1 00:00:11,177 --> 00:00:17,450 >>> WHEN A CEMETERY DISAPPEARS, WHAT IS LOST? >> HISTORY. >> HISTORY. 2 00:00:17,517 --> 00:00:23,323 A CEMETERY IS SUPPOSED TO BE YOU FINAL RESTING PLACE. >> AN HONORABLE PLACE. >> FINAL. 3 00:00:23,390 --> 00:00:30,530 >> IN CLEARWATER, FLORIDA, THEY'RE DEBATING HOW TO HONOR THE DEAD. NOW ENTOMBED BENEATH A SCHOOL, 4 00:00:30,597 --> 00:00:38,905 MISSOURI AVENUE, AND AN OFFICE COMPLEX, AN ENDURING LEGACY OF SEGREGATION. >> TEARDOWN THAT BUILDING AS FAR 5 00:00:38,972 --> 00:00:47,213 AS I'M CONCERNED. >>> TONIGHT LET'S BE THANKFUL FOR OUR DOGS AND TAKE A TRIP THROUGH HUMAN AND CANINE 6 00:00:47,280 --> 00:01:00,593 EVOLUTION. HOW ARE WOLVES AND MAN'S BEST FRIEND ALIKE? THAT WAS SO COOL. 7 00:01:00,660 --> 00:01:05,298 YOU'LL BE SURPRISED AT WHAT WE FOUND OUT. >> CAN I SEE YOUR FACE? >> AS WELL AS THE REMARKABLE 8 00:01:05,365 --> 00:01:12,439 WAYS THAT DOGS ARE HELPING SCIENTISTS RESEARCH SOME OF THE DEADLIEST KINDS OF CANCER. IT'S SO AMAZING TO ME HOW 9 00:01:12,505 --> 00:01:19,345 SIMILAR HUMANS AND DOGS IMMUNE RESPONSE IS. >> WE'RE VERY SIMILAR. YOU KNOW, I THINK PERHAPS MORE 10 00:01:19,412 --> 00:01:28,421 SO THAN WE MIGHT LIKE TO ADMIT. >> I'M LESLEY STAHL. >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. 11 00:01:28,488 --> 00:01:32,792 >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI. >> I'M JOHN WERTHEIM. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. >> THOSE STORIES AND MORE 12 00:01:32,859 --> 00:01:51,845 TONIGHT ON "60 MINUTES." >>> NO ONE CAN SAY WHEN HUMAN REMAINS BEGAN SURFACING IN CLEARWATER, FLORIDA. 13 00:01:51,911 --> 00:02:00,320 THERE WAS THE PIPELINE CREW THAT CHURNED UP BONES IN A TRENCH. LATER REMAINS WERE FOUND AT AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, A SWIMMING 14 00:02:00,386 --> 00:02:05,692 POOL, AND AN OFFICE BUILDING. IT SEEMED LIKE A CURSE FOR WHAT HAD BEEN DONE IN THE NAME OF PROGRESS AND GREED IN THE OLD 15 00:02:05,758 --> 00:02:12,098 SEGREGATED SOUTH. THE TRUTH OF WHAT HAPPENED IN THE '40s AND '50s WAS MEANT TO STAY BURIED. 16 00:02:12,165 --> 00:02:21,474 BUT IN A NEIGHBORHOOD CALLED CLEARWATER HEIGHTS, RESIDENTS WITH LONG MEMORIES RECOGNIZED A GRAVE INJUSTICE. 17 00:02:21,541 --> 00:02:31,584 IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY CLEARWATER HEIGHTS WAS A BLACK NEIGHBORHOOD THRIVING, PROUD, AND ANCHORED BY FAITH. 18 00:02:31,651 --> 00:02:41,060 >> FRIENDSHIP MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH, BETHANY CME, AND NEW ZION MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH WERE ALL LOCATED ON THE HEIGHTS. 19 00:02:41,127 --> 00:02:52,438 >> AND SO IS ST. MATTHEWS BAPTIST WHERE WE HEARD STORIES OF CHILDHOOD IN THE HEIGHTS INCLUDING THOSE OF DIANE STEVENS 20 00:02:52,505 --> 00:03:00,480 AND ELEANOR BRELAND. >> THEY HAD BUSINESSES, BARBERSHOPS. THERE WERE HAIR DRESSERS OVER 21 00:03:00,547 --> 00:03:06,786 THERE. THERE WAS A CAB COMPANY. ONLY HAD ONE CAB, BUT IT WAS STILL A CAB COMPANY. 22 00:03:06,853 --> 00:03:13,893 >> RIGHT THERE ON GREENWOOD THEY HAD DIFFERNT PLACES WHERE EVEN RAY CHARLES PERFORMED THERE. ALSO JAMES BROWN PERFORMED UP 23 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:21,134 THERE. >> BUT EVEN THE FAMOUS COULD NOT STAY IN A WHITE CLEARWATER HOTEL OR WALK ON THE BEACH OR SWIM IN 24 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:31,110 THE BAY. SEGREGATION BOUND THEIR LIVES AND EXILED EVEN THEIR MEMORY TO SEGREGATED GRAVEYARDS. 25 00:03:31,177 --> 00:03:37,517 HOW MANY OF YOU BELIEVE YOU HAVE ANCESTORS IN ONE OF THESE CEMETERIES? ABOUT HALF OF YOU. 26 00:03:37,584 --> 00:03:45,158 THE SEGREGATED CEMETERIES OF CLEARWATER WAS SACRED GROUND UNTIL THE GROUND BECAME VALUABLE. 27 00:03:45,224 --> 00:03:54,567 IN THE 1950s HEADLINES ANNOUNCED THAT THE CITY OF CLEARWATER MADE A DEAL ON MOVING A NEGRO CEMETERY. 28 00:03:54,634 --> 00:04:02,709 HUNDREDS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN BODIES WERE TO BE REBURIED TO MAKE WAY FOR A SWIMMING POOL. A DEPARTMENT STORE WAS PLANNED 29 00:04:02,775 --> 00:04:15,755 FOR THE SITE OF ANOTHER BLACK CEMETERY WHERE, AGAIN, THE BODIES WERE TO BE MOVED. BUT O'NEAL LARK REMEMBERS MANY 30 00:04:15,822 --> 00:04:21,995 YEARS LATER HIS FIRST REVELATION THAT SOMETHING WAS TERRIBLY WRONG. >> IT'S NOT AN IMAGINARY THING I 31 00:04:22,061 --> 00:04:28,301 SEEN. IT'S WHAT I SEEN WITH MY OWN EYES. >> LARKEN, 82 YEARS OLD, WATCHED 32 00:04:28,368 --> 00:04:38,911 A CONSTRUCTION CREW IN 1984 DIG A TRENCH THROUGH THE SITE OF A RELOCATED BLACK CEMETERY. >> BUT I REMEMBER THE PARKING 33 00:04:38,978 --> 00:04:45,485 LOT WHERE THE ENGINEER WAS CUTTING THE LINES THROUGH AND THEY CUT THROUGH TWO COFFINS. THAT WAS MY FIRST KNOWLEDGE OF 34 00:04:45,551 --> 00:04:54,794 SEEING IT BECAUSE I WALKED OUT THERE AND I SEEN IT MYSELF. >> IN 2019 THE TAMPA BAY TIMES REPORTED MANY SEGREGATED 35 00:04:54,861 --> 00:05:04,537 CEMETERIES IN FLORIDA HAD BEEN ESSENTIALLY PAVED. IT WAS THEN THAT THE MODERN CITY OF CLEARWATER DECIDED TO EXHUME 36 00:05:04,604 --> 00:05:09,075 THE TRUTH. >> PEOPLE DESERVE TO BE TREATED WITH RESPECT. THAT'S THE MOST IMPORTANT THING. 37 00:05:09,142 --> 00:05:21,721 >> REBECCA O'SULLIVAN AND ERIN McKENDRY ARE ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOR A COMPANY. THEY WERE HIRED BY THE CITY TO 38 00:05:21,788 --> 00:05:26,793 MAP THE DESECRATION. >> THESE WERE INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE LOVED. THEY WERE FAMILY MEMBERS, THEY 39 00:05:26,859 --> 00:05:42,842 WERE FATHERS AND MOTHERS, AND THEY WERE ENTOURED WITH LOVE. >> THEY PUSHED GRAOUND PENETRATING RADAR OVER AN OFFICE 40 00:05:42,909 --> 00:05:48,715 SITE. THIS OVERLAY SHOWS PART OF THEIR DISCOVERY. 328 LIKELY GRAVES, MANY UNDER 41 00:05:48,781 --> 00:05:57,890 THE PARKING LOT, PERHAPS A FEW UNDER THE BUILDING, AND MORE THERE ON THE RIGHT BENEATH SOUTH MISSOURI AVENUE. 42 00:05:57,957 --> 00:06:06,299 550 GRAVES ARE IN THE CEMETERY'S RECORD. McKENDRY AND O'SULLIVAN FOUND EVIDENCE OF 11 HAVING BEEN MOVED 43 00:06:06,365 --> 00:06:14,440 IN THE 1950s. SO THERE MAY BE HUNDREDS OF BODIES STILL AT THAT SITE? >> IT'S POSSIBLE. 44 00:06:14,507 --> 00:06:23,416 >> NOT FAR AWAY THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS PROBED ANOTHER FORMER CEMETERY. >> WHERE THERE'S MORE LOOKS LIKE 45 00:06:23,483 --> 00:06:30,957 INTACT. >> HERE IN THE 1950s RATHER THAN INTEGRATE THE WHITE COMMUNITY POOL THE CITY SAID IT WOULD MOVE 46 00:06:31,023 --> 00:06:39,365 HUNDREDS OF BODIES TO BUILD A BLACK SWIMMING POOL AND A BLACK SCHOOL. BUT THE BODIES WEREN'T REMOVED. 47 00:06:39,432 --> 00:06:50,576 >> BUT THE BODIES WERE NOT REMOVED. >> KARDINO FOUND THE PROOF LAST YEAR. 48 00:06:50,643 --> 00:06:59,418 IT EXCAVATED JUST DEEP ENOUGH TO CONFIRM WHAT GROUND PENETRATING RADAR HAD SUSPECTED. A PRAYER WAS SAID OVER THE SITE, 49 00:06:59,485 --> 00:07:17,236 THEN THEY PLANED THE SAND AND SIEVED A CENTURY OF TIME IN SEARCH OF GRAVE MARKERS OR TRIBUTES. 50 00:07:17,303 --> 00:07:24,911 INEVITABLY RELICS INCLUDING HUMAN REMAINS, TEETH AT THE SCHOOL. ARE THEIR GRAVE SITES UNDERNEATH 51 00:07:24,977 --> 00:07:30,449 THE SCHOOL? >> ALL THE INFORMATION AND DATA WE COLLECTED DOES INDICATE THERE ARE ADDITIONAL BURIALS LIKELY 52 00:07:30,516 --> 00:07:37,557 BELOW THE FOOTPRINT OF THAT SCHOOL BUILDING. >> I WOULD BE VERY SURPRISED IF THEY DIDN'T FIND ANY BONES. 53 00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:46,999 >> O'NEIL LARKIN WATCHED THE EXCAVATION AND IMAGINED THE GROUNDBREAKING AT THE SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SITE IN 1961. 54 00:07:47,066 --> 00:07:56,175 >> TO DIG THE FOUNDATION TO PUT THIS SCHOOL UPON, THEY HAD TO HIT SOME FORM OF REMAINS. >> IT'S LIKELY SOME FAMILIES 55 00:07:56,242 --> 00:08:06,419 COULD NOT AFFORD A TOMBSTONE, BUT THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND GRAVES WERE MARKED. >> THIS IS A MARKER THAT WOULD 56 00:08:06,485 --> 00:08:18,030 HAVE BEEN USED INITIALLY AFTER THE BURIAL IF THE STONE WAS NOT READY TO BE PLACED, AND IN SOME CASES THIS IS ALL THAT WOULD 57 00:08:18,097 --> 00:08:25,371 HAVE BEEN USED TO MARK THE LOCATION OF A BURIAL. >> ERIN McKENDRY SHOWS US THE CATALOG OF EVIDENCE. 58 00:08:25,438 --> 00:08:34,513 THIS DIME NEW IN '42 WAS AMONG MANY TRIBUTES LEFT WITH THE DEAD. >> WE ALSO FOUND THIS BRASS 59 00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:40,853 WEDDING RING AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME LOCATION AND SAME DEPTH AS THE DIME. >> THE TRIBUTES AND DISTURBED 60 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:48,928 HUMAN REMAINS WERE CAREFULLY REBURIED EXACTLY WHERE THEY WERE FOUND PENDING A DECISION ON WHAT TO DO NEXT. 61 00:08:48,995 --> 00:09:00,006 IF YOU COULD SPEAK TO THESE PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERRED AND THEN LOST, WHAT WOULD YOU TELL THEM? >> I HEAR YOU. 62 00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:04,510 I'M WORKING. I WANT TO RECOGNIZE THE CONTRIBUTIONS, THE LIFE YOU LIVED. 63 00:09:04,577 --> 00:09:12,084 I RECOGNIZE AND SEE YOUR HUMANITY. THE CHEAPEST LAND, THE WORST PLACES. 64 00:09:12,151 --> 00:09:19,992 >> ANTHROPOLOGIST AN TWNT JACKSON LEADS THE AFRICAN AMERICAN BURIAL GROUND PROJECT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH 65 00:09:20,059 --> 00:09:25,531 FLORIDA. SHE'S BUILDING A DATABASE OF DESECRATED CEMETERY. >> NOT JUST CLEARWATER IT'S 66 00:09:25,598 --> 00:09:35,174 NATIONALLY FROM NEW YORK ALL THE WAY OUT TOWARDS TEXAS AND ALL THE WAY DOWN TO SOUTH FLORIDA WHERE THESE CEMETERIES HAVE BEEN 67 00:09:35,241 --> 00:09:41,681 BUILT OVER ERASED, IMAGINALIZED, UNDERFUNDED, AND NEED SUPPORT IN ORDER TO MAKE THEM WHOLE AND HAVE THIS HISTORY KNOWN. 68 00:09:41,747 --> 00:09:51,090 THIS IS NOT AN ISOLATED STORY, UNFORTUNATELY. >> SO FAR JACKSON HAS LISTED ABOUT 70 EFFACED BLACK 69 00:09:51,157 --> 00:10:03,936 CEMETERIES NATIONWIDE. UNDER HOUSING, FREEWAYS, AND THE COUNTY OWNED PARKING LOT OF TROPICANA FIELD, HOME TO 70 00:10:04,003 --> 00:10:09,508 BASEBALL'S TAMPA BAY RAYS. >> WHAT WE WANT TO BRING FORWARD IS THE KNOWLEDGE THESE SITES WERE THERE, THESE PLACES, THESE 71 00:10:09,575 --> 00:10:16,849 CEMETERIES, THESE FAMILIES WERE THERE, LIVED, DIED, WORKED, CONTRIBUTED TO OUR COUNTRY, TO THEIR COMMUNITIES, TO OUR 72 00:10:16,916 --> 00:10:22,288 HOMETOWNS. >> IS THERE EVIDENCE OF WHITE CEMETERIES BEING LOST, ABANDONED, FORGOTTEN IN THE WAY 73 00:10:22,355 --> 00:10:29,161 THAT THESE ARE? >> THERE ARE ABANDONED CEMETERIES ACROSS THE BOARD. THERE ARE CEMETERIES THAT ARE 74 00:10:29,228 --> 00:10:34,967 NOT ONLY AFRICAN AMERICAN CEMETERIES OR BLACK CEMETERIES THAT HAVE BEEN IN SOME WAY DESECRATED. 75 00:10:35,034 --> 00:10:44,777 BUT THE ISSUE IS MORE ACUTE WITH BLACK CEMETERIES BECAUSE OF ISSUES LIKE SLAVERY, SEGREGATION IN WHICH THIS PARTICULAR 76 00:10:44,844 --> 00:10:54,653 COMMUNITY WERE LEGALLY AND INTENTIONALLY CONSIDERED LESSER THAN OR MARGINALIZED BY LAW. >> WHEN A CEMETERY DISAPPEARS, 77 00:10:54,720 --> 00:11:00,626 WHAT IS LOST? >> HISTORY. >> HISTORY. >> HISTORY. 78 00:11:00,693 --> 00:11:07,566 >> RESPECT. A GREAT DEAL OF RESPECT BECAUSE YOU CAN NO LONGER VISIT AND BRING CLOSURE TO YOUR OWN SOUL. 79 00:11:07,633 --> 00:11:15,074 >> A CEMETERY IS SUPPOSED TO BE YOUR FINAL RESTING PLACE. >> HONORABLE PLACE. >> FINAL. 80 00:11:15,141 --> 00:11:23,849 >> IN CLEARWATER THEY'RE DEBATING HOW TO HONOR THOSE ENTOMBED BENEATH THE SCHOOL, SOUTH MISSOURI AVENUE, AND THE 81 00:11:23,916 --> 00:11:30,456 PROPERTY OF THE FRANK CRUMB COMPANY, WHICH BOUGHT ITS HEADQUARTERS FOR ITS STAFFING BUSINESS DECADES AFTER THE 82 00:11:30,523 --> 00:11:37,530 CEMETERY WAS ERASED. >> I'M SURE THAT WHEN THEY PURCHASED THAT PROPERTY THEY DIDN'T KNOW THAT THERE WERE 83 00:11:37,596 --> 00:11:50,743 BODIES THERE. >> HE HEADS THE CLEARWATER NAACP. WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO SOMEONE 84 00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:57,550 WHO MIGHT MAKE ARGUMENT DISTURBING THE AVENUE, THE FRANK CRUMB CORPORATION, DISTURBING THE SCHOOL, WAY TOO MUCH EFFORT 85 00:11:57,616 --> 00:12:03,389 AT THIS POINT IN TIME? >> I WOULD SAY THAT'S NOT THEIR CALL. THEY HAVE NO FAMILY BURIED 86 00:12:03,456 --> 00:12:10,062 THERE. >> HE'S HELPING LEAD THE CONVERSATION OF WHAT TO DO NOW AMONG DESCENDANTS, BUSINESSES, 87 00:12:10,129 --> 00:12:19,138 AND THE CITY. >> SOME PEOPLE WANT TO HAVE THE BODIES MOVED TO A PLACE WHERE THEY CAN PROPERLY MEMORIAL IIZE 88 00:12:19,205 --> 00:12:23,509 THEM. SOME OF THE COMMUNITY WANTS TO LET THE PEOPLE STAY WHERE THEY ARE. 89 00:12:23,576 --> 00:12:30,749 THOSE ARE THE TYPE OF THINGS THAT NEED TO BE WORKED OUT. >> HOW DO YOU WORK THEM OUT? >> WE HAVE TO SIT AND TALK ABOUT 90 00:12:30,816 --> 00:12:34,053 IT. I MEAN THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER WITH THAT. >> WHETHER THE FAILURE IN THE 91 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:44,230 LAST CENTURY TO MOVE THE GRAVES WAS DECEIT, INCOMPETENCE OR INDIFFERENCE WE DO NOT KNOW, BUT TODAY CLEARWATER IS SPENDING 92 00:12:44,296 --> 00:12:50,636 $270,000 TO LEARN THE TRUTH. THE CITY TOLD US IT IS SEARCHING FOR A COMPROMISE THAT WILL HONOR THE DEAD. 93 00:12:50,703 --> 00:12:59,445 THE FRANK CRUMB COMPANY TOLD US IT WANTS TO BE PART OF THE COMMUNITY SOLUTION. IDEAS INCLUDE MONUMENTS, BUT FOR 94 00:12:59,512 --> 00:13:07,419 A FEW LIKE O'NEIL LARKIN THERE'S ONLY ONE ROUTE TO JUSTICE. >> TEAR IT DOWN. >> TEAR THE BUILDING DOWN. 95 00:13:07,486 --> 00:13:14,727 >> TEAR IT DOWN. TEARDOWN THAT BUILDING AS FAR AS I'M CONCERNED. TEAR THE SCHOOL DOWN. 96 00:13:14,793 --> 00:13:22,768 MAKE IT A SHRINE OR MEMORIES THAT PEOPLE CAN GO AND USE IT IN A PROPER WAY OF REMEMBERING TO TREAT THEM WITH MORE DIGNITY 97 00:13:22,835 --> 00:13:30,442 THAN WHAT THIS HAS BEEN TREATED. >> WE NOTICED DIGNITY WAS TREATED GENTLY IN THE WHITE CEMETERIES OF CLEARWATER. 98 00:13:30,509 --> 00:13:42,221 IN THIS ONE WE FOUND A MONUMENT TO A CONFEDERATE SOLDIER. HIS GRAVE DECORATED TODAY WITH A FRESH BANNER OF RACISM. 99 00:13:42,288 --> 00:13:50,196 BUT WHEN THIS CONFEDERATE SACRED GROUND FOUND ITSELF BLOCKING THE ROAD TO PROGRESS, THE SMALL CEMETERY UNDER THOSE TREES IN 100 00:13:50,262 --> 00:14:02,241 THE MIDDLE WAS GRANTED A REVERENT CIRCULAR DETOUR. OF THOSE CITIZENS BURIED IN THE BLACK CEMETERIES OF CLEARWATER 101 00:14:02,308 --> 00:14:15,187 WE HAVE IMAGES OF ONLY THESE. THE REVEREND ARTHUR L. JACKSON, THE REVEREND JOSEPH HINES, AND MACK DICKSON SR. WHO WAS BURIED 102 00:14:15,254 --> 00:14:26,065 BESIDE HIS WIFE FLORENCE, THREE CHILDREN, AND TWO GRANDCHILDREN. WE DO NOT KNOW THE FACES OF 500 MORE WHO REMAIN FOREVER BOUND BY 103 00:14:26,131 --> 00:14:41,747 SEGREGATION AND LOST TO THE MEMORY OF TIME. >>> THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT MANY OF YOU WATCHING RIGHT NOW 104 00:14:41,814 --> 00:14:49,088 HAVE A DOG SOMEWHERE NEARBY, BUT WHAT DO YOU ACTUALLY KNOW ABOUT WHERE DOGS COME FROM? YOU'RE PROBABLY AWARE THEY 105 00:14:49,154 --> 00:14:53,792 EVOLVED FROM WOLVES BUT HOW AND WHEN? IT TURNS OUT MUCH OF THAT IS STILL A MYSTERY. 106 00:14:53,859 --> 00:14:59,331 THERE ARE SOME INTRIGUING CLUES, HOWEVER, THAT HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN THE DNA OF DOGS AND WOLVES. 107 00:14:59,398 --> 00:15:05,137 CLUES THAT MIGHT GIVE US A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THEY AND WE EVOLVE. YOU HEARD THE SURVIVAL OF THE 108 00:15:05,204 --> 00:15:12,511 FITTEST, BUT A SCIENTIST AT DUKE UNIVERSITY SAYS THE TERM THAT MAY BEST DESCRIBE DOG'S EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS IS SURVIVAL 109 00:15:12,578 --> 00:15:19,118 OF THE FRIENDLIEST. THERE'S NO DOUBT DOGS ARE AN EVOLUTIONARY TRIM. . 110 00:15:19,184 --> 00:15:24,790 THERE'S AN ESTIMATED BILLION OF THEM ON THE PLANET AND THEY'VE NOSED THEIR WAY INTO EVERY CORNER OF OUR LIVES, LIVING WITH 111 00:15:24,857 --> 00:15:29,662 US, WORKING WITH US. >> YES, GOOD BOY. >> AND LOVING US. WHAT IS IT YOU'RE TRYING TO 112 00:15:29,728 --> 00:15:37,336 UNDERSTAND ABOUT DOGS? >> I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN WHERE DOGS COME FROM, AND I THINK IT TEACHES US A LOT ABOUT 113 00:15:37,403 --> 00:15:49,748 WHERE HUMANS CAME FROM. >> RYAN HAS SPENT THE LAST 25 YEARS STUDYING ANIMAL EVOLUTION. >> I THINK WHAT REALLY 114 00:15:49,815 --> 00:15:55,888 SUMMARIZES THE LENGTH BETWEEN DOG AND HUMAN EVOLUTION IS SURVIVAL OF THE FRIENDLIEST. >> WHAT ABOUT SURVIVAL OF THE 115 00:15:55,954 --> 00:16:01,527 FITTEST? >> SO SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IS A MISCONSTRUAL REALLY IN THE PUBLIC MIND OF WHAT EVOLUTION 116 00:16:01,593 --> 00:16:08,400 IS. IT'S LIKE THE IDEA OF THE BIGGEST, THE STRONGEST ALWAYS WIN. 117 00:16:08,467 --> 00:16:16,742 NOT AT ALL. >> HE SAYS IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE BUT THAT SWEET DOG YOU LOVE STARTED OUT AS THIS. 118 00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:25,451 A WILD, PREDATORY WOLF. AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY STORY BEGAN AT LEAST 20,000 YEARS AGO WHEN HUMANS WERE HUNTER 119 00:16:25,517 --> 00:16:32,791 GATHERERS. >> SO WHAT WE BELIEVE HAPPENED, AND WE HAVE SCIENCE TO SHOW SOME OF THIS, IS THAT WOLVES CHOSE 120 00:16:32,858 --> 00:16:37,363 US. A POPULATION OF WOLVES ACTUALLY BECAME ATTRACTED TO HUMANS, AND THEY WERE AT AN ADVANTAGE 121 00:16:37,429 --> 00:16:44,870 BECAUSE THEY WERE EATING GARBAGE, THINGS PEOPLE WERE LEAVING AROUND HOME. AND THE WOLVES SORT OF GAVE UP 122 00:16:44,937 --> 00:16:51,410 ON BEING WOLF AGAIN, HUNTING AND WERE ATTRACTED TOWARDS HUMANS. THEY WERE AT A HUGE ADVANTAGE. >> SOME WOLVES WERE ABLE TO EAT 123 00:16:51,477 --> 00:16:56,982 OFF SCRAPS, THEY WEREN'T AGGRESSIVE. AND OVER TIME THEY BECAME DOMESTICATED. 124 00:16:57,049 --> 00:17:08,394 >> THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. >> TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THE TWO SPECIES DIVERGED SO DRASTICALLY BRIAN HARE CAME HERE 125 00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:17,169 TO THE WILDLIFE CENTER IN MINNESOTA. IT'S RUN BY PEGGY CALLAHAN AND HER 23-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER. 126 00:17:17,236 --> 00:17:24,376 BOTH SKILLED WE SAW AT NAVIGATING A CAGE FULL OF WOLVES. >> BACK UP. 127 00:17:24,443 --> 00:17:28,714 >> I KNOW YOU'RE HUNGRY. THIS IS ONLY GOING AS FAR AS IT'S GOING. >> YOU MIGHT WANT TO JUST HAND 128 00:17:28,781 --> 00:17:34,720 IT OVER. >> THERE ARE 110 GRAY WOLVES HERE. SOME WERE RESCUED FROM THE WILD, 129 00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:41,293 BUT MOST WERE HAND RAISED BY PEGGY AND MAY. THEY'RE DIVIDED INTO PACKS, SEPARATED BY CHAIN-LINK FENCES. 130 00:17:41,360 --> 00:17:51,437 THIS PACK IS NAMED AFTER THE '80s HORROR MOVIE "CHILDREN OF THE CORN." SO I SAW THE MOVIE "CHILDREN OF 131 00:17:51,503 --> 00:17:55,441 THE CORN," WHICH IS TERRIFYING. WHY IS THIS PACK CALLED CHILDREN OF THE CORN? >> FOR TERRIFYING REASONS. 132 00:17:55,507 --> 00:17:59,845 THEY ATTACKED AND KILLED THEIR FATHER AND THEN TRIED TO KILL THEIR MOTHER. THIS PACK. 133 00:17:59,912 --> 00:18:05,951 >> HIGH DID THEY KILL THEIR FATHER? >> OPPORTUNITY. >> OPPORTUNITY? 134 00:18:06,018 --> 00:18:11,223 WOW. >> HI. >> PEGGY TOLD US THE ONLY REASON WE WERE ABLE TO SIT AMONG THE 135 00:18:11,290 --> 00:18:21,133 CHILDREN OF THE CORN IS BECAUSE THESE WOLVES VIEW HER AS THE DOMINANT MEMBER OF THEIR PACK. >> WHY IS IT IMPORTANT IN THEIR 136 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:25,270 MIND YOU ARE DOMINANT TO THEM? >> THE REVERSE IS QUITE DANGEROUS. I KNOW THEY'RE CAPABLE OF 137 00:18:25,337 --> 00:18:31,944 KILLING ONE ANOTHER. THEIR TEETH ARE -- THEIR JAW PRESSURE IS ENORMOUS. >> BY THE WAY, EVEN RIGHT NOW 138 00:18:32,010 --> 00:18:37,649 WITH THE WOLVES COMING UP BEHIND YOU, YOU'RE AWARE THEY'RE BEHIND YOU. >> YOU HAVE TO HAVE EYES ON THE 139 00:18:37,716 --> 00:18:43,188 BACK OF YOUR HEAD. >> THEY'RE ASSESSING WHO'S DOMINANT, CAN WE TAKE THIS PERSON. 140 00:18:43,255 --> 00:18:51,763 >> ABSOLUTELY. HI. I DON'T THINK THEY'RE PLANNING ANYTHING, BUT I THINK SHOULD AN 141 00:18:51,830 --> 00:18:54,666 OPPORTUNITY AFFORD, THEY'RE INCREDIBLE OPPORTUNISTS. >> PEGGY WORKS HARD TO SECURE THE UPPER HAND. 142 00:18:54,733 --> 00:19:01,607 IF YOU HAVE ANY DOUBT ABOUT HER POSITION AS THE ALPHA DOG, JUST LISTEN. CAN YOU SHOW ME YOUR HOWL? 143 00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:25,531 >> ABSOLUTELY. >> GOOSE BUMPS EVERY TIME. >> AND THAT WAS SO COOL. >> SO WOULDN'T YOU LEARN TO HOWL 144 00:19:25,597 --> 00:19:29,735 IF THAT HAPPENED? >> WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HOWL? >> THEY USE IT TO MARK 145 00:19:29,801 --> 00:19:37,242 TERRITORY. THEY ALSO WILL HOWL AT INTRUDERS TO GET THEM TO LEAVE. >> BECOMING DOMINANT OVER A WOLF 146 00:19:37,309 --> 00:19:45,717 STARTS EARLY. IF A PUP NEEDS TO BE TAKEN AWAY FROM ITS MOTHER FOR HEALTH OR RESEARCH PURPOSES, MEG STEPS IN. 147 00:19:45,784 --> 00:19:53,225 >> I TOLD YOU I'D BRING A WOLF PUPPY TO VISIT. >> WHEN WE WERE THERE WITH MEG AND MAY SHE WAS TAKING 1-MONTH 148 00:19:53,292 --> 00:20:03,435 OLD PHILO EVERYWHERE EVEN TO A COFFEE RUN. >> IT'S A LITTLE CORRECTION. I PINCH AND I GROWL, AND THE 149 00:20:03,502 --> 00:20:11,310 SECOND HE STOPS GROWLING, OH, I WINE TO HIM AND RUB HIS BELLY AND STUFF. >> THAT'S WHAT HIS MOTHER WOULD 150 00:20:11,376 --> 00:20:15,948 DO? >> EXACTLY, YEP. I'M SORRY. THERE'S SOME WOLF THAT LOOKED 151 00:20:16,014 --> 00:20:21,620 JUST LIKE THAT WAS BACK TALKING ME THERE, NOT YOU. >> BUT DON'T BE FOOLED, DOMINANCE HAS ITS LIMITS. 152 00:20:21,687 --> 00:20:26,158 THIS IS MJ. >> THIS IS THE DOMINANT FELL MAIL. >> YES. 153 00:20:26,224 --> 00:20:35,067 >> SHE SAY ALSO HAND RAISED AND LIKES A BELLY RUB, TOO. THAT IS UNTIL SHE DOESN'T. >> SHE'S TOLERATING THIS. 154 00:20:35,133 --> 00:20:41,239 SHE'S DONE. OKAY, ENOUGH. SHE JUST SAID STOP. >> I HEARD. 155 00:20:41,306 --> 00:20:55,153 TO SEE JUST HOW FAR DOGS HAVE EVOLVED BECAUSE OF DOMESTICATION AT DUKE UNIVERSITY BRIAN HARE HAS SETUP A PUPPY KINDERGARTEN. 156 00:20:55,220 --> 00:21:06,465 STUDENTS HELP RAISE LABRADOR PUPPIES. THEY TAG ALONG CRUISING THE QUAD, GOING TO BASKETBALL 157 00:21:06,531 --> 00:21:13,271 PRACTICE, EVEN THE TRACK TEAM'S PHOTO SHOOT. PART OF THE PROGRAM IS AIMED AT TRAINING SERVICE DOGS FOR THE 158 00:21:13,338 --> 00:21:27,853 ORGANIZATION CANINE COMPANIONS, BUT THERE'S RESEARCH BEING DONE, TOO, TO COMPARE THE PUPPIES TO HAND RAISED WOLF PUPS BRIAN 159 00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:34,526 HARE'S TEAM RUNS THEM THROUGH A SERIES OF TEST. >> PUPPY, LOOK. >> NOTICE HOW THIS PUPPY LOOKS 160 00:21:34,593 --> 00:21:44,036 RESEARCHER TO THE BOWL AND THEN IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWS HER POINT. PHILO THE WOLF PUPPY MIGHT LOOK LIKE A DOG BUT WATCH HIM TAKING 161 00:21:44,102 --> 00:21:57,416 THE SAME STEP. >> LOOK. OKAY, OKAY, BABY. >> SO YOU CAN SEE PHILO DIDN'T 162 00:21:57,482 --> 00:22:02,721 FOLLOW A POINT HERE. >> BUT A PUPPY THIS AGE WOULD? >> TOTALLY. IT LOOKS LIKE DOG PUPPIES COME 163 00:22:02,788 --> 00:22:09,127 IN A WAY TO UNDERSTAND US IN A WAY WOLF PUPPIES ARE NOT BECAUSE OF DOMESTICATION AND INTERACTION WITH US. 164 00:22:09,194 --> 00:22:13,865 >> YOU'VE DONE TESTING OF WOLVES. OVERALL WHAT HAVE YOU SHOWN? >> SO YOU CAN SPEND 24 HOURS A 165 00:22:13,932 --> 00:22:21,206 DAY WITH SAY A WOLF PUPPY, AND EVEN AFTER YOU'VE DONE THAT FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, THEY'RE NOT ATTRACTED TO NEW PEOPLE. 166 00:22:21,273 --> 00:22:26,912 THEY DON'T WANT TO BE WITH PEOPLE. THEY WANT TO BE WITH WUFBL. THAT'S NOT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE 167 00:22:26,978 --> 00:22:37,389 CASE OF DOGS. AS A SPECIES THEY'RE ACTUALLY WANTS KNOWN AS SWREENOPHILIC. THEY'RE ATTRACTED TO NEW THINGS 168 00:22:37,456 --> 00:22:43,328 AND NEW PEOPLE. >> BUT HOW MUCH OF THAT IS IN THEIR GENES? A JUNESTICIST AT PRINCETON 169 00:22:43,395 --> 00:22:52,904 STARTED COMPARING THE DNA OF DOGS TO WOLVES. YOU'VE LOCATED SOME SPECIFIC GENES THAT LEAD TO FRIENDLY 170 00:22:52,971 --> 00:22:55,774 BEHAVIOR? >> THAT'S RIGHT. WHEN WE SEQUENCED A BUNCH OF DOGS AND A BUNCH OF WOLVES WE 171 00:22:55,841 --> 00:23:05,717 USE THAT TO THEN SEARCH FOR MUTATIONS IN THE DOG GENOME THAT ONLY DOGS HAD, AND WE CAME OUT WITH REALLY NICE HOT SPOT OF 172 00:23:05,784 --> 00:23:15,494 MUTATIONS ON CHROMOSOME NUMBER 6 IN THE DOG GENOME, AND THAT'S WHAT'S HIGHLIGHTED HERE. >> YOU CAN ACTUALLY GENETICALLY 173 00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:21,266 PIN POINT MUTATIONS IN DOGS THAT MAKE THAT DOG FRIENDLY TO HUMANS IN A WAY THAT WOLVES ARE NOT? >> ABSOLUTELY. 174 00:23:21,333 --> 00:23:24,903 >> WOW. >> THIS WAS A MAJOR FINDING IN MY OPINION. >> AND THAT IS SOMETHING THAT 175 00:23:24,970 --> 00:23:34,780 WOULD HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME? >> THAT'S RIGHT. SO WE CAN IMAGINE BACK IN THE PRE-DOG ERA WHERE THERE WERE 176 00:23:34,846 --> 00:23:41,186 WOLVES RUNNING AROUND AND SOME OF THOSE WOLVES WERE MAYBE MAKING THEIR DENS CLOSER TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS. 177 00:23:41,253 --> 00:23:47,993 I HYPOTHESIZE THAT IF I COULD GO AND SEQUENCE THOSE WOLVES, THAT THEY WOULD CARRY MAYBE TWO OF THESE MUTATIONS, AND THE REST OF 178 00:23:48,059 --> 00:23:58,436 THE WOLVES, MAYBE NONE. >> BRIDGET CALLS THESE FRIENDLY MUTATIONS. SO DOES MY DOG REALLY LOVE ME, 179 00:23:58,503 --> 00:24:07,546 OR IS MY DOG ACTING OUT ON ITS GENETIC CODE? >> SHE ABSOLUTELY LOVES YOU. SHE HAS THE GENETIC 180 00:24:07,612 --> 00:24:15,921 PREDISPOSITION TO WHOLE HEARTILY LOVE YOU MORE THAN YOU CAN HANDLE. >> SHE FOUND THE LOCATION OF THE 181 00:24:15,987 --> 00:24:23,795 FRIENDLY MUTATION IN DOGS CORRESPONDS TO THE SAME GENES WHEN DELETED IN HUMANS CAUSES A RARE CONDITION CALLED WILLIAM 182 00:24:23,862 --> 00:24:31,069 SYNDROME. HER STUDY ESTABLISHED ONE OF THE FIRST GENETIC LINKS IN BEHAVIOR BETWEEN DOGS AND HUMANS. 183 00:24:31,136 --> 00:24:48,553 MEET 36-YEAR-OLD BEN. BEN IS NO STRANGER TO "60 MINUTES." WHEN HE WAS 11 IN 1997 MORLY 184 00:24:48,620 --> 00:24:56,461 SAFER MET HIM. PEOPLE WITH THE SYNDROME LIKE BEN ARE USUALLY OUTGOING AND FRIENDLY LEAVING SOME TO CALL IT 185 00:24:56,528 --> 00:25:06,338 COCKTAIL PERSONALITY. WE WERE WITH BEN IN HIS FAVORITE PUB WHEN HE JUMPED UP MID-DINNER TO JOIN THE BAND. 186 00:25:06,404 --> 00:25:20,452 ♪ >> WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES YOU UNIQUE? >> WHAT MAKES ME UNIQUE IS MY 187 00:25:20,518 --> 00:25:28,126 WAY OF GIVING HAPPINESS TO PEOPLE, MY FRIENDLINESS, MY KINDNESS. >> I'VE GOT TO SAY JUST MEETING 188 00:25:28,193 --> 00:25:33,965 YOU MADE ME SMILE THE MOMENT WE MET. >> WHEN PEOPLE ARE HAPPY IT FEELS LIKE I'VE ACHIEVED 189 00:25:34,032 --> 00:25:44,910 SOMETHING. >> WILLIAMS SYNDROME IS OFTEN A LIFELONG CONDITION THAT CAUSES MENTAL DISABILITIES. 190 00:25:44,976 --> 00:25:50,115 THEY'RE SO TRUSTING AND FRIENDLY THEY CAN SOMETIMES BE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF. JUST EXPLAIN WHAT IS DIFFERENT 191 00:25:50,181 --> 00:25:56,521 ABOUT BEN GENETICALLY. >> SURE. BEN IS MISSING 25 GENES ON CHROMOSOME 7, AND ALL THOSE 192 00:25:56,588 --> 00:26:04,930 GENES LINE UP. THAT'S ONE TENTH OF 1% OF THAT MAKE-UP MISSING. >> THAT DELETION IN BEN'S DNA 193 00:26:04,996 --> 00:26:12,570 AND OTHERS WITH WILLIAMSDROME HAS THE SAME GENE WITH THE FRIENDLINESS MUTATION DISCOVERED IN DOGS. 194 00:26:12,637 --> 00:26:18,643 >> WHAT DO YOU THINK THERE MIGHT BE A LINK OF FRIENDLINESS IN DOGS AND MIGHT BE A LINK TO FRIENDLINESS IN HUMANS? 195 00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:25,583 >> IT MAKES ME FEEL SO HAPPY AND PROUD THAT DOGS AND PEOPLE HAVE SIMILARITIES. >> WHEN THE DISCOVERY WAS 196 00:26:25,650 --> 00:26:32,991 ANNOUNCED IN 2017 TERRY WAS HEAD OF THE WILLIAMS SYNDROME ASSOCIATION. SHE REACHED OUT TO SOME MEMBERS 197 00:26:33,058 --> 00:26:39,831 TO SEE HOW THEY FELT ABOUT IT. >> AND ONE OF THE PARENTS THAT I CALLED SAID ARE YOU KIDDING? AND, YOU KNOW, I'M SURE THAT IF 198 00:26:39,898 --> 00:26:47,539 A TAIL WAS PUT ON MY SON IT WOULD BE WAGGING ALL THE TIME. AND I THINK THAT REALLY PUT IT INTO PERSPECTIVE. 199 00:26:47,605 --> 00:26:58,283 >> UNDERSTANDING WHY DOGS ARE SO FRIENDLY, BRIAN HARE TELLS US, IS HELPING UNRAVEL THE MYSTERY HOW HOMO SAPIENS CAME TO BE THE 200 00:26:58,350 --> 00:27:03,688 DOMINANT SPECIES ON EARTH. WHAT DOES OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DOG EVOLUTION TELL US ABOUT HUMAN EVOLUTION? 201 00:27:03,755 --> 00:27:10,795 >> I THINK WHAT DOG EVOLUTION TEACHES US IS ACTUALLY HOW YOU GET AHEAD IN THE GAME OF LIFE YOU EVOLVE A NEW WAY TO BE 202 00:27:10,862 --> 00:27:17,869 FRIENDLY THAT LEADS TO A NEW FORM OF COOPERATION. HUMANS 100,000 YEARS AGO OUR SPECIES WAS NOT ALONE. 203 00:27:17,936 --> 00:27:24,309 THERE WERE AT LEAST FOUR TO FIVE OTHER HUMAN SPECIES. AND THE QUESTION THEN BECOMES, WELL, WHY ARE WE THE ONLY ONE 204 00:27:24,376 --> 00:27:30,882 LEFT? AND WE THINK AND WHAT DOGS POINT TO IS THAT WE WERE THE FRIENDLIEST SPECIES THAT EVER 205 00:27:30,949 --> 00:27:38,156 EVOLVED AMONG HUMANS AND THAT WE SURVIVED BECAUSE WE ARE FRIENDLY. >> SURVIVAL OF THE FRIENDLIEST, 206 00:27:38,223 --> 00:27:47,465 A SUCCESSFUL EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY MANY HUMANS TODAY WOULD BE WISE TO REMEMBER. WHEN WE COME BACK SEE HOW THE 207 00:27:47,532 --> 00:28:00,345 GENETIC TIES BETWEEN DOGS AND HUMANS MAY HELP US BOTH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CANCER. >> HOW FRIENDLY IS ANDERSON 208 00:28:00,412 --> 00:28:18,263 COOPER'S DOG, . >>> IF YOU'VE EVER LOST A DOG TO DISEASE IT MAY WELL HAVE BEEN 209 00:28:18,329 --> 00:28:23,334 CANCER. SOME 4 MILLION DOGS IN THE U.S. ARE DIAGNOSED WITH IT EVERY YEAR, OFTEN THE SAME KINDS OF 210 00:28:23,401 --> 00:28:31,309 CANCER HUMANS GET. WE SHARE MANY OF THE SAME GENES WITH OUR CANINE COMPANIONS AND FOR CANCER RESEARCH THAT'S AN 211 00:28:31,376 --> 00:28:38,383 OPPORTUNITY SCIENTISTS ARE TRYING TO MAKE THE MOST OF. IT'S CALLED COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY NOW FUNDED IN PART BY THE CANCER 212 00:28:38,450 --> 00:28:44,589 MOON SHOT INITIATIVE DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING NATURALLY DEVELOPING CANCERS MOSTLY IN DOGS AND USING WHAT 213 00:28:44,656 --> 00:28:52,864 THEY LEARN TO SPEED POTENTIAL TREATMENTS TO THEM AND US. A DOG SHOW MIGHT SEEM LIKE AN ODD PLACE TO CONDUCT CANCER 214 00:28:52,931 --> 00:28:59,704 RESEARCH -- >> CAN I SEE YOUR FACE? >> BUT THIS SUMMER IN NORWALK, CONNECTICUT, THAT'S WHERE WE MET 215 00:28:59,771 --> 00:29:05,577 SCIENTISTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SWABBING AND COLLECTING DNA SAMPLES FROM ALL SORTS OF BREEDS. 216 00:29:05,643 --> 00:29:10,682 THEY'VE BEEN DOING THIS FOR NEARLY 30 YEARS AND HAVE COLLECTED ABOUT 40,000 SAMPLES SO FAR. 217 00:29:10,748 --> 00:29:17,155 >> EVERY FEW WEEKS WE'RE AT A DOG SHOW. >> LEADING THE TEAM IS A SENIOR GENETICIST AT THE NIH. 218 00:29:17,222 --> 00:29:26,064 >> I ALWAYS THOUGHT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH STUDY HUMAN DISEASES. WHY IS THERE A SCIENTIST AT THE 219 00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:31,169 NIH STUDYING DOGS? >> WE ARE STUDYING DOGS AND WE'RE DOING IT THROUGH DOGS. THEY GET ALL THE SAME DISEASES 220 00:29:31,236 --> 00:29:38,576 WE DO, EAT OUR FOOD, EXPOSE TODAY THE SAME ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, BUT THEY ALSO HAVE ALL THE SAME GENES WE DO, AND 221 00:29:38,643 --> 00:29:46,284 THEY HAVE MUTATIONS IN THOSE GENES THAT MAKE THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO EVERYHING YOU AND I GET WHETHER IT'S DIABETES OR CANCER 222 00:29:46,351 --> 00:30:00,665 OR NEURO MUSCULULAR DISEASES. EVERYTHING YOU AND I GET, DOGS GET. >> THEY'VE BEEN BRED FOR 223 00:30:00,732 --> 00:30:11,976 DISTINCTIVE TRAITS. THAT'S WHY THEY HAVE ALL THESE DIFFERENT EARS AND NOSES. >> THERE WAS SOME VARIATION WE 224 00:30:12,043 --> 00:30:20,185 KNOW THAT FROM FOSSIL RECORDS BUT ALMOST ALL THE VARIATION YOU SEE RUNNING AROUND THE RING TODAY ALL HAPPENED WITHIN THE 225 00:30:20,251 --> 00:30:25,523 LAST 200 YEARS. THAT MEANS THERE'S PROBABLY GOING TO BE A SMALL NUMBER OF GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF 226 00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:32,263 THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES. >> TURNS OUT JUST ONE GENE DETERMINES IF A DOG HAS CREAM COLORED HAIR OR BLACK. 227 00:30:32,330 --> 00:30:39,070 OTHER GENES DETERMINE LONG HAIR OR SHORT. A TEAM AT THE NIH HAS DISCOVERED SOME PHYSICAL TRAITS IN DOGS 228 00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:44,409 LIKE EAR POSITION HOLD SURPRISING CLUES ABOUT HUMAN HEALTH. >> THIS WAS A STUDY LOOKING AT 229 00:30:44,475 --> 00:30:53,184 TICK EARS VERSUS FLOPPY EARS AND THAT'S DUE TO A MUTATION IN ONE GENE. >> SO JUST A MUTATION IN ONE 230 00:30:53,251 --> 00:30:59,791 GENE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POINTY EARS AND FLOPPY. >> ISN'T THAT AMAZING? BUT WHAT'S REALLY INTERESTING 231 00:30:59,857 --> 00:31:08,199 ABOUT THIS STORY IS THAT WHEN THIS GENE IS PERTURBED OR MORE DRAMATICALLY MUTATED IN HUMANS WE GET A FORM OF DEAFNESS. 232 00:31:08,266 --> 00:31:13,404 >> REALLY? >> YEAH. >> SHE TOLD US SOME OF THE MOST PROMISING RESEARCH IN DOGS 233 00:31:13,471 --> 00:31:19,644 INVOLVES CANCER. SOME BREEDS GET CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCERS MORE OFTEN MAKING IT EASIER FOR RESEARCHERS TO LOCATE 234 00:31:19,711 --> 00:31:27,418 SOME OF THE GENES RESPONSIBLE. SCOTTISH TERRIERS, FOR INSTANCE, ARE ABOUT 20 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO GET BLADDER CANCER THAN THE 235 00:31:27,485 --> 00:31:35,793 AVERAGE MIXED BREED DOG. >> IF I WERE TO LOOK AT A GROUP OF HUMANS WITH BLADDER CANCER THE STORY WOULD BE SO MUCH MORE 236 00:31:35,860 --> 00:31:40,598 COMPLEX. THERE'D BE DIFFERENT GENES, DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. 237 00:31:40,665 --> 00:31:48,039 SO WHEN I LOOK AT ONE BREED I GET A MUCH SIMPLER STORY. >> DOGS ARE DIAGNOSED WITH MANY OF THE SAME CANCERS FOUND IN 238 00:31:48,106 --> 00:31:56,981 HUMANS, LYMPHOMA, MELANOMA, BRAIN AND BREAST CANCER AND THE DEADLY BONE CANCER, OSYO SARCOMA. 239 00:31:57,048 --> 00:32:14,666 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PROFESSOR AND VETERINARIAN OVERSEES A NATIONAL WNETWORK OF COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY TRIALS. 240 00:32:14,732 --> 00:32:23,308 >> YOU CAN SEE THERE'S LOTS OF PURPLE DOTS HERE. THESE ARE THE NUCLEI OF THE CANCER CELLS. 241 00:32:23,374 --> 00:32:31,082 >> EVEN A PROFESSIONAL LOOKING UNDER A MICROSCOPE COULD NOT BE ABLE TO TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DOG WITH OSYO SARCOMA 242 00:32:31,149 --> 00:32:35,887 AND A HUMAN? >> CORRECT. >> MORE THAN 10,000 DOGS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ESTIMATED TO 243 00:32:35,953 --> 00:32:44,429 GET IT EACH YEAR, BUT ONLY ABOUT 1,000 PEOPLE ARE, MOSTLY CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. CHRISTY GOMES WAS DIAGNOSED IN 244 00:32:44,495 --> 00:32:48,266 2020 WHEN SHE WAS 11. WHICH WAS THE LEG THAT WAS HURTING? >> THE LEFT. 245 00:32:48,333 --> 00:32:53,071 >> SO IT WAS HURTING UP IN YOUR THIGH? >> UP LIKE HERE. >> CHRISTY WAS USED TO GETTING 246 00:32:53,137 --> 00:33:01,679 BRUISED ON THE SOCCER FIELD, SO SHE AND HER MOM CHALKED IT UP TO A SPORTS INJURY. BUT AFTER MONTHS OF PHYSICAL 247 00:33:01,746 --> 00:33:16,294 THERAPY HER DOCTOR DISCOVERED OS OSTEO SARCOMA. >> SHE COMES IN AND SAYS CHRISTY HAS A CANCEROUS TUMOR IN HER 248 00:33:16,361 --> 00:33:22,133 FEMUR AND I WAS LIKE WHAT. >> AND I'M NOT LIKE A CRIER SO I THINK I WAS PROCESSING IT AND AS I WAS PROCESSING I SAW HER CRY 249 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:27,138 SO I STARTED CRYING. >> AND SHE WAS LIKE, WAIT, I HAVE CANCER? >> DOCTORS REMOVED THE REMAINING 250 00:33:27,205 --> 00:33:36,347 PONE AND REPLACED IT WITH THIS 9-INCH METAL ROD. MONTHS OF GRUELING CHEMOTHERAPY WITHERED CHRISTY TO 72 POUNDS. 251 00:33:36,414 --> 00:33:44,088 BUT HER PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGIST TOLD US THE CANCER CAME BACK THIS TIME IN CHRISTY'S LUNGS. >> PATIENTS ONCE THEIR TUMOR 252 00:33:44,155 --> 00:33:52,263 COMES BACK ARE REALLY HIGH RISK, PROBABLY 80% OF THE TIME WE'LL GET NEW TUMORS. >> HAVE THERE BEEN A LOT OF NEW 253 00:33:52,330 --> 00:33:58,703 TREATMENTS FOR OSTEEO SARCOMA? >> UNFORTUNATELY, NO. WE'VE BEEN USING THE SAME CHEMOTHERAPY FOR THE LAST 60 254 00:33:58,770 --> 00:34:03,207 YEARS OR SO? >> REALLY? IS THAT BECAUSE IT'S A RARE FORM OF CANCER? 255 00:34:03,274 --> 00:34:09,414 >> IT'S HARDER TO STUDY. BECAUSE THERE'S A SMALLER NUMBER OF PATIENTS TO STUDY IN RARE TRIALS AND ALSO SINCE IT'S RARE 256 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:16,454 NOT A LOT OF FUNDING GOES TO TRIALS FOR IT. >> BUT THERE WERE TRIALS IN PET DOGS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL 257 00:34:16,521 --> 00:34:27,865 TREATMENT THAT BEGAN IN 2012 LED BY DR. NICOLA MASON USING THE BACTERIA LISTERIA. >> THIS IS LISTERIA, CAUSES FOOD 258 00:34:27,932 --> 00:34:36,374 POISONING. THIS PARTICULAR LISTERIA HAS BEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED SO IT'S FAR LESS VIRULWANT. 259 00:34:36,441 --> 00:34:41,946 >> IT'S ALSO BEEN MODIFIED TO CONTAIN A SPECIFIC PROTEIN CALLED HER2. ONCE INJECTED INTO THE DOG'S 260 00:34:42,013 --> 00:34:48,419 BLOOD STREAM THE LISTERIA AWAKENS THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEMS MAKING THEM FEEL SICK. IT ALSO TRIGGERS KILLER IMMUNE 261 00:34:48,486 --> 00:34:55,493 CELLS TO PATROL THE BODY AND DESTROY THE CANCEROUS CELLS. SANDY, A 9-YEAR-OLD GOLDEN RETRIEVER, JOINED A NATIONWIDE 262 00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:04,669 TRIAL IN 2018. SHE'S HAD HER FRONT LEG AMPUTATED BECAUSE OF OSTEEO SARCOMA. 263 00:35:04,735 --> 00:35:10,808 DURING THE TRIAL DR. MASON TOLD US SANDY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM REACTED TO THE LISTERIA JUST AS SHE HOPED. 264 00:35:10,875 --> 00:35:16,113 >> HER BODY TEMPERATURE STARTED IN THE CREASE, PEAKED AROUND 4 HOURS AND STARTED TO DROP DOWN AGAIN. 265 00:35:16,180 --> 00:35:24,655 WE SORT OF WANT TO SEE THAT BECAUSE IT TELLS US THAT THE IMMUNOTHERAPY IS IN FACT STIMULATING HER IMMUNE RESPONSE, 266 00:35:24,722 --> 00:35:31,429 WHICH IS WHAT WE WANT TO HAPPEN. >> WHEN SANDY WAS FIRST DIAGNOSED HER LIFE EXPECTANCY WITH THE STANDARD CARE OF 267 00:35:31,496 --> 00:35:38,536 AMPUTATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY WAS AROUND A YEAR, BUT THAT WAS FOUR YEARS AGO. THERE'S NO SIGN OF CANCER? 268 00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:42,373 >> NO. >> AND YOU'VE HAD FOUR GREAT YEARS WITH HER? >> YEAH. 269 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:48,813 >> DID SHE GET LIKE EXTRA TREATS WHEN SHE GOT THROUGH IT ALL? >> SHE GOT EVERYTHING. SHE STILL DOES. 270 00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:57,154 >> DR. MASON BELIEVES STUDYING AND TREATING NATURALLY OCCURRING CANCERS IN PET DOGS IS MORE PROMISING COMPARED TO USING LAB 271 00:35:57,221 --> 00:36:05,196 MICE, WHICH HAVE TO BE ARTIFICIALLY GIVEN CANCER. >> WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS FIND A BETTER WAY TO DETERMINE 272 00:36:05,263 --> 00:36:15,239 WHICH OF THE BEST TREATMENTS TO TAKE FORWARD INTO THE HUMAN. >> THIS IS NOT GIVING DOGS RARE FORMS OF CANCER AND THEN 273 00:36:15,306 --> 00:36:19,777 STUDYING THEM AND TESTING THEM IN A LAB? >> EXACTLY. SO THESE ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING 274 00:36:19,844 --> 00:36:27,885 CANCERS. THESE ARE CLINICAL TRIALS JUST AS YOU OR I WOULD GO ONTO A CLINICAL TRIAL IF WE HAD CANCER. 275 00:36:27,952 --> 00:36:34,959 AND WE DO EXACTLY THE SAME IN THE VETERINARY FIELD. >> RESULTS FROM THE FIRST LISTERIA TRIAL IN PET DOGS WERE 276 00:36:35,026 --> 00:36:41,232 ENCOURAGING SHOWING THAT DOGS TOLERATED THE IMMUNOTHERAPY AND THAT IT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED DURATION OF SURVIVAL TIME. 277 00:36:41,299 --> 00:36:45,870 THOSE RESULTS WERE SUBMITTED TO THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. >> LET'S JUST CONFIRM YOUR 278 00:36:45,937 --> 00:36:53,110 BIRTHDAY. >> LAST YEAR THE FDA APPROVED A PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL USING MODIFIED LISTERIA TO TREAT YOUNG 279 00:36:53,177 --> 00:37:02,853 ADULTS AND CHILDREN LIKE CHRISTY GOMES WHO HAVE RECURCURRENT OSTEE YO ARCOMA THAT SPREAD TO THEIR LUNGS. 280 00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:08,926 WE WERE WITH CHRISTY IN AUGUST AT CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL IN ORANGE COUNTY WHERE SHE RECEIVED HER THIRD LISTERIA INFUSION. 281 00:37:08,993 --> 00:37:13,698 >> THAT STAR IN THE DIRK CIRCLE, THAT'S THE NEEDLE GOING INTO YOUR VEIN. KIND OF COOL, HUH? 282 00:37:13,764 --> 00:37:19,236 >> UH-HUH. >> FIRST SHE WAS GIVEN MEDICATIONS THAT MADE HER SLEEPILY. 283 00:37:19,303 --> 00:37:25,610 WHEN THE INFUSION WAS HAPPENING DO YOU REMEMBER IT AFTER OR SLEEP THROUGH IT? >> JUST SLEEP. 284 00:37:25,676 --> 00:37:30,815 AND WHEN I WAKE UP IT HITS LIKE A TRUCK. >> IS THAT RIGHT? YOU GET A HEADACHE? 285 00:37:30,881 --> 00:37:36,253 >> MM-HMM, BAD HEADACHE AND NAUSEOUS. AND NAUSEOUS AND HEADACHE, TWO THINGS I DON'T LIKE IS TWO 286 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:41,325 THINGS GUARANTEED. >> WHEN SHE WAS DOZING THE LISTERIA STARTED DRIPPING INTO CHRISTY'S IV. 287 00:37:41,392 --> 00:37:49,066 SO IT STARTED NOW? >> IT HAS. >> IT'S KIND OF AMAZING TO THINK YOU'RE BOTH ON THE CUTTING EDGE 288 00:37:49,133 --> 00:37:59,610 OF MEDICINE. >> I KNOW. AND I DON'T THINK SHE -- I DON'T THINK SHE REALIZES HOW IMPORTANT 289 00:37:59,677 --> 00:38:11,589 THIS IS. >> AN HOUR LATER THAT TRUCK CHRISTY TOLD US ABOUT, IT HIT HER HARD. 290 00:38:11,656 --> 00:38:17,828 BUT SIMILAR TO WHAT HAPPENED TO SANDY THE GOLDEN RETRIEVER THE LISTERIA APPEARED TO AWAKEN CHRISTY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM AND 291 00:38:17,895 --> 00:38:23,200 AFTER TEN MINUTES HER HEADACHE GOT BETTER. A FEW HOURS LATER SHE WAS ABLE TO LEAVE THE HOSPITAL. 292 00:38:23,267 --> 00:38:30,908 IT'S SO AMAZING TO ME HOW SIMILAR HUMANS AND DOGS IMMUNE RESPONSE IS. >> WE'RE VERY SIMILAR. 293 00:38:30,975 --> 00:38:37,982 YOU KNOW, I THINK PERHAPS MORE SO THAN WE MIGHT LIKE TO ADMIT. >> THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE IS SPENDING MORE THAN $20 294 00:38:38,049 --> 00:38:46,123 MILLION TO ANALYZE CANCER SAMPLES FROM PET DOGS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY AND OVERSEE COMPARATIVE 295 00:38:46,190 --> 00:38:50,995 COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY TRIALS TO IMPROVE TREATMENTS IN HUMANS AND DOGS. ONE OF THEIR TARGETS IS BRAIN 296 00:38:51,062 --> 00:39:04,008 CANCER. THIS IS A 7-YEAR-OLD BOXER WHO BELONGS TO DAN HEFRON OTTO WAS DIAGNOSED WITH BRAIN CANCER IN 297 00:39:04,075 --> 00:39:10,581 2021. AND THIS IS JULIE WHO'S 59. SHE WAS DIAGNOSED IN 2020 WITH A SIMILAR NEARLY INCURABLE BRAIN 298 00:39:10,648 --> 00:39:18,956 CANCER. SHE'S HAD SURGERY, RADIATION, AND CHEMOTHERAPY, BUT THE CANCER CAME BACK. 299 00:39:19,023 --> 00:39:32,803 JULIE AND OTTO ENROLLED IN CLINICAL TRIALS THAT USED THE SAME EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT. THEY TEAMED UP AND THEN SHARED 300 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:40,745 THEIR DATA ABOUT SAFETY AND DOSING WITH A NEURO ONCOLOGIST TREATING JULIE AND OTHERS. JULIE ALONG WITH HER HUSBAND 301 00:39:40,811 --> 00:39:48,085 DOUG AND DAUGHTER KELLY MET OTTO FOR THE FIRST TIME LAST SPRING. TWO PATIENTS, SIMILAR CANCERS, DIFFERENT SPECIES. 302 00:39:48,152 --> 00:40:02,666 WHAT'S IT LIKE TO MEET OTTO? INFLAMMATION IN JULIE'S BRAIN MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR HER TO SPEAK. 303 00:40:02,733 --> 00:40:09,507 I NEVER THOUGHT I WOULD BE HAVING CONVERSATION WITH A PERSON AND A DOG WHO WERE HAVING THE SAME TREATMENT. 304 00:40:09,573 --> 00:40:18,115 INCREDIBLE. >> I DIDN'T REALIZE THE BIG DEAL NOW. >> YEAH, AND I DIDN'T UNTIL 305 00:40:18,182 --> 00:40:25,256 AFTER HIS FIRST SURGERY WHAT SORT OF AN IMPACT THAT HE WAS GOING TO HAVE, NOT ONLY FOR HIM BUT OTHER DOGS AND HUMANS. 306 00:40:25,322 --> 00:40:32,229 >> BUT TWO MONTHS AFTER THAT MEETING OTTO'S SYMPTOMS WORSENED. IT APPEARED HIS CANCER RETURNED. 307 00:40:32,296 --> 00:40:42,106 DAN TOOK HIM FOR A FINAL SWIM IN HIS FAVORITE RIVER AND THEN SAID GOOD-BYE TO THE DOG HE CALLED HIS BEST FRIEND AND A MEDICAL 308 00:40:42,173 --> 00:40:46,744 PIONEER. JULIE'S SYMPTOMS HAVE NOW WORSENED AS WELL. SHE'S STOPPED TAKING PART IN THE 309 00:40:46,811 --> 00:40:53,083 TRIAL AND IS SPENDING TIME WITH HER FAMILY. SHE TOLD US SHE'S GRATEFUL TO HAVE BEEN PART OF AN INNOVATIVE, 310 00:40:53,150 --> 00:41:00,391 INTERSPECIES BATTLE TO FIND NEW TREATMENTS. >> I HELPED FIGHT CANCER. >> IT GIVES YOU SATISFACTION TO 311 00:41:00,457 --> 00:41:07,131 KNOW YOU HELPED FIGHT CANCER? >> YEAH. >> I'VE HAD TWO DOGS WHO HAVE HAD CANCER, AND THE IDEA THAT 312 00:41:07,198 --> 00:41:15,406 THAT CANCER CAN BE STUDIED AND TREATED AND IT CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ON HUMANS IS INCREDIBLE. >> YEAH. 313 00:41:15,472 --> 00:41:22,880 MAYBE THE KEY, RIGHT? >> YEAH, DOGS MAY HOLD THE KEY. CHRISTY GOMES IS NOW WELL INTO HER FRESHMAN YEAR IN HIGH SCHOOL 314 00:41:22,947 --> 00:41:28,619 SAYS SHE AGREES. >> WE HAVE TO MORE COMMON THINGS THAN WE THINK. >> IT'S NOT JUST THEY NEED US 315 00:41:28,686 --> 00:41:33,591 FOR FOOD AND -- THERE'S A REAL CONNECTION. >> IT'S THAT WE HAVE TO HAVE MORE CONNECTION THAN THAT. 316 00:41:33,657 --> 00:41:41,031 >> CHRISTY'S LAST SCAN SHOWED NO SIGNS OF CANCER. SHE CONTINUES TO GET IMMUNOTHERAPY EVERY THREE WEEKS. 317 00:41:41,098 --> 00:41:49,807 BETWEEN TREATMENTS AND HOMEWORK, YOU'LL FIND HER WITH HER YORKY BENNY, A GIFT FROM HER MOM. ONE MORE DOG THAT'S HELPING HER 318 00:41:49,874 --> 00:42:05,155 IN HER RECOVERY. 319 00:42:08,859 --> 00:42:19,403 >>> TONIGHT A MAJOR DEVELOPMENT IN OUR STORY 298 COUNTS OF MURDER, THE HUNT FOR THE KILLERS WHO SHOT DOWN MALAYSIA AIRLINES 320 00:42:19,470 --> 00:42:30,848 FLIGHT 17 FROM AMSTERDAM TO KUALA LUMPUR IN 2017. A RUSSIAN MISSILE DESTROYED THE BOEING 777 OVER EASTERN UKRAINE 321 00:42:30,915 --> 00:42:36,553 IN RUSSIAN BACKED REBEL TERRITORY. DUTCH INVESTIGATORS PIECED THE WRECKAGE TOGETHER AND USED 322 00:42:36,620 --> 00:42:42,359 SOCIAL MEDIA TO DOCUMENT THE MISSILE LAUNCHER'S MOVEMENTS FROM A RUSSIAN BASE. AFTER A TWO OF THE YEAR TRIAL A 323 00:42:42,426 --> 00:42:50,100 DUTCH COURT EARLIER THIS MONTH FOUND THREE MEN GUILTY OF MURDER. TWO ARE FORMER RUSSIAN SECURITY 324 00:42:50,167 --> 00:42:56,941 OFFICERS, THE THIRD IS A UKRAINIAN WHO LED PRO-RUSSIA TROOPS. THEY WERE SENTENCED TO LIFE, BUT 325 00:42:57,007 --> 00:43:02,980 RUSSIA REFUSES TO EXTRADITE THEM TO THE NETHERLANDS. I'M SCOTT PELLEY.