GLENN BELL TELLS US IF INVESTIGATORS DISCOVER ANYTHING THAT POSES A DANGER TO OTHER 56 00:07:44,764 --> 00:07:50,002 BUILDINGS, THEY WILL REVEAL IT IMMEDIATELY. IS IT POSSIBLE YOU WON'T KNOW WHAT CAUSED THE BUILDING TO 57 00:07:50,069 --> 00:08:04,750 COLLAPSE? >> I'M CONFIDENT THAT WE WILL, BUT IT WILL TAKE A LONG TIME. >> BACK IN SURFSIDE, THE 58 00:08:04,817 --> 00:08:07,486 INVESTALAN ON TOLD US THE INVESTIGATION DOESN'T NEED TO TAKE TWO MORE YEARS. 59 00:08:07,553 --> 00:08:12,825 HE WAS HIRED BY THE CITY OF SURFSIDE TO CONDUCT HIS OWN INVESTIGATION. >> I ALWAYS SAY A BUILDING TALKS 60 00:08:12,892 --> 00:08:21,667 TO YOU IF YOU KNOW HOW TO LISTEN. IT FINALLY SAYS I GIVE UP, I'LL FALL DOWN. 61 00:08:21,734 --> 00:08:29,342 >> HE WAS PART OF THE INVESTIGATION AFTER THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING AND THE 9/11 ATTACK ON THE PENTAGON. 62 00:08:29,408 --> 00:08:35,281 WHERE ARE YOU IN THE INVESTIGATION? >> ABOUT EIGHT MONTHS BEHIND WHERE I WANT TO BE. 63 00:08:35,348 --> 00:08:44,090 >> THAT'S BECAUSE HE IS STILL NEGOTIATING WITH FEDERAL INVESTIGATORS FOR PERMISSION TO DO HIS OWN TESTS ON THE BUILDING 64 00:08:44,156 --> 00:08:49,528 SAMPLES LOCKED UP IN THAT WAREHOUSE. >> IS THAT UNUSUAL? >> I'VE NEVER RUN INTO IT 65 00:08:49,595 --> 00:08:55,534 BEFORE. IT'S VERY UNUSUAL. >> IT TOOK UNTIL THIS PAST AUGUST BEFORE ALAN WAS ALLOWED 66 00:08:55,601 --> 00:09:06,078 TO DO THIS, HIS FIRST BIG ONSITE TEST. WE WATCHED AS HIS TEAM USED 350 TONS OF STEEL PLATES TO MEASURE 67 00:09:06,145 --> 00:09:11,651 HOW MUCH LOAD THE STRUCTURAL PILINGS OF THE SITE COULD HANDLE. >> THIS BUILDING SAT THERE FOR A 68 00:09:11,717 --> 00:09:19,759 VERY LONG TIME, RIGHT. IT'S BEEN THERE FOR 40 YEARS, FULL OF PEOPLE FOR 40 YEARS, CARS IN IT FOR 40 YEARS. 69 00:09:19,825 --> 00:09:30,636 BUILDINGS DON'T JUST FALL DOWN. >> WSURVIVORS AND VICTIMS' FAMILIES HAVE COME UP WITH THEIR OWN HYPOTHESES. 70 00:09:30,703 --> 00:09:41,847 ONE IS THAT WEEKS OF VIBRATIONS FROM CONSTRUCTION OF THAT OVAL-SHAPED CONDO NEXT DOOR SOMEHOW COMPROMISED THE 71 00:09:41,914 --> 00:09:48,020 BUILDING. THIS LETTER COMPLAINED THE DIGGING WAS, QUOTE, TOO CLOSE TO OUR PROPERTY AND WE HAVE 72 00:09:48,087 --> 00:09:55,695 CONCERNS REGARDING THE STRUCTURE OF OUR BUILDING. SEVERAL PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE TOWERS HAVE EXPRESSED CONCERN 73 00:09:55,761 --> 00:10:02,168 ABOUT THE VIBRATION OF THE BUILDING NEXT TO IT BEING BUILT. IS THIS SOMETHING YOU'RE LOOKING INTO? 74 00:10:02,234 --> 00:10:10,977 >> THESE ARE ONE OR TWO OF THE MANY FAILURE HIGHYPOTHESES WE'R PURSUING. WE'RE DEFINITELY LOOKING AT IT 75 00:10:11,043 --> 00:10:23,289 VERY CAREFULLY. >> THE COMPANY THAT BUILT THE CONDO WERE AMONG THE PARTICIPANTS IN A$1.1 BILLION 76 00:10:23,356 --> 00:10:29,462 SETTLEMENT WITH THE VICTIMS AND FAMILIES. THE DEAL IS NO COMFORT TO SHANNON GALLAGHER. 77 00:10:29,528 --> 00:10:35,968 SHE LIVES IN A CONDO THAT'S NEXT DOOR TO NEW CONSTRUCTION IN SURFSIDE. >> THIS BUILDING IS HOW OLD? 78 00:10:36,035 --> 00:10:49,348 >> 1965. >> HOW SAFE DO YOU FEEL IN IT? >> I DON'T. >> SHE'S WORRIES ABOUT 79 00:10:49,415 --> 00:10:55,654 VIBRATIONS JUST BELOW HER. SHE'S ASKED A COURT TO INTERVENE. >> THIS BUILDING IS GOING TO BE 80 00:10:55,721 --> 00:11:02,428 REPLACED WITH A BUILDING THAT IS SIGNIFICANTLY TALLER. YOU CAN LITERALLY FEEL VIBRATIONS WHEN THEY WERE 81 00:11:02,495 --> 00:11:10,836 WORKING ON THAT BUILDING AND IT'S FURTHER AWAY. YOU COULD FEEL THE BUILDING VIBRATE. 82 00:11:10,903 --> 00:11:16,776 >> I COULD PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN MANHATTAN SAY, WE BUILD RIGHT NEXT TO EACH OTHER, WHAT'S THE PROBLEM? 83 00:11:16,842 --> 00:11:23,315 >> I UNDERSTAND DEVELOPMENT. THERE'S GOT TO BE SOME THOUGHT FOR WHO YOU'RE BUILDING NEXT TO. >> FAMILIES OF THE VICTIMS HAVE 84 00:11:23,382 --> 00:11:32,224 ALSO ACCUSED THE CONDO BOARD OF NOT IMMEDIATELY REPAIRING MAJOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE. IN THIS 2018 REPORT, AN ENGINEER 85 00:11:32,291 --> 00:11:39,799 HIRED BY THE CONDO BOARD FLAGGED FAILED WATERPROOFING BELOW THE POOL DECK AND CRACKING IN COLUMNS IN THE GARAGE. 86 00:11:39,865 --> 00:11:46,972 >> THEY NEEDED $15 MILLION TO MAKE THE REPAIR TO THE GARAGE AND THE STRUCTURE. THEY HAD 700,000. 87 00:11:47,039 --> 00:11:56,682 >> ERIC GLAZER HAS PRACTICED CONDO LAW IN FLORIDA FORYEAR S YEARS AND ESTIMATES HE'S TRAINED 88 00:11:56,749 --> 00:12:02,421 22,000 OWNERS FROM ACROSS THE STATE IN HOW TO MANAGE THEIR CONDOS. >> IN ORDER TO GET ON THE BOARD, 89 00:12:02,488 --> 00:12:10,029 THERE'S NO PRIOR QUALIFICATIONS WHAT WHATSOEVER. >> WHAT HAPPENS? 90 00:12:10,096 --> 00:12:15,801 >> SOMETIMES THE BUDGET OR THE SPENDING ISN'T DONE RIGHT. OFTEN TIMES THE REPAIRS ARE NOT DONE RIGHT. 91 00:12:15,868 --> 00:12:23,375 >> GLAZER TOLD US CONDO BOARDS CAN FACE INTENSE PRESSURES FROM NEIGHBORS, ESPECIALLY RETIREES, TO KEEP COSTS LOW. 92 00:12:23,442 --> 00:12:28,447 THAT'S NOT EASY. TWO-THIRDS OF THE CONDOS IN FLORIDA ARE AT LEAST 30 YEARS OLD. 93 00:12:28,514 --> 00:12:36,622 IN OCTOBER THIS 50-YEAR-OLD CONDO IN MIAMI BEACH WAS DEEMED UNSAFE AND RESIDENTS ORDERED OUT WHEN ENGINEERS FOUND A CRACK IN 94 00:12:36,689 --> 00:12:43,329 A SUPPORT BEAM HAD EXPANDED. >> DOESN'T ANYBODY THINK EVENTUALLY THESE BUILDINGS ARE GOING TO NEED REPAIR? 95 00:12:43,395 --> 00:12:57,743 >> AND NOW THE BILL'S COME DUE. >> THE SCRUTINY OF CONDO BOARDS PUSHED FLORIDA'S LEGISLATURE TO PASS SWEEPING CONDO LAWS. 96 00:12:57,810 --> 00:13:04,984 NEW REQUIREMENTS INCLUDE STRUCTURAL INSPECTIONS BY ENGINEERS OR ARCHITECTS FOR CONDOS THREE STORIES OR HIGHER. 97 00:13:05,050 --> 00:13:13,993 ANY RECOMMENDED FIXES MUST BE MADE. CONDO BOARDS WILL HAVE TO SET ASIDE ENOUGH MONEY FOR FUTURE 98 00:13:14,059 --> 00:13:19,498 REPAIRS. >> NOW YOU'RE HAVING SITUATIONS IN FLORIDA WHERE PEOPLE ON A FIFIX 99 00:13:19,565 --> 00:13:28,007 ED INCOME ARE GOING TO BE ASKED TO COME UP WITH THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS AND THEY DON'T HAVE IT. >> HOW DOES THIS CHANGE WHO 100 00:13:28,073 --> 00:13:34,213 LIVES IN FLORIDA? >> THE DAYS OF GRANDMA AND GRANDPA SOLELY ON SOCIAL SECURITY COMING TO FLORIDA AND 101 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:41,520 THINKING THEY'RE GOING TO MOVE INTO A CONDOMINIUM, THAT'S GONE FOREVER. >> HE EXPECTS THE DEVELOPERS WHO 102 00:13:41,587 --> 00:13:50,896 HAVE TRANSFORMED MUCH OF SOUTH FLORIDA'S COAST INTO A CANYON OF GLASS AND STEEL WILL LOOK TO BUY OLDER CONDOS THAT CAN'T AFFORD 103 00:13:50,963 --> 00:13:58,637 REPAIR AND TEAR THEM DOWN AND REPLACE THEM WITH A MORE PROFITABLE LUXURY CONDOMINIUM. >> WE HAD A DEVELOPMENT FIRM 104 00:13:58,704 --> 00:14:04,243 COME AND MAKE OFFERS. WHAT WE WERE OFFERED WAS SIGNIFICANTLY BELOW MARKET VALUE. 105 00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:13,085 >> ROBERT LISTMAN AND HIS FAMILY LIVE TWO DOORS DOWN FROM THE COLLAPSE IN A CONDO BUILT BY THE SAME DEVELOPERS. 106 00:14:13,152 --> 00:14:18,190 DO YOU THINK THESE PEOPLE ARE DESPERATE, THEY'RE SCARED AND THEY'RE GOING TO TAKE THESE OFFRS? 107 00:14:18,257 --> 00:14:23,329 >> ABSOLUTELY. THEY COULD BUY OUR APARTMENT FOR WHAT IT'S WORTH AND STILL MAKE A KILLING OFF OF IT. 108 00:14:23,395 --> 00:14:32,071 >> ARE YOU WORRIED THAT ANOTHER DEVELOPER IS GOING TO COME AND SAY, HEY, MOST OF YOU AREN'T GOING TO BE ABLE TO AFFORD THIS. 109 00:14:32,137 --> 00:14:38,978 CAN I BUY YOUR APARTMENT? >> I KNOW THERE'S GOING TO BE A LOT OF OPENERS THAT ARE GOING TO LOOK AT THAT AMOUNT AND LOOK AT 110 00:14:39,044 --> 00:14:53,259 THIS OFFER THEY'RE GIVEN AND GO FOR WHATEVER IT IS THEY CAN GET. >> AS PART OF THE SETTLEMENT, LISA RODRIGUEZ TOLD US SHE GOT 111 00:14:53,325 --> 00:15:00,132 LESS THAN MARKET VALUE FOR THE CONDO SHE LOST. $70 MILLION WAS PAID TO LAWYERS WHO REPRESENTED SURVIVORS AND 112 00:15:00,199 --> 00:15:20,786 VICTIMS' FAMILIES. THE PROPERTY HAS BEEN SOLD FOR $120 MILLION TO A DEVELOPER FROM THE PERSIAN GULF WITH PLANS TO 113 00:15:20,853 --> 00:15:28,661 . >>> THE HORRORS OF THE HOLOCAUST WERE MET WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF RESISTANCE. 114 00:15:28,727 --> 00:15:36,568 SOME SMUGGLED FOOD AND WEAPONS INTO JEWISH GHETTOS. TONIGHT WE TELL YOU ABOUT THE PAPER BRIGADE. 115 00:15:36,635 --> 00:15:46,178 MADE UP OF WRITERS AND INTELLECTUALS LIVING IN LITHUANIA'S CAPITAL. THEY RISKED DEATH SMUGGLING 116 00:15:46,245 --> 00:15:54,420 ARTWORK AND MANUSCRIPTS, HIDING THEM IN BUNKERS. TODAY 80 YEARS AFTER THE PAPER BRIGADE FOUGHT BACK AGAINST 117 00:15:54,486 --> 00:16:03,595 CULTURAL GENOCIDE, THEIR HEROICS ARE UNFOLDING. THERE'S AN ACTIVE SEARCH AND RESCUE MISSION UNDER WAY WHERE 118 00:16:03,662 --> 00:16:09,401 MATERIAL CONTINUES TO BE DISCOVERED AND RECOVERED. >> MY INTENTION IS NOT TO SEIZE IT AND TAKE IT AND BRING IT 119 00:16:09,468 --> 00:16:16,442 SOMEPLACE. IT'S TO OPEN IT UP SO THE PUBLIC CAN SEE IT AND PUT IT OUT THERE IN THE WORLD. 120 00:16:16,508 --> 00:16:24,249 >> JONATHAN BRANDT IS THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF AN INSTITUTE BASED IN NEW YORK WHICH HOUSES 24 MILLION JEWISH 121 00:16:24,316 --> 00:16:33,959 CULTURAL ARTIFACTS. THIS PAST SPRING WE MET HIM WHERE THE YIVO INSTITUTE ORIGINATED IN 1925 AND WHERE 122 00:16:34,026 --> 00:16:43,369 SOME OF ITS COLLECTION HAS BEEN UNACCOUNTED FOR SINCE WORLD WAR II. WE LOOKED ON AS BRENTANDT EXAMI 123 00:16:43,435 --> 00:16:49,074 DOCUMENTS IN A STORAGE CLOSET. >> THIS IS AN ACTIVE INVESTIGATION. >> YES, THIS HISTORY IS NOT 124 00:16:49,141 --> 00:16:56,081 OVER. >> BENEATH THE HILL OF THREE CROSSES, ITS BEAUTY MASKS A DARK CHAPTER. 125 00:16:56,148 --> 00:17:02,688 TODAY THE CITY IS MOSTLY CATHOLIC. BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR, IT WAS ALMOST HALF JEWISH AND A 126 00:17:02,755 --> 00:17:16,835 MAGNET FOR ARTISTS, MUSICIANS, POETS AND DRAMATISTS FROM ALL OVER EASTERN EUROPE. THEY WROTE MOSTLY IN YIDDISH. 127 00:17:16,902 --> 00:17:23,275 >> MOST PEOPLE IN AMERICA KNOW NOTHING OF THE GREAT FLOURISHING OF JEWISH CULTURE THAT TOOK PLACE IN THIS CITY. 128 00:17:23,342 --> 00:17:37,990 >> THEN IN THE SUMMER OF 1941, THEVADED THE SOVIET UNION. WITHIN SIX MONTHS, 50,000 OF THE 129 00:17:38,056 --> 00:17:49,201 70,000 JEWS WERE KILLED. >> ONE OF THE WORST SLAUGHTERS DURING THE HOLOCAUST, SOME 90 TO 95 PRNT 130 00:17:49,268 --> 00:18:00,345 95% OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF LITHUANIA WAS MURDERED, BRUTALLY, CRUELLY, SADISTICALLY. SHOT, BURNED, HIDEOUS. 131 00:18:00,412 --> 00:18:09,221 >> THE NAZIS WERE ALSO DETERMINED TO EXTINGUISH THE JEWISH CULTURE. THERE WAS NO PLACE MORE CENTRAL 132 00:18:09,288 --> 00:18:15,427 THAN THE YIDDISH SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE. PART MUSEUM, PART LIBRARY, PART UNIVERSITY. 133 00:18:15,494 --> 00:18:31,510 ITS ARCHIVE WAS AS VARIED AS IT WAS MASSIVE. SIGMUND FREUD AND ALBERT EINSTEIN SAT ON THE BOARD. 134 00:18:31,577 --> 00:18:38,350 STIEK STRIKES ME SOMEONE HAD A PRESSURE PRESCIENT SENSE OF ALL THIS. 135 00:18:38,417 --> 00:18:46,725 YOU'RE CAPTURING THIS HISTORY RIGHT BEFORE OTHER PEOPLES ARE TRYING TO ERASE IT. >> WELL, THE IJEWS HAVE HAD QUIE 136 00:18:46,792 --> 00:19:02,541 A BIT OF HISTORY THAT PREPARED THEM FOR THAT. >> THE NAZIS NEEDED HELP ASSESSING WHAT WAS VALUABLE, SO 137 00:19:02,608 --> 00:19:16,455 THEY ROUNDED UP 40 JEWISH WRITERS AND ARTISTS, MOCKINGLY NICKNAMED THE PAPER BRIGADE TO SORT THROUGH THE COLLECTION. 138 00:19:16,522 --> 00:19:24,029 THEY SET ASIDE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT MANUSCRIPTS AND ART AND ORGANIZED A SMUGGLING OPERATION BACK TO THE GHETTO. 139 00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:32,371 HOMEMADE DIAPERS SIGNED INTO THEIR PANTS CONCEALED THE CONTRABAND FROM THE NAZI GUARDS. THEY HAD TEN HIDING PLACES. 140 00:19:32,437 --> 00:19:41,246 THE LARGEST WAS UNDERNEATH THIS HOUSE, 6 0 FEET DOWN, ACCESSIBLE ONLY THROUGH A SEWAGE TUNNEL. YOU SAID SOME PEOPLE RESISTED BY 141 00:19:41,313 --> 00:19:47,319 TAKING UP ARMS OR SMUGGLING FOOT OR MEDICAL SUPPLIES. THIS WAS A FORM OF RESISTANCE ALSO. 142 00:19:47,386 --> 00:19:59,631 >> YES, BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT IF THEY ARE NOT GOING TO SURVIVE, THE JEWISH PEOPLE WOULD HAVE THEIR CULTURE AGAIN TO 143 00:19:59,698 --> 00:20:12,044 REMEMBER. >> >> THIS IS THE GRANDDAUGHTER OF AN AVANT-GARDE POET. 144 00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,517 >> PEOPLE IN THE GHETTO LAUGHED AT THEM. OH, YOU'RE SMUGGLING PAPERS. SMUGGLE FOOD. 145 00:20:18,584 --> 00:20:23,021 WE NEED FOOD. >> WHAT WAS THE RESPONSE TO THAT? >> YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT 146 00:20:23,088 --> 00:20:36,969 POETRY, LITERATURE AND CULTURE WAS PART OF THEIR SOUL. >> CALDERON GREW UP LISTENING TO HER GRANDFATHER'S WAR STORIES. 147 00:20:37,035 --> 00:20:44,943 WE INVITED HER TO MEET US IN LITHUANIA FROM ISRAEL. SHE TOLD US ABOUT THE NIGHT HER GRANDFATHER BARELY ESCAPED THE 148 00:20:45,010 --> 00:20:53,952 NAZI GUARD AT THE GATE OF THE JEWISH GHETTO. >> HE WAS KNOCKED DOWN AND THE PAPERS CAME OUT OF HIM. 149 00:20:54,019 --> 00:21:01,727 HE TOOK THE GUN, THE GUARD AND SAID, WHAT, YOU'RE NOT ALLOWED TO TAKE ANYTHING IN. >> HE SAYS HE TOLD THE GUARD THE 150 00:21:01,793 --> 00:21:10,135 PAPERS WERE NEEDED FOR KINDLING. >> AND HE LET HIM IN. >> AMONG THE ITEMS CONCEALED, THE ORIGINAL WRITINGS OF THE 151 00:21:10,202 --> 00:21:21,847 MARK TWAIN OF EASTERN EUROPE, WHOSE STORIES INSPIRED "FIDDLER ON THE ROOF." IN 1944 THE SOVIETS LIBERATED 152 00:21:21,913 --> 00:21:27,619 LITHUANIA AND RECLAIMED THE COUNTRY AS PART OF THE SOVIET UNION. ONLY EIGHT OF THE 40 MEMBERS OF 153 00:21:27,686 --> 00:21:35,727 THE PAPER BRIGADE HAD SURVIVED THE WAR. >> THIS IS AN UNBELIEVABLE PICTURE OF THEM COMING BACK TO 154 00:21:35,794 --> 00:21:42,434 SEE WHAT CAN WE SAVE? >> THEY DUG UP THE TREASURES FROM THEIR HIDING PLACES. >> YOUR GRAND FATHER PUT HIMSELF 155 00:21:42,501 --> 00:21:50,375 AT HUGE RISK DOING THIS. DID HE EVER DISCUSS WITH YOU WHETHER IT WAS WORTH IT? >> HE FELT THAT IF HE SURVIVED, 156 00:21:50,442 --> 00:22:04,356 THEN HE HAS A MISSION, TO BE THE DELIVERER FOR THE DEAD FOR THE STORIES, FOR THE CULTURE. SO THAT IS THE POINT OF LIVING. 157 00:22:04,423 --> 00:22:12,197 >> WITH THE SOVIETS NOW CONTROLLING LITHUANIA, JEWISH LIFE AGAIN CAME UNDER ASSAULT. EVERYTHING THE PAPER BRIGADE 158 00:22:12,264 --> 00:22:20,439 RISKED THEIR LIVES TO PROTECT WAS ENGAGED FOR A SECOND TIME. >> THESE TREASURES THAT CONNECTED YOU TODAY WITH A PAST 159 00:22:20,505 --> 00:22:27,145 OF 700 YEARS AGO GAVE YOU A SENSE OF YOUR OWN HISTORY AND THE VALUE OF IT AND IMPORTANCE OF IT. 160 00:22:27,212 --> 00:22:39,524 THE SOVIETS WANTED DESPERATELY TO DESTROY THAT AND MAKE YOU A SOVIET CITIZEN. >> ANOTHER FORM OF ERASE YOUR. 161 00:22:39,591 --> 00:22:43,328 >> ABSOLUTELY. >> THEY BEGAN A SECOND OPERATION. THEY STUFFED SUITCASES WITH 162 00:22:43,395 --> 00:22:52,070 BOOKS AND ENLISTED COURIERS REDIRECTING MATERIALS TO NEW YORK CITY WHERE THE INSTITUTE RELOCATED DURING THE WAR. 163 00:22:52,137 --> 00:23:02,814 THE REST OF THE MATERIAL WAS ASSUMED DESTROYED. BUT A BRAVE CATHOLIC LIBRARIAN TOOK UP THE CAUSE, RISKING HIS 164 00:23:02,881 --> 00:23:16,995 OWN LIFE. FOR ALMOST 50 YEARS REMNANTS OF JEWISH LIFE VANISHED AND THE CITY'S JEWISH PAST WAS NOT 165 00:23:17,062 --> 00:23:24,102 DISCUSSED. THIS UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR GREW UP CATHOLIC AND WOULD BECOME LITHUANIA'S MINISTER OF CULTURE. 166 00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:38,583 >> MY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT JEWISH HISTORY AND ACULTURE AND HOLOCAUST WAS VERY VAGUE WHEN I WAS A TEENAGER. 167 00:23:38,650 --> 00:23:49,828 I HAD TO DISCOVER THIS LEGACY BY MYSELF. >> HE WAS 17 WHEN HE FINALLY CHANCED UPON FADED YIDDISH 168 00:23:49,895 --> 00:23:57,135 INSCRIPTIONS IN THE OLD SECTION OF TOWN. AS HIS CURIOSITY GREW, HE STUDIED YIDDISH. 169 00:23:57,202 --> 00:24:09,781 >> YIDDISH LITERATURE FOR ME IS THIS NEXUS OF POETRY OR BEAUTY AND HOME DESTINIES. IT IS FULL OF VOICES OF 170 00:24:09,848 --> 00:24:24,563 SURVIVORS, OF VICTIMS AND ALSO OF HEROS WHO TRIED TO RESCUE THIS CULTURE, THIS COMMUNITY AGAINST THE EVIL OF 171 00:24:24,629 --> 00:24:31,303 TOTALITARIANISM. >> HE HEARD WHISPERS ABOUT A HIDDEN LITERARY BOUNTY. IT WASN'T UNTIL THE BREAKUP OF 172 00:24:31,369 --> 00:24:41,112 THE SOVIET UNION IN THE EARLY '90s THAT JEWISH CULTURE COULD EMERGE FROM HIDING. HE WAS INVITED INSIDE THE 18th 173 00:24:41,179 --> 00:24:51,890 CENTURY CATHOLIC CHURCH WHERE THE BRAVE LIBRARIAN HAD HIDDEN THE BOOKS. OPUS HAD CREATED A BOOK SANG 174 00:24:51,957 --> 00:25:01,766 SANCTUARY FLOOR TO SOLDING UNDER THE DUSTY BAROQUE ARCHES. THE CHURCH IS NOW EMPTY AND AWAITING REOVRENOVATION. 175 00:25:01,833 --> 00:25:07,806 WE ASKED HIM TO TAKE US THERE AND SHOW US WHERE THE BOOKS WERE HIDDEN HIDDEN, UNDERGROUND, IN THE 176 00:25:07,873 --> 00:25:14,613 CONFESSIONAL, EVEN IN THE BELLOWS OF THE 18th CENTURY ORGAN. I'M TRYING TO PICTURE WALKING 177 00:25:14,679 --> 00:25:19,818 INTO THIS UNEXPLORED BOOK PALACE. >> SOME OF THOSE BOOKS HAD BLOODSTAINS. 178 00:25:19,885 --> 00:25:29,561 SOME OF THEM HAD INSCRIPTIONS MADE BY THE READERS WHO MOST LIKELY WERE KILLED. >> TODAY THESE BOOKS ARE SLOWLY 179 00:25:29,628 --> 00:25:39,571 BRINGING A LEGACY BACK TO LIFE, SO SAYS JONATHAN BRANDT, WHO BECAME THE DIRECTOR IN 2009. >> THE MATERIALS REPRESENTED A 180 00:25:39,638 --> 00:25:51,283 BODY OF MATERIALS WHICH IF IT WERE WIPED OUT, WOULD LEAVE AN ABSENCE THAT COULD NEVER BE FILLED IN AND IT WOULD LEAD TO 181 00:25:51,349 --> 00:26:01,693 TOTAL CULTURAL DEPRIVATION FOR THOSE JEWS WHO MIGHT SURVIVE. >> THE RESCUED ARTIFACTS KEEP POPPING UP IN LITHUANIA. 182 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:09,701 IT'S ALL TRIGGERED A FAMILIAR CUSTODY BATTLE. THE LITHUANIANS ARGUED FOR THE TROVE TO STAY IN LITHUANIA. 183 00:26:09,768 --> 00:26:14,839 EXECUTIVES INSISTED THE MATERIAL BE REUNITED WITH ITS COLLECTION IN NEW YORK. FEARING THE DOCUMENTS WOULD 184 00:26:14,906 --> 00:26:27,152 CONTINUE TO DETERIORATE, BRANDT BROKERED A DEAL. >> THESE ARE FRAGMENTS OF BOOKS THAT WERE SCOOPED OUT OF THE 185 00:26:27,218 --> 00:26:39,698 BURNT RUBBLE OF THE YIVO BUILDING, BROUGHT HERE TO NEW YORK, PRESERVED IN THESE BOXES. >> THE DIRECTOR OF ARCHIVES IN 186 00:26:39,764 --> 00:26:48,573 NEW YORK JUST COMPLETED A SEVEN-YEAR $7 MILLION PROJECT OVERSEEING THE CATALOGING AND DIGITIZING THE PAPER BRIGADE'S 187 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:52,944 ENTIRE COLLECTION. >> DO WE KNOW IF THEY PRESERVED THIS? >> THEY DID. 188 00:26:53,011 --> 00:27:00,885 THESE ARE THE SURVIVING PAGES. IT'S NOT THE FULL MANUSCRIPT THAT WE HAVE. ONLY ABOUT A DOZEN OR SO PAGES. 189 00:27:00,952 --> 00:27:15,300 >> AS NEW WORKS ARE DISCOVERED, VOICES FROM A CENTURY AGO ARE AMPLIFIED. HIS 1946 MEMOIR WAS PUBLISHED IN 190 00:27:15,367 --> 00:27:24,676 ENGLISH JUST LAST YEAR. >> THEY ARE LEARNING HIM IN MANY UNIVERSITIES NOT JUST IN LITHUANIA, IN THE UNITED STATES 191 00:27:24,743 --> 00:27:31,916 AND CANADA AND IN CHINA AND JAPAN. >> LITHUANIA IS NOW HOME TO ONLY 4,000 JEWS, BUT IT'S ON ACCOUNT 192 00:27:31,983 --> 00:27:39,891 OF THE PAPER BRIGADE AND CONTINUING DISCOVERIES THAT THE COUNTRY IS STARTING TO RECKON WITH THE NAZI ATROCITIES AND ITS 193 00:27:39,958 --> 00:27:47,899 UNCOMFORTABLE HISTORY. EVEN SCHOOLS ARE NOW STARTING TO TEACH ABOUT HOW LITHUANIA'S JEWS DIED AND HOW THEY LIVED. 194 00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:54,939 DO YOU KNOW THE PHRASE CPR? STRIKES ME YOU'RE REALLY BRINGING IT BACK TO LIFE. >> I HOPE SO. 195 00:27:55,006 --> 00:28:05,617 BUT WE STILL LACK WIDER RECOGNITION IN OUR SOCIETY. IN THE COURSE OF LAST 20 YEARS, MENTALITY OF HOUR SOCIETY BECAME 196 00:28:05,683 --> 00:28:18,496 MORE OPEN TOWARDS DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF ITS OWN PAST. >> IN THE PROCESS, LITHUANIANS HAVE STARTED LEARNING HOW AN 197 00:28:18,563 --> 00:28:33,244 UNLIKELY GROUP OF RESISTANCIE FIGHTERS TOOK THE ULTIMATE RISK TO ENSURE ARTS AND LETTERS WOULD SURVIVE. 198 00:28:33,311 --> 00:28:45,557 >>> TONIGHT WE WANT TO INTRODUCE YOU TO A MUSICIAN NAMED SONA JOBARTEH WHO INTRODUCED US TO THE BEAUTIFUL SOUND AND STORY OF 199 00:28:45,623 --> 00:28:52,363 A CENTURIES OLD INSTRUMENT CALLED THE KORA. IT'S A STRING INSTRUMENT FROM WEST AFRICA, PART OF A MUSICAL 200 00:28:52,430 --> 00:29:02,574 TRADITION THAT DATES BACK TO A 13th CENTURY EMPIRE AND HAS BEEN PASSED DOWN STRICTLY FROM FATHER TO SON, MAN TO MAN, IN A SPECIAL 201 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:09,481 SET OF FAMILIES EVER SINCE. SONA JOBARTEH WAS BORN INTO ONE OF THOSE FAMILIES CALLED GRILLOS. 202 00:29:09,547 --> 00:29:18,790 THE DAUGHTER OF A GAMBIAN FATHER AND A BRITISH MOTHER AFTER HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF MEN, SHE IS THE FIRST WOMAN TO MASTER 203 00:29:18,857 --> 00:29:27,432 THE KORA. IN HER PERFORMANCES AROUND THE WORLD AND IN HER WORK OFF STAGE, SHE SAYS SHE IS KEEPING 204 00:29:27,499 --> 00:29:42,113 TRADITION ALIVE FOR THE VERY ACT OF BREAKING IT. TAKE A LISTEN TO SONA JOBARTEH AS SHE PLAYS THE KORA. 205 00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:53,625 ♪ WITH ITS 21 STRINGS, PLAYED BY JUST FOUR FINGERS, TWO ON EACH HAND, IT HAS A SOUND BOTH 206 00:29:53,691 --> 00:30:03,935 FOREIGN AND FAMILIAR. ♪ TO ME, IT'S LIKE A HARP. WHAT DO YOU COMPARE IT TO? 207 00:30:04,002 --> 00:30:11,009 >> I DON'T ACTUALLY COMPARE IT TO ANYTHING BECAUSE IT'S NORMAL FOR ME. I COMPARE OTHER THINGS TO THE 208 00:30:11,075 --> 00:30:21,986 KORA. ♪ >> THE SONG SONA PLAYED FOR US IS A TRADITIONAL LOVE STRONG. 209 00:30:22,053 --> 00:30:39,003 SUNG IN THE MANDINKA LANGUAGE. ♪ THE TRADITION GOES BACK TO THE 1200s WHEN A KINGDOM CALLED THE 210 00:30:39,070 --> 00:30:50,114 MALI EMPIRE REIGNED OVER THE TERRITORY OF SEVERAL MODERN COUNTRIES. THE STORY TELLERS WERE MEN WHO 211 00:30:50,181 --> 00:30:57,422 COUNSELED KINGS, RESOLVED CONFLICTS AND PASSED THE LEGENDS DOWN ORALLY THROUGH THE CENTURIES. 212 00:30:57,488 --> 00:31:12,637 WOMEN IN GRILLO FAMILIES WERE ALLOWED TO PLAY THE INSTRUMENT. ♪ THAT IS, UNTIL SONA JOBARTEH. 213 00:31:12,704 --> 00:31:25,216 AT 39, SHE HAS BECOME ONE OF THE FOREMOST KORA PLAYERS IN THE WORLD. ♪ 214 00:31:25,283 --> 00:31:32,323 PERFORMING WITH HER BAND ACROSS EUROPE, WEST AFRICA AND HERE IN THE UNITED STATES, AS WE SAW IN THIS PACKED THEATER OUTSIDE 215 00:31:32,390 --> 00:31:51,476 BOSTON. ♪ >> THIS IS MUSIC WHEN YOU HEAR IT IT STILL TO THIS DAYC CARRIE 216 00:31:51,542 --> 00:31:59,450 THE FEELING OF THE EMPIRE. IT'S SOMETHING YOU'RE SO PROUD ABOUT. >> WHAT I THINK ABOUT WITH YOU 217 00:31:59,517 --> 00:32:05,657 IS YOU HAVE BROKEN TRADITION. >> IT'S NOT THE WAY I SEE MYSELF, MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE FACT OF BELIEVING THAT TRADITION 218 00:32:05,723 --> 00:32:11,129 HAS TO EVOLVE. TRADITIONS ARE NOT STAGNANT. THEY GROW WITH HUMANITY, WITH SOCIETY. 219 00:32:11,195 --> 00:32:18,936 THEY ALWAYS HAVE. AT ONE TIME THIS INSTRUMENT WAS NOT AROUND. THEN IT BECAME INVENTED AND 220 00:32:19,003 --> 00:32:25,610 BECAME SOMETHING MODERN. NOW IT'S CONSIDERED TRADITIONAL. IN TERMS OF ME BEING FEMALE, THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT 221 00:32:25,677 --> 00:32:33,051 ADAPTATION THE TRADITION MUST TAKE IN ORDER TO BE RELEVANT TO OUR NEW SOCIETY. >> SONA JOBARTEH COMES TO THE 222 00:32:33,117 --> 00:32:47,965 GRILLORCH TRADITION AND INSIDERD OUTSIDER. HER FAMILY PEDIGREE TRACES BACK TO THE 13th CENTURY. 223 00:32:48,032 --> 00:32:59,310 THOUGH HER PARENTS' RELATIONSHIP DIDN'T LAST, SONA GREW UP IN BOTH WORLDS, THE U.K. AND HERREN GRANDFATHER'S FAMILY COMPOUND IN 224 00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:11,923 GAMBIA WHERE SHE SAYS HER GRANDMOTHER EMBRAC URGED HER TOE HER HERITAGE. >> I HATED SINGING WITH A 225 00:33:11,989 --> 00:33:16,861 PASSION. >> WHY? YOU HAVE THE PERFECT VOICE. >> NEVER LIKED IT. 226 00:33:16,928 --> 00:33:24,602 >> BUT YOUR GRANDMOTHER KNEW YOU HAD A GREAT VOICE. >> I REFUSED. I WAS A VERY STUBBORN CHILD. 227 00:33:24,669 --> 00:33:31,442 >> BUT SONA WAS DRAWN TO THE KORA. AS A LITTLE KID, NO ONE SEEMED TO MIND HER LEARNING THE BASICS. 228 00:33:31,509 --> 00:33:40,551 SHE THINKS HER GRANDMOTHER MAY HAVE EVEN LIKED THE IDEA. IN THE U.K., THOUGH, SHE STUDIED A DIFFERENT MUSICAL TRADITION, 229 00:33:40,618 --> 00:33:57,402 CLASSICAL CELLO EXCELLED, WINNI SCHOLARSHIP AT 14. >> WERE YOU ONE OF THE ONLY BIRACIAL STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOL? 230 00:33:57,468 --> 00:34:04,909 >> THE ONLY ONE. I WOULD VERY SHY. >> WERE YOU SAD? WAS IT A STUFF TIME? 231 00:34:04,976 --> 00:34:12,917 >> YEAH. IT WAS A VERY TOUGH TIME. >> SHE DID FIND ONE POINT OF CONNECTION TO HER LIFE IN 232 00:34:12,984 --> 00:34:18,756 GAMBIA. >> THE SCHOOL HAD A KORA THERE HANGING ON THE WALL. I WOULD BE ALWAYS LOOKING AT 233 00:34:18,823 --> 00:34:23,995 THIS THING. ONE DAY I DECIDED TO TAKE IT OFF THE WALL. IT WAS A TOTAL MESS, AS YOU CAN 234 00:34:24,061 --> 00:34:30,535 IMAGINE. I STARTED DOING EVERY TIME I GET A LITTLE BIT OF TIME I WOULD TAKE IT OFF THE WALL, FIX A 235 00:34:30,601 --> 00:34:36,874 STRING, PUT IT BACK. I WAS DOING IT HOPING NOBODY WAS GOING TO NOTICE. I KEPT TAKING IT OFF THE WALL. 236 00:34:36,941 --> 00:34:43,648 THERE WAS ONE LADY WHO WAS ONE OF THE LATE NIGHT WORKERS. SHE SAID WHY DON'T YOU TAKE IT TO YOUR ROOM AND JUST KEEP IT 237 00:34:43,714 --> 00:34:53,524 THERE AND WORK ON IT. IT BECAME MY SANITY. >> AND HER CALLING. AT 17 SHE DECIDED SHE NEEDED TO 238 00:34:53,591 --> 00:35:01,799 STUDY THE KORA PROPERLY, WHICH MEANT TAKING A PERSONAL RISK, APPEALING TO HER FATHER TO PASS THE TRADITION DOWN TO HER, HIS 239 00:35:01,866 --> 00:35:10,341 DAUGHTER, AS HIS FATHER HAD TO HIM. THEY HADN'T SPENT MUCH TIME TOGETHER. 240 00:35:10,408 --> 00:35:23,888 FOR YEARS AND YEARS AND YEARS, KORA PLAYING WAS PASSED FATHER TO SON. ALONG COMES YOUR DAUGHTER. 241 00:35:23,955 --> 00:35:29,227 >> YEAH. >> DID SHE SAY TEACH ME? >> SHE SAID I REALLY WANT TO LEARN THE KORA. 242 00:35:29,293 --> 00:35:36,567 >> BUT GIRLS DIDN'T PLAY THE KORA AT THAT POINT. >> I SAID IF I CLOSE MY EYES, I DON'T HAVE TO KNOW THE 243 00:35:36,634 --> 00:35:40,104 DIFFERENT. IF YOU CAN DO THAT FOR ME. >> YOU JUST IMMEDIATELY SAID OKAY? 244 00:35:40,171 --> 00:35:46,210 >> I JUST IMMEDIATELY SAID OKAY. >> YOU NEVER HESITATED. >> I NEVER HESITATED, NO. >> I DON'T WANT YOU TO GET 245 00:35:46,277 --> 00:35:52,783 DISTRACTED WITH THIS WHOLE IDEA OF BEING FEMALE. DON'T LET THAT GET INTO YOUR HEAD, DON'T LET IT DISTRACT YOU. 246 00:35:52,850 --> 00:35:59,357 YOUR AMBITION IS TO BE A GOOD KORA PLAYER. NOT A FEMALE KORA PLAYER, JUST A GOOD KORA PLAYER. 247 00:35:59,423 --> 00:36:04,362 THAT WAS MY CHALLENGE AT THE BEGINNING. >> HOW HARD DID SHE WORK? >> SHE WORKED VERY, VERY HARD. 248 00:36:04,428 --> 00:36:16,207 >> SHE STARTED PERFORMING, SOMETIMES WITH HER FATHER AND THEN WITH HER OWN BAND. SHE GOT ACCEPTANCE FIRST IN 249 00:36:16,274 --> 00:36:25,483 EUROPE EUROPE. ♪ AND THEN BACK IN GAMBIA WITH A 250 00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:36,093 SONG AND VIDEO SHE RELEASED IN 2015 TO CELEBRATE 50 YEARS OF GAM BEBIAN INDEPENDENCE. IT'S BECOME THE COUNTRY'S 251 00:36:36,160 --> 00:36:44,001 UNOFFICIAL NATIONAL ANTHEM WITH MORE THAN 24 MILLION VIEWS ON YOUTUBE. MINUS THE DANCERS, WE FOUND THE 252 00:36:44,068 --> 00:36:51,576 GAMBIA MUCH AS SONA'S VIDEO DEPICTED IT. A TINY COUNTRY ON AFRICA'S WEST COAST, IT'S A FORMER BRITISH 253 00:36:51,642 --> 00:36:58,082 COLONY THAT'S PREDOMINANTLY MUSLIM. PRECOLONIAL CULTURE RUNS DEEP HERE. 254 00:36:58,149 --> 00:37:11,862 SONA JOBARTEH'S NAME AND HERITAGE CARRY WEIGHT AND SHE'S LEANING INTO THAT ANCIENT GRILLO ROLE OF CULTURE LEADER TO CREATE 255 00:37:11,929 --> 00:37:24,642 A NEW MODEL OF AFRICAN EDUCATION. SHE HAS FOUNDED A SMALL SCHOOL CALLED THE GAMBIA ACADEMY WHERE 256 00:37:24,709 --> 00:37:34,652 STUDENTS STUDY DANCE, DRUMMING, KORA, OF COURSE, AND ANOTHER TRADITIONAL GRILLO INSTRUMENT CALLED THE BALAPHONE. 257 00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:44,829 >> THE MUSIC GETS THE MOST ATTENTION BUT THEY ARE LEARNING ALL THE SAME SUBJECTS AS ANY OTHER SCHOOL. 258 00:37:44,895 --> 00:37:54,872 HOWEVER, HOW IS THAT IMPARTED TO YOU? >> SONA BELIEVES MOST EDUCATIONS IN AFRICA HAS BEEN SO DEEPLY 259 00:37:54,939 --> 00:38:04,015 ROTE ROOTED IN COLONIAL MODELS THAT ITS MESSAGE TO CHILDREN IS THAT THEIR OWN LEGACY IS SOMEHOW 260 00:38:04,081 --> 00:38:10,721 BACKWARD. >> THIS WAY IS ALWAYS VERY MUCH A EUROPEAN WAY. MY CHALLENGE IS NOW CAN YOU GET 261 00:38:10,788 --> 00:38:20,831 THE SAME OUTPUT, SUCCESSFUL OUTPUT IF WE CHANGE THE CULTURAL ORIENTATION AT THE HEART AND CENTER OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM. 262 00:38:20,898 --> 00:38:39,316 >> THE STUDENTS HERE WEAR TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNIFORMS. GAM BIAN CULTURE IS CELEBRATED. R 263 00:38:39,383 --> 00:38:51,395 HERE THERE ARE NO RESTRICTIONS BY GENDER OR PEDIGREE. ROHI IS LEARNING TO PLAY THE KORA AND BORI IS IN THE ADVANCED 264 00:38:51,462 --> 00:38:55,933 BALAPHONE CLASS. >> I LIKE IT. IT MAKES ME FEEL HAPPY WHEN I'M PLAYING. 265 00:38:56,000 --> 00:39:01,038 >> ARE YOU GRILLO? >> NO. >> ARE YOU GRILLO? >> NO. 266 00:39:01,105 --> 00:39:07,878 >> AND YOU'RE FEMALE. [ LAUGHTER ] >> LOOK AT YOU BOTH LAUGHING, BECAUSE YOU KNOW WHAT I'M 267 00:39:07,945 --> 00:39:11,148 TALKING ABOUT. >> YEAH. >> WON'T THAT BE AWFULLY DIFFICULT? 268 00:39:11,215 --> 00:39:21,659 >> YOU KNOW, WHAT A WOMAN CAN DO, A WOMAN A ALSO CAN DO IT. I'M FROM A GRILLO FAMILY BUT I LOVE TO PLAY KORA. 269 00:39:21,726 --> 00:39:25,596 WHEN YOU LOVE SOMETHING, YOU CAN DO IT. >> ARE YOU GETTING PUSHBACK FROM WITHIN THE SOCIETY? 270 00:39:25,663 --> 00:39:32,503 >> YES, OF COURSE, ESPECIALLY FROM THE OLDER GENERATIONS. BUT IT DOESN'T MATTER. ♪ 271 00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:45,449 >> SONA'S FIRST ALBUM WAS A MIX OF TRADITIONAL AND NEW SONGS. HER LATEST, WHICH WE SAW HER REHEARSING WITH HER BAND IS ALL 272 00:39:45,516 --> 00:39:56,694 ORIGINAL MUSIC. SHE WRITES ALL THE PARTS HERSELF, INCLUDING SONGS ABOUT EDUCATION, WOMEN AND HER OWN 273 00:39:56,761 --> 00:40:06,337 IDENTITY. SHE SINGS THEM IN MANDINKA. >> WHEN I SING IN THE LANGUAGE THAT BELONGS TO GAMBIA, I'M 274 00:40:06,403 --> 00:40:15,946 GIVING YOU A SENSE OF PRIDE THAT YOU NEVER HAVE BEFORE, THAT YOUR LANGUAGE IS AS VALUABLE. WHEN I CAN GO TO AN 275 00:40:16,013 --> 00:40:27,324 INTERNATIONAL AUDIENCE AND I CAN HAVE THE WHOLE ADD UDIENCE ALL R THE WORLD AND THEY'RE SINGING MANDINKA. 276 00:40:27,391 --> 00:40:37,268 ♪ >> THE POWER, SHE SAYS, OF MUSIC. >> IT BECOMES A UNIVERSAL 277 00:40:37,334 --> 00:40:41,806 LANGUAGE. I CAN TALK WITH ANYBODY FROM ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD USING MUSIC. 278 00:40:41,872 --> 00:40:53,384 I CAN'T DO THAT IN ANY OTHER FORM. ♪ >> AND SHE'S DOING ONE MORE 279 00:40:53,450 --> 00:41:07,131 THING, PASSING THE TRADITION DOWN TO HER 10-YEAR-OLD SON SADIKI, A TALENTED BALLAPHONE PLAYER, THE NEXT LINK FROM THE 280 00:41:07,198 --> 00:41:20,344 GRILLO PAST TO ITS FUTURE. YOU HAD SAID TO HER, WHEN I CLOSE MY EYES, I DON'T WANT TO HEAR A FEMALE KORA PLAYER, I 281 00:41:20,411 --> 00:41:27,051 WANT TO HEAR A GREAT KORA PLAYER. >> YES. >> CLOSE YOUR EYES AND TELL US 282 00:41:27,117 --> 00:41:34,024 WHAT YOU HEAR. >> I HEAR A GREAT, GREAT, GREAT KORA PLAYER. [ LAUGHTER ] 283 00:41:34,091 --> 00:41:52,509 ♪ >> I'M VERY, VERY PROUD, DEFINITELY. >> THE COMPLEXITIES OF PLAYING 284 00:41:52,576 --> 00:42:05,789 THE KORA. HOW CHALLENGING IS IT TO PLAY THAT IN >>> THE LAST MINUTE OF "60 285 00:42:05,856 --> 00:42:15,366 MINUTES" IS SPONSORED BY UNITED HEALTH CARE. GET MEDICARE WITH MORE. >>> IN HOLLYWOOD THERE'S A 286 00:42:15,432 --> 00:42:23,307 SAYING, NOBODY KNOWS NOTHING IN THIS BUSINESS. STUDIOS CAN INVITE AUDIENCES FOR SNEAK PREVIEWS OR TEST THE BOX 287 00:42:23,374 --> 00:42:31,215 OFFICE APPEAL OF THE STARS, BUT THEY CAN'T PREDICT A HIT. THIS PAST WEEK'S MIDTERM ELECTIONS HAVE SHOWN IT'S NOT 288 00:42:31,282 --> 00:42:41,125 ONLY IN THE MOVIE BUSINESS THAT NOBODY KNOWS NOTHING. IN SPITE OF MANY POLLSTERS WHO DISSECTED EVERY ASPECT OF THE 289 00:42:41,191 --> 00:42:48,165 CAMPAIGNS AND CANDIDATES, IN SPITE OF FOCUS GROUPS PROBING THE PUBLIC PSYCHE, THE OUTCOME WHEN THE BALLOTS WERE TALLIED 290 00:42:48,232 --> 00:42:57,675 WAS A SURPRISE TO BOTH PARTIES. VOTERS WERE LESS ANGRY AND MORE MODERATE THAN THE POLITICAL SOOTHE 291 00:42:57,741 --> 00:43:05,316 SOOTHESAYERS PREDICTED. TURNOUT WAS HIGH. VOTERS WEREN'T TURNED OFF. WHILE WE WAIT FOR SOME IMPORTANT 292 00:43:05,382 --> 00:43:11,655 RACES TO BE DECIDED, WE ALSO WAIT TO SEE HOW THIS NEW GROUP OF LEGISLATURES WILL WORK FOR ALL OF US. 293 00:43:11,722 --> 00:43:18,095 I'M LESLEY STAHL. WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK