1 00:00:05,500 --> 00:00:10,333 -In 2015, King Richard III of England was reburied 2 00:00:10,333 --> 00:00:13,333 with a royal ceremony in Leicester Cathedral. 3 00:00:13,333 --> 00:00:17,166 Amateur historian Philippa Langley led the search 4 00:00:17,166 --> 00:00:19,033 that, against all odds, 5 00:00:19,033 --> 00:00:21,366 found the remains of the medieval king 6 00:00:21,366 --> 00:00:25,266 in a nearby parking lot... 7 00:00:25,266 --> 00:00:28,633 and rewrote history books. 8 00:00:28,633 --> 00:00:32,433 Now, with the help of criminal barrister Rob Rinder... 9 00:00:32,433 --> 00:00:35,000 -This is too intriguing to ignore. 10 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:36,733 -...she believes she can finally 11 00:00:36,733 --> 00:00:41,833 crack one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in history. 12 00:00:41,833 --> 00:00:43,566 -So dear of us being like 13 00:00:43,566 --> 00:00:47,000 Mulder and Scully of the medieval world. 14 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,700 -It's 1483. 15 00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,366 Two young princes are murdered at the Tower of London 16 00:00:56,366 --> 00:01:01,066 on the orders of their uncle, King Richard III, 17 00:01:01,066 --> 00:01:06,633 later immortalized as one of Shakespeare's worst villains. 18 00:01:06,633 --> 00:01:09,966 And this story has been established history 19 00:01:09,966 --> 00:01:12,766 for the last 500 years. 20 00:01:12,766 --> 00:01:15,466 -Well, that is probably the darkest chapter 21 00:01:15,466 --> 00:01:16,900 in the tower's long history. 22 00:01:18,766 --> 00:01:21,933 -But Philippa doesn't believe that's what actually happened. 23 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:26,433 -So, Rob, we're in the tower. 24 00:01:26,433 --> 00:01:27,933 -It was only a matter of time for you, Philippa, 25 00:01:27,933 --> 00:01:29,566 let's face it. 26 00:01:29,566 --> 00:01:32,400 -For years, Philippa has been trying to piece together 27 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:35,900 what really happened to the princes in the tower. 28 00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:39,533 Now she's taking Rob on a journey across Europe... 29 00:01:39,533 --> 00:01:41,000 -Wow! 30 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,733 -The elder of the princes in the tower, Edward, 31 00:01:43,733 --> 00:01:45,733 came here in 1487. 32 00:01:45,733 --> 00:01:48,466 -...to look at astonishing new evidence... 33 00:01:48,466 --> 00:01:54,100 -Now comes the real treasure. -Wow, wow, wow. 34 00:01:54,100 --> 00:01:56,566 -This is a forgery. It's a fake. 35 00:01:56,566 --> 00:02:00,100 -...discovered by a team of helpers. 36 00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:01,833 -I mean, this is history right here. 37 00:02:01,833 --> 00:02:05,733 -What they found could change history forever. 38 00:02:05,733 --> 00:02:10,133 -It is truly something. This is a smoking-gun document. 39 00:02:15,066 --> 00:02:19,300 ♪♪ 40 00:02:21,966 --> 00:02:25,400 ♪♪ 41 00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:29,233 -For the last seven years, I've been investigating the story 42 00:02:29,233 --> 00:02:31,766 of the two princes. 43 00:02:31,766 --> 00:02:34,000 Working with an army of researchers, 44 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,000 we've made the most startling discoveries, 45 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:38,433 which I believe 46 00:02:38,433 --> 00:02:42,333 prove what happened to the missing princes. 47 00:02:42,333 --> 00:02:45,333 And it's a very different story 48 00:02:45,333 --> 00:02:47,300 to the one in most history books. 49 00:02:48,866 --> 00:02:52,700 So, I'm going to see the criminal barrister Rob Rinder. 50 00:02:52,700 --> 00:02:54,700 He's been very successfully involved 51 00:02:54,700 --> 00:02:57,600 in a number of high-profile murder cases. 52 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:01,733 He's spent decades assessing evidence 53 00:03:01,733 --> 00:03:03,200 in his professional life 54 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:07,933 and he's also studied history at university. 55 00:03:07,933 --> 00:03:11,933 I want to take him to see our findings firsthand 56 00:03:11,933 --> 00:03:15,266 so he can challenge them for himself. 57 00:03:15,266 --> 00:03:16,866 I want to find out 58 00:03:16,866 --> 00:03:21,766 if I can convince a professional skeptic that I'm right. 59 00:03:24,233 --> 00:03:26,966 -So, Philippa, as I understand it, 60 00:03:26,966 --> 00:03:30,733 your view is that we need to relook 61 00:03:30,733 --> 00:03:34,633 at the murder of the princes in the tower. 62 00:03:34,633 --> 00:03:36,166 Is that the point? -Yeah. 63 00:03:36,166 --> 00:03:38,000 That is absolutely the point, 64 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,433 and I've spent a number of years doing this. 65 00:03:41,433 --> 00:03:45,133 I think very strongly that truth matters. 66 00:03:45,133 --> 00:03:47,666 The project is called the Missing Princes Project. 67 00:03:47,666 --> 00:03:49,700 -Right. 68 00:03:49,700 --> 00:03:53,933 -In 2016, Philippa put out a call for volunteers 69 00:03:53,933 --> 00:03:56,066 willing to search local archives 70 00:03:56,066 --> 00:04:00,366 for evidence of the missing princes. 71 00:04:00,366 --> 00:04:02,433 -I was inundated. 72 00:04:02,433 --> 00:04:06,466 The finds that they've made have been extraordinary. 73 00:04:06,466 --> 00:04:09,333 And if these finds are real, 74 00:04:09,333 --> 00:04:13,333 then they have the potential to rewrite history. 75 00:04:13,333 --> 00:04:16,766 -That's quite a significant claim. 76 00:04:16,766 --> 00:04:20,700 -I think the princes weren't murdered. 77 00:04:20,700 --> 00:04:25,333 I think they actually survived King Richard's reign. 78 00:04:25,333 --> 00:04:28,133 However, I haven't seen these discoveries. 79 00:04:28,133 --> 00:04:30,033 I've been told what's in them. 80 00:04:30,033 --> 00:04:36,833 I need a criminal forensic mind who can look at this material 81 00:04:36,833 --> 00:04:39,766 that I've got and evaluate it. 82 00:04:39,766 --> 00:04:43,566 This is why I'm here. I'd like you to come with me. 83 00:04:43,566 --> 00:04:48,266 You would be seeing them fresh with me for the very first time. 84 00:04:50,900 --> 00:04:53,733 -When you came in here... [ Laughs ] 85 00:04:53,733 --> 00:04:58,300 ...I thought you might be a bit of an activist, 86 00:04:58,300 --> 00:05:01,000 perhaps a crank, you know? -Yeah. 87 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:03,166 -And forgive me if that sounds harsh. 88 00:05:03,166 --> 00:05:04,966 I'm now sitting here listening to you 89 00:05:04,966 --> 00:05:09,033 and I'm thinking this is too intriguing to ignore. 90 00:05:11,900 --> 00:05:14,233 [ Sighs ] So let's do it. 91 00:05:14,233 --> 00:05:16,900 I think we should do it. -Yes! 92 00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:19,500 [ Both laugh ] 93 00:05:19,500 --> 00:05:22,233 When Philippa arrived, I had a strong sense 94 00:05:22,233 --> 00:05:25,166 of who killed the princes in the tower -- Richard III. 95 00:05:26,866 --> 00:05:30,900 My next step is to start from the beginning. 96 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:33,633 I want to forget everything Philippa's told me 97 00:05:33,633 --> 00:05:38,366 and meet a serious historian that's going to tell me 98 00:05:38,366 --> 00:05:41,333 the established version of events. 99 00:05:41,333 --> 00:05:44,733 -Rob is on his way to the Tower of London 100 00:05:44,733 --> 00:05:46,666 to speak with a medieval historian 101 00:05:46,666 --> 00:05:49,866 about the princes' story. 102 00:05:49,866 --> 00:05:51,700 -So, I'm here to learn a little bit 103 00:05:51,700 --> 00:05:54,100 about the princes in the tower. 104 00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:56,666 -Well, that is probably the darkest chapter 105 00:05:56,666 --> 00:05:59,100 in the tower's long history, and it's still, of course, 106 00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:01,933 the subject of intense debate today. 107 00:06:01,933 --> 00:06:04,766 So, should we go and find out more? 108 00:06:07,233 --> 00:06:10,633 The princes were the sons of King Edward IV, 109 00:06:10,633 --> 00:06:12,233 a very popular king. 110 00:06:14,266 --> 00:06:18,966 But he died quite suddenly of a fever in 1483, 111 00:06:18,966 --> 00:06:21,533 and that plunged the country into uncertainty, 112 00:06:21,533 --> 00:06:24,900 because his sons were only aged 12 and 9, 113 00:06:24,900 --> 00:06:27,900 so the eldest of them still too young to rule. 114 00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:32,166 So, on his deathbed, Edward IV appointed his brother, 115 00:06:32,166 --> 00:06:35,200 Richard of Gloucester, to be Lord Protector 116 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:38,200 until his eldest son had come of age. 117 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:39,700 -So, their uncle brings the princes here 118 00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:41,300 for their protection. 119 00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:44,933 What's going on that they will need to be protected? 120 00:06:44,933 --> 00:06:47,666 -England has only just come out of what was known 121 00:06:47,666 --> 00:06:49,200 as the Wars of the Roses. 122 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,900 And, now, this was between two warring houses, 123 00:06:52,900 --> 00:06:55,666 the House of York and Lancaster. 124 00:06:55,666 --> 00:06:58,633 And so the crown keeps changing hands. 125 00:06:58,633 --> 00:07:02,800 And it has only recently become more stable under Edward IV, 126 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:05,266 and now all of that is thrown into doubt. 127 00:07:08,366 --> 00:07:10,433 -After 30 years of war 128 00:07:10,433 --> 00:07:13,800 between England's two most powerful families, 129 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,666 the country needed stability. 130 00:07:16,666 --> 00:07:22,966 -So, we're in what's known today as the "Bloody Tower." 131 00:07:22,966 --> 00:07:25,100 Not long after being bought here, 132 00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:26,900 things took a dramatic turn, 133 00:07:26,900 --> 00:07:30,333 because those boys were declared illegitimate. 134 00:07:30,333 --> 00:07:32,933 It was said that their father, Edward IV, 135 00:07:32,933 --> 00:07:37,066 was already married at the time that he married their mother, 136 00:07:37,066 --> 00:07:38,666 Elizabeth Woodville, 137 00:07:38,666 --> 00:07:40,933 which basically invalidated that marriage. 138 00:07:40,933 --> 00:07:43,166 So now they're illegitimate 139 00:07:43,166 --> 00:07:45,600 and they have no right to the throne. 140 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:48,533 And shortly afterwards, on the 6th of July, 141 00:07:48,533 --> 00:07:53,233 their Uncle Richard is declared King Richard III. 142 00:07:56,066 --> 00:07:57,466 -So, where did they go next? 143 00:07:57,466 --> 00:08:00,566 -So, they went over there towards the White Tower, 144 00:08:00,566 --> 00:08:03,133 the oldest part of the tower, 145 00:08:03,133 --> 00:08:05,833 and it was also the most closely guarded. 146 00:08:09,366 --> 00:08:13,100 So, we're here in the White Tower. 147 00:08:13,100 --> 00:08:15,200 When they first arrived in the Tower of London, 148 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:17,333 they were treated honorably. 149 00:08:17,333 --> 00:08:21,166 They were seen playing in the gardens, shooting arrows. 150 00:08:21,166 --> 00:08:23,266 Then, by the autumn of 1483, 151 00:08:23,266 --> 00:08:26,766 those boys were never seen again, 152 00:08:26,766 --> 00:08:28,766 and it was widely assumed at the time -- 153 00:08:28,766 --> 00:08:34,033 and has been ever since -- that they had been quietly murdered. 154 00:08:36,866 --> 00:08:40,333 -So, what evidence do you have that they were murdered? 155 00:08:40,333 --> 00:08:44,933 -So, this is an account written at the time by an Italian monk 156 00:08:44,933 --> 00:08:46,300 visiting London. 157 00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,133 He was called Dominic Mancini. 158 00:08:48,133 --> 00:08:51,200 So, he talks about those two princes 159 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:54,600 "conducted into the more inward apartments 160 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:56,933 of the tower itself and, day by day, 161 00:08:56,933 --> 00:09:02,600 came to be observed more rarely through lattices and windows." 162 00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:04,333 -So, who else speaks about this? 163 00:09:04,333 --> 00:09:06,500 -Well, somebody rather famous from the Tudor period 164 00:09:06,500 --> 00:09:10,366 is Thomas Moore, of course, a lawyer, statesman. 165 00:09:10,366 --> 00:09:13,000 And we think about 50 years 166 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,333 after the disappearance of the princes, 167 00:09:15,333 --> 00:09:17,066 Moore wrote his account. 168 00:09:17,066 --> 00:09:19,600 -What does he actually say? 169 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:21,300 -So, Moore claims 170 00:09:21,300 --> 00:09:26,466 that Richard III ordered the murder of his nephews, 171 00:09:26,466 --> 00:09:28,066 and he names names. 172 00:09:28,066 --> 00:09:30,866 James Tyrrell was a servant of Richard's. 173 00:09:30,866 --> 00:09:33,000 He was the one who organized it 174 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:38,666 and employed two henchmen really to carry out his dirty work. 175 00:09:38,666 --> 00:09:40,233 Here, he describes in detail 176 00:09:40,233 --> 00:09:44,200 how the two murderers sort of crept in at midnight 177 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:51,433 and smothered the boys with pillows hard into their mouths. 178 00:09:51,433 --> 00:09:53,066 -What other evidence is there? 179 00:09:53,066 --> 00:09:54,900 Any physical evidence, for instance, 180 00:09:54,900 --> 00:09:56,733 that the boys were murdered here? 181 00:09:56,733 --> 00:09:59,333 -Well, there is, and it's very important. 182 00:09:59,333 --> 00:10:02,733 It's a discovery that was made almost 200 years 183 00:10:02,733 --> 00:10:05,600 after the princes' disappearance. 184 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:08,833 -What was this discovery? 185 00:10:08,833 --> 00:10:12,600 -Well, in 1674, King Charles II was on the throne, 186 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,000 and he ordered the demolition 187 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,200 of what was left of the old royal palace here. 188 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,466 The builders discovered, underneath a staircase, 189 00:10:20,466 --> 00:10:23,133 two skeletons. 190 00:10:23,133 --> 00:10:26,766 And they were clearly skeletons of children, 191 00:10:26,766 --> 00:10:30,966 and the king was in no doubt he had found the missing princes. 192 00:10:30,966 --> 00:10:33,933 And so those bones, those remains, 193 00:10:33,933 --> 00:10:36,866 were buried in Westminster Abbey 194 00:10:36,866 --> 00:10:39,733 and they remain there to this day. 195 00:10:41,733 --> 00:10:45,366 -Scientists examined the bones in 1933 196 00:10:45,366 --> 00:10:50,400 and concluded they were the remains of two children. 197 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:54,166 But their DNA has never been tested. 198 00:10:54,166 --> 00:10:58,066 -So, you think those bones found in that box 199 00:10:58,066 --> 00:11:03,533 during the reign of Charles II are the princes in the tower? 200 00:11:03,533 --> 00:11:06,500 -I think there's a very strong likelihood. 201 00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:09,333 -Beyond reasonable doubt? -[ Chuckles ] 202 00:11:09,333 --> 00:11:11,833 I think when it comes to the princes in the tower, 203 00:11:11,833 --> 00:11:14,133 there's always going to be doubt. 204 00:11:16,666 --> 00:11:19,033 -Philippa believes the existing evidence 205 00:11:19,033 --> 00:11:22,033 of the princes' murders is unreliable. 206 00:11:22,033 --> 00:11:26,900 In 1485, Henry VII defeated Richard III 207 00:11:26,900 --> 00:11:28,666 at the Battle of Bosworth. 208 00:11:28,666 --> 00:11:31,100 Henry then went looking for the princes, 209 00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:33,100 because, if they were alive, 210 00:11:33,100 --> 00:11:35,500 they would be a threat to his crown. 211 00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:37,633 But he was unable to find them. 212 00:11:37,633 --> 00:11:41,300 Henry destroyed documents related to Richard's reign, 213 00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:43,500 but Philippa's team believes they have found 214 00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:47,600 new sources in Europe, where the princes had family. 215 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:49,900 Philippa and Rob are in France 216 00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:52,233 to look at the first big discovery. 217 00:11:52,233 --> 00:11:56,333 -I love when you land in France. It immediately looks French. 218 00:11:56,333 --> 00:11:58,933 -Yeah, I totally get that. 219 00:11:58,933 --> 00:12:02,566 -So dear of us being like Mulder and Scully 220 00:12:02,566 --> 00:12:04,166 of the medieval world. 221 00:12:04,166 --> 00:12:05,766 [ Both laugh ] 222 00:12:05,766 --> 00:12:09,933 "Medieval X-Files," only without the aliens. 223 00:12:09,933 --> 00:12:19,400 ♪♪ 224 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,366 So, you've bought me to Lille. It's beautiful. 225 00:12:22,366 --> 00:12:24,800 What's this got to do with the princes in the tower, Philippa? 226 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,700 -Well, I'm taking you to show you something very special. 227 00:12:31,100 --> 00:12:32,966 -Philippa's team believes they've found 228 00:12:32,966 --> 00:12:37,000 some key evidence from 1487. 229 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,933 The princes had disappeared four years earlier, 230 00:12:39,933 --> 00:12:42,633 and it's the last year of the Wars of the Roses, 231 00:12:42,633 --> 00:12:46,166 when a huge force invades England. 232 00:12:46,166 --> 00:12:48,700 The team has found documents that suggest 233 00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:50,566 who is behind the attack. 234 00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:55,400 -I know a bit about what's coming, 235 00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:57,000 but I've not seen the real thing 236 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,466 and I've been waiting for this for a long time, so... 237 00:13:00,466 --> 00:13:02,300 -Yeah. -Yeah. 238 00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,633 -When we found these documents, we can't believe what we read. 239 00:13:06,633 --> 00:13:10,100 It was a completely shocking moment. 240 00:13:11,266 --> 00:13:14,000 -Here it is. -Wow. 241 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,000 -You seem to be very excited. -Very excited to begin. 242 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:21,733 Wow. Here it is. -Gosh. 243 00:13:21,733 --> 00:13:24,100 -Have a look, Rob. Have a look, Philippa. 244 00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,266 -This is incredible to see it for real, in li-- 245 00:13:27,266 --> 00:13:29,600 You know, I mean, this is history right here. 246 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:31,733 -It is. -It's remarkable. 247 00:13:31,733 --> 00:13:34,000 -It's more than 500 years old. 248 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,366 -I can obviously feel your excitement, both of you, 249 00:13:37,366 --> 00:13:39,200 but what am I looking at, Nathalie? 250 00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:44,433 -Well, you're looking at a receipt from the year 1487. 251 00:13:44,433 --> 00:13:47,666 It's for King Maximilian. -Who's that? 252 00:13:47,666 --> 00:13:51,133 -The king of the Holy Roman Empire at the time. 253 00:13:53,166 --> 00:13:58,100 -King Maximilian was a powerful ruler. 254 00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:00,200 As the leader of the Holy Roman Empire, 255 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,666 he controlled a vast swath of central Europe. 256 00:14:03,666 --> 00:14:05,500 [ Horse neighs ] 257 00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,733 -And this is a receipt for what? 258 00:14:07,733 --> 00:14:12,333 -He ordered 400 long pikes. 259 00:14:12,333 --> 00:14:16,733 And it was used by Maximilian's elite troops. 260 00:14:16,733 --> 00:14:18,733 -Okay, so, why is this important? 261 00:14:18,733 --> 00:14:21,600 -The receipt says, in medieval French, 262 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:23,366 "These pikes were to be distributed 263 00:14:23,366 --> 00:14:27,233 among the German-Swiss pikemen who Madam the Dowager 264 00:14:27,233 --> 00:14:33,000 sent at that time to serve her nephew, son of King Edward, 265 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:36,066 who was expelled from his dominion." 266 00:14:36,066 --> 00:14:38,266 This document is really important 267 00:14:38,266 --> 00:14:42,366 because it's telling us that the force for 1487 268 00:14:42,366 --> 00:14:44,700 that was going to invade England 269 00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,733 was for the son of King Edward IV, 270 00:14:47,733 --> 00:14:49,900 the elder prince in the tower. 271 00:14:52,633 --> 00:14:56,066 -Have you ever seen any reference to, 272 00:14:56,066 --> 00:15:00,333 well, the boy being alive before, like this? 273 00:15:00,333 --> 00:15:02,833 -No, no. That's why it's so unique. 274 00:15:05,066 --> 00:15:07,766 -"Madam the Dowager" -- now, who's that referring to? 275 00:15:07,766 --> 00:15:09,866 -This is referring to Margaret of York, 276 00:15:09,866 --> 00:15:12,166 also known as Margaret of Burgundy, 277 00:15:12,166 --> 00:15:15,666 and she's the sister of Richard III and Edward IV. 278 00:15:15,666 --> 00:15:18,466 -So she's the princes' aunt? -She's the princes' aunt. 279 00:15:18,466 --> 00:15:20,533 Hugely important in this story. 280 00:15:20,533 --> 00:15:24,966 -Well, to be clear, it means that Margaret of Burgundy, 281 00:15:24,966 --> 00:15:29,133 who is Edward's aunt, is buying these weapons 282 00:15:29,133 --> 00:15:31,600 because she believes for sure 283 00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:35,333 that the boy is definitely her nephew. 284 00:15:35,333 --> 00:15:36,966 -Yes. 285 00:15:36,966 --> 00:15:38,966 -But the document doesn't actually name the elder prince. 286 00:15:38,966 --> 00:15:40,800 It just says her "nephew." 287 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,533 So it could have been the younger prince, no? 288 00:15:42,533 --> 00:15:46,366 -It must have been the elder boy, because he was about 16. 289 00:15:46,366 --> 00:15:50,166 It says, "Expelled from his dominion," 290 00:15:50,166 --> 00:15:52,400 which suggests the elder brother, 291 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:54,633 because he would have been crowned king. 292 00:15:54,633 --> 00:15:58,666 Right description, her nephew, and also son of King Edward. 293 00:15:58,666 --> 00:16:03,100 So you've got four pointers there to tell us who this was. 294 00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:05,300 -How is it conclusive? 295 00:16:05,300 --> 00:16:06,733 -It's not a chronicle. 296 00:16:06,733 --> 00:16:09,266 It's not somebody writing afterwards. 297 00:16:09,266 --> 00:16:11,666 It's just an accounting receipt. 298 00:16:11,666 --> 00:16:13,233 -Right. This isn't from a historian. 299 00:16:13,233 --> 00:16:15,033 There's no bias here. It's just ordering goods. 300 00:16:15,033 --> 00:16:16,433 -Yeah. -Yeah. 301 00:16:16,433 --> 00:16:19,166 -And people don't order goods like this 302 00:16:19,166 --> 00:16:21,300 unless they're confident about who it's for. 303 00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:24,300 -Yeah, absolutely. -And that's why it's persuasive. 304 00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:28,533 So, who signs or who gives their stamp on this document? 305 00:16:28,533 --> 00:16:33,166 -It is signed by not just one secretary for Maximilian, 306 00:16:33,166 --> 00:16:36,200 but then he gets it double-checked 307 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,933 by two other leading members of Maximilian's court. 308 00:16:39,933 --> 00:16:43,100 So they are saying this is accurate. 309 00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:46,766 -And the three men that work for Maximilian believed 310 00:16:46,766 --> 00:16:49,433 that this was the older of the boys. 311 00:16:49,433 --> 00:16:52,166 -Yeah. And it's very specific wording, 312 00:16:52,166 --> 00:16:55,800 and these are very high court officials. 313 00:16:55,800 --> 00:17:03,066 ♪♪ 314 00:17:03,066 --> 00:17:04,533 -I can really understand Nathalie 315 00:17:04,533 --> 00:17:06,400 and, of course, Philippa's excitement. 316 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:07,766 I mean, here, we've got a document 317 00:17:07,766 --> 00:17:09,600 which mentions one of the princes. 318 00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,233 This document, on the face of it, is proof of life, 319 00:17:12,233 --> 00:17:14,600 and what's more, it's written by an accountant, 320 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:15,933 not a historian, 321 00:17:15,933 --> 00:17:18,933 not any person that's got any bias. 322 00:17:18,933 --> 00:17:20,433 That's the excitement. 323 00:17:20,433 --> 00:17:23,766 On the other hand, who is this Margaret of Burgundy? 324 00:17:23,766 --> 00:17:26,300 She's the aunt of the boys in the tower, 325 00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:30,200 who has reason to perhaps make this up. 326 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:35,100 What motivations might she have had to invade England? 327 00:17:39,866 --> 00:17:42,966 -Margaret of Burgundy was one of the most powerful women 328 00:17:42,966 --> 00:17:44,766 in medieval Europe... 329 00:17:44,766 --> 00:17:48,433 and a relative of King Maximilian. 330 00:17:48,433 --> 00:17:51,600 A passionate supporter of the Yorkist cause, 331 00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,633 she was a staunch enemy of Henry VII, 332 00:17:54,633 --> 00:17:58,000 the Tudor king who killed her brother, Richard III. 333 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:00,466 Philippa's team believes Margaret 334 00:18:00,466 --> 00:18:02,166 helped her nephew Edward, 335 00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:06,700 the elder prince in the tower, amass a fleet to invade England. 336 00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,266 But, first, the fleet sailed to Ireland 337 00:18:11,266 --> 00:18:13,633 for an important ceremony. 338 00:18:19,533 --> 00:18:21,466 -This is Christchurch Cathedral, 339 00:18:21,466 --> 00:18:26,200 the oldest medieval church in Dublin. 340 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:28,900 We're going to meet a historian who, like me, 341 00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:31,766 believes that the force-mustering here 342 00:18:31,766 --> 00:18:34,933 was led by Edward, the older prince. 343 00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:41,733 -We've come here today because I think one of the most 344 00:18:41,733 --> 00:18:44,533 interesting and important events in late medieval history 345 00:18:44,533 --> 00:18:48,133 took place here on the 27th of May 1487, 346 00:18:48,133 --> 00:18:50,533 when King Edward was crowned. 347 00:18:50,533 --> 00:18:54,000 -So, by "King Edward," do you mean 348 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,733 one of the princes in the tower? 349 00:18:56,733 --> 00:18:59,133 -My reading of lots of the evidence 350 00:18:59,133 --> 00:19:01,600 is that the elder of the princes in the tower, 351 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:05,833 Edward, came here in 1487 to undergo a coronation. 352 00:19:09,033 --> 00:19:12,066 -Matt, what's your evidence for believing 353 00:19:12,066 --> 00:19:15,566 that this was the coronation of the older 354 00:19:15,566 --> 00:19:17,166 of the princes in the tower? 355 00:19:17,166 --> 00:19:19,466 -So, one of the people who's here for the coronation 356 00:19:19,466 --> 00:19:21,700 is a guy called John de la Pole. 357 00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:26,166 He's the senior Yorkist heir in 1487. 358 00:19:26,166 --> 00:19:28,233 When Richard III's son dies, 359 00:19:28,233 --> 00:19:30,466 he's considered next in line to the throne, 360 00:19:30,466 --> 00:19:32,733 so if you want someone to champion 361 00:19:32,733 --> 00:19:35,300 to replace Henry VII on the throne, 362 00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:37,633 John de la Pole is the man you would go to. 363 00:19:37,633 --> 00:19:41,200 But he comes here to attend this coronation for Edward. 364 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,600 -This is a really important point that he's sitting here 365 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:46,966 in a church, in a religious service, 366 00:19:46,966 --> 00:19:50,300 acknowledging this man -- boy -- as king. 367 00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:52,133 He wouldn't have done that, is your point, 368 00:19:52,133 --> 00:19:53,366 unless he was solidly certain. 369 00:19:53,366 --> 00:19:54,733 -No way. 370 00:19:54,733 --> 00:19:56,566 -He believed not just intellectually, 371 00:19:56,566 --> 00:19:59,700 but spiritually that that was the real deal in front of him. 372 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:01,633 -Yeah. 373 00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:03,900 -The English government's official record, 374 00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:05,700 published 40 years later, 375 00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:12,133 states that an imposter named Lambert Simnel was coronated. 376 00:20:12,133 --> 00:20:14,066 -Traditional history tells us Lambert Simnel, 377 00:20:14,066 --> 00:20:16,900 a 10-year-old boy, was found in Oxford 378 00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:18,766 and bought here to Ireland 379 00:20:18,766 --> 00:20:21,533 and was proclaimed and crowned King Edward of England. 380 00:20:21,533 --> 00:20:26,266 -Yeah. Who's going to follow a boy who's just come from Oxford? 381 00:20:26,266 --> 00:20:29,933 Who is going to fight and die for this boy? 382 00:20:29,933 --> 00:20:31,766 -And, also, we've perhaps lost sight of 383 00:20:31,766 --> 00:20:34,300 just how important a medieval coronation was. 384 00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,500 It was a huge political moment, but a huge spiritual moment. 385 00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:40,600 Nobody would undertake that ceremony lightly, 386 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:45,166 and no one would want to do that to a random boy from Oxford. 387 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,366 -So, what you believe happened here 388 00:20:49,366 --> 00:20:53,433 was that a 16-1/2-year-old was sitting here 389 00:20:53,433 --> 00:20:57,866 being crowned by, well, significant members 390 00:20:57,866 --> 00:20:59,700 of the Church and the Irish nobility 391 00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:02,366 and others who showed up in force, 392 00:21:02,366 --> 00:21:04,166 and it's only later that they've said 393 00:21:04,166 --> 00:21:07,633 it was actually a 10-year-old and it's all made up. 394 00:21:07,633 --> 00:21:09,966 And that's part of the propaganda of Henry VII. 395 00:21:09,966 --> 00:21:11,433 -That's what I believe. 396 00:21:11,433 --> 00:21:13,733 I believe all of that Lambert Simnel business 397 00:21:13,733 --> 00:21:15,933 is big smoke and mirrors thrown up around 398 00:21:15,933 --> 00:21:18,233 what would have been a hugely threatening moment 399 00:21:18,233 --> 00:21:19,866 for Henry VII. 400 00:21:19,866 --> 00:21:22,200 [ Bell tolling ] 401 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,500 -Clearly, there was a boy crowned here in this church, 402 00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:28,700 a fleet showed up, they went through a ceremony, 403 00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:30,266 a religious ceremony. 404 00:21:30,266 --> 00:21:32,333 Whether or not that means that that's one of the boys 405 00:21:32,333 --> 00:21:35,900 in the tower, I'm not yet confident about. 406 00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:37,633 But applying my dispassionate mind, 407 00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:42,266 that's certainly some evidence that the older boy, Edward, 408 00:21:42,266 --> 00:21:45,266 that prince in the tower, could -- could -- 409 00:21:45,266 --> 00:21:48,433 have been the person that they crowned here. 410 00:21:52,233 --> 00:21:55,000 -A week after the Dublin coronation, 411 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:58,033 the Yorkist fleet invaded England. 412 00:21:58,033 --> 00:21:59,733 The established history holds 413 00:21:59,733 --> 00:22:03,033 that the imposter, Lambert Simnel, led the force, 414 00:22:03,033 --> 00:22:05,500 but Philippa's team believes it was Edward, 415 00:22:05,500 --> 00:22:09,333 the eldest of the missing princes, who led the army. 416 00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,033 -I have to say, Philippa, I still find the Lambert Simnel -- 417 00:22:14,033 --> 00:22:17,500 or is it Prince Edward? -- story really confusing. 418 00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:20,300 I hope where we're going now might help me with that. 419 00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:23,333 -We're on our way to Stoke Battlefield. 420 00:22:23,333 --> 00:22:27,233 -Right. Okay, so, is this where Edward's invasion army 421 00:22:27,233 --> 00:22:29,033 came to face Henry VII? 422 00:22:29,033 --> 00:22:33,300 -Exactly. And we're going to meet Matthew Lewis again, 423 00:22:33,300 --> 00:22:36,133 and he's gonna tell us all about the battle. 424 00:22:36,133 --> 00:22:44,466 ♪♪ 425 00:22:44,466 --> 00:22:49,933 -Welcome to the site of the Battle of Stoke in 1487. 426 00:22:49,933 --> 00:22:51,333 This was the site of the last 427 00:22:51,333 --> 00:22:53,266 pitched battle of the Wars of the Roses, 428 00:22:53,266 --> 00:22:56,766 that kind of 30-odd-year fight for the crown of England. 429 00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:02,400 Thousands of men crowded this field. 430 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,900 Many of them travelled huge distances to be here. 431 00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:10,233 And many of them would never walk off this field alive. 432 00:23:10,233 --> 00:23:15,733 -Oh, that's really affecting. Seriously affecting. 433 00:23:15,733 --> 00:23:17,900 -Now, the question is, 434 00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,700 is it Edward or some person called Lambert Simnel? 435 00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:23,433 -That is the big question. 436 00:23:23,433 --> 00:23:26,100 If I'm a mercenary, a professional soldier, 437 00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:27,800 I might start laughing when someone says, 438 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:29,633 "We want you to follow this 10-year-old boy into battle." 439 00:23:32,433 --> 00:23:35,900 -It's just so kind of evocative standing here. 440 00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:37,266 So, what's the outcome? 441 00:23:37,266 --> 00:23:39,866 What happens? How does it play out? 442 00:23:39,866 --> 00:23:42,866 -We know that they clash, there is a huge confrontation, 443 00:23:42,866 --> 00:23:44,666 and I think this is where Edward's army 444 00:23:44,666 --> 00:23:47,166 struggles against its own makeup. 445 00:23:47,166 --> 00:23:50,066 There are disparate amounts of Flemish soldiers, 446 00:23:50,066 --> 00:23:53,366 Swiss and German mercenaries, Irish kerns, 447 00:23:53,366 --> 00:23:55,666 also some Englishmen who have joined the force. 448 00:23:55,666 --> 00:23:58,066 They're just so smashed together. 449 00:23:58,066 --> 00:23:59,566 They all have different proficiencies, 450 00:23:59,566 --> 00:24:03,200 different ways of fighting, different languages. 451 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:06,433 And they end up being routed, and the Irish begin to fall 452 00:24:06,433 --> 00:24:08,700 'cause they're not wearing any armor. 453 00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,000 One source talks about the field being littered with bodies 454 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,066 that were pricked like hedgehogs with arrows after the battle, 455 00:24:14,066 --> 00:24:17,033 just men with half-a-dozen arrows in them 456 00:24:17,033 --> 00:24:19,066 lying all over the field. 457 00:24:19,066 --> 00:24:24,133 -But then there's this name at the center of it -- Edward. 458 00:24:24,133 --> 00:24:26,366 What happened to him? 459 00:24:26,366 --> 00:24:28,433 -We don't know. This is the frustrating part. 460 00:24:28,433 --> 00:24:33,133 We don't have a record of what happened to him after that. 461 00:24:33,133 --> 00:24:36,466 -What do the sources written by Henry VII, Henry Tudor, 462 00:24:36,466 --> 00:24:40,666 say about what happened to the person that led this army? 463 00:24:40,666 --> 00:24:42,666 -They're at great pains to tell us the story 464 00:24:42,666 --> 00:24:45,300 of this 10-year-old, who is found to be named 465 00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:46,700 Lambert Simnel. 466 00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:49,733 He is pardoned by Henry, 467 00:24:49,733 --> 00:24:52,333 and he puts him to work in the royal kitchens. 468 00:24:52,333 --> 00:24:56,700 -Either way, the older of the princes in the tower 469 00:24:56,700 --> 00:24:59,300 is now out of commission, no longer a threat. 470 00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:02,933 -Yeah. But if Henry VII has just faced the greatest threat 471 00:25:02,933 --> 00:25:05,933 of his reign so far, in 1487, from a prince 472 00:25:05,933 --> 00:25:07,966 who was 16 1/2 years old, 473 00:25:07,966 --> 00:25:09,300 he knows that prince has a brother 474 00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:11,033 who is two or three years younger than him, 475 00:25:11,033 --> 00:25:13,066 so he's going to have to think, 476 00:25:13,066 --> 00:25:16,000 "Am I going to face the same problem in a few years' time?" 477 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,500 -Thank you, Matt. 478 00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:18,700 -Good luck with the rest of your investigation. 479 00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:21,700 -Thank you so much. 480 00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:23,233 So, it's extraordinary to look at this field. 481 00:25:23,233 --> 00:25:26,666 You know, either that army is led by a pretender, 482 00:25:26,666 --> 00:25:28,066 Lambert Simnel, 483 00:25:28,066 --> 00:25:32,133 or the real Edward V dies on that battlefield. 484 00:25:32,133 --> 00:25:34,700 Either way, the trail goes cold. 485 00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:37,900 So, what happens to Richard, his brother, 486 00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:39,966 the younger of the princes in the tower? 487 00:25:39,966 --> 00:25:43,800 -We have to go back to Europe now to pick up that trail. 488 00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:51,366 ♪♪ 489 00:25:51,366 --> 00:25:53,900 -Philippa and Rob are in the Netherlands, 490 00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,933 which was once part of the Holy Roman Empire. 491 00:25:56,933 --> 00:25:59,300 Her Dutch team has discovered something 492 00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:03,800 about Edward's brother, Richard, the younger prince in the tower. 493 00:26:06,533 --> 00:26:08,966 -Have you seen it? -I know about it. 494 00:26:08,966 --> 00:26:14,266 I haven't seen it, but I think it's absolutely mind-blowing. 495 00:26:14,266 --> 00:26:16,100 -Wow. Mind-blowing. 496 00:26:18,433 --> 00:26:21,100 So, what we're about to see is big. 497 00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:23,900 -Just tell him what it was like for you when you found it. 498 00:26:23,900 --> 00:26:27,566 -Well, I got goose bumps because it was so special, 499 00:26:27,566 --> 00:26:31,333 and I never find anything like this before. 500 00:26:31,333 --> 00:26:34,333 Someone actually found it in the 1950s, 501 00:26:34,333 --> 00:26:38,066 but they dismissed it, and it was quickly forgotten about. 502 00:26:38,066 --> 00:26:40,466 -So... -Right. 503 00:26:40,466 --> 00:26:43,166 -So, I've got the document here for you. 504 00:26:43,166 --> 00:26:45,700 -Okay. What about a date or anything like that? 505 00:26:45,700 --> 00:26:48,400 -It seems to be made between 1450 and 1500. 506 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:49,933 -Wow. -Yeah. 507 00:26:49,933 --> 00:26:52,766 -So this is within the period -- 1450 to 1500 -- 508 00:26:52,766 --> 00:26:54,066 slap-bang in the middle. 509 00:26:54,066 --> 00:26:55,400 -Spot on. -Yeah. 510 00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:57,500 -Right. 511 00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,433 -Rob, you're looking at Richard, 512 00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:03,466 the younger prince in the tower's, own story. 513 00:27:03,466 --> 00:27:06,166 -You think this is his voice? 514 00:27:06,166 --> 00:27:08,966 -This is his voice. It's written in the first person. 515 00:27:08,966 --> 00:27:10,633 -"I." -Yes. 516 00:27:10,633 --> 00:27:15,800 We think that the originals have been written in Latin or French, 517 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,666 but this is a copy in Middle Dutch. 518 00:27:18,666 --> 00:27:20,600 Shall we read it? -Yeah. 519 00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:22,900 -"I was bought to my brother, 520 00:27:22,900 --> 00:27:26,966 who was already there in the Tower of London. 521 00:27:26,966 --> 00:27:31,033 Then what happens is, we were separated. 522 00:27:31,033 --> 00:27:34,266 I was secretly taken into a room 523 00:27:34,266 --> 00:27:36,866 in a place where the lions are kept. 524 00:27:36,866 --> 00:27:43,100 Lord Howard came to me and encouraged me. 525 00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,366 At last, he ordered the guards to leave 526 00:27:46,366 --> 00:27:49,933 and then bought two other men. 527 00:27:49,933 --> 00:27:55,833 They were called Henry Percy and Thomas Percy. 528 00:27:55,833 --> 00:28:01,366 They swore by honor and oath to hide me secretly 529 00:28:01,366 --> 00:28:04,366 until certain years were passed." 530 00:28:04,366 --> 00:28:07,366 -Okay, so, Lord Howard gets his two men, 531 00:28:07,366 --> 00:28:13,066 Henry and Thomas Percy, and gets them to swear to Howard 532 00:28:13,066 --> 00:28:14,933 that they're going to hide him secretly. 533 00:28:14,933 --> 00:28:16,166 -Yes. Yeah. 534 00:28:16,166 --> 00:28:18,333 Everyone he's mentioned so far was 535 00:28:18,333 --> 00:28:23,166 in the Tower of London in June 1483. 536 00:28:23,166 --> 00:28:26,166 I found them in the archives in Bedale, in North Yorkshire. 537 00:28:26,166 --> 00:28:28,966 -Yeah. It adds to the credibility 538 00:28:28,966 --> 00:28:33,400 and the reliability of the whole narrative. 539 00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:37,266 -So, whoever's reporting this has to know 540 00:28:37,266 --> 00:28:38,800 these people, these men. -Yes. 541 00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:40,733 -We don't know what happened to Edward at this point, 542 00:28:40,733 --> 00:28:42,566 'cause they'd been separated, but as far as Richard 543 00:28:42,566 --> 00:28:47,566 is concerned, the Percys are going to take care of him. 544 00:28:47,566 --> 00:28:49,700 -And guard him. -Yeah. 545 00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:51,333 -Then what happens? 546 00:28:51,333 --> 00:28:55,733 -"Then they shaved my hair 547 00:28:55,733 --> 00:28:59,100 and put a poor and drab skirt on me. 548 00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:00,766 [ Birds chirping ] 549 00:29:00,766 --> 00:29:03,700 And we went to St. Katharine's." 550 00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:06,133 St. Katharine's is a dockyard. 551 00:29:06,133 --> 00:29:11,566 "There, they took a boat and sailed to the sea 552 00:29:11,566 --> 00:29:17,500 and came ashore in the dunes of Boulogne-sur-Mer." 553 00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,400 From here, Richard stayed in Paris, 554 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:22,800 and he goes on to tell us 555 00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:24,533 that he then travelled across Europe 556 00:29:24,533 --> 00:29:29,966 to various cities before being sailed to Portugal. 557 00:29:29,966 --> 00:29:32,433 -What a life. -Unreal, isn't it? 558 00:29:32,433 --> 00:29:37,633 "Shortly afterwards, Henry Percy became ill with the plague. 559 00:29:37,633 --> 00:29:39,600 He told me that when he died, 560 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:43,433 I would have to travel to Ireland. 561 00:29:43,433 --> 00:29:47,566 Then he died, may God save his soul." 562 00:29:47,566 --> 00:29:52,433 So, Richard says that he then sailed to Ireland, 563 00:29:52,433 --> 00:29:55,700 where several Irish lords recognized him 564 00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:59,266 and accepted him for who he was. 565 00:29:59,266 --> 00:30:03,600 -So the people in Ireland acknowledge him as Richard, 566 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,000 the second of the princes in the tower, straightaway. 567 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,266 -Yes. -I mean, this is the stuff 568 00:30:09,266 --> 00:30:12,133 of kind of "Game of Thrones." -It is. 569 00:30:12,133 --> 00:30:13,533 -Do you know what I mean? -It absolutely is. 570 00:30:13,533 --> 00:30:15,500 -Why didn't Percy just say, straightaway, 571 00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,266 "Look, let's go to Ireland"? 572 00:30:17,266 --> 00:30:21,533 -They had sworn to keep him away till certain years have passed. 573 00:30:21,533 --> 00:30:24,533 So you can see that they're following that oath. 574 00:30:24,533 --> 00:30:26,833 -What happens next, Philippa? 575 00:30:26,833 --> 00:30:28,900 -Right. Okay. So, what happens next? 576 00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:33,266 "I left and went to my dearest aunt, 577 00:30:33,266 --> 00:30:35,300 the Duchess of Burgundy, 578 00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:38,333 and by the grace of God, in a short time, 579 00:30:38,333 --> 00:30:43,133 I will obtain my right to which I was born." 580 00:30:43,133 --> 00:30:46,533 -Okay, let me just -- 'Cause this is way 581 00:30:46,533 --> 00:30:48,600 more significant than I was expecting. 582 00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:53,733 This is a story of roughly how many years, do we think? 583 00:30:53,733 --> 00:30:55,700 -Think it's 10. -10 years, a decade. 584 00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:59,700 -It covers 10 years. -1483 to 1493. 585 00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:01,900 -Okay. -Key years. 586 00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:07,200 -This looks to me like we have a person, 587 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,566 possibly Richard, Duke of York, 588 00:31:09,566 --> 00:31:12,800 the second of the boys in the tower, 589 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:16,333 who arrives in the court of Margaret of Burgundy, 590 00:31:16,333 --> 00:31:19,366 giving his life account to persuade her, let's say, 591 00:31:19,366 --> 00:31:21,033 "I'm the real deal." 592 00:31:21,033 --> 00:31:22,866 And this is a specific detail. 593 00:31:22,866 --> 00:31:25,033 -Yeah. -Boy, is it specific detail. 594 00:31:25,033 --> 00:31:26,400 -Yeah. 595 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,700 -Could this be the writing of somebody 596 00:31:28,700 --> 00:31:30,933 who is faking a life story? 597 00:31:30,933 --> 00:31:33,900 -If this is somebody who's trying to be 598 00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:37,500 the younger prince in the tower, you make it very general, 599 00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:38,966 but he's going into detail 600 00:31:38,966 --> 00:31:41,600 after detail after detail after detail. 601 00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:43,800 -We deal in documents as lawyers. 602 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,200 -Yeah. -And if I saw this statement, 603 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,000 it would be a critical break in the case. 604 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,033 You know, this is a smoking-gun document. 605 00:31:51,033 --> 00:31:52,833 There's no doubt about it. 606 00:31:52,833 --> 00:31:57,066 I need to calmly assess what it might all mean. 607 00:31:57,066 --> 00:31:58,866 You know, I have to be skeptical. 608 00:31:58,866 --> 00:32:01,133 I can't just look at this and go, "Wow," 609 00:32:01,133 --> 00:32:04,366 although it is a "wow" document. 610 00:32:04,366 --> 00:32:07,900 It is truly something. 611 00:32:09,866 --> 00:32:12,166 Well, thanks, Nathalie. -[ Laughs ] No. 612 00:32:12,166 --> 00:32:15,633 I'm pleased, I'm pleased you liked it. 613 00:32:15,633 --> 00:32:25,400 ♪♪ 614 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,300 -With this new discovery placing the younger prince 615 00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:31,166 at the court of his aunt, Margaret of Burgundy, 616 00:32:31,166 --> 00:32:34,066 Philippa and Rob head to the duchess' former home 617 00:32:34,066 --> 00:32:37,466 in the town of Binche, in Belgium. 618 00:32:37,466 --> 00:32:40,266 There, they're meeting another member of the research group, 619 00:32:40,266 --> 00:32:42,966 who has something new to show them. 620 00:32:42,966 --> 00:32:44,833 The team believes that after helping 621 00:32:44,833 --> 00:32:47,866 Edward, the older prince, it seems Margaret went on to 622 00:32:47,866 --> 00:32:49,500 support his younger brother, Richard. 623 00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:53,500 -Wow! 624 00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:57,133 So, Zoe, this is a ruin of where, exactly? 625 00:32:57,133 --> 00:33:00,800 -This is the remains of the Palace of Margaret of Burgundy. 626 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:02,333 -This is her palace. 627 00:33:02,333 --> 00:33:04,700 -Yes. She lives here in retirement. 628 00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:06,100 -But it must have been pretty splendid at the time. 629 00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:07,933 I mean, she was loaded. She was very rich. 630 00:33:07,933 --> 00:33:11,033 -Yes, And if you just look to the right... 631 00:33:11,033 --> 00:33:12,533 -Yeah, yeah. -...you see an arch, right? 632 00:33:12,533 --> 00:33:13,900 -Yes. -Yeah. 633 00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:17,266 So, that's actually called "Richard's Room," 634 00:33:17,266 --> 00:33:19,200 what we know it as now. -Well, which Richard? 635 00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:20,966 -It's the younger prince in the tower. 636 00:33:20,966 --> 00:33:24,500 We believe that he stayed here, and she names a special room 637 00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:29,400 after him, Richard's Room, which is there. 638 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,133 -How do you know this? 639 00:33:31,133 --> 00:33:32,566 -Well, actually, the account books state 640 00:33:32,566 --> 00:33:35,300 that after renovating the palace, 641 00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:37,566 it's actually called Richard's Room. 642 00:33:37,566 --> 00:33:40,800 -And I think what is lovely about this is, by this point, 643 00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:43,733 when she's renovating this, in 1496, 644 00:33:43,733 --> 00:33:46,233 the timing is absolutely spot on 645 00:33:46,233 --> 00:33:48,433 for the younger prince in the tower. 646 00:33:48,433 --> 00:33:49,866 -What's he doing here with Margaret, 647 00:33:49,866 --> 00:33:52,833 you know, in her retirement castle? 648 00:33:52,833 --> 00:33:54,533 -Well, it's a really important moment, 649 00:33:54,533 --> 00:33:57,966 because Margaret of Burgundy is pulling all of her resources, 650 00:33:57,966 --> 00:34:00,266 and all of Maximilian's resources, 651 00:34:00,266 --> 00:34:04,966 behind Richard to support him, making his push for the throne. 652 00:34:04,966 --> 00:34:08,033 -So, Zoe, how do we know that it was him? 653 00:34:08,033 --> 00:34:11,100 -Richard showed people three marks on his body 654 00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,066 that couldn't be faked. 655 00:34:13,066 --> 00:34:15,100 -So, what's the evidence for these three marks? 656 00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:17,633 -Quite by chance, I found a document 657 00:34:17,633 --> 00:34:19,300 in the Austrian State Archive. 658 00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,300 So, if you will look here, the document is about 659 00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:24,466 Maximilian's meeting with Richard, 660 00:34:24,466 --> 00:34:27,933 and it states the reasons why Maximilian decided 661 00:34:27,933 --> 00:34:30,233 to give his support and his favor to Richard. 662 00:34:31,966 --> 00:34:33,500 -But who's written this account? 663 00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:36,433 -It is written by one of his French scribes, 664 00:34:36,433 --> 00:34:38,133 a person at the meeting. 665 00:34:38,133 --> 00:34:39,466 -What? When Richard, 666 00:34:39,466 --> 00:34:43,500 the possible prince, meets Maximilian? 667 00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:46,200 -Yes, presents himself. 668 00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:49,900 -We have a transcription here of the documents. 669 00:34:49,900 --> 00:34:54,000 -And it says, "My lord, the Duke of York, 670 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,500 offers to present himself and show several signs 671 00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:01,966 by which those who knew him would recognize him. 672 00:35:01,966 --> 00:35:07,166 Especially three natural marks, which he has on his body 673 00:35:07,166 --> 00:35:10,500 and which cannot be counterfeited. 674 00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:13,400 That is, his mouth, one of his eyes, 675 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:17,233 and a mark he has on his thigh." 676 00:35:17,233 --> 00:35:21,233 And that comes from Maximilian's court at the right time 677 00:35:21,233 --> 00:35:22,933 for the younger prince in the tower, 678 00:35:22,933 --> 00:35:25,533 Richard, Duke of York. 679 00:35:25,533 --> 00:35:28,933 -Okay. Thanks very much. 680 00:35:28,933 --> 00:35:36,200 ♪♪ 681 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,333 My mind's a washing machine of stuff. 682 00:35:39,333 --> 00:35:42,000 I've been following Richard, the younger prince's, story, 683 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:48,033 and there have been two really big bombshell documents. 684 00:35:48,033 --> 00:35:52,433 There may be proof of life here, but the difficulty is, you know, 685 00:35:52,433 --> 00:35:54,900 I have to acknowledge I learnt my history 686 00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:56,533 in England, in the U.K., right? 687 00:35:56,533 --> 00:36:00,900 And Richard III is the bad king. 688 00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:02,433 So, every time I'm looking at a document, 689 00:36:02,433 --> 00:36:05,400 the most important thing I have to do is step back 690 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:07,133 and imagine I know none of it. 691 00:36:07,133 --> 00:36:09,000 That's so essential. 692 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:10,766 But the reality is, that's really hard. 693 00:36:10,766 --> 00:36:15,566 It's a difficult thing not to bring your bias to a document. 694 00:36:15,566 --> 00:36:29,700 ♪♪ 695 00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:33,333 -Philippa has come to the medieval city of Dresden, 696 00:36:33,333 --> 00:36:38,533 once a major hub in the Holy Roman Empire. 697 00:36:38,533 --> 00:36:40,933 Her research team has found something related 698 00:36:40,933 --> 00:36:43,133 to the younger prince in the tower. 699 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:48,933 Nathalie, from the Dutch research group, 700 00:36:48,933 --> 00:36:52,766 uncovered a document at the Saxon State Archive. 701 00:36:52,766 --> 00:36:55,400 -Rob can't come, so I'm going to be calling him 702 00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:57,566 about it from the archive. 703 00:36:57,566 --> 00:37:00,166 And I'm getting really excited. 704 00:37:01,766 --> 00:37:04,866 -She's meeting an expert in medieval manuscripts, 705 00:37:04,866 --> 00:37:07,100 who's made a translation for her. 706 00:37:07,100 --> 00:37:11,433 -I'm incredibly excited. I've never seen it before. 707 00:37:11,433 --> 00:37:13,733 And I'm actually on tenterhooks. [ Laughs ] 708 00:37:13,733 --> 00:37:17,066 -So, do you want to see it? -Please. 709 00:37:20,833 --> 00:37:23,666 -It's a really lovely document. 710 00:37:23,666 --> 00:37:28,666 Now comes the real treasure... 711 00:37:28,666 --> 00:37:30,533 the seals. 712 00:37:30,533 --> 00:37:32,466 You see "1493." 713 00:37:36,833 --> 00:37:38,766 We unfold it. 714 00:37:42,333 --> 00:37:45,400 And here we go. 715 00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,333 Isn't it lovely? 716 00:37:48,333 --> 00:37:51,300 -I can't believe this. I mean, this is just... 717 00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:54,333 Wow, wow, wow. 718 00:37:54,333 --> 00:37:56,933 -So, at the bottom, you have the signature. 719 00:37:56,933 --> 00:37:59,066 -Yeah, I can see "Richard of England." 720 00:37:59,066 --> 00:38:01,366 I can see his monogram. -Yep. 721 00:38:01,366 --> 00:38:04,833 -That's really special. I've never seen that before. 722 00:38:04,833 --> 00:38:07,900 Do you mind if I just use the magnifier? 723 00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:11,466 I just want to -- Oh, look at that. 724 00:38:11,466 --> 00:38:14,733 "Richard of England." 725 00:38:14,733 --> 00:38:17,900 Oh, wow. 726 00:38:20,966 --> 00:38:23,600 That royal seal is just incredible. 727 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:28,966 And even the little "R" at the bottom, the royal "R." 728 00:38:28,966 --> 00:38:34,066 But what's really fascinating is it's the closed crown of a king. 729 00:38:34,066 --> 00:38:36,200 That's what this is depicting. 730 00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:38,466 And it's the Royal Arms of England. 731 00:38:38,466 --> 00:38:42,833 I mean, this is telling me it's a king. 732 00:38:42,833 --> 00:38:46,100 It is blowing my mind. 733 00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:47,966 Good God. 734 00:38:47,966 --> 00:38:50,900 It's just -- I'm actually shaking. 735 00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:52,800 [ Laughs ] 736 00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:57,333 So, Henrike, this is a really extraordinary document, 737 00:38:57,333 --> 00:39:01,533 but can you tell me more about what it actually says? 738 00:39:01,533 --> 00:39:02,900 I think you've done a translation for me, 739 00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:04,633 is that right? -Yes. Here it is. 740 00:39:04,633 --> 00:39:08,566 So, "This is Richard, Duke of York, 741 00:39:08,566 --> 00:39:14,633 son of King Edward IV, pledging 30,000 florins 742 00:39:14,633 --> 00:39:17,566 to Duke Albert of Saxony, 743 00:39:17,566 --> 00:39:23,600 for support in regaining the throne of England. 744 00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:25,600 If he-" -Sorry. How much? 745 00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,766 -30,000 florins. -30,000 florins. 746 00:39:28,766 --> 00:39:31,966 What -- How much? 747 00:39:31,966 --> 00:39:33,733 I mean, that sounds like a lot to me. 748 00:39:33,733 --> 00:39:35,433 How much is that? 749 00:39:35,433 --> 00:39:38,566 -It's a real princely sum, "to be paid within three months 750 00:39:38,566 --> 00:39:41,366 once he has got the throne of England." 751 00:39:41,366 --> 00:39:46,066 -I really need to call Rob about this. 752 00:39:47,266 --> 00:39:51,233 Hi, dearest travel mate. Guess where I am. Dresden! 753 00:39:51,233 --> 00:39:54,233 We are looking at this most incredible document. 754 00:39:54,233 --> 00:39:55,966 I'm actually shaking at the moment. 755 00:39:55,966 --> 00:39:58,000 And I just wish you were here to see it. 756 00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,733 It is just -- It's mind-blowing. 757 00:40:01,733 --> 00:40:03,233 -What have you found? 758 00:40:03,233 --> 00:40:08,200 -It's a pledge for 30,000 florins 759 00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:13,666 from Richard of England to give to Albert of Saxony 760 00:40:13,666 --> 00:40:16,800 within three months of him becoming king. 761 00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:19,200 I mean, can we show Rob, Henrike? 762 00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:20,566 -Yeah. 763 00:40:20,566 --> 00:40:22,233 -Let's have a look. -Yeah. 764 00:40:22,233 --> 00:40:25,733 I don't know if you can see this, but the royal seal here -- 765 00:40:25,733 --> 00:40:28,666 there's a beautiful, intact royal seal 766 00:40:28,666 --> 00:40:30,733 from Richard, the younger prince. 767 00:40:30,733 --> 00:40:34,533 And right at the bottom, there's a tiny, little royal "R." 768 00:40:34,533 --> 00:40:36,700 -That is extraordinary. 769 00:40:36,700 --> 00:40:39,933 Was 30,000 florins a lot of money back then? 770 00:40:39,933 --> 00:40:41,366 What are we talking? 771 00:40:41,366 --> 00:40:43,533 -It's difficult to specify exactly. 772 00:40:43,533 --> 00:40:47,966 It's throwing around big sums and a sum meant to impress. 773 00:40:47,966 --> 00:40:51,366 It's the GDP of a medieval city or a castle 774 00:40:51,366 --> 00:40:53,233 or something like that. 775 00:40:53,233 --> 00:40:55,966 -Have to have some -- there's no nice way of putting it -- 776 00:40:55,966 --> 00:40:58,366 balls to go and promise that sort of sum 777 00:40:58,366 --> 00:41:01,166 unless you were pretty sure 778 00:40:58,366 --> 00:41:01,166 yo  \h u were able to deliver on it. 779 00:41:01,166 --> 00:41:04,133 -Yeah, 100%. 780 00:41:04,133 --> 00:41:06,300 -So, how do we know that this is Richard, 781 00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:08,700 the younger of the princes of the boys in the tower? 782 00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:10,133 How do we know it's his signature? 783 00:41:10,133 --> 00:41:11,733 -So, Rob, let me just read you 784 00:41:11,733 --> 00:41:15,033 how the document begins, what it says. 785 00:41:15,033 --> 00:41:20,366 It says, "Richard, by the grace of God, Duke of York, 786 00:41:20,366 --> 00:41:25,600 son and heir of our most revered lord and father, 787 00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:32,933 Edward IV, late King of England and France and Lord of Ireland." 788 00:41:32,933 --> 00:41:35,300 So he's making very clear 789 00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:37,666 that this is the younger prince in the tower. 790 00:41:37,666 --> 00:41:41,033 -It's a confident hand, obviously a contemporary hand, 791 00:41:41,033 --> 00:41:44,500 so what we can be fairly sure of is, 792 00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:48,166 the charter is authentic, whoever signed it, 793 00:41:48,166 --> 00:41:53,533 but it's from that time and place it claims to be. 794 00:41:53,533 --> 00:41:59,200 And it's signed 4th of October 1493. 795 00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,300 -Philippa, you look so happy. -I am. 796 00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:04,166 I'm in seventh heaven at the moment. 797 00:42:04,166 --> 00:42:07,433 [ Laughter ] I just wish you were here. 798 00:42:07,433 --> 00:42:10,966 Thanks, sweetie. Bye. Bye-bye. Bye. 799 00:42:12,933 --> 00:42:16,500 -Philippa believes that the man she calls Richard, Duke of York, 800 00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:22,133 used his European backers' money to launch an attack on England. 801 00:42:22,133 --> 00:42:24,766 But the invasion fails, and he takes refuge 802 00:42:24,766 --> 00:42:27,833 with King James IV in Scotland. 803 00:42:27,833 --> 00:42:31,000 James treats him as an equal and finds him a wife, 804 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,666 a noblewoman, and they have a son. 805 00:42:34,666 --> 00:42:37,866 But Henry VII is told this man called Richard 806 00:42:37,866 --> 00:42:40,133 is actually an imposter. 807 00:42:42,733 --> 00:42:46,266 There are two more invasions, but the suspected imposter 808 00:42:46,266 --> 00:42:51,100 is eventually captured by Henry VII in 1497. 809 00:42:57,033 --> 00:42:59,900 -So, Rob, we're in the tower. 810 00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:01,566 -It was only a matter of time for you, Philippa, 811 00:43:01,566 --> 00:43:04,633 let's face it. 812 00:43:04,633 --> 00:43:07,233 -After years of challenging Henry VII, 813 00:43:07,233 --> 00:43:09,933 the man I believe is the younger prince, 814 00:43:09,933 --> 00:43:12,766 Richard, had been captured. 815 00:43:12,766 --> 00:43:14,333 We're now going to meet a writer 816 00:43:14,333 --> 00:43:16,866 who has done her own investigation 817 00:43:16,866 --> 00:43:18,766 into what happened next. 818 00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:24,966 -Now, Henry's finally got his prize, Richard. 819 00:43:24,966 --> 00:43:26,200 He's caught him. -Yes. 820 00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:27,900 -So, I assume, bearing in mind 821 00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:31,933 it's the third time Richard's tried to invade the realm, 822 00:43:31,933 --> 00:43:35,600 that Henry just immediately, well, has him executed, no? 823 00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:37,100 -No, far from it. 824 00:43:37,100 --> 00:43:40,100 He's always wanted to see this chap alive. 825 00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:41,900 He's wanted to torture him. 826 00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:44,833 The next thing he does is, he faces him with a confession 827 00:43:44,833 --> 00:43:48,700 that's already been drawn up over years by Henry's spies, 828 00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:50,433 and he gets him to sign it. 829 00:43:50,433 --> 00:43:52,433 -He signs a confession? -Yes. 830 00:43:52,433 --> 00:43:53,666 -What name does he give? 831 00:43:53,666 --> 00:43:55,266 -He gives Perry Ozbeck, 832 00:43:55,266 --> 00:43:57,766 which is a Flemish version of Perkin Warbeck. 833 00:44:00,066 --> 00:44:02,266 -The official confession states that the name 834 00:44:02,266 --> 00:44:06,166 of the man captured by Henry is Perkin Warbeck, 835 00:44:06,166 --> 00:44:09,500 an imposter believed to be a boatman's son from Tournai, 836 00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:11,233 in Flanders. 837 00:44:11,233 --> 00:44:14,266 -So, he gets him to sign a confession that's pre-prepared. 838 00:44:14,266 --> 00:44:16,433 What happens then? 839 00:44:16,433 --> 00:44:18,533 -His treatment of Perkin -- Richard -- 840 00:44:18,533 --> 00:44:19,900 is extraordinary. 841 00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:22,333 He isn't shackled or bound at all. 842 00:44:22,333 --> 00:44:24,000 He's still robed, as far as we know. 843 00:44:26,866 --> 00:44:29,233 He goes to Westminster Hall, and there, 844 00:44:29,233 --> 00:44:31,733 it's said, he just strolled into the hall 845 00:44:31,733 --> 00:44:34,033 arm in arm with an officer of the court. 846 00:44:34,033 --> 00:44:40,000 Not chained, not in any way presented as a prisoner. 847 00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:42,000 -This feels totally bonkers. 848 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:44,400 You know, the traditional view of medieval kings, 849 00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:47,466 including Richard III, is when you've got someone in your way, 850 00:44:47,466 --> 00:44:49,533 you kill them, including your own nephews. 851 00:44:49,533 --> 00:44:54,466 Here, we have Henry, who captures Richard or Perkin, 852 00:44:54,466 --> 00:44:57,700 who's tried to take his throne at least three times, 853 00:44:57,700 --> 00:44:59,966 and he doesn't execute him. 854 00:44:59,966 --> 00:45:01,966 He treats him like one of the family. 855 00:45:01,966 --> 00:45:04,600 -Yeah, because for several European monarchs, 856 00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:06,333 he is one of the family. 857 00:45:06,333 --> 00:45:10,100 You have people like Maximilian writing to him and saying, 858 00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:11,500 "If you kill this man, 859 00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:13,200 you will have killed your brother-in-law." 860 00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:15,433 -This is exercising the whole of European royalty, 861 00:45:15,433 --> 00:45:17,666 all of the big power players. 862 00:45:17,666 --> 00:45:21,633 The big club is all -- is activated 863 00:45:21,633 --> 00:45:23,933 by the capture of this person 864 00:45:23,933 --> 00:45:27,066 who signed a confession calling himself Perkin Warbeck. 865 00:45:27,066 --> 00:45:28,733 -Yes. They don't all disown him. 866 00:45:28,733 --> 00:45:32,400 In fact, they carry on supporting him for a long time. 867 00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:36,800 -And as long as he promises to be that person, what's the deal? 868 00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,900 -He gets very good treatment at court. 869 00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,366 He's not kept in any sort of confinement. 870 00:45:42,366 --> 00:45:45,533 He's allowed to see his wife. 871 00:45:45,533 --> 00:45:46,933 And she never requests a divorce, 872 00:45:46,933 --> 00:45:49,000 and Henry doesn't make her divorce. 873 00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:51,100 Although, one of the few reasons to get divorced 874 00:45:51,100 --> 00:45:54,200 in the Catholic Church is if your husband's a fraud. 875 00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,633 -It's almost like he's held as a sort of pet, 876 00:45:59,633 --> 00:46:01,600 as a person on display. 877 00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:03,300 -He's even kept like a pet, 878 00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:05,933 because where he is kept is in the king's wardrobe, 879 00:46:05,933 --> 00:46:09,666 which I have to explain is not a cupboard, it's a room, 880 00:46:09,666 --> 00:46:11,033 but it's still like a walk-in closet 881 00:46:11,033 --> 00:46:12,866 with all the king's robes. 882 00:46:12,866 --> 00:46:16,966 And he's sleeping in there with a guard on either side of him. 883 00:46:16,966 --> 00:46:18,633 There's also a ladder in the wardrobe, 884 00:46:18,633 --> 00:46:21,600 which could nicely go up to the window. 885 00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:23,633 -I see. Why is that significant? 886 00:46:23,633 --> 00:46:25,433 -Because he might want to get out. 887 00:46:25,433 --> 00:46:27,400 And he does get out. 888 00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:30,633 -He escapes. -He escapes. 889 00:46:30,633 --> 00:46:32,866 This time, Henry has lost patience. 890 00:46:32,866 --> 00:46:35,366 He comes back and he's sent to the tower. 891 00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:39,066 -Is the treatment the same? 892 00:46:39,066 --> 00:46:41,166 Is it as honorable as it was before? 893 00:46:41,166 --> 00:46:42,700 -Certainly not. 894 00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:46,366 Now he's in a dungeon. 895 00:46:46,366 --> 00:46:48,866 He's shackled and he's tortured, 896 00:46:48,866 --> 00:46:50,466 and we know this from the Spanish ambassador, 897 00:46:50,466 --> 00:46:54,266 who goes to see him and says he's"desfigurada," 898 00:46:54,266 --> 00:46:56,966 i.e., he's had his face broken 899 00:46:56,966 --> 00:47:00,766 so that he doesn't look like Richard, Duke of York. 900 00:47:00,766 --> 00:47:04,533 -Was he just left there to rot? What happened? 901 00:47:04,533 --> 00:47:05,933 -There was a plot made up 902 00:47:05,933 --> 00:47:08,366 that he had decided to blow up the tower. 903 00:47:08,366 --> 00:47:12,133 He's charged with treason, which is interesting, 904 00:47:12,133 --> 00:47:15,100 because if he's a Fleming, he can't be a traitor, 905 00:47:15,100 --> 00:47:16,966 because he's not a subject. 906 00:47:16,966 --> 00:47:18,266 -He's charged with treason. 907 00:47:18,266 --> 00:47:20,000 That only applies to an English subject. 908 00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:22,366 What happened to him after the trial? Is he found guilty? 909 00:47:22,366 --> 00:47:26,366 -Yes. And then he's sent for execution, 910 00:47:26,366 --> 00:47:29,633 but he does not have the traitor's death. 911 00:47:29,633 --> 00:47:31,400 He has a nobleman's death, in fact. 912 00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:34,933 The sentence for treason is to be hung, drawn, and quartered. 913 00:47:34,933 --> 00:47:37,033 -Yes. -But he is only hung. 914 00:47:37,033 --> 00:47:40,900 -Ann, we don't know this story, we don't learn it, 915 00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:43,400 because we learn the Tudor narrative, right? 916 00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:45,733 -Yes. We are satisfied with the Tudor narrative, 917 00:47:45,733 --> 00:47:47,700 and I don't see why anyone is satisfied 918 00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:49,433 with a forced confession 919 00:47:49,433 --> 00:47:51,200 or a confession that's cobbled together by other people 920 00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,933 and somebody is forced to sign. 921 00:47:53,933 --> 00:47:56,066 If it happened today, you wouldn't accept it. 922 00:47:56,066 --> 00:47:58,666 You'd query it as a journalist and lawyer. 923 00:48:03,233 --> 00:48:05,666 -Blooming heck. -See? Told ya. 924 00:48:05,666 --> 00:48:06,966 Yeah, what a story, right? 925 00:48:06,966 --> 00:48:11,300 -A closet, a ladder, a wife... -I know. 926 00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:14,566 -...a son, the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. 927 00:48:14,566 --> 00:48:16,500 -Yeah, yeah. -Bloody hell, Philippa. 928 00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:18,633 -It's unbelievable, isn't it? 929 00:48:18,633 --> 00:48:25,866 ♪♪ 930 00:48:25,866 --> 00:48:27,333 I've come down to London today 931 00:48:27,333 --> 00:48:31,200 because I'm going to see Rob in his chambers. 932 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,300 And he's going to give me his conclusion. 933 00:48:38,866 --> 00:48:40,900 I'm off-the-scale anxious here 934 00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:43,266 because I'm going to walk into a room 935 00:48:43,266 --> 00:48:46,233 where I get Rob's conclusion. 936 00:48:46,233 --> 00:48:48,166 Which way is he going to go? 937 00:48:48,166 --> 00:48:52,733 Is the evidence as compelling that he's seen? Is it not? 938 00:48:52,733 --> 00:48:55,800 Is he going to go with the 500 years of Tudor propaganda, 939 00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:59,566 "Murder most foul in the Tower of London"? 940 00:49:05,666 --> 00:49:08,933 There's kind of no going back, 941 00:49:08,933 --> 00:49:11,433 and I've just got to see what he's going to say. 942 00:49:13,266 --> 00:49:16,133 [ Door opens ] 943 00:49:16,133 --> 00:49:17,733 -Hi, Philippa? How are you doing? 944 00:49:17,733 --> 00:49:19,333 -Hi. How are you? -Nice to see you. 945 00:49:19,333 --> 00:49:21,300 -Nice to see you. -Do come in. 946 00:49:23,633 --> 00:49:25,333 After you. -Thanks. 947 00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:31,066 -So, Philippa, at the heart of this case 948 00:49:31,066 --> 00:49:34,266 is whether Richard III murdered his nephews or not -- 949 00:49:34,266 --> 00:49:37,600 the older one being Edward, the younger one being Richard -- 950 00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:39,400 in order to obtain the throne. 951 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:45,700 Or could it be a missing-person inquiry and they survived? 952 00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:49,166 I'm only interested in the evidence, 953 00:49:49,166 --> 00:49:51,633 the evidence that supports whether or not 954 00:49:51,633 --> 00:49:53,300 he killed those boys 955 00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:56,366 or whether they may have escaped and come to invade England. 956 00:49:56,366 --> 00:50:00,733 What I'm going to give you now is a summary of what I consider 957 00:50:00,733 --> 00:50:03,933 to be the conclusion in this case. 958 00:50:03,933 --> 00:50:05,933 There are four documents that we stopped at 959 00:50:05,933 --> 00:50:07,833 during our zig-zag across Europe. 960 00:50:07,833 --> 00:50:09,833 One of them's from the Lille Archive, 961 00:50:09,833 --> 00:50:12,533 and it's a receipt that shows that Maximilian 962 00:50:12,533 --> 00:50:17,300 was providing an army for the older of the boys in the tower, 963 00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:19,666 who was going to claim his throne in England. 964 00:50:19,666 --> 00:50:23,500 And I'm satisfied that that receipt is authentic 965 00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:24,866 and from the time. 966 00:50:24,866 --> 00:50:26,933 There are a further three documents 967 00:50:26,933 --> 00:50:28,700 that have been unearthed 968 00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:32,866 in respect of the younger of the boys in the tower, Richard. 969 00:50:32,866 --> 00:50:35,366 From the Dresden Archive, 970 00:50:35,366 --> 00:50:38,266 document which is a contract promising 971 00:50:38,266 --> 00:50:41,100 if Richard succeeds in taking over the throne, 972 00:50:41,100 --> 00:50:43,100 he's going to pay that money back to Maximilian. 973 00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:46,800 And, critically, it's got his signature on it. 974 00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,666 I'm satisfied that that is an authentic document. 975 00:50:50,666 --> 00:50:53,566 The Austrian Archive, which, again, is an account 976 00:50:53,566 --> 00:50:57,966 where somebody takes a note of marks 977 00:50:57,966 --> 00:51:01,233 that were on the body of Richard. 978 00:51:01,233 --> 00:51:03,733 I am again entirely satisfied 979 00:51:03,733 --> 00:51:07,800 that that is a document from the time. 980 00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:10,133 And, lastly, a document from the Gelders Archive, 981 00:51:10,133 --> 00:51:15,000 and it's from a scribe which may have been at the time 982 00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:17,833 where a person purporting to be Richard 983 00:51:17,833 --> 00:51:23,400 gives a full narrative of his entire life. 984 00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:27,300 I have had grave doubts about that document. 985 00:51:27,300 --> 00:51:30,900 In fact, I want to be absolutely clear with you. 986 00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:32,800 I took the view that it was a fake. 987 00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:39,700 I asked two independent experts, 988 00:51:39,700 --> 00:51:42,166 world-leading experts in their field. 989 00:51:44,766 --> 00:51:46,666 The bad news, I'm afraid... 990 00:51:54,033 --> 00:51:56,633 is that I was entirely wrong. 991 00:51:59,166 --> 00:52:02,100 Both of those experts take the view that it was written 992 00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:06,533 precisely at the period that we're focusing in. 993 00:52:06,533 --> 00:52:10,866 There is no way this could be a forgery from a later date. 994 00:52:10,866 --> 00:52:15,333 -Wow. Wow. Thank you. 995 00:52:15,333 --> 00:52:19,633 -Now, based on the documents that you've provided me with, 996 00:52:19,633 --> 00:52:21,966 on the balance of probabilities, 997 00:52:21,966 --> 00:52:25,933 I'm satisfied that it is perfectly possible 998 00:52:25,933 --> 00:52:28,333 to challenge the traditional narrative. 999 00:52:28,333 --> 00:52:35,433 In fact, it seems to me it is highly plausible that Edward, 1000 00:52:35,433 --> 00:52:39,400 the older of the boys in the tower, survived. 1001 00:52:41,466 --> 00:52:44,566 He was not killed in the tower by Richard III. 1002 00:52:44,566 --> 00:52:47,566 It seems to me more probable than not that he lived 1003 00:52:47,566 --> 00:52:50,566 and he fought at the Battle of Stoke. 1004 00:52:50,566 --> 00:52:54,500 In respect of Richard... 1005 00:52:54,500 --> 00:52:57,333 my view is even stronger. 1006 00:52:57,333 --> 00:53:03,400 The material you've unearthed is more than sufficient to conclude 1007 00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:06,233 that this was not a murder, 1008 00:53:06,233 --> 00:53:10,533 that the person who came to be known in history 1009 00:53:10,533 --> 00:53:12,300 as Perkin Warbeck 1010 00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:15,066 was the younger of the boys in the tower. 1011 00:53:15,066 --> 00:53:20,800 Not only did Edward and Richard survive the tower, 1012 00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:23,833 but they lived, they continued to live on, 1013 00:53:23,833 --> 00:53:26,533 they tried to invade England, that they failed. 1014 00:53:28,833 --> 00:53:33,433 You, Philippa Langley, along with your team in Europe, 1015 00:53:33,433 --> 00:53:36,700 may just have solved 1016 00:53:36,700 --> 00:53:39,633 the greatest mystery in British history. 1017 00:53:39,633 --> 00:53:43,033 Congratulations. 1018 00:53:43,033 --> 00:53:44,500 -Wow. 1019 00:53:47,433 --> 00:53:48,666 Thank you. 1020 00:53:48,666 --> 00:53:51,366 -Thank you. 1021 00:53:55,433 --> 00:53:58,466 -Thank you. Thank you for doing this for me. 1022 00:53:58,466 --> 00:54:00,166 Thank you. 1023 00:54:02,166 --> 00:54:03,600 You know, that was big news. 1024 00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:05,966 Heavens above, that was big news. 1025 00:54:05,966 --> 00:54:09,133 It's overwhelming because we've had 500 years 1026 00:54:09,133 --> 00:54:12,466 of this story being rolled out and repeated. 1027 00:54:12,466 --> 00:54:13,833 We've changed that now. 1028 00:54:13,833 --> 00:54:17,933 We've completely changed the conversation. 1029 00:54:17,933 --> 00:54:19,766 I'm overjoyed. 1030 00:54:19,766 --> 00:54:21,333 -They say lightning doesn't strike twice, 1031 00:54:21,333 --> 00:54:23,666 but, in your case, it may have done. 1032 00:54:24,933 --> 00:54:26,900 I've no doubt that Philippa's work 1033 00:54:26,900 --> 00:54:28,866 is going to cause controversy, 1034 00:54:28,866 --> 00:54:30,966 but the reality is, without question, 1035 00:54:30,966 --> 00:54:32,900 Philippa's account is more persuasive 1036 00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:34,633 based on the evidence. 1037 00:54:34,633 --> 00:54:37,833 That's as it currently stands. 1038 00:54:37,833 --> 00:54:40,433 History is for everybody, whoever you are, 1039 00:54:40,433 --> 00:54:44,433 wherever you're from, to go and join in the investigation. 1040 00:54:44,433 --> 00:54:47,100 That's the exciting thing about this. 1041 00:54:47,100 --> 00:54:51,266 The conclusion I've reached is that one woman, 1042 00:54:51,266 --> 00:54:53,733 along with an army of other people, their energy, 1043 00:54:53,733 --> 00:54:56,166 their enthusiasm, their determination 1044 00:54:56,166 --> 00:54:58,933 may have solved the greatest cold case in history. 1045 00:54:58,933 --> 00:55:01,633 But now it's up to the rest of the world 1046 00:55:01,633 --> 00:55:03,400 to see what they think. 1047 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:15,000 ♪♪