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YTS.MX

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<i>[Bill Basch] There is one thing that has</i>
<i>puzzled me, and has puzzled the world…</i>

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<i>that the Germans dedicated manpower</i>

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<i>and trains and trucks and energy</i>

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<i>towards the destruction</i>
<i>of the Jews to the last day.</i>

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<i>Had they stopped six months before the end</i>
<i>of the war and dedicated that energy</i>

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<i>towards strengthening themselves,</i>

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<i>they may have</i>
<i>carried on the war a little longer.</i>

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<i>But it was more important</i>
<i>to them to kill the Jews</i>

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<i>than even winning the war.</i>

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<i>[somber music playing]</i>

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<i>[vocalizing]</i>

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<i>[trotting]</i>

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<i>[somber music playing]</i>

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<i>[Irene Zisblatt]</i>
I grew up in a town called Polyana,

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<i>in the Carpathian mountains.</i>

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<i>It was a small town of two main streets.</i>

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<i>This leads all the way up to…</i>
<i>There is a church over there…</i>

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<i>We had a post office and a town hall</i>
<i>and a church and a synagogue.</i>

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<i>Everybody knew each other.</i>

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<i>It was beautiful.</i>

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{\an8}<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
<i>I lived in a town called Uzhhorod.</i>

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<i>It was a small town,</i>

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<i>yet it had the feel</i>
<i>of a big, cosmopolitan town.</i>

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<i>Right here was a little deli,</i>
<i>right around… right here, and, uh…</i>

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<i>[clicks tongue]</i>

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<i>My… We used to come here</i>
<i>to have our sandwiches for the afternoon.</i>

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<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>We lived in a town called Sárvár.</i>

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{\an8}<i>It's in Hungary,</i>
<i>close to the, um, Austrian border.</i>

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<i>Every day, the peasants would bring</i>
<i>their wares from the neighboring villages</i>

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<i>in big baskets, and they would carry it</i>
<i>on their head or on their shoulders.</i>

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{\an8}<i>Szaszovo was</i>
<i>a very small, little community</i>

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{\an8}<i>consisting of 3,000 people.</i>

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<i>No electricity, no utilities at all.</i>

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<i>So it was… I lead a very simplistic,</i>
<i>boring life. Nothing exciting.</i>

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<i>But then Budapest, where I ended up,</i>
<i>was an entirely different life.</i>

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<i>It was an enormous adjustment.</i>

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<i>And I looked at this city</i>
<i>just going, "Whoa!"</i>

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<i>I mean, it was like… I've never believed</i>
<i>anything like this exists!</i>

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<i>[Tom Lantos] Budapest was</i>
<i>a magnificent, world-class city,</i>

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{\an8}<i>on par with Vienna or Paris or London</i>
<i>as a great European capital.</i>

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<i>This magnificent Parliament building</i>

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<i>saw the best and the worst</i>
<i>in Hungarian history.</i>

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<i>The bulk of the Jews in Budapest</i>

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<i>were utterly assimilated,</i>
<i>deeply patriotic,</i>

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<i>and enormously proud</i>
<i>of their Hungarian cultural heritage.</i>

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<i>There were about 800 Jewish families</i>
<i> in our town.</i>

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<i>And I think the town was</i>
<i>10,000 or 11,000 non-Jews.</i>

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<i>I had non-Jewish friends.</i>
<i>I dated non-Jewish boys.</i>

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<i>My parents had non-Jewish friends.</i>

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<i>We also felt quite Hungarian</i>
<i>at the same time.</i>

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<i>Not just Jewish.</i>

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<i>So, Judaism was our religion,</i>

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<i>but we were Hungarians.</i>

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<i>[reporter 1] </i>On August 2nd, 1934,

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<i>officers and men swear</i>
<i>the oath of allegiance</i>

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<i>not to Germany, but to Hitler personally.</i>

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<i>[reporter 2] </i>As Hitler's rule over Germany
became absolute,

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<i>to his alarmed neighbor Austria,</i>

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<i>Hitler promised to keep hands off.</i>

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<i>[Tom Lantos] In 1938,</i>
<i>when I was 10 years old,</i>

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<i>I bought my first newspaper.</i>

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<i>And I saw the headlines,</i>

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<i>"Hitler marches into Austria."</i>

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<i>And I sensed that this historic moment</i>

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<i>will have a tremendous impact on the lives</i>
<i>of Hungarian Jews, my family, and myself.</i>

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<i>[bombing]</i>

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<i>[reporter 3]</i>
Germany invades Poland and Danzig.

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<i>Warsaw is bombed, blasted and shelled.</i>

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<i>Poland is in ruins.</i>

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<i>[dramatic music playing]</i>

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<i>[Renee Firestone] There were refugees</i>
<i>coming to Hungary</i>

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<i>running away from Poland,</i>

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<i>and most of the Jewish families,</i>
<i>Friday night the men went to temple</i>

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<i>to bring these people home</i>
<i>and give them shelter.</i>

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<i>They would come and tell stories.</i>

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<i>And I remembered very often…</i>

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<i>you didn't believe them.</i>

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{\an8}<i>I heard a conversation</i>
<i>between my father and another man.</i>

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{\an8}<i>And he was telling my father</i>
<i>what the Nazis are doing in Poland.</i>

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<i>And one thing</i>
<i>that I'll never forget that I heard…</i>

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<i>And he said the Nazis are taking</i>
<i>our young Jewish infants,</i>

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<i>and they're tearing them</i>
<i>in half by their legs,</i>

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<i>and they're throwing them</i>
<i>in the Dniester, a river in the Ukraine.</i>

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<i>Then later, of course,</i>

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<i>the stories were getting worse,</i>

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<i>and we began to hear about</i>
<i>mass shootings and mass graves,</i>

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<i>But there was a sort of a naive…</i>

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<i>I hate to use the word,</i>
<i>but I have to use the word…</i>

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<i>patriotic feeling</i>
<i>that we Hungarians don't do such things.</i>

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<i>Hitler was in Germany, so what happened</i>
<i>in Germany didn't reflect on us.</i>

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<i>I mean, we were far away from it.</i>

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<i>[chanting]</i>

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{\an8}<i>[sinister music playing]</i>

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{\an8}<i>[Randolph Braham] There were two wars.</i>

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{\an8}<i>There was a military war,</i>

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{\an8}<i>and hand-in-hand with that war.</i>

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{\an8}<i>There was a second war,</i>

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{\an8}<i>the war of the SS</i>
<i>directed against the Jews.</i>

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{\an8}<i>[sirens wailing]</i>

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{\an8}<i>[melancholy music playing]</i>

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<i>[firing]</i>

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<i>The dark side</i>
<i>of the Hungarian national character</i>

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<i>was becoming more and more obvious.</i>

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<i>The persecution of Jews</i>
<i>became more and more obvious.</i>

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<i>Jews were losing their jobs,</i>
<i>their businesses.</i>

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<i>There was a Hungarian Nazi movement,</i>
<i>the Arrow Cross,</i>

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<i>and this became, of course,</i>

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<i>the most hated and the most feared group</i>
<i>for Hungarian Jews.</i>

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<i>[Renee Firestone] People wonder,</i>
<i>"How is it that we didn't do something?"</i>

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<i>We didn't run away. We didn't hide.</i>

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<i>Well, things didn't happen at once.</i>

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<i>Things happened very slowly,</i>

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<i>so each time a new law came out,</i>
<i>or a restriction,</i>

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<i>we said, "Well, just another thing.</i>
<i>It'll blow over."</i>

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{\an8}<i>[crowd cheering]</i>

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{\an8}<i>[Tom Lantos] Hitler moved into Hungary</i>
<i>on the 19th of March, 1944.</i>

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<i>I was 16 years old.</i>

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<i>1944, March 19th.</i>

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<i>Germans entered, the SS entered, our town.</i>

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<i>Two motorcycles was the whole Nazi regime</i>
<i>that occupied our town</i>

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<i>because they were there with the people</i>
<i>that lived there the whole time</i>

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<i>and did their dirty.</i>

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<i>Most of them were people we thought</i>
<i>were our friends all these years,</i>

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<i>but they turned overnight on us</i>

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<i>and went with the other side.</i>

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<i>And the next restriction was</i>

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<i>that the Jew cannot walk out</i>
<i>on the street without the yellow star.</i>

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<i>We heard that in Germany</i>
<i>they to wear the yellow star</i>

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<i>before they were taken away,</i>

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<i>and in Poland, they did that.</i>

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<i>So at that point we were worried.</i>

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<i>[Tom Lantos] I did not wear a yellow star</i>

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<i>and I was caught.</i>

136
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<i>I was put into a forced-labor camp</i>

137
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<i>in a place north of Budapest,</i>

138
00:10:50,024 --> 00:10:52,360
<i>which had an important railroad bridge.</i>

139
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{\an8}<i>And our job was to repair the railroads,</i>

140
00:11:00,785 --> 00:11:04,163
<i>the lines, the bridges, non-stop,</i>

141
00:11:04,246 --> 00:11:08,250
<i>while the British and the Americans</i>
<i>were bombing day and night.</i>

142
00:11:08,334 --> 00:11:11,379
<i>We were obviously worried</i>
<i>that we would die.</i>

143
00:11:11,462 --> 00:11:12,838
<i>But we were also hoping</i>

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00:11:12,922 --> 00:11:17,009
<i>that the American and British bombers</i>
<i>will hit all of their targets</i>

145
00:11:17,093 --> 00:11:19,136
<i>and destroy this bridge</i>

146
00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,682
<i>because that was the way to defeat Hitler.</i>

147
00:11:23,557 --> 00:11:25,768
<i>I escaped from that labor camp,</i>

148
00:11:26,352 --> 00:11:30,272
<i>and I joined the Hungarian underground.</i>

149
00:11:30,773 --> 00:11:36,362
<i>And the next decree would be</i>
<i>that we have to pack up 25 kilos.</i>

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00:11:36,445 --> 00:11:39,615
<i>And at first, we didn't understand.</i>
<i>What do you take?</i>

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00:11:39,699 --> 00:11:42,993
<i>Think about your home, your own home.</i>

152
00:11:43,077 --> 00:11:44,912
<i>What would you take, 25 kilos?</i>

153
00:11:44,995 --> 00:11:47,164
<i>What is 25 kilos?</i>

154
00:11:47,248 --> 00:11:49,500
<i>How much is 25 kilos?</i>

155
00:11:50,376 --> 00:11:52,878
<i>Do you take the pillows? Your covers?</i>

156
00:11:52,962 --> 00:11:55,297
<i>Do you take your dishes? Do you take…</i>

157
00:11:55,381 --> 00:11:57,007
<i>What do you take?</i>

158
00:11:57,091 --> 00:11:58,509
<i>When we were packing,</i>

159
00:11:59,260 --> 00:12:00,136
<i>um…</i>

160
00:12:00,761 --> 00:12:05,141
<i>I wanted to take something</i>
<i>that would remind me of the good times.</i>

161
00:12:05,808 --> 00:12:09,979
<i>I was very depressed and worried.</i>

162
00:12:11,230 --> 00:12:14,608
<i>And so I came across a bathing suit.</i>

163
00:12:14,692 --> 00:12:19,572
<i>A bathing suit that my father brought me.</i>

164
00:12:23,451 --> 00:12:24,368
<i>[smacks lips]</i>

165
00:12:24,452 --> 00:12:25,870
<i>I don't want to do this.</i>

166
00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:33,794
<i>[sniffles]</i>

167
00:12:36,922 --> 00:12:37,840
<i>Uh…</i>

168
00:12:37,923 --> 00:12:41,927
<i>On one of his business trips,</i>
<i>about three years earlier,</i>

169
00:12:42,011 --> 00:12:43,554
<i>my father came home.</i>

170
00:12:44,180 --> 00:12:47,558
<i>And, um… he always brought us something,</i>

171
00:12:47,641 --> 00:12:49,435
<i>my sister and myself.</i>

172
00:12:50,561 --> 00:12:51,562
<i>And, uh…</i>

173
00:12:52,938 --> 00:12:55,941
<i>of course, we always asked,</i>
<i>"What did you bring?"</i>

174
00:12:56,025 --> 00:12:58,027
<i>And he opened this box,</i>

175
00:12:58,694 --> 00:13:02,948
<i>and out of the box came</i>
<i>this most beautiful bathing suit.</i>

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00:13:03,032 --> 00:13:05,868
{\an8}<i>It had a shiny satin finish</i>

177
00:13:05,951 --> 00:13:09,663
{\an8}<i>and a print of multicolored flowers.</i>

178
00:13:10,831 --> 00:13:17,463
<i>And then in the afternoon, when I heard</i>
<i>the soldiers' boots coming up the stairs,</i>

179
00:13:18,339 --> 00:13:22,092
<i>I ran back, and I put</i>
<i>this bathing suit under my dress.</i>

180
00:13:23,427 --> 00:13:25,346
<i>And that's how I left.</i>

181
00:13:25,846 --> 00:13:30,309
<i>They broke down the front doors.</i>
<i>They came in. They gave us a few minutes.</i>

182
00:13:30,392 --> 00:13:33,312
<i>They said a half hour,</i>
<i>but it was not a half hour,</i>

183
00:13:33,395 --> 00:13:35,940
<i>to get it all our valuables together,</i>

184
00:13:36,023 --> 00:13:39,109
<i>and they…</i>
<i>They marched us out of the house.</i>

185
00:13:43,697 --> 00:13:47,618
<i>I couldn't imagine that they just</i>
<i>take out people from their homes…</i>

186
00:13:50,871 --> 00:13:52,248
<i>because they're Jewish.</i>

187
00:13:52,331 --> 00:13:55,084
<i>Our friends, so-called, and neighbors,</i>

188
00:13:55,626 --> 00:13:58,546
<i>they were standing lined up</i>
<i>alongside of the road,</i>

189
00:13:59,213 --> 00:14:00,840
<i>and they were yelling,</i>

190
00:14:00,923 --> 00:14:06,262
<i>"It's about time, you go on out of here.</i>
<i>And we don't need any Jews in our town."</i>

191
00:14:06,345 --> 00:14:08,514
<i>"We need to get rid of all you Jews."</i>

192
00:14:09,723 --> 00:14:12,601
<i>I stood, and I could not believe my eyes.</i>

193
00:14:13,435 --> 00:14:18,190
<i>[hesitates] The people I went to school</i>
<i>with their children. We were friends.</i>

194
00:14:18,274 --> 00:14:20,025
<i>We were sharing things together.</i>

195
00:14:20,109 --> 00:14:23,654
<i>Why are they so hostile?</i>
<i>Why do they hate us all of a sudden?</i>

196
00:14:23,737 --> 00:14:28,200
<i>It's like when you read</i>
<i>that the Jews went out of Egypt.</i>

197
00:14:28,284 --> 00:14:30,452
<i>We are carrying all our baggage.</i>

198
00:14:30,536 --> 00:14:33,706
<i>The pillows and the covers</i>
<i>are tied to them, bundled.</i>

199
00:14:33,789 --> 00:14:37,918
<i>And we children helped to carry.</i>
<i>And I'm so ashamed.</i>

200
00:14:38,002 --> 00:14:42,214
<i>[Renee Firestone] We wanted to believe</i>
<i>they're gonna take us to Germany.</i>

201
00:14:42,298 --> 00:14:45,384
<i>And we're gonna work.</i>
<i>We really wanted to believe it.</i>

202
00:14:45,968 --> 00:14:52,641
<i>And by then, the whole European Jewry</i>
<i>was already in camps,</i>

203
00:14:52,725 --> 00:14:54,143
<i>which we didn't know.</i>

204
00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:57,730
<i>The concentration,</i>
<i>ghettoization and deportation</i>

205
00:14:57,813 --> 00:15:03,110
<i>took place in a concentrated manner</i>
<i>that is within 12 weeks.</i>

206
00:15:04,028 --> 00:15:10,492
<i>And nowhere else</i>
<i>was the deportation program carried out</i>

207
00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:17,958
<i>with the barbarity and speed</i>
<i>that it was in Hungary.</i>

208
00:15:18,042 --> 00:15:20,711
<i>They say that they will</i>
<i>take us to a ghetto,</i>

209
00:15:20,794 --> 00:15:23,130
<i>and we'd never heard that word.</i>

210
00:15:23,213 --> 00:15:26,050
<i>It is not a Hungarian word, "ghetto."</i>

211
00:15:26,133 --> 00:15:28,510
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
We had no idea where we were.

212
00:15:28,636 --> 00:15:31,096
<i>In the morning, when we woke up,</i>

213
00:15:31,180 --> 00:15:34,767
<i>I realized that we are in a brickyard.</i>

214
00:15:34,850 --> 00:15:36,393
<i>Brick factory yard.</i>

215
00:15:38,729 --> 00:15:42,107
{\an8}<i>And in April, it was rainy.</i>
<i>It was a lot of rain.</i>

216
00:15:42,191 --> 00:15:43,984
{\an8}<i>And we were always…</i>

217
00:15:44,068 --> 00:15:47,112
{\an8}<i>We had to change the sheet</i>
<i>because the roof was the sheet,</i>

218
00:15:47,196 --> 00:15:49,031
<i>and we were always wet.</i>

219
00:15:49,114 --> 00:15:53,869
<i>There were thousands of people there</i>
<i>because they came from the whole county.</i>

220
00:15:54,536 --> 00:15:57,456
<i>And there were guards everywhere,</i>
<i>with dogs,</i>

221
00:15:57,539 --> 00:16:00,709
<i>walking around all the time,</i>
<i>big German Shepherd dogs,</i>

222
00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:03,837
<i>on very, very tight leashes.</i>

223
00:16:03,921 --> 00:16:08,008
<i>…because this was all these huts,</i>
<i>with people, people all over the place.</i>

224
00:16:08,092 --> 00:16:09,885
<i>[Robin] Do you know where your hut was?</i>

225
00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:14,056
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] Yes. My hut was right</i>
<i>here, where these piles of bricks are.</i>

226
00:16:14,890 --> 00:16:17,184
<i>[sniffles] And then one day they announced</i>

227
00:16:17,267 --> 00:16:21,188
<i>that everybody</i>
<i>that wants to go to work to Tokay</i>

228
00:16:21,271 --> 00:16:24,566
<i>on the vineyard to make wine</i>
<i>should come here,</i>

229
00:16:24,650 --> 00:16:29,530
<i>and everybody voluntary,</i>
<i>gladly went on the train</i>

230
00:16:29,613 --> 00:16:31,198
<i>because this was hell.</i>

231
00:16:31,782 --> 00:16:35,703
<i>And going to work in a vineyard</i>
<i>was like going to heaven from this.</i>

232
00:16:35,786 --> 00:16:40,541
<i>We were taken to the railroad station</i>
<i>by the Hungarian soldiers.</i>

233
00:16:40,624 --> 00:16:42,167
<i>My mother said to me,</i>

234
00:16:42,251 --> 00:16:47,006
<i>"I rolled up diamonds in your skirt,</i>
<i>in the hem of your skirt."</i>

235
00:16:47,756 --> 00:16:52,803
<i>"And if you don't have enough to eat,</i>
<i>those are to buy bread."</i>

236
00:16:52,886 --> 00:16:54,930
<i>When we arrived at the railroad station,</i>

237
00:16:55,014 --> 00:16:59,727
<i>we realized that we're not going</i>
<i>on passenger trains.</i>

238
00:16:59,810 --> 00:17:02,354
<i>The cattle cars were waiting for us.</i>

239
00:17:02,438 --> 00:17:06,400
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] My father said, "They ran</i>
<i>out of other trains because it's wartime."</i>

240
00:17:06,483 --> 00:17:09,987
<i>"They don't have the other train.</i>
<i>So, they have to use what they have."</i>

241
00:17:10,070 --> 00:17:14,033
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana] </i>Anybody who didn't go
and didn't go fast was beaten.

242
00:17:14,116 --> 00:17:17,953
<i>When they closed the doors,</i>
<i>then I heard that knock on the outside</i>

243
00:17:18,037 --> 00:17:20,205
<i>like a bolt closing us in there.</i>

244
00:17:20,956 --> 00:17:23,000
<i>It wasn't normal anymore. It wasn't…</i>

245
00:17:23,083 --> 00:17:26,295
<i>I didn't accept that</i>
<i>they were running out of the other trains.</i>

246
00:17:30,215 --> 00:17:34,344
<i>[Bill Basch] In Budapest,</i>
<i>this time started getting worse.</i>

247
00:17:34,428 --> 00:17:38,348
<i>I really had to acquire Gentile papers.</i>

248
00:17:38,432 --> 00:17:40,476
<i>I did not exist as a Jew.</i>

249
00:17:41,226 --> 00:17:43,645
<i>I would have been shot.</i>
<i>I would have been killed.</i>

250
00:17:43,729 --> 00:17:50,360
<i>You were a hunted animal,</i>
<i>24 hours, every day,</i>

251
00:17:51,111 --> 00:17:53,864
<i>and you didn't know</i>
<i>if anybody you encountered</i>

252
00:17:53,947 --> 00:17:56,116
<i>was really on your side.</i>

253
00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,118
<i>Had it not been for Wallenberg,</i>

254
00:17:58,202 --> 00:18:03,791
<i>neither I nor the other tens of thousands</i>
<i>would have ever survived.</i>

255
00:18:03,874 --> 00:18:08,087
{\an8}<i>Raoul Wallenberg arrived</i>
<i>when all of Hungary,</i>

256
00:18:08,170 --> 00:18:11,799
{\an8}<i>with the exception of Budapest,</i>
<i>was already free of Jews.</i>

257
00:18:12,466 --> 00:18:16,136
<i>He went to Budapest at a time when,</i>
<i>in the countryside,</i>

258
00:18:16,220 --> 00:18:19,681
<i>the Jews had already</i>
<i>been put into cattle cars</i>

259
00:18:19,765 --> 00:18:21,683
<i>and shipped away from Hungary.</i>

260
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:25,270
<i>And he decided to join</i>
<i>the Swedish embassy there</i>

261
00:18:25,354 --> 00:18:28,816
<i>for the sole purpose</i>
<i>of trying to save Jewish lives.</i>

262
00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:33,403
<i>By issuing so-called</i>
<i>Swedish protective passports,</i>

263
00:18:33,487 --> 00:18:36,615
<i>he declared that the individual</i>
<i>who had this document</i>

264
00:18:36,698 --> 00:18:39,535
<i>at the end of the war</i>
<i>planned to go to Sweden.</i>

265
00:18:39,618 --> 00:18:44,915
<i>This was pure fiction, but in the chaos</i>
<i>and the confusion of the war,</i>

266
00:18:44,998 --> 00:18:49,378
<i>this miraculous, worthless</i>
<i>piece of paper worked.</i>

267
00:18:49,461 --> 00:18:53,423
<i>[Bill Basch] Several of us acted</i>
<i>as distributors or runners</i>

268
00:18:53,507 --> 00:18:56,885
<i>to deliver this fake passport</i>

269
00:18:56,969 --> 00:18:59,847
<i>to the people that were waiting</i>
<i>in those protected houses.</i>

270
00:19:00,514 --> 00:19:04,059
<i>[Tom Lantos]</i>
Wallenberg leased large apartment houses,

271
00:19:04,143 --> 00:19:09,356
<i>put up a Swedish sign</i>
<i>indicating that all the residents</i>

272
00:19:09,439 --> 00:19:12,818
<i>were under the protection</i>
<i>of the royal Swedish government.</i>

273
00:19:12,901 --> 00:19:17,364
<i>I stayed at St. Stephen Park, number 25.</i>

274
00:19:18,323 --> 00:19:20,534
<i>[speaking foreign language]</i>

275
00:19:20,617 --> 00:19:25,122
<i>Most of these houses were</i>
<i>upper-middle-class apartment houses,</i>

276
00:19:25,205 --> 00:19:27,457
<i>and a three-bedroom apartment,</i>

277
00:19:27,541 --> 00:19:32,921
<i>that may have had four, five, six people</i>
<i>living there before this crisis,</i>

278
00:19:33,005 --> 00:19:35,382
<i>suddenly became a hovel</i>

279
00:19:35,465 --> 00:19:40,971
<i>with 60, 70 people</i>
<i>jammed into a three-bedroom apartment.</i>

280
00:19:41,054 --> 00:19:42,598
<i>[girl 1] Very uncomfortable.</i>

281
00:19:42,681 --> 00:19:44,641
<i>It was very uncomfortable, honey,</i>

282
00:19:44,725 --> 00:19:47,728
<i>but more importantly,</i>
<i>it was unbelievably dangerous.</i>

283
00:19:47,811 --> 00:19:51,190
<i>The word "protected house"</i>
<i>obviously is a misnomer,</i>

284
00:19:52,191 --> 00:19:57,487
<i>uh, because many of the people living in</i>
<i>these quote-unquote "protected houses"</i>

285
00:19:57,571 --> 00:20:01,783
<i>were rounded up, taken to the bank</i>
<i>of the Danube, and killed.</i>

286
00:20:01,867 --> 00:20:03,327
<i>[somber music playing]</i>

287
00:20:05,329 --> 00:20:11,627
<i>Now, to get into the protected houses</i>
<i>was not difficult.</i>

288
00:20:11,710 --> 00:20:13,462
<i>Soldiers didn't care.</i>

289
00:20:13,545 --> 00:20:16,048
<i>They were out in the front. "Go in there."</i>

290
00:20:16,131 --> 00:20:17,674
<i>However, to come out</i>

291
00:20:18,592 --> 00:20:20,594
<i>that was the very, very difficult thing.</i>

292
00:20:20,677 --> 00:20:27,351
<i>If German soldiers or Hungarian Nazi</i>
<i>soldiers were suspicious,</i>

293
00:20:27,893 --> 00:20:30,520
<i>they ordered us to take down our pants</i>

294
00:20:30,604 --> 00:20:34,566
<i>because we were the only people</i>
<i>who were circumcised.</i>

295
00:20:35,108 --> 00:20:39,112
<i>One day, I had on my body,</i>
<i>strapped around, the fake passports,</i>

296
00:20:39,196 --> 00:20:43,033
<i>which I was delivering to these people</i>
<i>so they could get out of the building,</i>

297
00:20:43,116 --> 00:20:45,327
<i>and I miscalculated.</i>

298
00:20:45,410 --> 00:20:49,498
<i>I went through the sewer line,</i>
<i>and I knew when to get out.</i>

299
00:20:49,581 --> 00:20:51,458
<i>And I made a mistake,</i>

300
00:20:51,541 --> 00:20:55,587
<i>instead of coming out</i>
<i>in the middle of the building,</i>

301
00:20:55,671 --> 00:20:57,881
<i>I came out in front of the building,</i>

302
00:20:57,965 --> 00:21:01,260
<i>where two soldiers</i>
<i>were guarding the building.</i>

303
00:21:01,343 --> 00:21:03,845
<i>I started running as fast as I could,</i>

304
00:21:03,929 --> 00:21:06,014
<i>crossing the street back and forth.</i>

305
00:21:06,098 --> 00:21:08,225
<i>And they were deporting a group of Jews,</i>

306
00:21:08,308 --> 00:21:10,560
<i>not knowing where they're taking them,</i>

307
00:21:10,644 --> 00:21:14,106
<i>I jumped into that group of Jews thinking,</i>

308
00:21:14,189 --> 00:21:18,360
<i>"As I got in so many times into trouble,</i>
<i>I'll get out one more time."</i>

309
00:21:18,443 --> 00:21:19,945
<i>"Just one more escape."</i>

310
00:21:20,028 --> 00:21:22,864
<i>We would up five days later in Buchenwald.</i>

311
00:21:27,703 --> 00:21:30,247
<i>[Irene Zisblatt]</i>
We were on the train for about five days.

312
00:21:30,330 --> 00:21:33,750
<i>Sitting on a heap of luggage</i>
<i>that we carried there.</i>

313
00:21:33,834 --> 00:21:37,796
<i>The cattle car that I was in,</i>
<i>there was about 120 of us.</i>

314
00:21:37,879 --> 00:21:41,466
<i>Mashed together like sardines,</i>
<i>and it's very, very hot.</i>

315
00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:45,262
<i>They had one pail,</i>
<i>you know, for going to the bathroom.</i>

316
00:21:45,345 --> 00:21:49,933
<i>And suddenly the buckets filled up,</i>
<i>and then the odor was unbearable.</i>

317
00:21:50,017 --> 00:21:53,228
<i>They never opened the doors</i>
<i>to go to the bathroom.</i>

318
00:21:53,312 --> 00:21:56,606
<i>They never gave us any water.</i>
<i>They never gave us any food.</i>

319
00:21:56,690 --> 00:21:59,192
<i>The children were screaming.</i>
<i>They wanted to go home.</i>

320
00:21:59,276 --> 00:22:02,195
<i>"Where are they taking us?</i>
<i>Where are they taking us?"</i>

321
00:22:02,696 --> 00:22:03,739
<i>Nobody answered.</i>

322
00:22:03,822 --> 00:22:06,283
<i>It was total darkness.</i>

323
00:22:06,366 --> 00:22:11,079
<i>The light seeped</i>
<i>only through the cracks of the cattle car.</i>

324
00:22:11,163 --> 00:22:14,291
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] </i>My father found a crack
in the cattle train.

325
00:22:14,374 --> 00:22:16,501
<i>He looked out, and he spoke out loud,</i>

326
00:22:16,585 --> 00:22:19,588
<i>"I don't think we're going to the vineyard</i>

327
00:22:19,671 --> 00:22:23,675
<i>because we just crossed the border,</i>
<i>and we're heading towards Poland."</i>

328
00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:25,594
<i>When he said Poland,</i>

329
00:22:25,677 --> 00:22:29,056
<i>I remembered the man</i>
<i>telling the story about the children,</i>

330
00:22:29,139 --> 00:22:31,350
<i>what they're doing to the children</i>
<i>in Poland.</i>

331
00:22:32,059 --> 00:22:35,937
<i>And I was holding my little brother.</i>
<i>He was two-and-a-half years old.</i>

332
00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:37,481
<i>I was holding him so tight.</i>

333
00:22:38,273 --> 00:22:40,901
<i>And I said to him, I said to myself,</i>

334
00:22:40,984 --> 00:22:44,488
<i>"I will never let him go.</i>
<i>They will never take him from me."</i>

335
00:22:44,571 --> 00:22:46,907
<i>When they opened the door suddenly…</i>

336
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,786
<i>and suddenly the light hit you.</i>

337
00:22:52,329 --> 00:22:55,874
<i>And because you had your eyes</i>
<i>for four, five days shut,</i>

338
00:22:55,957 --> 00:22:57,959
<i>or used to this darkness,</i>

339
00:22:58,043 --> 00:22:59,795
<i>you're almost blinded.</i>

340
00:22:59,878 --> 00:23:02,881
<i>We were so happy</i>
<i>because we were going to get air.</i>

341
00:23:02,964 --> 00:23:06,510
<i>We were gonna get off,</i>
<i>go to the bathroom like normal people,</i>

342
00:23:06,593 --> 00:23:08,678
<i>and have water and maybe some food.</i>

343
00:23:08,762 --> 00:23:13,392
<i>And everybody would ask,</i>
<i>"Where are we? What's the name?"</i>

344
00:23:13,475 --> 00:23:15,268
<i>And it was very strange name.</i>

345
00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:17,396
<i>Auschwitz.</i>

346
00:23:18,563 --> 00:23:20,065
<i>[somber music playing]</i>

347
00:23:28,031 --> 00:23:30,325
{\an8}<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>Here, we had to be stopped.</i>

348
00:23:30,409 --> 00:23:33,120
{\an8}<i>Here was… A lot of selection happened.</i>

349
00:23:33,203 --> 00:23:36,331
<i>-You're all standing in a line--</i>
<i>-Thousands of people,</i>

350
00:23:36,415 --> 00:23:38,625
<i>close to each other,</i>

351
00:23:38,708 --> 00:23:40,168
<i>and confusion and noise.</i>

352
00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:43,964
<i>And then… Don't move, and don't…</i>
<i>[snaps fingers]</i>

353
00:23:44,047 --> 00:23:46,550
<i>Like soldiers standing straight, you see?</i>

354
00:23:47,717 --> 00:23:50,762
<i>And in the middle would the SS go here,</i>

355
00:23:50,846 --> 00:23:52,722
<i>to check all of us.</i>

356
00:23:52,806 --> 00:23:55,392
<i>Walking the dogs and just threatening.</i>

357
00:23:55,475 --> 00:23:59,187
<i>-Single file, or people standing next to…</i>
<i>-Five.</i>

358
00:23:59,271 --> 00:24:00,355
<i>[Michael] Five in a row.</i>

359
00:24:00,439 --> 00:24:03,024
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>So it was easy to count, right.</i>

360
00:24:03,108 --> 00:24:05,652
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
<i>When I jumped off the cattle car,</i>

361
00:24:05,735 --> 00:24:08,947
<i>I knew right away</i>
<i>that whatever they promised us,</i>

362
00:24:09,030 --> 00:24:11,408
<i>whatever they told us, were lies.</i>

363
00:24:11,491 --> 00:24:17,539
<i>And you see a lot of people running</i>
<i>in striped clothes and shaved heads.</i>

364
00:24:17,622 --> 00:24:21,626
<i>Surrounded by Nazi soldiers</i>
<i>and vicious dogs.</i>

365
00:24:21,710 --> 00:24:24,671
<i>And they were yelling,</i>
<i>and they were screaming.</i>

366
00:24:24,754 --> 00:24:27,966
<i>"Hurry up! Leave all your luggage there.</i>
<i>Just leave everything."</i>

367
00:24:28,049 --> 00:24:31,428
<i>All of a sudden, there was a separation,</i>

368
00:24:32,012 --> 00:24:33,847
<i>and my mother and my…</i>

369
00:24:35,682 --> 00:24:36,516
<i>[sighs]</i>

370
00:24:39,144 --> 00:24:40,896
<i>my mother and… [exhales]</i>

371
00:24:42,939 --> 00:24:45,150
<i>and my brother and my sister…</i>

372
00:24:45,233 --> 00:24:48,695
<i>She held my little brother</i>
<i>in her arms, in one arm,</i>

373
00:24:48,778 --> 00:24:53,283
<i>and my four-and-a-half-year-old sister</i>
<i>in her hand. I was holding onto her hand.</i>

374
00:24:53,366 --> 00:24:55,619
<i>This is how we were walking towards…</i>

375
00:24:55,702 --> 00:24:58,747
<i>They were pushing us</i>
<i>towards that destination.</i>

376
00:24:58,830 --> 00:25:00,123
<i>[clock ticking]</i>

377
00:25:02,834 --> 00:25:06,588
<i>[in German] When the transports came in,</i>

378
00:25:06,671 --> 00:25:10,926
{\an8}<i>the people were sorted.</i>

379
00:25:11,009 --> 00:25:15,972
{\an8}<i>It was a very basic process,</i>
<i>a very simple one.</i>

380
00:25:16,681 --> 00:25:19,518
<i>The people had to stand in a long line.</i>

381
00:25:19,601 --> 00:25:26,107
<i>At the front of the line were</i>
<i>some medical officers who would say,</i>

382
00:25:26,191 --> 00:25:30,570
<i>"This one’s too old, over 50."</i>

383
00:25:30,654 --> 00:25:36,409
<i>"This one goes to the right.</i>
<i>The other goes left."</i>

384
00:25:37,536 --> 00:25:41,331
<i>[Renee Firestone] My mother was selected</i>
<i>at the railroad station,</i>

385
00:25:41,414 --> 00:25:44,960
<i>going to the left</i>
<i>while my sister and I went to the right.</i>

386
00:25:45,043 --> 00:25:46,378
<i>My mother was taken</i>

387
00:25:46,461 --> 00:25:49,798
<i>straight from the railroad station</i>
<i>to the gas chambers.</i>

388
00:25:49,881 --> 00:25:53,802
<i>By the time my sister and I</i>
<i>were processed into the camp,</i>

389
00:25:53,885 --> 00:25:56,012
<i>my mother was no longer alive.</i>

390
00:25:57,055 --> 00:25:58,807
<i>[sinister music playing]</i>

391
00:26:25,625 --> 00:26:28,128
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
<i>We were taken to a dressing room.</i>

392
00:26:29,004 --> 00:26:32,632
<i>We were told we're gonna be</i>
<i>taking a shower after this…</i>

393
00:26:33,633 --> 00:26:37,137
<i>after this horrendous journey,</i>

394
00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:39,472
<i>and we are going to refresh ourselves,</i>

395
00:26:39,556 --> 00:26:42,183
<i>and then we will be assigned to our work.</i>

396
00:26:42,267 --> 00:26:46,521
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] They ordered us</i>
<i>to take our shoes in one hand</i>

397
00:26:46,605 --> 00:26:48,064
<i>and our clothes in the other.</i>

398
00:26:48,148 --> 00:26:50,066
<i>And I remembered the diamonds.</i>

399
00:26:50,150 --> 00:26:54,154
<i>And I grabbed my blue skirt,</i>
<i>and in the crowd, you know,</i>

400
00:26:54,237 --> 00:26:57,741
<i>I just fast took out the diamonds</i>
<i>and held them in my hands,</i>

401
00:26:57,824 --> 00:26:59,534
<i>and I had no clothes on my body.</i>

402
00:26:59,618 --> 00:27:03,997
<i>And I remember</i>
<i>I got undressed with the rest of them,</i>

403
00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,917
<i>and there I was in the bathing suit,</i>
<i>standing in the bathing suit.</i>

404
00:27:10,587 --> 00:27:11,630
<i>[smacks lips]</i>

405
00:27:14,883 --> 00:27:16,343
<i>I had a premonition.</i>

406
00:27:18,428 --> 00:27:21,765
<i>I had this feeling</i>
<i>that if I take this bathing suit off,</i>

407
00:27:22,724 --> 00:27:25,268
<i>if I leave this bathing suit behind,</i>

408
00:27:26,227 --> 00:27:30,231
<i>all the wonderful memories</i>
<i>that were built in this bathing suit…</i>

409
00:27:31,024 --> 00:27:34,653
<i>I kept remembering</i>
<i>how I walked around the swimming pool,</i>

410
00:27:34,736 --> 00:27:39,282
{\an8}<i>and how the boys were whistling at me,</i>
<i>and my friends were so jealous.</i>

411
00:27:40,617 --> 00:27:43,995
<i>And now I'm going to take it off,</i>
<i>and I'm going to leave it here.</i>

412
00:27:44,913 --> 00:27:49,876
<i>Everything that meant anything</i>
<i>in life to me, I'm going to leave behind.</i>

413
00:27:53,922 --> 00:27:55,298
<i>[Irene] They kept on saying</i>

414
00:27:55,382 --> 00:27:58,802
<i>if anybody has any valuables left,</i>
<i>to leave them.</i>

415
00:27:58,885 --> 00:28:00,845
<i>They had a section for that. [sniffles]</i>

416
00:28:00,929 --> 00:28:05,266
<i>I held onto the diamonds for dear life</i>
<i>because that was to buy bread.</i>

417
00:28:05,350 --> 00:28:06,893
<i>So I put them in my mouth.</i>

418
00:28:07,811 --> 00:28:09,938
<i>And then when I walked up again,</i>

419
00:28:10,021 --> 00:28:13,900
<i>I saw they were opening people's mouths,</i>
<i>and they were looking in,</i>

420
00:28:13,983 --> 00:28:18,154
<i>but I was in the… I was, like,</i>
<i>at the at the road of no return.</i>

421
00:28:18,238 --> 00:28:20,740
<i>I couldn't give 'em up any more</i>
<i>because I would be shot.</i>

422
00:28:20,824 --> 00:28:22,992
<i>Why didn't I leave 'em back there?</i>

423
00:28:23,076 --> 00:28:24,828
<i>And I had them in my mouth,</i>

424
00:28:24,911 --> 00:28:27,580
<i>and I didn't know what to do,</i>
<i>so I swallowed them.</i>

425
00:28:27,664 --> 00:28:29,958
<i>We walked into the shower room,</i>

426
00:28:30,041 --> 00:28:33,002
<i>and the dressing room</i>
<i>was locked behind us,</i>

427
00:28:33,086 --> 00:28:37,716
<i>and a commando came in</i>
<i>and removed all our belongings right away.</i>

428
00:28:38,299 --> 00:28:42,846
<i>They did give us a shower,</i>
<i>a little, trinkly shower, and then they…</i>

429
00:28:42,929 --> 00:28:45,014
<i>Again, there was a door on the other side</i>

430
00:28:45,098 --> 00:28:48,810
<i>leading out to the courtyard</i>
<i>on the other side of this building.</i>

431
00:28:48,893 --> 00:28:51,563
<i>And at the door,</i>
<i>they had a pile of clothes.</i>

432
00:28:51,646 --> 00:28:55,233
<i>And they ordered everybody</i>
<i>to pick one piece of clothing.</i>

433
00:28:55,316 --> 00:28:57,110
<i>We waited till about midnight,</i>

434
00:28:57,193 --> 00:29:01,114
<i>then they permitted us</i>
<i>to walk into one of these wooden barracks.</i>

435
00:29:01,698 --> 00:29:04,284
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>A thousand people in a barrack.</i>

436
00:29:04,367 --> 00:29:09,038
<i>If one person turned,</i>
<i>everybody had to turn</i>

437
00:29:09,122 --> 00:29:11,499
<i>because we were so close to each other.</i>

438
00:29:12,167 --> 00:29:14,377
<i>I used to wake up so cold,</i>

439
00:29:15,253 --> 00:29:16,087
<i>and I…</i>

440
00:29:17,338 --> 00:29:19,591
<i>used to have returning dreams</i>

441
00:29:19,674 --> 00:29:21,509
<i>that I'm at home,</i>

442
00:29:21,593 --> 00:29:23,178
<i>that I'm very cold,</i>

443
00:29:23,261 --> 00:29:25,972
<i>but my father will come</i>
<i>and comfort me, so…</i>

444
00:29:26,848 --> 00:29:28,475
<i>And then, you wake up.</i>

445
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:30,185
<i>From a whistle.</i>

446
00:29:30,268 --> 00:29:31,728
<i>It's dark outside.</i>

447
00:29:32,312 --> 00:29:34,439
<i>And this is a madman's hell.</i>

448
00:29:35,899 --> 00:29:37,192
<i>[vocalizing]</i>

449
00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:44,991
<i>[Renee Firestone] We saw this group</i>
<i>of about 20 men coming through the camp,</i>

450
00:29:45,074 --> 00:29:47,952
<i>and as they were marching by,</i>
<i>I was watching.</i>

451
00:29:48,036 --> 00:29:49,496
<i>Maybe I know somebody.</i>

452
00:29:50,830 --> 00:29:53,291
<i>And suddenly, I recognize my father.</i>

453
00:29:57,545 --> 00:30:00,048
<i>And my first thought was to hide.</i>

454
00:30:02,050 --> 00:30:04,469
<i>It was terribly painful seeing him</i>

455
00:30:04,552 --> 00:30:08,389
<i>with his shaved head</i>
<i>and his uniform, like a prisoner.</i>

456
00:30:08,473 --> 00:30:10,934
<i>This man who was helping everybody,</i>

457
00:30:11,851 --> 00:30:13,812
<i>who was the kindest human being.</i>

458
00:30:13,895 --> 00:30:18,858
<i>I just couldn't imagine</i>
<i>how would he feel if he saw us</i>

459
00:30:18,942 --> 00:30:21,027
<i>with the shaved heads and this rag.</i>

460
00:30:22,237 --> 00:30:25,615
<i>So I really just wanted to hide</i>
<i>so he can't see me.</i>

461
00:30:26,616 --> 00:30:28,993
<i>And at that moment, our eyes locked.</i>

462
00:30:33,039 --> 00:30:33,998
<i>[sniffles]</i>

463
00:30:35,333 --> 00:30:38,628
<i>And I could see his tears</i>
<i>rolling down his cheek.</i>

464
00:30:41,297 --> 00:30:42,340
<i>[smacks tongue]</i>

465
00:30:43,591 --> 00:30:44,509
<i>[sniffles]</i>

466
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:48,263
<i>That was the last time I saw my father.</i>

467
00:30:50,515 --> 00:30:51,975
<i>[sad music playing]</i>

468
00:30:56,479 --> 00:30:59,023
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] I saw trucks coming</i>

469
00:30:59,107 --> 00:31:01,860
<i>and screams in the trucks.</i>

470
00:31:01,943 --> 00:31:05,488
<i>And I saw two children</i>
<i>fall out of the truck.</i>

471
00:31:07,574 --> 00:31:08,533
<i>[sniffles]</i>

472
00:31:10,076 --> 00:31:10,994
<i>[sniffles]</i>

473
00:31:11,744 --> 00:31:13,246
<i>[Irene] And the truck stopped,</i>

474
00:31:14,747 --> 00:31:15,665
<i>[sobs]</i>

475
00:31:15,748 --> 00:31:18,251
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] And the trucks</i>
<i>[hesitates]…</i>

476
00:31:18,334 --> 00:31:21,504
<i>And one SS man came out from the front,</i>

477
00:31:21,588 --> 00:31:24,966
<i>and he picked up the children…</i>
<i>[sniffs] …like that.</i>

478
00:31:25,049 --> 00:31:27,719
<i>And he banged him against the truck,</i>

479
00:31:27,802 --> 00:31:31,973
<i>and the blood came running down,</i>
<i>and threw him into the truck, so…</i>

480
00:31:32,056 --> 00:31:33,016
<i>[sniffles]</i>

481
00:31:33,099 --> 00:31:35,101
<i>That's when I stopped talking to God.</i>

482
00:31:43,443 --> 00:31:45,945
<i>They told us</i>
<i>that we're gonna get a number.</i>

483
00:31:47,363 --> 00:31:48,907
<i>Prisoner's number.</i>

484
00:31:48,990 --> 00:31:53,077
<i>Well, of course,</i>
<i>we expected to get a prisoner's number</i>

485
00:31:53,161 --> 00:31:55,246
<i>on our clothing or somewhere.</i>

486
00:31:55,330 --> 00:31:57,916
<i>And they set up these tables.</i>

487
00:31:57,999 --> 00:32:01,002
<i>And at each table sat a few guards</i>

488
00:32:01,085 --> 00:32:04,839
<i>with huge books open in front of them.</i>

489
00:32:05,548 --> 00:32:10,803
<i>And we presumed</i>
<i>that they are going to put our name in it,</i>

490
00:32:10,887 --> 00:32:13,681
<i>and the number</i>
<i>that they're going to give us.</i>

491
00:32:15,350 --> 00:32:19,187
<i>And then we realized</i>
<i>that they are putting this number</i>

492
00:32:20,104 --> 00:32:22,065
<i>on our flesh,</i>

493
00:32:22,148 --> 00:32:23,483
<i>on our arms.</i>

494
00:32:24,525 --> 00:32:25,860
<i>[melancholy music playing]</i>

495
00:32:33,242 --> 00:32:35,954
<i>They took five of us</i>
<i>and put drops in our eyes.</i>

496
00:32:36,037 --> 00:32:40,249
<i>We didn't know why. They didn't tell us.</i>
<i>And they put us in the dungeon.</i>

497
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:42,752
<i>They closed us in there,</i>

498
00:32:42,835 --> 00:32:46,798
<i>and we were standing in water</i>
<i>up to our ankles, tightly packed,</i>

499
00:32:47,423 --> 00:32:49,968
<i>and it seemed like forever.</i>

500
00:32:50,051 --> 00:32:53,805
<i>It seemed like it was an eternity.</i>
<i>They never opened the door.</i>

501
00:32:53,888 --> 00:32:57,266
<i>They never gave us</i>
<i>anything to eat or drink.</i>

502
00:32:57,350 --> 00:32:59,477
<i>So, we drank the water we stood in.</i>

503
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,730
<i>We went to the bathroom</i>
<i>in the water we stood in.</i>

504
00:33:02,814 --> 00:33:05,608
<i>And then they opened the door,</i>
<i>and they took us out.</i>

505
00:33:06,484 --> 00:33:11,406
<i>And they brought us up into the courtyard,</i>

506
00:33:11,489 --> 00:33:13,282
<i>and they examined our eyes.</i>

507
00:33:14,158 --> 00:33:18,079
<i>And some of the people</i>
<i>couldn't see for several days after that.</i>

508
00:33:18,997 --> 00:33:21,207
<i>And they took us back to the barrack.</i>

509
00:33:21,290 --> 00:33:24,085
<i>And then we found out later</i>
<i>what they were doing.</i>

510
00:33:24,168 --> 00:33:26,838
<i>They were trying to change</i>
<i>the color of our eyes.</i>

511
00:33:26,921 --> 00:33:32,093
<i>[in German] For those who wanted</i>
<i>to conduct experiments on humans,</i>

512
00:33:32,176 --> 00:33:35,388
<i>this was a useful workplace.</i>

513
00:33:36,180 --> 00:33:40,810
<i>Many experiments were done in Auschwitz</i>
<i>to find ways to sterilize women,</i>

514
00:33:40,893 --> 00:33:44,480
<i>specifically Jewish women,</i>
<i>in order to diminish the race</i>

515
00:33:45,481 --> 00:33:50,111
<i>without going through too much trouble.</i>

516
00:33:50,194 --> 00:33:56,784
<i>These women</i>
<i>were then sent back to the camp.</i>

517
00:33:57,785 --> 00:34:00,705
<i>Sometimes they were</i>
<i>immediately transferred</i>

518
00:34:00,788 --> 00:34:05,501
<i>because they were</i>
<i>so-called "secret bearers."</i>

519
00:34:06,252 --> 00:34:11,883
<i>They performed tests, then sent them</i>
<i>back to Birkenau and gassed them.</i>

520
00:34:13,634 --> 00:34:19,098
<i>One day, a prisoner acquaintance</i>
<i>came to me and asked me</i>

521
00:34:19,182 --> 00:34:21,517
<i>if I could try to gain some influence…</i>

522
00:34:23,061 --> 00:34:27,815
<i>if anything could be done,</i>
<i>not to send them to the gas chamber.</i>

523
00:34:27,899 --> 00:34:33,571
<i>The only way to do that was</i>
<i>to make them undergo more tests.</i>

524
00:34:34,322 --> 00:34:40,119
<i>To save them, we had to keep</i>
<i>conducting harmless tests on them.</i>

525
00:34:40,203 --> 00:34:44,916
<i>This is what we planned to do,</i>
<i>and somehow it worked.</i>

526
00:34:44,999 --> 00:34:50,963
<i>And that is why I was acquitted…</i>

527
00:34:51,714 --> 00:34:52,715
<i>in Auschwitz.</i>

528
00:34:56,260 --> 00:34:59,847
<i>[Randolph] Having survived the first</i>
<i>four and a half years of the war,</i>

529
00:34:59,931 --> 00:35:03,559
<i>the Hungarian Jews were killed</i>
<i>in the last chapter</i>

530
00:35:03,643 --> 00:35:07,563
<i>of Hitler's war against the Jews</i>
<i>when the leaders of the world</i>

531
00:35:07,647 --> 00:35:11,943
<i>were already fully aware</i>
<i>of all the details of Auschwitz.</i>

532
00:35:12,026 --> 00:35:14,028
<i>When we came to Auschwitz,</i>

533
00:35:14,112 --> 00:35:16,656
<i>it was during the Final Solution,</i>

534
00:35:16,739 --> 00:35:19,909
<i>when he just was desperate already.</i>

535
00:35:19,992 --> 00:35:22,870
<i>He was losing the war.</i>
<i>Hitler was losing the war,</i>

536
00:35:22,954 --> 00:35:26,165
<i>but he was not going to lose</i>
<i>the war against the Jews.</i>

537
00:35:26,249 --> 00:35:30,044
<i>The sadism, the cruelty,</i>

538
00:35:30,128 --> 00:35:34,799
<i>the irrationality</i>
<i>of the German and Hungarian Nazis,</i>

539
00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:39,679
<i>of killing the remaining Jewish</i>
<i>population when the war was all over,</i>

540
00:35:40,847 --> 00:35:44,559
<i>when they could have gained brownie points</i>

541
00:35:44,642 --> 00:35:47,812
<i>by being more civilized</i>
<i>vis-à-vis these people,</i>

542
00:35:48,521 --> 00:35:52,358
<i>was really not present</i>
<i>because their hatred was so blind.</i>

543
00:35:53,109 --> 00:35:57,697
<i>[Randolph Braham] The Nazis diverted</i>
<i>trains and other transportation means</i>

544
00:35:57,780 --> 00:35:59,490
<i>useful to the Germans</i>

545
00:35:59,574 --> 00:36:02,243
<i>for purposes of deporting Jews,</i>

546
00:36:02,326 --> 00:36:04,829
<i>to complete the Final Solution program.</i>

547
00:36:04,912 --> 00:36:06,455
<i>While I was in Auschwitz,</i>

548
00:36:06,539 --> 00:36:10,334
<i>the transports were coming in</i>
<i>two, three transports a day,</i>

549
00:36:11,085 --> 00:36:13,087
<i>with thousands of people in it.</i>

550
00:36:13,796 --> 00:36:16,132
<i>[Randolph Braham]</i>
<i>Within less than six weeks,</i>

551
00:36:16,215 --> 00:36:20,595
<i>more than 438,000 Hungarian Jews</i>

552
00:36:20,678 --> 00:36:22,471
<i>were deported to Auschwitz.</i>

553
00:36:22,972 --> 00:36:26,142
<i>The gas chambers,</i>
<i>the crematoria, could not cope.</i>

554
00:36:27,018 --> 00:36:29,854
<i>The SS had to dig special pits</i>

555
00:36:30,646 --> 00:36:32,231
<i>to burn the bodies,</i>

556
00:36:33,191 --> 00:36:37,570
<i>using the Jews' own fat as fuel.</i>

557
00:36:38,070 --> 00:36:43,409
<i>I saw how they were</i>
<i>throwing people into these fire pits.</i>

558
00:36:44,619 --> 00:36:48,623
<i>And I said to myself, "Something is wrong</i>
<i>with me. My mind is going."</i>

559
00:36:49,415 --> 00:36:50,958
<i>I couldn't be seeing this.</i>

560
00:36:51,542 --> 00:36:55,630
<i>[in German] The mass graves were</i>

561
00:36:56,672 --> 00:37:02,470
<i>about eight by ten</i>
<i>or ten by ten meters wide.</i>

562
00:37:03,846 --> 00:37:08,517
<i>Wood was piled</i>
<i>on the bottom and set on fire.</i>

563
00:37:09,518 --> 00:37:14,023
<i>Then the bodies were thrown</i>
<i>over the fire. That was it.</i>

564
00:37:14,106 --> 00:37:18,986
<i>If the fat burned,</i>
<i>then the grave was working.</i>

565
00:37:20,529 --> 00:37:23,199
<i>Then more and more bodies</i>
<i>were thrown into it.</i>

566
00:37:25,326 --> 00:37:26,160
<i>That simple.</i>

567
00:37:28,204 --> 00:37:29,455
<i>[somber music playing]</i>

568
00:37:30,122 --> 00:37:33,960
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>What vast landscape you are seeing here.</i>

569
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:39,131
<i>How could people, normal people, go back</i>

570
00:37:40,341 --> 00:37:42,051
<i>after working here,</i>

571
00:37:42,134 --> 00:37:44,136
<i>or planned this, okay?</i>

572
00:37:44,220 --> 00:37:45,972
<i>Somebody had to plan it.</i>

573
00:37:46,055 --> 00:37:48,975
<i>Somebody had to be an engineer.</i>

574
00:37:49,058 --> 00:37:55,773
<i>Somebody had to really put on a map,</i>
<i>this kind of efficiency.</i>

575
00:37:58,526 --> 00:38:02,613
<i>But the whole time I was in the camp,</i>
<i>through the experiment,</i>

576
00:38:02,697 --> 00:38:05,741
<i>every time I was selected,</i>
<i>I swallowed the diamonds.</i>

577
00:38:06,450 --> 00:38:09,745
<i>So, every time I swallowed them,</i>
<i>I had to find them again.</i>

578
00:38:10,454 --> 00:38:13,249
<i>We were allowed</i>
<i>to go to the latrine once a day,</i>

579
00:38:13,332 --> 00:38:17,920
<i>and I never sat on the hole</i>
<i>because I had to go and find my diamonds.</i>

580
00:38:18,004 --> 00:38:22,758
<i>And when the SS woman walked by the door,</i>
<i>and she saw me in the corner…</i>

581
00:38:22,842 --> 00:38:26,554
<i>I already had the diamonds in hand.</i>
<i>Usually I was waiting until…</i>

582
00:38:26,637 --> 00:38:30,433
<i>On the way back,</i>
<i>I would rinse them off, like in the mud,</i>

583
00:38:30,516 --> 00:38:32,101
<i>or if there was no mud,</i>

584
00:38:32,184 --> 00:38:34,562
<i>in the soup</i>
<i>that we were going to get next,</i>

585
00:38:34,645 --> 00:38:36,856
<i>but I had no time,</i>
<i>and I had to swallow them.</i>

586
00:38:39,233 --> 00:38:42,403
<i>My God, this is the latrine.</i>

587
00:38:44,613 --> 00:38:46,032
<i>Oh my God.</i>

588
00:38:48,117 --> 00:38:51,370
<i>At this place, I was with my sister,</i>

589
00:38:51,454 --> 00:38:52,997
<i>with Edith next to me.</i>

590
00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:56,000
<i>And so Edith whispers to me and says,</i>

591
00:38:57,335 --> 00:39:00,588
<i>"It's almost Shabbat.</i>
<i>It's Friday. It's almost Shabbat."</i>

592
00:39:01,339 --> 00:39:04,008
<i>How we used to</i>
<i>celebrate Shabbat in our house,</i>

593
00:39:04,091 --> 00:39:07,678
<i>with food and with singing</i>
<i>and with praying</i>

594
00:39:07,762 --> 00:39:10,848
<i>and, you know, lighting the candle.</i>

595
00:39:10,931 --> 00:39:15,061
<i>And I told her, "Why don't we</i>
<i>celebrate inside, in the latrine?"</i>

596
00:39:16,437 --> 00:39:21,025
<i>We ran back to the end, and we started</i>
<i>to make our Shabbat ceremony,</i>

597
00:39:21,108 --> 00:39:22,860
<i>and we started to sing.</i>

598
00:39:22,943 --> 00:39:24,445
<i>[speaking Hebrew]</i>

599
00:39:27,114 --> 00:39:29,158
<i>And as we sang the melody,</i>

600
00:39:29,241 --> 00:39:33,371
<i>other children came around us</i>
<i>and started to sing with us.</i>

601
00:39:33,454 --> 00:39:36,665
<i>Somebody was from Holland.</i>
<i>Somebody was from Germany.</i>

602
00:39:36,749 --> 00:39:40,419
<i>Somebody was from Hungary,</i>
<i>Czechoslovakia. All thrown together.</i>

603
00:39:40,503 --> 00:39:45,049
<i>And suddenly, the Hebrew songs,</i>
<i>the prayers, the Shabbat,</i>

604
00:39:45,633 --> 00:39:48,219
<i>united us in the latrine of Auschwitz.</i>

605
00:39:53,099 --> 00:39:55,559
<i>[Irene Zisblatt]</i>
<i>People couldn't endure all this pain,</i>

606
00:39:55,643 --> 00:39:58,479
<i>the conditions</i>
<i>and the hunger and the lice.</i>

607
00:39:58,562 --> 00:40:02,108
<i>The lice were, like,</i>
<i>as big as my pinky nail,</i>

608
00:40:02,191 --> 00:40:03,692
<i>embedded into our bodies.</i>

609
00:40:03,776 --> 00:40:07,780
<i>And we were sore</i>
<i>from scratching and infections.</i>

610
00:40:07,863 --> 00:40:10,282
<i>And so, when the electricity went on,</i>

611
00:40:10,366 --> 00:40:13,786
<i>they ran to the barbed wire</i>
<i>to commit suicide.</i>

612
00:40:13,869 --> 00:40:17,540
<i>Then they punished us.</i>
<i>For every man that ran to the wire,</i>

613
00:40:17,623 --> 00:40:19,959
<i>they took 100 inmates,</i>

614
00:40:20,042 --> 00:40:24,004
<i>and they killed them</i>
<i>in front of everybody as an example.</i>

615
00:40:24,088 --> 00:40:26,966
<i>They didn't even let us die</i>
<i>when we wanted.</i>

616
00:40:27,049 --> 00:40:28,968
<i>And then I thought of something.</i>

617
00:40:29,051 --> 00:40:31,262
<i>They took away my parents.</i>

618
00:40:31,345 --> 00:40:33,222
<i>They took away my identity.</i>

619
00:40:33,305 --> 00:40:35,474
<i>They took away my siblings.</i>

620
00:40:35,558 --> 00:40:37,518
<i>They took away my possessions.</i>

621
00:40:38,602 --> 00:40:41,188
<i>There is something that they want from me.</i>

622
00:40:41,897 --> 00:40:43,774
<i>And then I thought of my soul.</i>

623
00:40:45,067 --> 00:40:47,278
<i>And I said,</i>
<i>"They're not gonna take my soul."</i>

624
00:40:49,029 --> 00:40:51,157
<i>And I decided right then and there,</i>

625
00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:54,577
<i>"I'm going to get up from this mud,</i>
<i>and I'm going to fight</i>

626
00:40:54,660 --> 00:40:57,121
<i>because I'm not going to become ashes."</i>

627
00:40:57,204 --> 00:40:58,330
<i>[somber music playing]</i>

628
00:40:58,914 --> 00:41:01,292
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
<i>When we arrived to Auschwitz,</i>

629
00:41:01,375 --> 00:41:06,088
<i>thousands and thousands of people</i>
<i>were cremated every day.</i>

630
00:41:06,172 --> 00:41:09,592
<i>The Nazis used Jewish inmates,</i>

631
00:41:09,675 --> 00:41:11,802
<i>a special </i>Sonderkommando,

632
00:41:11,886 --> 00:41:14,805
<i>to remove the bodies from the gas chambers</i>

633
00:41:14,889 --> 00:41:18,225
<i>and take the bodies into the crematoria.</i>

634
00:41:18,309 --> 00:41:21,854
{\an8}<i>As far as I know, there is only four of us</i>

635
00:41:21,937 --> 00:41:26,400
<i>that worked</i>
<i>in the </i>{\an8}Sonderkommando <i>alive today.</i>

636
00:41:27,026 --> 00:41:29,820
{\an8}<i>And we are the only eyewitness</i>

637
00:41:30,362 --> 00:41:34,492
<i>that saw the whole thing from A to Z.</i>

638
00:41:34,575 --> 00:41:37,286
<i>How the Final Solution was done.</i>

639
00:41:39,914 --> 00:41:42,166
<i>I'm Jewish, from Greece.</i>

640
00:41:42,249 --> 00:41:48,422
<i>And I lived in Greece until the time</i>
<i>they took me to concentration camp.</i>

641
00:41:48,506 --> 00:41:51,967
<i>The first week of April 1944,</i>

642
00:41:52,718 --> 00:41:55,054
<i>I arrived in Auschwitz.</i>

643
00:41:56,222 --> 00:42:00,559
<i>They selected some of the Greeks</i>
<i>to go to work in crematorium.</i>

644
00:42:00,643 --> 00:42:02,394
{\an8}<i>Now is my first day there.</i>

645
00:42:02,478 --> 00:42:04,355
{\an8}<i>I don't know what was going on.</i>

646
00:42:04,438 --> 00:42:07,483
<i>I saw 2,500 people, all naked,</i>

647
00:42:07,566 --> 00:42:10,528
<i>go into the big chamber, which eventually…</i>

648
00:42:10,611 --> 00:42:14,657
<i>They take only 500 people.</i>
<i>They were putting in 2,500 people.</i>

649
00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:18,452
<i>So nobody could do anything</i>
<i>but stand by their children.</i>

650
00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:22,456
<i>And 15 minutes later, you know,</i>
<i>after they close the chambers,</i>

651
00:42:22,540 --> 00:42:25,584
<i>and the SS threw the gas</i>
<i>from these four openings,</i>

652
00:42:25,668 --> 00:42:27,670
<i>you know, they open up.</i>

653
00:42:27,753 --> 00:42:31,298
<i>What did I see?</i>
<i>I see the people I saw 15 minutes ago.</i>

654
00:42:31,382 --> 00:42:35,386
<i>I see them all dead, standing up,</i>
<i>with their children black and blue.</i>

655
00:42:36,053 --> 00:42:40,266
<i>And I said to myself,</i>
<i>"What's going on? What's going on here?"</i>

656
00:42:41,141 --> 00:42:44,645
<i>There was a Polish guy</i>
<i>that was there before,</i>

657
00:42:44,728 --> 00:42:46,939
<i>and I said, "Where is God?"</i>

658
00:42:47,022 --> 00:42:50,025
<i>He said, "God,</i>
<i>God is where you have your strength."</i>

659
00:42:52,653 --> 00:42:58,325
{\an8}<i>There were four crematoriums, you know,</i>
<i>and they were working 24 hours.</i>

660
00:42:58,409 --> 00:43:01,078
<i>And there were</i>
<i>a lot of big shots from Berlin</i>

661
00:43:01,161 --> 00:43:03,706
<i>coming and watching</i>
<i>how the Jews were dying.</i>

662
00:43:03,789 --> 00:43:08,002
<i>You know, there was a hole,</i>
<i>in the, you know, hermetically closed,</i>

663
00:43:08,085 --> 00:43:11,755
<i>and they were looking there</i>
<i>how the Jewish people were dying.</i>

664
00:43:11,839 --> 00:43:14,675
<i>Takes two to four minutes.</i>
<i>Depends where you are.</i>

665
00:43:15,634 --> 00:43:19,555
<i>A lot of people think that we,</i>
<i>working in the </i>Sonderkommando,

666
00:43:19,638 --> 00:43:23,892
<i>we were guilty of something</i>
<i>because we were doing such kind of work.</i>

667
00:43:24,810 --> 00:43:29,607
<i>But ourselves, you know,</i>
<i>we couldn't get out of it.</i>

668
00:43:29,690 --> 00:43:33,402
<i>If you don't do whatever they ask you</i>
<i>to do, they kill you right away.</i>

669
00:43:34,445 --> 00:43:38,782
<i>One time I had two friends of mine,</i>
<i>very close friends of mine.</i>

670
00:43:38,866 --> 00:43:42,369
<i>They came in, you know.</i>
<i>Their names were the Venezias.</i>

671
00:43:42,911 --> 00:43:46,165
<i>And… [clear throat]</i>
<i>…I told them right away</i>

672
00:43:46,248 --> 00:43:48,334
<i>that they were going to die.</i>

673
00:43:48,417 --> 00:43:52,713
<i>And they asked for food,</i>
<i>and whatever I had, I gave them to eat,</i>

674
00:43:52,796 --> 00:43:56,842
<i>and I told them</i>
<i>exactly where to keep themselves,</i>

675
00:43:56,925 --> 00:44:01,221
<i>where the openings were,</i>
<i>so they can die fast.</i>

676
00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:05,392
<i>And after they were through,</i>
<i>I took them out, and I washed them,</i>

677
00:44:05,476 --> 00:44:09,104
<i>and I put them in the oven to be burned.</i>

678
00:44:11,649 --> 00:44:13,150
<i>[melancholy music playing]</i>

679
00:44:28,540 --> 00:44:31,835
<i>[Tom Lantos] We could hear the artillery</i>
<i>moving closer and closer.</i>

680
00:44:33,128 --> 00:44:36,215
<i>And Budapest was the battlefield</i>

681
00:44:36,298 --> 00:44:39,009
<i>between the Germans and the Soviet Army.</i>

682
00:44:39,677 --> 00:44:42,971
<i>And although we knew it would be weeks</i>

683
00:44:43,055 --> 00:44:47,393
<i>before the Soviet Army would hopefully</i>
<i>liberate the remaining Jews,</i>

684
00:44:47,476 --> 00:44:51,271
<i>we knew that lots of hardships</i>
<i>were still ahead.</i>

685
00:44:54,983 --> 00:44:56,902
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>In Auschwitz, after Christmas,</i>

686
00:44:56,985 --> 00:45:00,739
<i>we heard more and more</i>
<i>the bombing came closer and closer.</i>

687
00:45:01,615 --> 00:45:04,660
<i>The Nazis didn't want anybody</i>
<i>to get liberated,</i>

688
00:45:04,743 --> 00:45:08,038
<i>so they were herding the people</i>
<i>away from the camp.</i>

689
00:45:08,956 --> 00:45:11,333
<i>[Randolph Braham]</i>
The death march was in winter.

690
00:45:11,417 --> 00:45:15,963
<i>Those who could not keep pace</i>
<i>were simply shot by the wayside.</i>

691
00:45:17,423 --> 00:45:18,841
<i>[wind howling]</i>

692
00:45:20,384 --> 00:45:24,972
<i>If anybody, anybody tries to run away</i>

693
00:45:26,306 --> 00:45:30,477
<i>or do anything that is not permitted,</i>
<i>will be shot on the spot.</i>

694
00:45:31,145 --> 00:45:35,357
<i>There were three of us friends</i>
<i>that were together up to that point.</i>

695
00:45:35,441 --> 00:45:41,655
<i>But we swore that we would sacrifice</i>
<i>each other's life for each other.</i>

696
00:45:41,739 --> 00:45:43,949
<i>We would never let each other down.</i>

697
00:45:44,032 --> 00:45:47,953
<i>Kids. You know, we had this sort of</i>
<i>a dream that will be possible.</i>

698
00:45:48,036 --> 00:45:52,207
<i>One of the three had</i>
<i>an injury in his knee and had gangrene,</i>

699
00:45:52,291 --> 00:45:54,960
<i>and one of the soldiers</i>
<i>noticed him limping.</i>

700
00:45:55,043 --> 00:45:57,546
<i>So, he comes up,</i>
<i>and he wants to shoot him.</i>

701
00:45:57,629 --> 00:46:00,924
<i>We step in front of him.</i>
<i>He pulls out his Luger and says,</i>

702
00:46:01,008 --> 00:46:04,052
<i>"I'll give you till three seconds.</i>
<i>Count to three."</i>

703
00:46:04,136 --> 00:46:07,973
<i>"Either you let him go,</i>
<i>or all the three of you die."</i>

704
00:46:08,599 --> 00:46:13,562
<i>Can you imagine, even so young,</i>
<i>the decision that we had to make?</i>

705
00:46:13,645 --> 00:46:17,775
<i>Here, we promised</i>
<i>that we will die for each other,</i>

706
00:46:17,858 --> 00:46:21,111
<i>but we couldn't keep that promise</i>
<i>under threat of death.</i>

707
00:46:21,612 --> 00:46:22,905
<i>We did let him die.</i>

708
00:46:27,409 --> 00:46:31,747
<i>We arrived… About ten days' march or so,</i>
<i>we arrived into Dachau.</i>

709
00:46:45,093 --> 00:46:46,470
<i>[squeaking]</i>

710
00:46:51,642 --> 00:46:52,810
<i>[Bill Basch] Oh my God.</i>

711
00:46:55,187 --> 00:46:56,688
<i>After 53 years…</i>

712
00:46:59,983 --> 00:47:01,693
<i>it's as if it were yesterday.</i>

713
00:47:08,826 --> 00:47:11,870
<i>You could find them</i>
<i>here on the street, just laying,</i>

714
00:47:11,954 --> 00:47:15,082
<i>and you didn't pay attention.</i>
<i>You stepped over bodies.</i>

715
00:47:15,165 --> 00:47:17,501
<i>You didn't pay any attention.</i>
<i>It didn't mean anything.</i>

716
00:47:17,584 --> 00:47:18,961
<i>-[Martin] Right here?</i>
<i>-Yeah.</i>

717
00:47:20,087 --> 00:47:23,423
<i>I never knew anybody's name.</i>

718
00:47:23,507 --> 00:47:25,676
<i>Never wanted to know anybody.</i>

719
00:47:26,385 --> 00:47:29,471
<i>I never wanted to know,</i>
<i>just in case someday</i>

720
00:47:29,555 --> 00:47:31,890
<i>someone will know this person</i>

721
00:47:32,724 --> 00:47:35,894
<i>whose shoes I have taken off when he died.</i>

722
00:47:39,147 --> 00:47:43,902
<i>If you can imagine that every morning,</i>
<i>my job was for a while…</i>

723
00:47:43,986 --> 00:47:46,947
<i>I had to go barrack to barrack to barrack</i>

724
00:47:47,030 --> 00:47:50,409
<i>and take those bodies</i>
<i>and bring them to the crematorium.</i>

725
00:47:50,993 --> 00:47:52,786
<i>We had one of those push cars.</i>

726
00:47:53,620 --> 00:47:57,708
<i>I remember the </i>Sonderkommando<i>s</i>
<i>that worked in the crematorium</i>

727
00:47:57,791 --> 00:48:00,294
<i>came out, and they opened the gate.</i>

728
00:48:00,377 --> 00:48:02,504
<i>They took it over from here</i>
<i>and walked it in,</i>

729
00:48:02,588 --> 00:48:04,590
<i>but we were never allowed to cross this.</i>

730
00:48:04,673 --> 00:48:08,135
<i>They never talked about the crematorium,</i>
<i>but we knew.</i>

731
00:48:09,219 --> 00:48:11,346
<i>If we walked in here, we never got out.</i>

732
00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:13,765
<i>You never got out from here,</i>
<i>from this area.</i>

733
00:48:13,849 --> 00:48:18,312
<i>Because, I mean,</i>
<i>if they let him out, and he escapes,</i>

734
00:48:18,395 --> 00:48:21,899
<i>they have witness, they have testimony.</i>
<i>So they wouldn't let them out.</i>

735
00:48:26,528 --> 00:48:27,613
<i>[clicks tongue]</i>

736
00:48:28,405 --> 00:48:29,698
<i>[sighs]</i>

737
00:48:29,781 --> 00:48:30,866
<i>Look at that.</i>

738
00:48:47,424 --> 00:48:50,802
<i>The inhumanity of man against man…</i>

739
00:48:52,137 --> 00:48:53,513
<i>is beyond belief.</i>

740
00:48:55,265 --> 00:48:56,099
<i>This is…</i>

741
00:48:57,142 --> 00:48:59,853
<i>the most monstrous thing that man devised.</i>

742
00:49:02,856 --> 00:49:06,568
<i>Burning human beings</i>
<i>just, just to get rid of them quicker.</i>

743
00:49:07,986 --> 00:49:09,488
<i>Unbelievable.</i>

744
00:49:14,242 --> 00:49:15,327
<i>[sobbing]</i>

745
00:49:20,457 --> 00:49:22,125
<i>[crying]</i>

746
00:49:29,549 --> 00:49:32,135
<i>Just so emotional. It's so hard.</i>

747
00:49:33,720 --> 00:49:34,638
<i>[sniffs]</i>

748
00:49:38,934 --> 00:49:40,560
<i>Now, why did I survive?</i>

749
00:49:41,812 --> 00:49:43,563
<i>Why did God spare me?</i>

750
00:49:48,735 --> 00:49:52,114
<i>Somebody started to yell,</i>
<i>"Americans! Americans!"</i>

751
00:49:52,197 --> 00:49:54,533
<i>And we didn't know</i>
<i>what they mean by Americans.</i>

752
00:49:54,616 --> 00:49:56,535
<i>And they were pointing up to the sky.</i>

753
00:49:56,618 --> 00:50:00,580
<i>Planes came out</i>
<i>from behind the mountains, from nowhere,</i>

754
00:50:00,664 --> 00:50:03,959
<i>and they just bombed the convoy.</i>

755
00:50:04,042 --> 00:50:07,295
<i>And they they didn't touch us.</i>
<i>None of us got hurt.</i>

756
00:50:07,379 --> 00:50:11,842
<i>That's when I found out the first time</i>
<i>that the United States was at war.</i>

757
00:50:11,925 --> 00:50:16,513
{\an8}<i>It was April 29th</i>
<i>when I was ordered to go to Dachau.</i>

758
00:50:17,180 --> 00:50:19,182
{\an8}<i>Actually, the night of the 28th.</i>

759
00:50:19,266 --> 00:50:24,730
<i>And we were ordered to take off</i>
<i>as fast as possible to get to Dachau,</i>

760
00:50:25,439 --> 00:50:27,357
<i>not knowing what we were facing.</i>

761
00:50:27,441 --> 00:50:29,609
{\an8}<i>We thought it was a military camp,</i>

762
00:50:29,693 --> 00:50:33,113
{\an8}<i>a German military camp</i>
<i>that we were going in to take,</i>

763
00:50:33,196 --> 00:50:36,742
{\an8}<i>and therefore we were gonna</i>
<i>capture it and capture the people inside.</i>

764
00:50:36,825 --> 00:50:38,994
{\an8}<i>We were in the vicinity</i>

765
00:50:39,077 --> 00:50:43,582
{\an8}<i>of what we found out</i>
<i>to be concentration camps.</i>

766
00:50:45,042 --> 00:50:48,879
<i>[Bill Basch] Suddenly, we hear</i>
<i>machine guns shooting up.</i>

767
00:50:49,671 --> 00:50:52,507
<i>First thought was</i>
<i>that we are being killed.</i>

768
00:50:52,591 --> 00:50:56,136
<i>Then we saw American soldiers</i>
<i>climbing, crawling and shooting.</i>

769
00:50:56,219 --> 00:50:59,514
<i>Then we saw German soldiers</i>
<i>coming from that direction.</i>

770
00:51:00,223 --> 00:51:03,643
<i>And as they met up here in the center,</i>
<i>that Germans gave up.</i>

771
00:51:04,311 --> 00:51:10,609
<i>But visualize 32,000 people</i>
<i>coming out of all those barracks.</i>

772
00:51:10,692 --> 00:51:11,860
<i>Outside the camp…</i>

773
00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:15,030
<i>on the railroad tracks was…</i>

774
00:51:16,239 --> 00:51:18,658
<i>40 boxcars, I believe was the count.</i>

775
00:51:18,742 --> 00:51:21,453
<i>Absolutely full of dead bodies.</i>

776
00:51:24,164 --> 00:51:28,085
<i>And not having had any knowledge</i>
<i>of what we were facing,</i>

777
00:51:29,211 --> 00:51:30,045
<i>this was…</i>

778
00:51:31,671 --> 00:51:32,672
<i>totally unreal.</i>

779
00:51:35,175 --> 00:51:39,554
<i>Most of them wearing flannel pajamas.</i>
<i>That's all what they had.</i>

780
00:51:40,222 --> 00:51:42,682
<i>Blue stripe, white stripe.</i>

781
00:51:42,766 --> 00:51:43,850
<i>Flannel pajamas.</i>

782
00:51:44,392 --> 00:51:45,685
<i>People were weak.</i>

783
00:51:46,603 --> 00:51:49,564
<i>Weak probably isn't even the right term.</i>

784
00:51:50,941 --> 00:51:52,567
<i>But they were emaciated.</i>

785
00:51:53,485 --> 00:51:54,528
<i>Uh…</i>

786
00:51:54,611 --> 00:51:56,947
<i>Some looked very old, but they weren't.</i>

787
00:51:57,656 --> 00:52:01,034
<i>[Katsugo Miho] </i>They were walking dead,
is what we called them. Skeletons.

788
00:52:01,868 --> 00:52:03,578
<i>[Paul Parks] A few came out first,</i>

789
00:52:03,662 --> 00:52:06,039
<i>then more came out, and more came out,</i>

790
00:52:06,123 --> 00:52:07,958
<i>and they kept coming toward us</i>

791
00:52:08,041 --> 00:52:10,961
<i>because it was almost as if they realized…</i>

792
00:52:11,044 --> 00:52:14,256
<i>I guess they did.</i>
<i>They realized that we were different.</i>

793
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:17,884
<i>That we were people coming to help them.</i>

794
00:52:17,968 --> 00:52:21,847
<i>And Americans held the gun</i>
<i>against the Germans,</i>

795
00:52:21,930 --> 00:52:24,766
<i>but they didn't kill them.</i>
<i>They let us have them.</i>

796
00:52:25,350 --> 00:52:29,646
<i>And taking a dozen or so</i>
<i>German soldiers that we caught,</i>

797
00:52:29,729 --> 00:52:33,275
<i>literally tore them apart, piece by piece.</i>

798
00:52:34,734 --> 00:52:37,487
<i>We captured a German colonel.</i>

799
00:52:38,697 --> 00:52:40,866
<i>And I went back and told him</i>

800
00:52:40,949 --> 00:52:44,744
<i>that we're going to send you</i>
<i>back to the officers to talk to you.</i>

801
00:52:45,662 --> 00:52:47,289
<i>And he spit in my face.</i>

802
00:52:48,540 --> 00:52:49,624
<i>Then I killed him.</i>

803
00:52:51,042 --> 00:52:53,879
<i>It wasn't long</i>
<i>before the war was over after that.</i>

804
00:52:53,962 --> 00:52:55,630
<i>But by those last days,</i>

805
00:52:55,714 --> 00:52:58,925
<i>we intended to stop Germany</i>
<i>from ever having the opportunity</i>

806
00:52:59,009 --> 00:53:01,553
<i>to stand up again and do this to anybody.</i>

807
00:53:02,679 --> 00:53:06,099
<i>I've seen many a horrible sight</i>

808
00:53:06,183 --> 00:53:10,187
<i>in that two years of…</i>
<i>In Italy, France and Germany,</i>

809
00:53:10,270 --> 00:53:13,732
<i>but the worst thing</i>
<i>I've ever seen in my life</i>

810
00:53:13,815 --> 00:53:15,942
<i>were the survivors of the Holocaust.</i>

811
00:53:23,575 --> 00:53:25,202
<i>This is something which is…</i>

812
00:53:25,827 --> 00:53:26,661
<i>uh…</i>

813
00:53:26,745 --> 00:53:28,538
<i>To this day, I cannot forget.</i>

814
00:54:52,580 --> 00:54:53,498
<i>[sighs]</i>

815
00:54:54,833 --> 00:54:57,127
<i>I wasn't young anymore.</i>

816
00:54:57,752 --> 00:54:59,004
<i>I was very old.</i>

817
00:54:59,963 --> 00:55:02,424
<i>I was 16, but I was very old.</i>

818
00:55:02,924 --> 00:55:06,720
<i>Returning to freedom was very difficult.</i>

819
00:55:07,637 --> 00:55:11,433
<i>We didn't know how we're going to</i>
<i>make peace with the outside world,</i>

820
00:55:11,516 --> 00:55:12,892
<i>which didn't want us.</i>

821
00:55:12,976 --> 00:55:14,311
<i>And we didn't know…</i>

822
00:55:17,230 --> 00:55:20,066
<i>who we're going to find or not find.</i>

823
00:55:20,859 --> 00:55:24,654
<i>They didn't know what to do with us.</i>
<i>And they put us in a DP camp,</i>

824
00:55:24,738 --> 00:55:27,449
<i>which is a displaced persons camp.</i>

825
00:55:27,532 --> 00:55:31,161
<i>And the closest one from where I was,</i>
<i>was in Austria.</i>

826
00:55:31,244 --> 00:55:37,167
<i>And all the survivors that had</i>
<i>no other place to go were in that camp.</i>

827
00:55:37,917 --> 00:55:40,962
<i>So it was another camp, but it was free.</i>

828
00:55:43,465 --> 00:55:47,802
<i>After the Soviet Army liberated Budapest,</i>

829
00:55:47,886 --> 00:55:51,598
<i>and I became a free human being again,</i>

830
00:55:51,681 --> 00:55:53,683
<i>I did not know for months</i>

831
00:55:54,267 --> 00:55:58,730
<i>whether my mother or other members</i>
<i>of my family would ever return.</i>

832
00:56:02,525 --> 00:56:06,196
<i>[Renee Firestone] </i>I was hoping
that going back to Auschwitz

833
00:56:06,279 --> 00:56:08,406
<i>is finally going to give me some closure.</i>

834
00:56:10,283 --> 00:56:14,162
{\an8}<i>And, uh, I was shocked to find out</i>

835
00:56:14,245 --> 00:56:19,209
<i>that it opened up</i>
<i>new questions and new doubts.</i>

836
00:56:21,753 --> 00:56:26,091
<i>I would like to find out about my family.</i>

837
00:56:26,174 --> 00:56:30,470
<i>[in Polish] She'd like to look</i>
<i>for information about her and her family.</i>

838
00:56:30,553 --> 00:56:32,347
<i>[speaking Polish]</i>

839
00:56:34,224 --> 00:56:35,975
<i>Your name, please?</i>

840
00:56:36,059 --> 00:56:38,395
<i>Renee. R-e-n-e-e.</i>

841
00:56:38,478 --> 00:56:39,979
<i>[speaking Polish]</i>

842
00:56:40,063 --> 00:56:43,441
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
<i>This is the first time that I decided…</i>

843
00:56:44,526 --> 00:56:46,945
<i>to find some records of my family.</i>

844
00:56:50,657 --> 00:56:54,452
<i>And my sister was Klara.</i>

845
00:57:00,208 --> 00:57:01,376
<i>[door closes]</i>

846
00:57:08,216 --> 00:57:10,510
<i>[translator in Polish]</i>
<i>You found something?</i>

847
00:57:10,593 --> 00:57:15,515
<i>Yes, I found something.</i>
<i>We can look together.</i>

848
00:57:23,231 --> 00:57:24,274
<i>[sighs]</i>

849
00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:26,443
<i>Give me some.</i>

850
00:57:26,526 --> 00:57:28,486
<i>[speaking indistinctly]</i>

851
00:57:31,156 --> 00:57:33,533
<i>[in Polish]</i>
<i>Please lay the cards down like this.</i>

852
00:57:33,616 --> 00:57:35,618
<i>[speaking indistinctly]</i>

853
00:57:45,795 --> 00:57:49,048
<i>-Klara.</i>
<i>-Klara. My sister.</i>

854
00:57:51,342 --> 00:57:52,218
<i>Yeah.</i>

855
00:57:53,136 --> 00:57:59,476
<i>I found records of my sister,</i>
<i>my father, and my own,</i>

856
00:57:59,559 --> 00:58:01,519
<i>and when I asked about my mother…</i>

857
00:58:02,687 --> 00:58:05,940
<i>uh, the archivist, the historian, told me</i>

858
00:58:06,024 --> 00:58:09,694
<i>that those who were taken</i>
<i>from the railroad station</i>

859
00:58:09,777 --> 00:58:11,446
<i>and killed immediately,</i>

860
00:58:11,529 --> 00:58:13,323
<i>there is no record of those.</i>

861
00:58:14,240 --> 00:58:20,205
<i>[in Polish] Take this upstairs</i>
<i>to the archive and ring the bell, okay?</i>

862
00:58:20,288 --> 00:58:22,290
<i>[speaking indistinctly]</i>

863
00:58:24,876 --> 00:58:26,920
<i>[in Polish] Thank you.</i>

864
00:58:32,175 --> 00:58:37,055
<i>This is a test of blood</i>
<i>or, uh, or something medical.</i>

865
00:58:37,138 --> 00:58:39,516
<i>Subject of Klara Weinfeld.</i>

866
00:58:39,599 --> 00:58:42,810
<i>I found out that my sister</i>
<i>was experimented on,</i>

867
00:58:42,894 --> 00:58:46,856
<i>that they were doing</i>
<i>some blood tests on her.</i>

868
00:58:46,940 --> 00:58:48,900
<i>And what does this here all mean?</i>

869
00:58:51,277 --> 00:58:53,905
<i>A</i>nd he said, "I really don't know."

870
00:58:53,988 --> 00:58:55,907
<i>He says, "Nobody ever asked me."</i>

871
00:58:55,990 --> 00:58:59,869
<i>But there is a Dr. Münch,</i>
<i>who was the head of this clinic,</i>

872
00:58:59,953 --> 00:59:01,329
<i>who's still alive."</i>

873
00:59:01,412 --> 00:59:05,291
<i>And then I found out</i>
<i>that you're going to interview this man,</i>

874
00:59:05,375 --> 00:59:10,213
<i>and that I may have a chance</i>
<i>to ask him what those symbols meant.</i>

875
00:59:11,130 --> 00:59:17,804
<i>[in German]</i>
<i>My sister Klara died in Auschwitz…</i>

876
00:59:17,887 --> 00:59:18,721
<i>Yeah.</i>

877
00:59:18,805 --> 00:59:24,394
<i>And I recently obtained</i>
<i>these papers from Auschwitz.</i>

878
00:59:24,477 --> 00:59:25,353
<i>Yeah.</i>

879
00:59:26,688 --> 00:59:31,150
<i>-I would like you to explain these papers.</i>
<i>-I will try.</i>

880
00:59:32,235 --> 00:59:33,278
<i>Uh…</i>

881
00:59:33,361 --> 00:59:35,655
<i>Can you tell me what this is?</i>

882
00:59:39,534 --> 00:59:41,995
<i>[Hans Münch in English]</i>
<i>No, nothing important, no.</i>

883
00:59:43,788 --> 00:59:46,332
<i>What kind of experiments were these?</i>

884
00:59:46,916 --> 00:59:49,752
<i>[in German]</i>
<i>It's nothing. Everything is good.</i>

885
00:59:50,670 --> 00:59:57,510
<i>-Why did she die?</i>
<i>-"Clinical Institute."</i>

886
00:59:57,594 --> 00:59:59,387
<i>-That's my institute.</i>
<i>-Yeah.</i>

887
01:00:02,432 --> 01:00:04,475
<i>-[Hans Münch] She did die.</i>
<i>-[Renee] Yeah.</i>

888
01:00:06,227 --> 01:00:10,148
<i>When did she arrive?</i>
<i>How long did she stay?</i>

889
01:00:11,357 --> 01:00:12,400
<i>[in English] Six months.</i>

890
01:00:13,067 --> 01:00:15,862
<i>-Six months.</i>
<i>-Six months? Yeah, six months.</i>

891
01:00:15,945 --> 01:00:17,864
<i>-[in German] And then she died.</i>
<i>-Yeah.</i>

892
01:00:18,948 --> 01:00:23,494
<i>Well, that is the normal period.</i>
<i>Do you understand?</i>

893
01:00:23,578 --> 01:00:28,916
<i>You were in Auschwitz as well?</i>
<i>Well then, you should know.</i>

894
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:31,878
<i>[Renee Firestone in English]</i>
I tried to be civilized,

895
01:00:32,629 --> 01:00:35,173
<i>but he was very evasive,</i>

896
01:00:35,256 --> 01:00:37,800
<i>and I became very angry.</i>

897
01:00:38,635 --> 01:00:43,931
<i>I kept thinking that thousands and</i>
<i>thousands of people died in his clinic.</i>

898
01:00:45,683 --> 01:00:49,812
{\an8}<i>I am going to go back to Crematorium V</i>

899
01:00:49,896 --> 01:00:53,232
<i>because I know</i>
<i>that my mother was taken there for sure.</i>

900
01:00:54,233 --> 01:00:56,152
{\an8}<i>I'm going to light some candles.</i>

901
01:00:56,986 --> 01:00:59,947
<i>And I know that I am not</i>
<i>coming back here anymore.</i>

902
01:01:00,573 --> 01:01:01,616
<i>[sniffles]</i>

903
01:01:04,994 --> 01:01:05,828
<i>And now…</i>

904
01:01:06,871 --> 01:01:08,998
<i>just very recently,</i>

905
01:01:09,582 --> 01:01:13,127
<i>I got a new letter from Bergen-Belsen</i>

906
01:01:14,045 --> 01:01:18,758
<i>that they don't have Edith Lok.</i>
<i>They looked through their books.</i>

907
01:01:18,841 --> 01:01:21,511
<i>But they found an Edith Schwarz.</i>

908
01:01:22,303 --> 01:01:24,889
<i>And I remembered at one point,</i>

909
01:01:24,972 --> 01:01:28,017
<i>my sister Edith decided</i>

910
01:01:28,601 --> 01:01:31,813
<i>that she will use my mother's name,</i>
<i>but I forgot it.</i>

911
01:01:31,896 --> 01:01:35,942
<i>And all these years,</i>
<i>I looked for Edith Lok.</i>

912
01:01:36,901 --> 01:01:40,154
<i>-Can you find me, though, with Hungarian--</i>
<i>-Hungarian?</i>

913
01:01:41,614 --> 01:01:44,033
<i>Let's just find it. Okay.</i>

914
01:01:45,243 --> 01:01:46,994
<i>-It's not alphabetized.</i>
<i>-Yeah?</i>

915
01:01:49,580 --> 01:01:51,582
<i>[speaking indistinctly]</i>

916
01:01:57,797 --> 01:01:58,881
<i>[sighs]</i>

917
01:01:59,507 --> 01:02:01,509
<i>[soft music playing]</i>

918
01:02:04,721 --> 01:02:07,056
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
{\an8}Going back to Bergen-Belsen,

919
01:02:07,140 --> 01:02:12,270
<i>I want my husband to say a prayer</i>
<i>with my children and with me</i>

920
01:02:13,229 --> 01:02:18,443
<i>because we will symbolically bury Edith.</i>

921
01:02:18,526 --> 01:02:22,113
<i>This is the cemetery</i>
<i>where all the people were buried</i>

922
01:02:22,196 --> 01:02:25,658
<i>who were brought after liberation</i>
<i>to the military blocks.</i>

923
01:02:26,284 --> 01:02:28,369
<i>We found the name of your sister.</i>

924
01:02:29,537 --> 01:02:30,580
<i>She died here.</i>

925
01:02:30,663 --> 01:02:33,332
<i>We think at the 2nd of June, 1945.</i>

926
01:02:35,710 --> 01:02:40,965
<i>So, all the people who died in those days</i>
<i>were buried here, one beside the next one.</i>

927
01:02:47,513 --> 01:02:51,017
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana]</i>
<i>Today is the most special day of my life.</i>

928
01:02:52,143 --> 01:02:54,145
<i>Finally, the search is over.</i>

929
01:02:55,438 --> 01:02:59,400
<i>And we now know what happened,</i>
<i>and when it happened.</i>

930
01:03:02,028 --> 01:03:05,531
<i>I brought here my mother's prayer book,</i>

931
01:03:05,615 --> 01:03:07,950
<i>and here we will say for you</i>

932
01:03:08,034 --> 01:03:10,870
<i>the prayers that's traditional</i>

933
01:03:10,953 --> 01:03:13,498
<i>and light this candle in your memory.</i>

934
01:03:14,499 --> 01:03:16,334
<i>And remember… [clears throat]… you…</i>

935
01:03:17,710 --> 01:03:18,586
<i>forever…</i>

936
01:03:19,712 --> 01:03:21,088
<i>as long as we live.</i>

937
01:03:30,473 --> 01:03:31,516
<i>[sniffles]</i>

938
01:03:38,314 --> 01:03:39,941
<i>[praying in Hebrew]</i>

939
01:04:14,308 --> 01:04:17,645
<i>[Alice Lok Cahana] </i>But there are
a lot of people like me out there,

940
01:04:18,145 --> 01:04:19,605
<i>who are still looking.</i>

941
01:04:21,232 --> 01:04:24,402
<i>Because for us…</i>

942
01:04:25,319 --> 01:04:27,572
<i>liberation was not the last day.</i>

943
01:04:30,283 --> 01:04:32,034
<i>[dramatic music playing]</i>

944
01:04:37,123 --> 01:04:40,167
<i>[Tom Lantos] I got an announcement</i>
<i>that I'd been selected</i>

945
01:04:40,251 --> 01:04:42,253
<i>to receive an academic scholarship</i>

946
01:04:42,336 --> 01:04:46,173
<i>to the University of Washington,</i>
<i>in a town called "Seattle,"</i>

947
01:04:46,257 --> 01:04:49,927
<i>because nobody told me</i>
<i>it's supposed to be pronounced "Seattle."</i>

948
01:04:50,428 --> 01:04:53,973
<i>I had a ticket on the </i>SS Marine Falcon.

949
01:04:54,974 --> 01:05:00,813
<i>I went to bunk B-20, put down my knapsack,</i>
<i>and they called for chow.</i>

950
01:05:00,897 --> 01:05:04,734
<i>I had no idea what chow was.</i>
<i>It wasn't part of my English vocabulary.</i>

951
01:05:04,817 --> 01:05:06,611
<i>So, I got into the chow line.</i>

952
01:05:06,694 --> 01:05:09,947
<i>We had these huge metal trays,</i>
<i>and this was a period</i>

953
01:05:10,031 --> 01:05:14,118
<i>when, of course, my mental preoccupation</i>
<i>was still with hunger.</i>

954
01:05:14,994 --> 01:05:19,540
<i>And these wonderful people slopped on</i>
<i>wonderful things on this metal tray.</i>

955
01:05:19,624 --> 01:05:21,250
<i>And at the end of the line,</i>

956
01:05:21,834 --> 01:05:25,755
<i>there was a huge wicker basket of oranges.</i>

957
01:05:26,339 --> 01:05:29,050
<i>A huge wicker basket of bananas.</i>

958
01:05:29,133 --> 01:05:31,552
<i>My mother always taught me</i>
<i>to do the right thing.</i>

959
01:05:31,636 --> 01:05:35,222
<i>And I didn't know what right was.</i>
<i>So there was another huge sailor,</i>

960
01:05:35,306 --> 01:05:38,559
<i>and I asked him,</i>
<i>"Sir, do I take a banana?"</i>

961
01:05:38,643 --> 01:05:40,144
<i>"Or do I take an orange?"</i>

962
01:05:41,020 --> 01:05:46,108
<i>And he said, "You eat all the damn bananas</i>
<i>and all the damn oranges you want."</i>

963
01:05:46,192 --> 01:05:48,277
<i>And then I knew I was in heaven.</i>

964
01:05:49,320 --> 01:05:53,950
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] I loved my town,</i>
<i>and I see it picturesque and happy.</i>

965
01:05:55,326 --> 01:06:00,414
<i>I'm planning to go there</i>
<i>for the first time since I left in 1944.</i>

966
01:06:00,498 --> 01:06:04,293
<i>Look at the sign, Robin.</i>
<i>It says "Polyana" in Russian.</i>

967
01:06:04,919 --> 01:06:05,795
<i>You see?</i>

968
01:06:07,046 --> 01:06:09,090
<i>The river is running on the right.</i>

969
01:06:09,173 --> 01:06:11,300
<i>We used to go bathing here…</i>

970
01:06:11,384 --> 01:06:14,887
<i>I'm hoping that I can find</i>
<i>some of the people that I knew</i>

971
01:06:14,971 --> 01:06:16,472
<i>before the Holocaust…</i>

972
01:06:17,515 --> 01:06:19,809
{\an8}<i>and maybe that I can talk to them.</i>

973
01:06:20,559 --> 01:06:22,561
{\an8}<i>-Mushrooms in the jar. See?</i>
<i>-Yes.</i>

974
01:06:23,104 --> 01:06:24,897
<i>[speaking Hungarian]</i>

975
01:06:24,981 --> 01:06:29,068
<i>[Irene in English] </i>Maybe they can tell me
things that happened while we were away.

976
01:06:29,568 --> 01:06:32,321
<i>[speaking Hungarian]</i>

977
01:06:43,040 --> 01:06:44,000
<i>[crying]</i>

978
01:06:44,083 --> 01:06:47,753
<i>[Irene] </i>This one woman, Mariska,
she remembered my grandparents

979
01:06:47,837 --> 01:06:50,798
<i>and my father and my mother and me.</i>

980
01:06:50,881 --> 01:06:53,843
<i>I was most surprised</i>
<i>that she remembered me.</i>

981
01:06:55,720 --> 01:07:00,099
<i>I was really afraid that the people</i>
<i>were going to be hostile to me,</i>

982
01:07:00,683 --> 01:07:05,813
<i>that they were going to be accusing me of</i>
<i>coming back to take something from them.</i>

983
01:07:06,856 --> 01:07:10,026
<i>I was asked in a very nice way,</i>

984
01:07:10,109 --> 01:07:15,239
<i>"Am I planning to take my property</i>
<i>and come back to live there?"</i>

985
01:07:15,322 --> 01:07:17,324
<i>And I said no.</i>

986
01:07:17,408 --> 01:07:21,078
<i>I just want my children to know</i>
<i>where I come from,</i>

987
01:07:21,162 --> 01:07:25,291
<i>and I wanted to see my town</i>
<i>where I grew up once more before I die.</i>

988
01:07:25,374 --> 01:07:27,001
<i>[speaking indistinctly]</i>

989
01:07:30,963 --> 01:07:33,382
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i>
Going back to my hometown

990
01:07:34,258 --> 01:07:37,053
{\an8}<i>with my family, with my child,</i>

991
01:07:37,970 --> 01:07:41,390
{\an8}<i>showing her this beautiful town, which…</i>

992
01:07:42,141 --> 01:07:46,645
<i>Everywhere we went,</i>
<i>the word "Jew" doesn't exist.</i>

993
01:07:46,729 --> 01:07:49,815
<i>This building was</i>
<i>the Jewish community center.</i>

994
01:07:50,357 --> 01:07:56,989
<i>I wanted to go to the Jewish temple,</i>
<i>which was a beautiful synagogue.</i>

995
01:07:59,325 --> 01:08:01,535
<i>Look, look, look how they let this…</i>

996
01:08:01,619 --> 01:08:03,370
<i>Oh my God.</i>

997
01:08:03,454 --> 01:08:06,665
<i>What they did to this city,</i>
<i>you just have no idea.</i>

998
01:08:06,749 --> 01:08:09,085
<i>It's just unbelievable.</i>

999
01:08:09,168 --> 01:08:11,087
<i>We went to the temple,</i>

1000
01:08:12,254 --> 01:08:15,549
<i>and there I met this man, this Jewish man.</i>

1001
01:08:15,633 --> 01:08:17,593
<i>He was also in Auschwitz.</i>

1002
01:08:18,260 --> 01:08:20,554
<i>[in Hungarian]</i>
<i>Hello, do you speak Hungarian?</i>

1003
01:08:21,639 --> 01:08:24,308
<i>[Renee] Good morning. Are you from here?</i>

1004
01:08:24,391 --> 01:08:28,521
<i>I was born here in 1928.</i>

1005
01:08:28,604 --> 01:08:30,815
<i>[Renee] I'm from the Weinfeld family.</i>

1006
01:08:30,898 --> 01:08:31,732
<i>Weinfeld?</i>

1007
01:08:31,816 --> 01:08:38,572
<i>[Renee]</i>
<i>My father had a shop on Cobbler's Lane.</i>

1008
01:08:38,656 --> 01:08:41,408
<i>And of course,</i>
<i>my mother attended this temple.</i>

1009
01:08:41,492 --> 01:08:45,621
<i>I had my Bar Mitzvah here</i>
<i>when I turned 13, in 1941.</i>

1010
01:08:45,704 --> 01:08:48,290
<i>And why did you stay here?</i>

1011
01:08:48,374 --> 01:08:53,963
<i>Because I came back from Auschwitz</i>

1012
01:08:54,964 --> 01:08:56,882
<i>on June 6, 1945.</i>

1013
01:08:57,716 --> 01:09:01,053
<i>And a few days later,</i>
<i>the borders were closed.</i>

1014
01:09:01,137 --> 01:09:05,474
<i>[Renee in English] </i>Then he walked us
through the temple, and he explained to us

1015
01:09:05,558 --> 01:09:08,227
<i>that this is no longer a Jewish temple.</i>

1016
01:09:08,310 --> 01:09:12,022
{\an8}<i>[man in Hungarian] In the old days,</i>
<i>there were Stars of David here.</i>

1017
01:09:12,106 --> 01:09:14,108
{\an8}<i>[Renee] What did they do with them?</i>

1018
01:09:14,191 --> 01:09:17,820
{\an8}<i>[man] They made it into a concert hall.</i>

1019
01:09:17,903 --> 01:09:22,283
{\an8}<i>They removed everything.</i>

1020
01:09:22,366 --> 01:09:25,077
<i>[Renee Firestone in English]</i>
It was very painful to see

1021
01:09:25,578 --> 01:09:32,543
<i>that this holy place was transformed</i>
<i>into a place of entertainment.</i>

1022
01:09:34,712 --> 01:09:38,716
{\an8}<i>The most difficult part</i>
<i>was going back to my house.</i>

1023
01:09:38,799 --> 01:09:40,509
<i>Oh my God!</i>

1024
01:09:41,427 --> 01:09:42,511
<i>[sobbing]</i>

1025
01:09:43,762 --> 01:09:49,351
<i>That's the… the original…</i>
<i>That's the original gate.</i>

1026
01:09:49,935 --> 01:09:52,771
<i>-The entrance.</i>
<i>-The entrance, yeah.</i>

1027
01:09:54,773 --> 01:09:56,192
<i>It was neglected.</i>

1028
01:09:57,067 --> 01:10:01,697
<i>This beautiful house</i>
<i>that my father took care of always.</i>

1029
01:10:01,780 --> 01:10:05,367
<i>And everything was manicured around it.</i>

1030
01:10:06,619 --> 01:10:08,370
<i>-[Bernard] I think that's locked.</i>
<i>-[Renee] No.</i>

1031
01:10:08,454 --> 01:10:09,705
<i>No, it isn't.</i>

1032
01:10:09,788 --> 01:10:11,957
<i>-It just doesn't open.</i>
<i>-[Klara] Can we go?</i>

1033
01:10:12,041 --> 01:10:14,418
<i>[Renee] It doesn't open.</i>

1034
01:10:14,501 --> 01:10:18,297
<i>At that moment,</i>
<i>I really wished I wouldn't  have seen it.</i>

1035
01:10:19,089 --> 01:10:21,091
<i>[crying]</i>

1036
01:10:29,183 --> 01:10:31,352
<i>One of the neighbors</i>

1037
01:10:31,435 --> 01:10:36,190
<i>who was a young child at the time</i>
<i>they took us away was still there.</i>

1038
01:10:36,273 --> 01:10:37,816
<i>[speaking Hungarian]</i>

1039
01:10:37,858 --> 01:10:40,945
<i>Thank God that you are still alive.</i>

1040
01:10:45,032 --> 01:10:49,370
<i>I'm telling you, I can still remember</i>
<i>everything as it used to be.</i>

1041
01:10:49,453 --> 01:10:52,331
<i>[Renee in English]</i>
He has now a Russian wife

1042
01:10:52,414 --> 01:10:54,333
<i>who was very sympathetic.</i>

1043
01:10:54,416 --> 01:10:57,211
<i>[in Hungarian] Your own house…</i>

1044
01:10:57,294 --> 01:11:01,006
<i>To take someone's house,</i>
<i>how could that be?</i>

1045
01:11:01,090 --> 01:11:05,719
<i>There would be a lot to tell,</i>
<i>but you know what they say…</i>

1046
01:11:05,803 --> 01:11:08,222
<i>Even the walls have ears.</i>

1047
01:11:08,305 --> 01:11:13,310
<i>[Renee in English] </i>She was scared to tell
me what really happened after we left.

1048
01:11:14,895 --> 01:11:21,610
<i>[in Hungarian] Tell me, after we were</i>
<i>taken, did you talk about it?</i>

1049
01:11:21,694 --> 01:11:28,492
<i>We were so sorry for Klara.</i>
<i>We heard she died on the way.</i>

1050
01:11:28,575 --> 01:11:33,038
<i>No. She died there.</i>

1051
01:11:33,122 --> 01:11:34,123
<i>Poor thing.</i>

1052
01:11:35,416 --> 01:11:38,085
<i>I have only seen it in the movies.</i>

1053
01:11:38,836 --> 01:11:42,965
<i>Did they really burn people like that?</i>

1054
01:11:43,048 --> 01:11:46,760
<i>Unfortunately, it was much worse</i>
<i>than what they show in the movies.</i>

1055
01:11:46,844 --> 01:11:49,471
<i>[Renee in English]</i>
At that moment, I felt very lucky,

1056
01:11:49,555 --> 01:11:54,268
<i>that I would have a chance to go back</i>
<i>to the United States, to my home.</i>

1057
01:11:57,479 --> 01:12:01,817
<i>I saved the diamonds all the way,</i>
<i>through the whole… everything.</i>

1058
01:12:02,401 --> 01:12:07,656
{\an8}<i>And when I was free,</i>
<i>I, uh, didn't talk about the Holocaust,</i>

1059
01:12:07,740 --> 01:12:11,994
<i>but I took the diamonds, and I mounted</i>
<i>them into a teardrop-shaped pendant,</i>

1060
01:12:12,077 --> 01:12:15,039
<i>because every time I had to save them,</i>
<i>I had to cry so much.</i>

1061
01:12:15,122 --> 01:12:18,667
<i>So, I felt that the tears</i>
<i>are appropriate for that.</i>

1062
01:12:18,751 --> 01:12:22,338
<i>And I told my children</i>
<i>that these diamonds should go down</i>

1063
01:12:22,421 --> 01:12:24,214
<i>from generation to generation,</i>

1064
01:12:24,298 --> 01:12:28,260
<i>to the first-born girl in the family,</i>
<i>until forever.</i>

1065
01:12:28,344 --> 01:12:30,137
<i>…what it tastes like. [chuckles]</i>

1066
01:12:31,847 --> 01:12:35,392
<i>And you can see</i>
<i>their different shapes and different cuts.</i>

1067
01:12:35,893 --> 01:12:38,103
<i>And they're the only thing that I…</i>

1068
01:12:38,187 --> 01:12:39,063
<i>[inhales]</i>

1069
01:12:39,646 --> 01:12:42,149
<i>…that I'm holding</i>
<i>that my mother ever held.</i>

1070
01:12:43,233 --> 01:12:44,151
<i>[sniffles]</i>

1071
01:12:45,652 --> 01:12:48,155
<i>Okay, well.</i>
<i>I don't know what you think about…</i>

1072
01:12:48,238 --> 01:12:52,659
<i>My life today</i>
<i>is something I myself cannot believe.</i>

1073
01:12:54,870 --> 01:13:01,210
<i>Having been elected by my constituents</i>
<i>in California of some 600,000 people,</i>

1074
01:13:01,835 --> 01:13:02,961
<i>nine times,</i>

1075
01:13:03,712 --> 01:13:05,422
<i>it all seems like a dream.</i>

1076
01:13:05,506 --> 01:13:06,882
<i>And it all places</i>

1077
01:13:07,716 --> 01:13:10,719
<i>an incredible sense</i>
<i>of responsibility on me…</i>

1078
01:13:10,803 --> 01:13:13,931
{\an8}<i>As the only survivor of the Holocaust</i>

1079
01:13:14,014 --> 01:13:16,934
{\an8}<i>ever elected</i>
<i>to the Congress of the United States,</i>

1080
01:13:17,643 --> 01:13:20,229
{\an8}<i>I know I speak for all of my colleagues,</i>

1081
01:13:20,312 --> 01:13:22,564
{\an8}<i>Republicans and Democrats,</i>

1082
01:13:23,232 --> 01:13:27,945
{\an8}<i>in expressing our outrage</i>
<i>at the most recent terrorist attacks…</i>

1083
01:13:28,028 --> 01:13:32,199
{\an8}<i>The central focus of my life,</i>
<i>obviously, is human rights</i>

1084
01:13:33,033 --> 01:13:35,744
<i>because I am convinced</i>
<i>that this is really the path</i>

1085
01:13:36,537 --> 01:13:38,288
<i>of a more civilized world.</i>

1086
01:13:39,415 --> 01:13:43,001
<i>My wife Annette and I</i>
<i>have known each other all our lives.</i>

1087
01:13:43,627 --> 01:13:46,964
<i>We grew up as children in Budapest.</i>

1088
01:13:48,257 --> 01:13:50,968
<i>And we have been married now for 47 years.</i>

1089
01:13:52,386 --> 01:13:53,971
<i>We have two daughters</i>

1090
01:13:54,847 --> 01:13:57,516
<i>who early on came to us and said</i>

1091
01:13:57,599 --> 01:14:02,771
<i>that, uh… they plan</i>
<i>a special gift for their parents.</i>

1092
01:14:02,855 --> 01:14:04,565
<i>[children shouting]</i>

1093
01:14:04,648 --> 01:14:08,652
<i>[Tom] </i>Since our families were wiped out,
they will give us a large family.

1094
01:14:10,237 --> 01:14:15,409
<i>And we have been blessed</i>
<i>with 17 wonderful grandchildren,</i>

1095
01:14:16,243 --> 01:14:18,495
<i>and it's really the focus of our life.</i>

1096
01:14:22,541 --> 01:14:27,754
<i>[Renee Firestone]</i> I would like to be known
as an educator on the Holocaust.

1097
01:14:28,338 --> 01:14:31,300
<i>So I go to the Museum of Tolerance,</i>

1098
01:14:31,383 --> 01:14:34,178
<i>where I was the founder</i>
<i>of the outreach program.</i>

1099
01:14:34,887 --> 01:14:40,184
<i>And I speak to groups</i>
<i>who come into the Museum.</i>

1100
01:14:40,684 --> 01:14:41,727
<i>…came into being.</i>

1101
01:14:42,603 --> 01:14:45,022
<i>You know, when these things are happening,</i>

1102
01:14:45,105 --> 01:14:48,942
<i>you almost begin to believe</i>
<i>that you did something wrong.</i>

1103
01:14:49,026 --> 01:14:50,944
<i>Why would they do this to me?</i>

1104
01:14:51,028 --> 01:14:54,364
<i>I feel that it is my duty</i>

1105
01:14:55,532 --> 01:14:59,661
<i>to make the world aware</i>
<i>of what happened during that time.</i>

1106
01:15:00,829 --> 01:15:03,457
<i>I always felt</i>
<i>that my language is inadequate.</i>

1107
01:15:05,042 --> 01:15:10,756
<i>And that if I wanted</i>
<i>to tell the story about my experiences,</i>

1108
01:15:10,839 --> 01:15:14,384
<i>I have to talk through a medium.</i>

1109
01:15:15,135 --> 01:15:16,512
<i>And I found art</i>

1110
01:15:17,179 --> 01:15:19,431
<i>because art transcends.</i>

1111
01:15:19,515 --> 01:15:21,266
<i>It's beyond words.</i>

1112
01:15:23,435 --> 01:15:26,688
<i>I wanted the surface</i>
<i>to be very much layered.</i>

1113
01:15:26,772 --> 01:15:29,191
<i>It should look like a crumbled wall,</i>

1114
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:33,820
<i>like it's papered over</i>
<i>with yesterday's news</i>

1115
01:15:34,279 --> 01:15:36,782
<i>because people want to forget the past.</i>

1116
01:15:36,865 --> 01:15:40,035
<i>People want to forget about the Holocaust.</i>

1117
01:15:40,118 --> 01:15:42,871
<i>What keeps me going is really…</i>

1118
01:15:44,331 --> 01:15:45,624
<i>the family…</i>

1119
01:15:46,875 --> 01:15:48,961
<i>that my husband and I created.</i>

1120
01:15:50,212 --> 01:15:51,588
<i>My grandchildren.</i>

1121
01:15:52,673 --> 01:15:54,174
<i>Three wonderful children.</i>

1122
01:15:55,008 --> 01:15:56,385
<i>Two of them rabbis.</i>

1123
01:15:57,219 --> 01:15:59,221
<i>And my beautiful daughter.</i>

1124
01:15:59,763 --> 01:16:03,475
<i>She teaches me every day</i>
<i>what is important in life.</i>

1125
01:16:05,811 --> 01:16:09,523
<i>And my husband,</i>
<i>who is four generations Israeli.</i>

1126
01:16:10,023 --> 01:16:12,067
<i>And such a gallant man.</i>

1127
01:16:12,150 --> 01:16:15,487
<i>And he helped me to construct a life.</i>

1128
01:16:16,530 --> 01:16:19,616
<i>This painting is </i>Arbeit Macht Frei.

1129
01:16:20,242 --> 01:16:23,078
<i>When you read this welcome gate,</i>

1130
01:16:23,161 --> 01:16:27,082
<i>so to speak</i>, Arbeit macht frei…

1131
01:16:27,165 --> 01:16:29,668
<i>My art today is about the Holocaust</i>

1132
01:16:29,751 --> 01:16:33,797
<i>because I have no memorial for my people.</i>

1133
01:16:34,381 --> 01:16:37,759
<i>I… don't know where they are.</i>

1134
01:16:38,510 --> 01:16:43,432
<i>Why so many of my family members died,</i>
<i>so many got killed.</i>

1135
01:16:44,099 --> 01:16:46,435
<i>The Basch family was almost wiped out.</i>

1136
01:16:46,518 --> 01:16:47,978
<i>We have regenerated.</i>

1137
01:16:49,938 --> 01:16:53,400
<i>So when we get together,</i>
<i>we are quite a large group.</i>

1138
01:16:54,943 --> 01:16:58,405
<i>And the joy sitting with my family</i>

1139
01:16:58,488 --> 01:17:01,867
<i>and looking around</i>
<i>and saying that I was so close to death.</i>

1140
01:17:02,534 --> 01:17:06,038
<i>And here I am sitting at a table,</i>
<i>and there are 11, 12 of us,</i>

1141
01:17:06,121 --> 01:17:07,539
<i>rejoicing life.</i>

1142
01:17:07,623 --> 01:17:11,877
<i>The pleasure of living is wonderful.</i>

1143
01:17:11,960 --> 01:17:13,962
<i>[cheering]</i>

1144
01:17:15,505 --> 01:17:19,051
<i>One day, it was on a Sunday,</i>
<i>someone knocked at my door</i>

1145
01:17:19,134 --> 01:17:20,344
<i>and walked into…</i>

1146
01:17:20,427 --> 01:17:22,012
<i>And I went to the door.</i>

1147
01:17:22,095 --> 01:17:25,766
<i>And they had something</i>
<i>wrapped up in a newspaper under the arm.</i>

1148
01:17:25,849 --> 01:17:28,268
<i>He said, "You Paul Parks?" I said, "Yes."</i>

1149
01:17:28,352 --> 01:17:31,104
<i>He said, "We've been looking for you</i>
<i>for several years."</i>

1150
01:17:31,188 --> 01:17:33,398
<i>"Off-and-on, people have been looking."</i>

1151
01:17:33,482 --> 01:17:35,817
<i>"We wanted to find you." I said, "Why?"</i>

1152
01:17:35,901 --> 01:17:41,698
<i>He said, "There was a fellow liberated</i>
<i>by you guys at Dachau who remembered you."</i>

1153
01:17:42,616 --> 01:17:44,826
<i>"And he died several years ago."</i>

1154
01:17:44,910 --> 01:17:47,954
<i>"And he'd made a menorah in the camp."</i>

1155
01:17:48,038 --> 01:17:50,374
<i>"He made it out of concrete nails</i>

1156
01:17:50,457 --> 01:17:54,753
<i>and welded it and braided it together</i>
<i>while he was in the camp."</i>

1157
01:17:55,587 --> 01:17:58,298
<i>"And he wants you to…</i>
<i>He wanted you to have it."</i>

1158
01:17:58,924 --> 01:18:02,010
<i>"So we've been looking</i>
<i>to give it to you. Here it is."</i>

1159
01:18:02,094 --> 01:18:04,346
<i>And he gave me this beautiful menorah.</i>

1160
01:18:05,138 --> 01:18:06,473
<i>[somber music playing]</i>

1161
01:18:11,645 --> 01:18:14,731
<i>[Irene Zisblatt] Liberation was like</i>
<i>a present from the world.</i>

1162
01:18:15,440 --> 01:18:18,902
<i>And that's the first time</i>
<i>I acknowledged God again,</i>

1163
01:18:18,985 --> 01:18:22,072
<i>that He is around,</i>
<i>and He helped me to get to this point.</i>

1164
01:18:22,155 --> 01:18:25,659
<i>I don't think</i>
<i>that God created the Holocaust.</i>

1165
01:18:25,742 --> 01:18:31,873
<i>I think that God gave us</i>
<i>a mind and a heart and a free will.</i>

1166
01:18:32,749 --> 01:18:34,418
<i>And it is up to man…</i>

1167
01:18:35,711 --> 01:18:38,296
<i>what he's going to do with his life.</i>

1168
01:18:39,840 --> 01:18:43,385
<i>And I blame man, not God.</i>

1169
01:18:43,468 --> 01:18:46,722
<i>I cannot rationally explain…</i>

1170
01:18:47,806 --> 01:18:51,351
<i>emotionally explain,</i>
<i>intellectually explain the Holocaust.</i>

1171
01:18:52,227 --> 01:18:55,147
<i>I cannot… I cannot find…</i>

1172
01:18:55,856 --> 01:18:58,024
<i>a place for…</i>

1173
01:18:59,025 --> 01:19:00,318
<i>a higher authority</i>

1174
01:19:01,111 --> 01:19:02,237
<i>in this nightmare.</i>

1175
01:19:02,320 --> 01:19:03,947
<i>What kind of people are we?</i>

1176
01:19:04,823 --> 01:19:06,867
<i>What are the books teaching us?</i>

1177
01:19:07,743 --> 01:19:10,954
<i>What is the difference between me…</i>

1178
01:19:12,038 --> 01:19:13,331
<i>and another child?</i>

1179
01:19:13,415 --> 01:19:15,167
<i>What is the Bible teaching me?</i>

1180
01:19:17,711 --> 01:19:20,464
<i>What… What is this about?</i>

1181
01:19:22,966 --> 01:19:26,553
<i>[Randolph Braham] Hitler remained</i>
<i>a pathological anti-Semite to the end.</i>

1182
01:19:26,636 --> 01:19:28,930
<i>And one of his last testaments,</i>

1183
01:19:29,014 --> 01:19:31,725
<i>or warnings to his followers,</i>

1184
01:19:32,726 --> 01:19:36,480
<i>was for them to continue</i>
<i>the war against the Jews.</i>

1185
01:19:36,563 --> 01:19:40,901
<i>In his will executed April 29, 1945,</i>

1186
01:19:41,568 --> 01:19:42,986
<i>he says, "Above all,</i>

1187
01:19:44,029 --> 01:19:47,657
<i>I enjoin the government and the people</i>

1188
01:19:47,741 --> 01:19:51,161
<i>to uphold the race laws to the limit,</i>

1189
01:19:51,828 --> 01:19:54,956
<i>and to resist mercilessly</i>

1190
01:19:55,665 --> 01:19:58,293
<i>the poisoner of all nations,</i>

1191
01:19:59,294 --> 01:20:01,630
<i>international Jewry."</i>

1192
01:20:11,097 --> 01:20:12,766
<i>[melancholy music playing]</i>

1193
01:20:35,372 --> 01:20:39,000
<i>[Randolph Braham]</i> The Holocaust
has to be thought as a chapter

1194
01:20:39,626 --> 01:20:43,296
<i>in the long history</i>
<i>of man's inhumanity to man.</i>

1195
01:20:45,715 --> 01:20:47,300
<i>One cannot ignore</i>

1196
01:20:47,926 --> 01:20:49,427
<i>the discrimination</i>

1197
01:20:50,011 --> 01:20:52,389
<i>inflicted on many people</i>

1198
01:20:52,472 --> 01:20:54,474
<i>because of race, color, or creed.</i>

1199
01:20:55,016 --> 01:20:57,060
<i>One cannot ignore slavery.</i>

1200
01:20:57,143 --> 01:21:00,188
<i>One cannot ignore the burning of witches.</i>

1201
01:21:00,272 --> 01:21:03,984
<i>One cannot ignore the killing</i>
<i>of Christians in the Roman period.</i>

1202
01:21:05,819 --> 01:21:08,697
<i>The Holocaust perhaps is the culmination</i>

1203
01:21:09,948 --> 01:21:12,868
<i>of the kind of horror that can occur</i>

1204
01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:18,331
<i>when man loses his integrity,</i>

1205
01:21:18,415 --> 01:21:21,459
<i>his belief in the sanctity of human life.</i>

1206
01:21:33,179 --> 01:21:34,180
<i>[sniffles]</i>

1207
01:21:40,020 --> 01:21:41,313
<i>[sobbing]</i>