1 00:00:01,540 --> 00:00:04,370 (Multicom Jingle) 2 00:00:14,427 --> 00:00:16,507 - [Houston] FSC disconnect unable on. 3 00:00:16,510 --> 00:00:18,370 - Copy that Houston. 4 00:00:18,370 --> 00:00:21,580 - [Narrator] Sealed in isolation in a tiny capsule 5 00:00:21,580 --> 00:00:24,200 millions of kilometers from home, 6 00:00:24,203 --> 00:00:26,113 the first manned mission to Mars 7 00:00:26,110 --> 00:00:30,410 would be the greatest test of human mind, body and spirit. 8 00:00:30,410 --> 00:00:32,590 - The longer the mission, the harder the strain is 9 00:00:32,590 --> 00:00:34,360 on the human being, 10 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:35,460 the greater the risk. 11 00:00:36,829 --> 00:00:41,289 - The last time a human being went to deep space, was 1972. 12 00:00:41,290 --> 00:00:43,210 - [Narrator] Six people would be trapped like rats 13 00:00:43,210 --> 00:00:44,660 for two and a half years. 14 00:00:44,660 --> 00:00:46,360 With no chance of escape. 15 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:48,720 - Imagine that you are trapped with those people 16 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:51,260 in one of the small offices where you work, 17 00:00:51,260 --> 00:00:53,190 would you want to be in a room 18 00:00:53,190 --> 00:00:55,160 with those people for years? 19 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:57,700 - [Narrator] A thousand days of smelling each others sweat, 20 00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:00,190 drinking each other's urine, with no privacy 21 00:01:00,190 --> 00:01:01,140 and nothing to do. 22 00:01:02,667 --> 00:01:04,007 - How are you gonna keep yourself entertained, 23 00:01:04,010 --> 00:01:06,100 how you gonna keep yourself focused? 24 00:01:06,100 --> 00:01:07,910 - [Narrator] The most challenging part of the mission, 25 00:01:07,910 --> 00:01:10,670 would be to prevent the crew from killing themselves 26 00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:11,500 or each other. 27 00:01:12,530 --> 00:01:15,630 If anything goes wrong, they'll be no rescue mission, 28 00:01:15,630 --> 00:01:18,440 the astronauts are alone and they know it. 29 00:01:19,980 --> 00:01:23,630 The fear of death would be constant for 1000 days. 30 00:01:23,630 --> 00:01:25,320 - The astronauts are under no illusion, 31 00:01:25,320 --> 00:01:27,420 they're in a risky business. 32 00:01:27,420 --> 00:01:29,920 - [Narrator] Mental breakdown, sexual tension, 33 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:33,990 near suicide, mutiny, these are not what ifs, 34 00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:36,980 it's all really happened on missions in space. 35 00:01:37,870 --> 00:01:39,650 Psychologists around the globe agree, 36 00:01:39,650 --> 00:01:43,470 the first crucial step to a successful mission to Mars 37 00:01:43,470 --> 00:01:45,940 is to select a new kind of astronaut. 38 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:49,750 - [Translator] If we make a mistake in crew selection 39 00:01:49,750 --> 00:01:52,140 then conflicts might arise on board, 40 00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:55,770 these conflicts can kill the crew, just like a disease. 41 00:01:55,770 --> 00:01:58,180 - [Narrator] Our exploration of other worlds begins 42 00:01:58,180 --> 00:02:00,060 inside the human mind. 43 00:02:00,060 --> 00:02:03,930 Seeking ways to identify and control the torment 44 00:02:03,930 --> 00:02:06,720 of isolation, depravation and loneliness. 45 00:02:07,790 --> 00:02:11,760 Work has already begun to solve the Achilles' heal 46 00:02:11,758 --> 00:02:13,428 of the Mars mission. 47 00:02:15,090 --> 00:02:16,180 The human factor. 48 00:02:17,702 --> 00:02:20,452 (dramatic music) 49 00:02:42,511 --> 00:02:44,271 - [Announcer] There is a bulletin from ABC news, 50 00:02:44,270 --> 00:02:46,320 the Apollo 13 spacecraft has had 51 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:48,680 a serious power supply malfunction 52 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:50,420 that could case the lunar landing mission 53 00:02:50,420 --> 00:02:52,330 to be terminated early. 54 00:02:52,330 --> 00:02:53,530 - [Narrator] April 1970, 55 00:02:54,481 --> 00:02:55,311 - [Astronaut] Houston we've had a problem. 56 00:02:55,314 --> 00:02:57,464 - [Narrator] Two days after launch, 57 00:02:57,460 --> 00:03:00,010 Apollo 13 is crippled by an explosion. 58 00:03:00,013 --> 00:03:01,443 - [Astronaut] We hit a pretty large bank 59 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,110 so fitted with the carcinogen warning. 60 00:03:04,113 --> 00:03:07,053 - [Narrator] Oxygen and heating systems are knocked out. 61 00:03:07,049 --> 00:03:10,099 - [Astronaut] Negative time, I believe the crew reported. 62 00:03:10,097 --> 00:03:12,947 - [Narrator] An engineering team in mission control 63 00:03:12,950 --> 00:03:16,120 remains in constant contact with the astronauts, 64 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:18,630 overcoming problem after problem, 65 00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:21,110 to bring three men home alive. 66 00:03:21,109 --> 00:03:23,519 (radio chatters) 67 00:03:23,524 --> 00:03:27,424 The odds against success cannot be calculated. 68 00:03:29,020 --> 00:03:30,880 - [Astronaut] Lets solve the problem and let's not make 69 00:03:30,884 --> 00:03:32,414 it any worse by guessing, let's make sure 70 00:03:32,410 --> 00:03:34,890 we don't blow the whole mission. 71 00:03:34,890 --> 00:03:36,990 - [Narrator] Six days after launch, 72 00:03:36,990 --> 00:03:40,890 human ingenuity triumphs over the menace of space. 73 00:03:40,890 --> 00:03:42,910 - [Houston] And welcome home. 74 00:03:42,906 --> 00:03:43,876 - [Astronaut] Thank you. 75 00:03:43,882 --> 00:03:47,052 (cheers and applauds) 76 00:03:48,540 --> 00:03:50,600 - [Narrator] This heroic, famous story, 77 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,430 will not be repeated on the Mars mission. 78 00:03:53,430 --> 00:03:55,380 The time delay with mission control, 79 00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:58,260 is up to 23 minutes given the distance 80 00:03:58,260 --> 00:04:00,170 traveled through space, 81 00:04:00,170 --> 00:04:04,150 there'll be no real time feedback from mission control. 82 00:04:04,147 --> 00:04:08,097 The crew will have to sort out problems on their own. 83 00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:10,300 (beeps) 84 00:04:10,300 --> 00:04:13,820 - You're going away from the Earth 85 00:04:13,818 --> 00:04:17,858 with no chances of coming back until the two planets 86 00:04:17,860 --> 00:04:20,030 align back, they're not on the same orbit, 87 00:04:20,030 --> 00:04:23,610 the consideration of being very isolated, 88 00:04:23,610 --> 00:04:25,970 going to where no one has gone before 89 00:04:25,970 --> 00:04:29,880 but with no possibility to turn back physically 90 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:33,610 until a precise time is gonna be completely new, 91 00:04:33,610 --> 00:04:36,930 plus the trip to Mars is gonna be a little boring. 92 00:04:38,540 --> 00:04:39,640 - So what do you have? 93 00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:41,280 You have people floating 94 00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:45,170 through an endless velvetty black void 95 00:04:45,170 --> 00:04:46,900 with nothing in sight. 96 00:04:48,580 --> 00:04:49,990 - [Narrator] The journey to and from the surface 97 00:04:49,990 --> 00:04:54,440 of the red planet back to earth would be a year of boredom. 98 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:56,730 - It's a power spike in the UTL's. 99 00:04:56,728 --> 00:04:58,798 - This can't be good. 100 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:01,110 - [Narrator] Then, there's the constant pressure 101 00:05:01,110 --> 00:05:02,930 that something could go wrong. 102 00:05:02,934 --> 00:05:05,684 (radio chatters) 103 00:05:07,860 --> 00:05:10,060 Jerry Linenger, an American astronaut, 104 00:05:10,060 --> 00:05:12,970 who spent a 132 days in space was aboard 105 00:05:12,970 --> 00:05:15,670 the Russian station MIR for the worst fire 106 00:05:15,670 --> 00:05:17,220 in the history of manned orbit. 107 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:21,920 A ruptured oxygen device, set panels and instruments alight 108 00:05:21,915 --> 00:05:24,935 and toxic smoke filled the station, 109 00:05:24,940 --> 00:05:27,910 there was no window to open, no fire escape, 110 00:05:27,910 --> 00:05:30,620 for 90 seconds the crew fought the blaze, 111 00:05:30,622 --> 00:05:33,802 knowing failure meant certain death. 112 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:35,620 - [Jerry] The master alarm went off of course, 113 00:05:35,620 --> 00:05:39,160 the smoke filled the station, it was readily apparent 114 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:41,250 that it was indeed a fire, being a physician 115 00:05:41,250 --> 00:05:44,560 I was very concerned with crew health, we set up, 116 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:46,700 - [Narrator] The blaze subsided, 117 00:05:46,700 --> 00:05:47,690 but it was a close call. 118 00:05:47,690 --> 00:05:50,020 - That might take place from my assessment, 119 00:05:50,020 --> 00:05:53,440 I don't see where anyone had any serious inhalation damage. 120 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:55,800 - [Narrator] It's a dire omen for those daring enough 121 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:58,040 to attempt the voyage to Mars. 122 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:00,500 - If you will, death is a part of the business, 123 00:06:00,500 --> 00:06:02,160 it's an occupational hazard. 124 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:04,770 - [Narrator] So what kind of astronaut should be selected 125 00:06:04,770 --> 00:06:06,030 for the mission to Mars? 126 00:06:07,217 --> 00:06:08,487 (dramatic music) 127 00:06:08,490 --> 00:06:09,880 In the beginning of the space age 128 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,470 NASA decided to pick astronauts from the ranks 129 00:06:12,470 --> 00:06:14,170 of military test pilots. 130 00:06:15,490 --> 00:06:18,500 In the 1960s, test pilots were dying at the rate 131 00:06:18,500 --> 00:06:21,140 of one a week, they'd gotten used to the idea 132 00:06:21,140 --> 00:06:22,440 of death on the job. 133 00:06:22,438 --> 00:06:25,028 (booms) 134 00:06:25,030 --> 00:06:28,540 Call it bravery, call it an addiction to danger, 135 00:06:28,540 --> 00:06:32,430 these young men were exactly what NASA needed. 136 00:06:32,434 --> 00:06:34,514 - [Director] Eight, seven, we have a go 137 00:06:34,510 --> 00:06:36,050 for main engine start, 138 00:06:36,050 --> 00:06:39,030 four, three, two, one, 139 00:06:40,143 --> 00:06:42,783 booster ignition and lift off. 140 00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:45,260 - [Narrator] All that changed with the shuttle program, 141 00:06:45,260 --> 00:06:47,280 military daredevils still commanded, 142 00:06:47,280 --> 00:06:49,380 but scientists and school teachers 143 00:06:49,380 --> 00:06:51,270 now orbited the Earth. 144 00:06:51,270 --> 00:06:54,170 Since 1980 the qualifications that NASA 145 00:06:54,170 --> 00:06:56,790 were about physical fitness and specific mission skills. 146 00:06:56,786 --> 00:07:01,096 An expedition to Mars is a whole other ballgame. 147 00:07:02,010 --> 00:07:04,320 - I would say that traditional you know, 148 00:07:04,315 --> 00:07:08,725 lone pilot facing the odds is just not gonna do 149 00:07:08,730 --> 00:07:11,470 really well on a mission to Mars. 150 00:07:11,470 --> 00:07:13,290 - [Narrator] Pat Sandy worked as a psychiatrist 151 00:07:13,290 --> 00:07:16,680 and flight surgeon for NASA in the 1980s. 152 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:18,810 - The same way that engineers pay attention 153 00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:21,550 to even the smallest screw in a spacecraft structure, 154 00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:23,370 we need to pay attention 155 00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:26,810 to how human personalities organize, 156 00:07:26,810 --> 00:07:29,900 how the human psyche is structured and how that psyche 157 00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:32,200 is going to interact with other human psyches. 158 00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:37,440 - [Narrator] Canadian Dave Williams is a NASA astronaut, 159 00:07:37,438 --> 00:07:41,778 he's helping the agency find the Mars generation 160 00:07:41,780 --> 00:07:43,330 of space traveler. 161 00:07:43,325 --> 00:07:46,705 - It's very interesting that when you look at an astronauts 162 00:07:46,710 --> 00:07:49,190 and cosmonauts worldwide, these are individuals 163 00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:52,150 who love flying, they love mechanical devices 164 00:07:52,148 --> 00:07:55,308 they love working on computers, working on their cars, 165 00:07:55,310 --> 00:07:58,370 they're really into the new technology, 166 00:07:58,370 --> 00:08:00,610 well right now we're looking for the next generation 167 00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:02,260 of astronaut, we're calling these people 168 00:08:02,260 --> 00:08:05,110 exploration astronauts and I think these folks 169 00:08:05,110 --> 00:08:06,470 are gonna have to have a number 170 00:08:06,470 --> 00:08:08,550 of what we call generic skills. 171 00:08:08,550 --> 00:08:11,750 The capability of repairing a rover for instance, 172 00:08:11,750 --> 00:08:14,320 repairing a spacesuit, maintaining a spacesuit, 173 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:17,400 troubleshooting or rebuilding a computer. 174 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,120 - You do need a Mr Fixit man, you need the right tools, 175 00:08:20,117 --> 00:08:22,157 you need human ingenuity, 176 00:08:22,160 --> 00:08:25,610 you know, you better take some duct tape along with you, 177 00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:27,640 you know, because you cannot call back 178 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:29,650 and say hey I need a part. 179 00:08:29,654 --> 00:08:31,824 (thwacks) 180 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:36,540 - [Narrator] These are the first humans to embark 181 00:08:36,540 --> 00:08:39,470 on the most incredible and dangerous voyage 182 00:08:39,465 --> 00:08:42,315 into the darkest reaches of space. 183 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:44,450 These two young Russian men, 184 00:08:44,450 --> 00:08:48,010 could be our first ambassadors to Mars. 185 00:08:48,010 --> 00:08:50,770 (speaks foreign language) 186 00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:52,130 - [Translator] In any case, this will rank 187 00:08:52,130 --> 00:08:55,570 with the first flight to space and the flight to the moon. 188 00:08:55,568 --> 00:08:57,368 (speaks foreign language) 189 00:08:57,373 --> 00:09:00,553 - [Translator 2] Well it does not matter which country 190 00:09:00,550 --> 00:09:02,710 is the first one, the most important thing 191 00:09:02,710 --> 00:09:05,400 is that humanity broke through and made such a big step. 192 00:09:05,401 --> 00:09:07,961 That we proved that we're capable of flying, 193 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:11,530 not just around Earth, but also travel in space. 194 00:09:11,530 --> 00:09:13,580 A long way from the boundaries of Earth 195 00:09:13,580 --> 00:09:15,270 and visit other planets. 196 00:09:15,270 --> 00:09:18,160 (speaks foreign language) 197 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:20,150 - [Narrator] The Russians are putting their faith 198 00:09:20,150 --> 00:09:21,230 in their genes. 199 00:09:22,375 --> 00:09:25,125 (speaks foreign language) 200 00:09:25,130 --> 00:09:27,460 - [Translator] They're part of a cosmonaut dynasty. 201 00:09:27,460 --> 00:09:29,460 They're father's were very famous cosmonauts 202 00:09:29,460 --> 00:09:31,760 who in their time undertook very memorable 203 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:33,650 and challenging space missions. 204 00:09:33,654 --> 00:09:35,864 (speaks foreign language) 205 00:09:35,860 --> 00:09:37,740 - [Narrator] Whatever method is used to select the crew 206 00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:40,950 to go to Mars, space agencies across the world 207 00:09:40,945 --> 00:09:43,635 know these astronauts will need 208 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:45,700 to be psychologically stronger 209 00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:47,730 than any other before them. 210 00:09:48,747 --> 00:09:52,447 In Russia the selection process is not so much about skill, 211 00:09:52,450 --> 00:09:53,660 as it is about stamina. 212 00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:59,170 Valerie Pulyakov holds the world record, 438 days in orbit. 213 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:03,750 Now he's leading Russians search for the Mars team. 214 00:10:03,747 --> 00:10:05,727 (speaks foreign language) 215 00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:07,510 - [Translator] I believe that the extreme conditions 216 00:10:07,510 --> 00:10:11,170 of this flight, especially the time in a closed spaceship 217 00:10:11,170 --> 00:10:14,270 means that we're looking for very special human qualities, 218 00:10:14,270 --> 00:10:16,450 these will not be ordinary people. 219 00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:19,660 They must all get along under the most difficult conditions. 220 00:10:19,659 --> 00:10:23,159 (speaks foreign language) 221 00:10:24,500 --> 00:10:25,760 - [Narrator] The Russian Mars program 222 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:28,200 conducts rigorous isolation tests. 223 00:10:28,198 --> 00:10:32,328 Roman Romanenko is being put through his paces, 224 00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:35,480 isolated, forced to stay awake for up to three days 225 00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:40,210 and subjected to an endless battery of meaningless tasks. 226 00:10:40,210 --> 00:10:42,950 It's a controlled version of the mindless routine 227 00:10:42,950 --> 00:10:44,590 of the voyage to Mars. 228 00:10:46,430 --> 00:10:50,440 If Romanenko cracks under the pressure, his dreams 229 00:10:50,443 --> 00:10:53,003 of going to Mars will be over 230 00:10:54,146 --> 00:10:56,396 (speaks foreign language) 231 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:58,070 - [Translator] We need to study thoroughly 232 00:10:58,070 --> 00:11:00,210 the qualities the astronauts character, 233 00:11:00,210 --> 00:11:04,960 to do so we must violate the major laws of life and mind. 234 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:08,060 For example, the regime of nonstop activities 235 00:11:08,060 --> 00:11:11,050 could last for 64 or 72 hours. 236 00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:14,060 - [Narrator] The Russians have decades of experience 237 00:11:14,060 --> 00:11:16,150 with long term missions in space. 238 00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:19,130 Through trial and error, Russia built the MIR space station, 239 00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:21,240 giving Cosmonauts and astronauts the chance 240 00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:24,480 to stay in earth orbit for months at a stretch. 241 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:27,090 Jerry Linenger thought he was mentally tough, 242 00:11:27,088 --> 00:11:29,738 until his mission on MIR. 243 00:11:29,740 --> 00:11:32,970 - I was actually shocked of my time on MIR 244 00:11:32,970 --> 00:11:37,030 of how isolated and how cutoff and stuck with myself 245 00:11:37,032 --> 00:11:39,482 that I felt during that time, 246 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:41,870 and also of how vulnerable I was. 247 00:11:41,870 --> 00:11:45,220 And I saw in my crew mates some pretty serious 248 00:11:45,220 --> 00:11:47,050 psychological problems developing. 249 00:11:47,050 --> 00:11:49,650 People kind of going off the cliff and not able 250 00:11:49,650 --> 00:11:51,060 to function at the level I'm sure 251 00:11:51,060 --> 00:11:53,160 they wanted to function at. 252 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:55,130 - [Narrator] For the new breed of astronaut, 253 00:11:55,130 --> 00:11:58,870 everyday life in the confined quarters of the Mars spaceship 254 00:11:58,870 --> 00:12:02,740 could turn into a modern day torture chamber. 255 00:12:02,742 --> 00:12:05,492 (dramatic music) 256 00:12:08,495 --> 00:12:11,245 (exciting music) 257 00:12:21,190 --> 00:12:23,440 Science Fiction makes space travel look easy. 258 00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:30,030 This is more like the harsh reality the Mars astronauts 259 00:12:30,030 --> 00:12:31,470 will have to cope with. 260 00:12:31,470 --> 00:12:32,660 - [Astronaut] I'm into the node, 261 00:12:32,660 --> 00:12:35,260 this way I see another treadmill, 262 00:12:35,260 --> 00:12:37,330 the bathroom, the toilets, things like that. 263 00:12:37,330 --> 00:12:39,570 - [Narrator] Life on board is a living hell, 264 00:12:39,570 --> 00:12:41,730 crowded, noisy and dirty. 265 00:12:42,840 --> 00:12:44,520 Jerry Linenger spent five months 266 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:46,570 on the Russian space station, 267 00:12:46,570 --> 00:12:48,560 he paints a pretty grim picture of life 268 00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:49,900 in close quarters. 269 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:51,580 There are no showers in space. 270 00:12:51,580 --> 00:12:53,210 - Slightly different area 271 00:12:53,205 --> 00:12:54,215 but this is where we do our, 272 00:12:54,221 --> 00:12:57,361 the other two cosmonauts did their cleaning up, 273 00:12:57,362 --> 00:12:58,662 little mirror here of course. 274 00:12:58,660 --> 00:13:00,840 Even in best case scenario, you might end up 275 00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:02,890 with a little towelette with a little, 276 00:13:02,890 --> 00:13:04,670 three or four drops of water on it. 277 00:13:04,670 --> 00:13:07,330 You exercise in space to try to keep your body strong, 278 00:13:07,329 --> 00:13:10,069 you get hot just like you do on Earth 279 00:13:10,070 --> 00:13:12,600 and your shower consists of that. 280 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,490 We would float by each other throughout the day 281 00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:16,660 and you'd sort of fly high 282 00:13:16,660 --> 00:13:19,030 and you know the guy fly low 'cause you don't want 283 00:13:19,030 --> 00:13:20,140 to get too close to a guy 284 00:13:20,140 --> 00:13:22,300 who hasn't showered in five months. 285 00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:24,760 - [Narrator] There's worse to come. 286 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,950 Water is mass and engineers on earth 287 00:13:27,950 --> 00:13:29,700 must keep it to a minimum. 288 00:13:29,695 --> 00:13:31,825 - And the toilet itself is over this way 289 00:13:31,830 --> 00:13:33,970 and it's a very simple design, 290 00:13:33,970 --> 00:13:34,990 and Mike wants to, 291 00:13:34,990 --> 00:13:37,930 - [Narrator] Which means the astronauts must purify 292 00:13:37,930 --> 00:13:41,760 and drink their own urine on the long voyage to Mars. 293 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:43,800 - Something about drinking your own urine, 294 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:45,990 is you know, there's just something that doesn't 295 00:13:45,990 --> 00:13:47,620 sound so good about that, you convert that urine, 296 00:13:47,615 --> 00:13:50,515 they tell you it's pure, it's good stuff it's now water, 297 00:13:50,518 --> 00:13:53,158 but there's still something that tells you 298 00:13:53,157 --> 00:13:55,357 you just don't want to drink that stuff. 299 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:56,960 I finally got to the point, I said, you know, 300 00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:00,410 to be an astronaut I can drink my urine. 301 00:14:00,410 --> 00:14:02,650 But I cannot drink my crew mates urine. 302 00:14:03,567 --> 00:14:05,077 And that's about it for the toilet, 303 00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:07,020 sleeping bags sitting right here. 304 00:14:07,020 --> 00:14:09,080 This just happens to be the commanders sleep station. 305 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:11,460 - [Narrator] Smells and drinking your urine 306 00:14:11,460 --> 00:14:14,270 are just irritations compared with the real hardships 307 00:14:14,266 --> 00:14:16,796 of sleep deprivation. 308 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:18,830 - Sleep is critical no matter where humans go 309 00:14:18,830 --> 00:14:20,070 and if they don't get it, 310 00:14:20,070 --> 00:14:22,930 performance deteriorates very rapidly. 311 00:14:22,930 --> 00:14:25,230 - [Narrator] There's no up or down in space, 312 00:14:25,230 --> 00:14:27,450 astronauts strap themselves into sleeping bags 313 00:14:27,450 --> 00:14:29,140 held down by Velcro. 314 00:14:29,140 --> 00:14:32,150 Noise levels within MIR and the international space station 315 00:14:32,151 --> 00:14:34,321 were at times intolerable. 316 00:14:35,260 --> 00:14:37,990 The Mars mission depends on a quieter craft. 317 00:14:37,990 --> 00:14:40,520 - When people stay awake more then 18 hours, 318 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:42,380 they tend to have psycho motor impairments 319 00:14:42,380 --> 00:14:47,110 equivalent to when they are inebriated or drunk 320 00:14:47,110 --> 00:14:50,070 at least by legal blood alcohol limits. 321 00:14:50,065 --> 00:14:52,105 - [Narrator] Deprived of sleep, 322 00:14:52,110 --> 00:14:55,300 the risk of accident on the Mars mission will be high. 323 00:14:56,660 --> 00:15:00,050 Astronauts have been telling scientists for decades 324 00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:03,240 that they sleep less in space, the problem is, 325 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:04,840 no one can work it out. 326 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,310 - It could be workload, it could be noise level, 327 00:15:07,312 --> 00:15:10,822 it may be the disruption of circadian clocks 328 00:15:10,820 --> 00:15:12,580 in space flight, all of those things 329 00:15:12,580 --> 00:15:13,700 are known to do that. 330 00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:16,410 So we're still not entirely sure of all the reasons 331 00:15:16,410 --> 00:15:18,880 sleep is altered in space flight. 332 00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:22,950 - You take your canned food for example, 333 00:15:22,950 --> 00:15:24,500 - [Narrator] Jerry Linenger warns of another 334 00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:28,490 important human need, food cravings obsessed him 335 00:15:28,490 --> 00:15:30,860 the entire time on the MIR space station. 336 00:15:30,860 --> 00:15:34,940 - 10 minutes to heat up a good sized can of tuna. 337 00:15:35,820 --> 00:15:38,260 I would have killed for a glass of milk, 338 00:15:38,260 --> 00:15:40,730 a bag of pretzels, I would have just killed 339 00:15:40,730 --> 00:15:42,080 for anything different. 340 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:45,300 - And there's not even hot water to reheat this thing. 341 00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:46,360 - Eating mush is bad, 342 00:15:48,110 --> 00:15:50,980 cold mush intolerable. 343 00:15:52,180 --> 00:15:53,960 - [Narrator] Unlike MIR, in the ISS, 344 00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:57,030 there will be no resupply ship for the Mars crew. 345 00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:59,220 They will be taking all their food with them, 346 00:15:59,220 --> 00:16:02,770 the equivalent of 450 refrigerators worth. 347 00:16:03,740 --> 00:16:06,640 NASA takes Linenger's complaints seriously, 348 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:09,630 and is looking for solutions for the Mars mission. 349 00:16:09,630 --> 00:16:11,360 - Everything points to the fact that food 350 00:16:11,358 --> 00:16:14,318 not only provides that nutritional effect 351 00:16:14,320 --> 00:16:16,690 but also psychological well being. 352 00:16:16,690 --> 00:16:18,040 - [Narrator] Experts at NASA food lab 353 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:20,500 are cooking up the Mars menu. 354 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:23,380 - What's the first thing we all complain about 355 00:16:23,380 --> 00:16:24,540 when we go to school? 356 00:16:24,540 --> 00:16:27,420 The food, now the cafeteria food is never good, 357 00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:29,090 so we need to make sure that we have 358 00:16:29,090 --> 00:16:32,250 the highest acceptability food system available 359 00:16:32,250 --> 00:16:34,970 so this is all they're going to have. 360 00:16:34,970 --> 00:16:38,130 So we are trying to provide for the crew a variety 361 00:16:38,130 --> 00:16:40,800 of food so that they will find enough foods 362 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,650 that will make them happy and what they want. 363 00:16:43,650 --> 00:16:46,030 - [Narrator] What foods the astronauts don't bring 364 00:16:46,030 --> 00:16:50,090 they will grow, experiments conducted on the space shuttle 365 00:16:50,090 --> 00:16:52,300 show that fresh vegetables are not just good 366 00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:54,570 for the body they're good for the spirit. 367 00:16:56,520 --> 00:16:59,440 At the University of Gwelf in Canada, 368 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:02,740 low pressure chambers replicate a spacecraft environment 369 00:17:02,740 --> 00:17:04,050 to grow vegetables. 370 00:17:05,769 --> 00:17:09,129 - Anyone can operate for two weeks on freeze dried 371 00:17:09,130 --> 00:17:11,710 camping foods but if you're looking 372 00:17:11,710 --> 00:17:14,920 for a periods of months of living of transit 373 00:17:14,923 --> 00:17:18,843 providing those fresh food and supplements 374 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:22,800 to the diet will have a beneficial psychological 375 00:17:22,795 --> 00:17:26,995 and social effect of that connection with your diet. 376 00:17:27,003 --> 00:17:30,053 - I can tell you when a resupply ship came up 377 00:17:30,050 --> 00:17:32,050 they always stuffed a few oranges and lemons 378 00:17:32,050 --> 00:17:34,050 in the front of that resupply ship. 379 00:17:34,050 --> 00:17:37,740 We were just all gathering the lemons and sniffing 'em 380 00:17:37,740 --> 00:17:41,770 and oh my god the smells of the Earth. 381 00:17:41,765 --> 00:17:44,385 - [Narrator] Food, sleep, hygiene, 382 00:17:45,460 --> 00:17:47,730 these basic human needs will be a luxury 383 00:17:47,733 --> 00:17:49,653 on the Mars voyage. 384 00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:53,670 But living together for so long, 385 00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:58,230 might be the most difficult challenge to solve. 386 00:17:59,349 --> 00:18:02,209 (dramatic music) 387 00:18:02,205 --> 00:18:04,095 (exciting music) 388 00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,030 On a voyage to Mars, rebellion is a real possibility, 389 00:18:07,890 --> 00:18:10,880 even contact with mission control can become 390 00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:12,500 a source of tension. 391 00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,810 - Hey guys, sorry about the longer than normal delay 392 00:18:15,810 --> 00:18:18,970 but believe me, we haven't been idle down here. 393 00:18:18,970 --> 00:18:21,280 - When you go into isolation and confinement, 394 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:25,930 your world now narrows down 395 00:18:25,930 --> 00:18:28,150 into this little tiny space, 396 00:18:28,150 --> 00:18:31,300 and you are now completely dependent for communications, 397 00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:34,300 resources, logistics, on mission control. 398 00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:37,190 - We're still baffled by all of this as much as you are. 399 00:18:38,210 --> 00:18:41,850 - This creates a tremendously complex dynamic 400 00:18:41,850 --> 00:18:44,220 where you need these people but you feel 401 00:18:44,220 --> 00:18:46,310 that they don't understand you. 402 00:18:46,311 --> 00:18:49,011 (radio chatter) 403 00:18:49,010 --> 00:18:50,850 - [Narrator] It happened in 1973, 404 00:18:50,853 --> 00:18:54,333 a NASA sky lab, too many orders from the ground 405 00:18:54,330 --> 00:18:55,730 and the crew went on strike. 406 00:18:57,340 --> 00:19:00,380 It was a serious break down of command and control. 407 00:19:00,376 --> 00:19:03,606 (radio chatter) 408 00:19:03,610 --> 00:19:06,360 A similar strike happened on the Russian MIR station 409 00:19:06,360 --> 00:19:07,350 in the 80s. 410 00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:10,090 - That's a whole other aspect of interpersonal skills. 411 00:19:10,090 --> 00:19:12,710 There's the us versus them quality 412 00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:15,280 of the people in space versus the people at home. 413 00:19:16,220 --> 00:19:18,950 - [Narrator] These missions were measured in just weeks 414 00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:21,450 not the years of a Mars odyssey. 415 00:19:21,454 --> 00:19:24,194 (dramatic music) 416 00:19:24,189 --> 00:19:25,019 - What is that? 417 00:19:25,022 --> 00:19:25,862 - [Narrator] To avoid these problems, 418 00:19:26,928 --> 00:19:28,568 the Mars astronaut will need communication skills 419 00:19:28,570 --> 00:19:31,230 as much as technical ones. 420 00:19:31,230 --> 00:19:34,140 (speaks foreign language) 421 00:19:34,140 --> 00:19:36,530 - [Translator] The medical and psychological characteristics 422 00:19:36,530 --> 00:19:39,190 of the astronauts will play a crucial role 423 00:19:39,190 --> 00:19:40,580 in selection of the crew. 424 00:19:43,182 --> 00:19:45,632 - [Narrator] Canadians Dave Williams 425 00:19:45,630 --> 00:19:50,090 and Chris Hatfield both became astronauts in 1992. 426 00:19:50,085 --> 00:19:52,535 Hatfield has been on both MIR 427 00:19:52,540 --> 00:19:54,530 and the international space station. 428 00:19:54,530 --> 00:19:56,670 He has the sort of hands on experience 429 00:19:56,670 --> 00:19:59,810 that can help Williams find a crew for Mars. 430 00:19:59,810 --> 00:20:01,800 - It's gonna be interesting to see what we decide 431 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,450 is the right mix of both skills 432 00:20:04,450 --> 00:20:05,700 and people to go. 433 00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:06,530 - Yeah. 434 00:20:06,533 --> 00:20:08,563 - Because you know, do we need one doctor, 435 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:11,050 four doctors, no doctors, do we need one test pilot, 436 00:20:11,050 --> 00:20:15,180 four, none, do we want it to be all men, all women? 437 00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:18,680 - NASA's thinking of a crew of six, maybe seven people. 438 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:22,460 There will be both men and women aboard, 439 00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:27,140 which raises a new question, what happens if astronauts 440 00:20:27,140 --> 00:20:29,430 mix business with pleasure? 441 00:20:30,788 --> 00:20:32,238 - How you holding up? 442 00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:33,090 - I'm holding up. 443 00:20:36,340 --> 00:20:39,330 - A NASA shuttle astronaut is in a Florida jail 444 00:20:39,330 --> 00:20:42,450 this morning, charged in alleged kidnapping plot. 445 00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:46,300 - In 2007, space shuttle astronaut Lisa Nowak 446 00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,880 was dismissed from NASA after being charged 447 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:50,230 with attempted kidnapping. 448 00:20:51,270 --> 00:20:54,160 Her target was a female Air Force officer 449 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:56,160 who was competing for the affections 450 00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:57,500 of another astronaut. 451 00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,140 - Top NASA officials says that Lisa Nowak 452 00:21:00,140 --> 00:21:04,090 showed no signs of instability before her arrest this week. 453 00:21:04,090 --> 00:21:06,840 For now the agency's taking a look at itself 454 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:07,670 seeing if it might. 455 00:21:07,673 --> 00:21:09,803 - [Narrator] The press descended on NASA 456 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,330 with questions about psychological testing. 457 00:21:12,330 --> 00:21:14,630 - More extensive psychological examinations 458 00:21:14,627 --> 00:21:18,067 are required for long duration flights. 459 00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:21,360 Astronauts also undergo extensive medical examinations 460 00:21:21,355 --> 00:21:24,325 when they return from space. 461 00:21:24,327 --> 00:21:26,817 - [Narrator] Nowak's case unveiled NASA's position 462 00:21:26,820 --> 00:21:29,300 on sex, among astronauts. 463 00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:31,700 It's okay, as long as it doesn't get 464 00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:33,600 in the way of the mission. 465 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,520 - We treat astronauts as we do other federal employees 466 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:39,050 within the federal government 467 00:21:39,050 --> 00:21:42,190 but we do not meddle into the private lives 468 00:21:42,190 --> 00:21:47,060 of astronauts or other employees within NASA. 469 00:21:47,060 --> 00:21:48,150 - It happens everywhere on Earth 470 00:21:48,150 --> 00:21:49,450 it'll happen on the way to Mars, 471 00:21:49,450 --> 00:21:51,370 and just stop worrying about it. 472 00:21:51,370 --> 00:21:53,870 Just let people who have the right skill set 473 00:21:53,870 --> 00:21:56,980 right across the board go and the other problems 474 00:21:56,980 --> 00:21:58,480 will take care of themselves. 475 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:02,210 - As for the sex with himself, there's no problem. 476 00:22:02,211 --> 00:22:07,211 I talked with Kordakova, a sweet Russian woman in space 477 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:09,910 and her reply to this question was, 478 00:22:09,910 --> 00:22:14,870 absolutely perfect, she said, all depends with who. 479 00:22:14,871 --> 00:22:17,841 (speaks foreign language) 480 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:20,100 - [Translator] To give you an example, 481 00:22:20,102 --> 00:22:22,002 when I flew to the space station, Valerie Pulyakof 482 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,060 had already been there for nine months. 483 00:22:24,060 --> 00:22:27,210 An all male company and then suddenly a woman appeared. 484 00:22:27,210 --> 00:22:30,150 As Valerie told me, Yelena, now that you're here, 485 00:22:30,150 --> 00:22:32,230 I even have to shave every day. 486 00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:34,500 On the other hand, we're better behaved now, 487 00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:36,940 we swear less and take better care of our appearance. 488 00:22:36,943 --> 00:22:40,713 So I'd say indeed, women would play an important role 489 00:22:40,710 --> 00:22:43,220 in long duration space travel to Mars. 490 00:22:46,010 --> 00:22:47,440 - [Narrator] The Russians aren't so sure 491 00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:51,450 that liberal sexual values suit a Mars mission. 492 00:22:51,450 --> 00:22:56,450 In 1999 they conducted a 240 day isolation experiment. 493 00:22:56,580 --> 00:22:59,450 The subjects were would be astronauts, all male, 494 00:22:59,450 --> 00:23:03,080 except one woman from Canada, Judith Lapierre. 495 00:23:04,670 --> 00:23:06,880 A few weeks into the four month experiment, 496 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,500 at a New Years party, the Russian commander 497 00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,890 French kissed Lapierre, the kiss caused 498 00:23:12,892 --> 00:23:14,662 an international incident. 499 00:23:15,610 --> 00:23:17,860 - If this represents reality in space, 500 00:23:17,860 --> 00:23:19,960 I think we have a problem we have to work on, 501 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:21,770 some of those issues to solve it 502 00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,560 before we're really in space. 503 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:25,750 - [Narrator] She accused him of sexual harassment. 504 00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:29,460 The commander said she failed to understand Russian customs. 505 00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:35,790 - Judith truly, truly felt she had been violated, 506 00:23:35,790 --> 00:23:40,180 and when talking to the Russian he truly, 507 00:23:40,180 --> 00:23:44,730 didn't even understand why a big deal was made of this. 508 00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:47,600 I do believe the kiss, sexuality, 509 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:52,600 this whole area had elements of cultural differences. 510 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:55,960 - [Narrator] Lapierre stuck it out for the remainder 511 00:23:55,960 --> 00:24:00,400 of the experiment with a lock on her compartment door. 512 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:02,770 The Russians now say that no women 513 00:24:02,768 --> 00:24:05,868 will be selected for their Mars mission. 514 00:24:05,868 --> 00:24:08,438 (speaks foreign language) 515 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:10,780 - [Translator] I think it is not a good idea 516 00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:12,880 to have a mixed crew, men and woman 517 00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:14,630 on board the flight to Mars. 518 00:24:14,630 --> 00:24:16,700 I've flown with Yelena Kordikova, 519 00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:19,780 she performed extremely well as a human being 520 00:24:19,777 --> 00:24:21,337 as a professional, 521 00:24:21,340 --> 00:24:23,800 but on a flight as long as the flight to Mars, 522 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:25,410 the presence of a woman might cause 523 00:24:25,410 --> 00:24:27,750 psychological problems and tensions. 524 00:24:27,746 --> 00:24:31,246 (speaks foreign language) 525 00:24:33,180 --> 00:24:35,620 - [Narrator] Antarctica is Earth's best analogy 526 00:24:35,620 --> 00:24:36,710 for a Mars mission. 527 00:24:38,070 --> 00:24:39,710 Earlier in the 20th century, 528 00:24:39,710 --> 00:24:42,060 women frequently accompanied men on the voyages 529 00:24:42,060 --> 00:24:45,000 to the poles, sex was considered a healthy part 530 00:24:44,998 --> 00:24:46,778 of expedition life. 531 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:50,940 - In many polar expeditions there has long 532 00:24:50,940 --> 00:24:54,940 been a tradition, ever since women have been spending 533 00:24:54,940 --> 00:24:57,760 the winter, in the antarctic 534 00:24:57,760 --> 00:25:01,450 of what I euphemistically call bachelor marriages, 535 00:25:01,450 --> 00:25:03,980 these are generally short term relationships 536 00:25:03,980 --> 00:25:07,630 that last during the time on the expedition itself 537 00:25:07,630 --> 00:25:12,080 and then generally dissolve when the expedition ends. 538 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,760 - [Narrator] In 1915, Ernest Shackleton's expedition 539 00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:19,760 came to a halt when his ship became trapped in the ice. 540 00:25:20,660 --> 00:25:23,370 28 men were now fighting for their lives 541 00:25:23,370 --> 00:25:26,110 knowing that no one would rescue them. 542 00:25:26,110 --> 00:25:28,740 Survival depended on their teamwork. 543 00:25:28,740 --> 00:25:30,510 And Shackleton's leadership. 544 00:25:30,510 --> 00:25:33,840 - Shackleton made very wise decisions 545 00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:36,060 in the selection of his crew, 546 00:25:36,060 --> 00:25:40,430 he could assign the right task to the right people 547 00:25:40,430 --> 00:25:44,170 and I think we've learned a lot about what a mission 548 00:25:44,170 --> 00:25:48,250 to Mars is going to be liked based on the experience 549 00:25:48,250 --> 00:25:50,770 that we've had in polar environments. 550 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:53,500 - [Narrator] Antarctic temperatures plummet 551 00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:56,450 to minus 35 degrees, flesh will freeze in seconds, 552 00:25:56,446 --> 00:26:00,906 even today, rescue is all but impossible until spring. 553 00:26:01,780 --> 00:26:03,850 Like Mars, the astronauts crews live 554 00:26:03,850 --> 00:26:07,070 in close quarters, isolation and confinement 555 00:26:07,070 --> 00:26:10,820 can bring out strong emotions even violence. 556 00:26:10,820 --> 00:26:14,570 - There was one famous case, about half dozen years ago 557 00:26:14,570 --> 00:26:17,680 in which a member of the cooking staff 558 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:20,570 took a claw hammer and assaulted a couple 559 00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:22,290 of his fellow crew members. 560 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,710 There's always the possibility that conflicts 561 00:26:26,710 --> 00:26:29,540 can escalate to life threatening situations 562 00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:33,740 where someone may assault another crew member 563 00:26:33,740 --> 00:26:37,640 and that those situations have to be recognized 564 00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:40,350 well in advance and dealt with in some way. 565 00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:44,350 - [Narrator] Successful polar workers are self motivated 566 00:26:44,350 --> 00:26:46,750 and resourceful, these exploration skills 567 00:26:46,752 --> 00:26:49,532 are exactly what Dave Williams is looking for. 568 00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:52,640 - If your whole food supply has been destroyed 569 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,310 by some catastrophe, getting upset about it 570 00:26:56,310 --> 00:26:57,620 doesn't help the situation. 571 00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,200 So there are personality types of some people 572 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:02,510 who are very successful explorers. 573 00:27:02,513 --> 00:27:05,153 (dramatic music) 574 00:27:05,150 --> 00:27:06,400 - [Narrator] Who are the six men and women 575 00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,200 who can get along in a cramped space 576 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:10,700 the size of a small apartment for years, 577 00:27:11,620 --> 00:27:14,500 even if NASA and the Russians find solutions, 578 00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:18,820 there's no easy fix that can combat the human factor 579 00:27:19,740 --> 00:27:22,690 so scientists are developing an early warning system. 580 00:27:22,690 --> 00:27:25,420 To try to stop any conflict escalating 581 00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:27,760 to a point where it could threaten the mission, 582 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:29,560 and the crew. 583 00:27:30,516 --> 00:27:32,516 (beeps) 584 00:27:33,703 --> 00:27:36,023 (tense music) 585 00:27:36,020 --> 00:27:37,320 The journey to Mars will be 586 00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:39,600 the longest manned voyage in history. 587 00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,800 Scientists and engineers think they have the know how 588 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:48,210 to conquer the physical aspects of the journey to Mars 589 00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:49,780 - Open your eyes please. 590 00:27:49,777 --> 00:27:51,347 - [Narrator] The depths of the human mind 591 00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:53,560 pose another greater risk. 592 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,610 Never before have human beings been so far removed 593 00:27:58,610 --> 00:28:02,350 from contact with family and loved ones back home. 594 00:28:03,980 --> 00:28:05,610 Because for the first time in the history 595 00:28:05,610 --> 00:28:07,330 of human space fight, 596 00:28:07,330 --> 00:28:09,290 they will lose sight of the Earth. 597 00:28:09,290 --> 00:28:11,850 - When we're going to Mars, after a few days, 598 00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:13,670 Earth is just a smaller and smaller dot 599 00:28:13,670 --> 00:28:17,000 in your rear view mirror and you are going to then 600 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,780 have to have a whole new psychological level 601 00:28:20,780 --> 00:28:22,200 that you are on. 602 00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,120 - [Narrator] The only Mars analogy on Earth, Antarctica 603 00:28:25,120 --> 00:28:29,130 is no match for the isolation of the Mars mission. 604 00:28:29,130 --> 00:28:31,920 Jean Lemire spent six months with his crew, 605 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:34,070 isolated in Antarctica. 606 00:28:34,070 --> 00:28:37,460 For him, communication was a priority. 607 00:28:37,460 --> 00:28:40,460 - I decided right from the beginning that people 608 00:28:40,460 --> 00:28:43,940 were able to have communication with their family 609 00:28:43,940 --> 00:28:46,350 at least once per day, very expensive 610 00:28:46,347 --> 00:28:51,347 but very important, you have news from the people they love 611 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:52,770 and it's important. 612 00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:58,020 - [Narrator] The further the Mars craft is from Earth 613 00:28:58,021 --> 00:29:01,081 the longer the communications delay, 614 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:03,530 family communications bring cold comfort 615 00:29:03,530 --> 00:29:05,500 across the abyss of space. 616 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:10,330 No technology in known science can beat 617 00:29:10,330 --> 00:29:12,350 the interplanetary time zone gap. 618 00:29:13,224 --> 00:29:14,554 - We copy that you have an electrical power system event. 619 00:29:14,550 --> 00:29:17,030 - [Narrator] Real time video conferences of science fiction 620 00:29:17,030 --> 00:29:18,870 are all fiction, no science. 621 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:22,450 Psychologists are grappling with the question, 622 00:29:22,454 --> 00:29:25,474 what will they say to the Mars astronauts 623 00:29:25,472 --> 00:29:29,142 should catastrophe strike at home? 624 00:29:29,141 --> 00:29:32,731 - I know they videod the surface so Will's going to put 625 00:29:32,729 --> 00:29:35,559 it in the next batch transmission. 626 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,130 - The current thinking, is that 627 00:29:39,126 --> 00:29:42,956 we ask as a matter of informed consent 628 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,210 we would say to you, if you were going on a mission 629 00:29:46,210 --> 00:29:49,340 if something happens in this regard 630 00:29:49,340 --> 00:29:50,490 would you want to know, 631 00:29:51,514 --> 00:29:54,704 or would you want not to know? 632 00:29:54,695 --> 00:29:56,985 (shouts) 633 00:29:56,990 --> 00:29:58,630 - The key relationships in your life, 634 00:29:58,625 --> 00:30:03,555 you really miss 'em, my son was a little over 635 00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:04,710 a year and half years old, 636 00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:07,050 my wife was pregnant, an issue that comes up is, 637 00:30:07,050 --> 00:30:08,990 you know what if something bad happens to your family 638 00:30:08,990 --> 00:30:10,790 on Earth, shouldn't they send you that message 639 00:30:10,790 --> 00:30:12,620 and tell you that you lost your son? 640 00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:17,140 You know, it'd be a tough time, I get choked up 641 00:30:17,140 --> 00:30:18,700 just thinking about it. 642 00:30:18,700 --> 00:30:21,120 - [Narrator] If one of the astronauts has a breakdown 643 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:23,170 there's no nearby hospital to send them too. 644 00:30:23,170 --> 00:30:26,760 The rest of the crew has to deal with the problem. 645 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:29,260 - If a person truly starts to develop 646 00:30:29,260 --> 00:30:32,470 a physical condition, that makes them dysfunctional 647 00:30:32,470 --> 00:30:35,870 or dangerous, then it becomes basically 648 00:30:35,869 --> 00:30:40,129 either a medical response in which the person 649 00:30:40,130 --> 00:30:43,450 has to be sedated or medicated 650 00:30:43,451 --> 00:30:46,441 or it becomes a command and control response 651 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,070 in which the mission commander restrains the person 652 00:30:49,070 --> 00:30:51,180 so that they cannot damage themselves, 653 00:30:51,180 --> 00:30:53,400 or the crew, or the vehicle. 654 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:55,480 - The only solutions to try and stop breakdowns 655 00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:59,660 before they start, psychologists are a constant presence 656 00:30:59,660 --> 00:31:01,520 in Russian mission control. 657 00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:03,270 Observing the behavior of the crew. 658 00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:08,560 The 2007 arrest of shuttle astronaut Lisa Nowak 659 00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:09,610 revealed the limits 660 00:31:09,610 --> 00:31:12,500 of any psychological assessment program. 661 00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:14,870 - The astronauts go through a very detailed 662 00:31:14,870 --> 00:31:17,420 psychiatric and psychological evaluation 663 00:31:17,422 --> 00:31:19,532 at the time of selection. 664 00:31:19,530 --> 00:31:22,620 After those tests and interviews are done 665 00:31:22,620 --> 00:31:25,270 they're reviewed by a panel of experts 666 00:31:25,270 --> 00:31:28,050 to make a recommendation to the selection board 667 00:31:28,045 --> 00:31:30,745 and finally the psychologist panel 668 00:31:30,750 --> 00:31:34,610 staffs all those cases for what we would call 669 00:31:34,610 --> 00:31:37,290 suitability for short or long duration flights. 670 00:31:37,290 --> 00:31:38,940 - [Narrator] For the Mars mission, 671 00:31:38,940 --> 00:31:41,820 NASA's looking for new technology to prevent 672 00:31:41,820 --> 00:31:44,080 psychological meltdowns in space. 673 00:31:45,290 --> 00:31:47,860 David Dingus is the scientists specializing 674 00:31:47,860 --> 00:31:51,260 in facial analysis to detect stress. 675 00:31:51,260 --> 00:31:54,760 - Video is fairly unobtrusive that means 676 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,980 that we ask the question, how could video help us 677 00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:00,620 understand whether humans are being stressed? 678 00:32:00,616 --> 00:32:03,626 In any context and that was the platform 679 00:32:03,629 --> 00:32:06,669 on which we developed the idea of trying 680 00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,140 to use something called computervision 681 00:32:09,140 --> 00:32:11,650 to track facial expressions of humans 682 00:32:11,650 --> 00:32:13,390 to detect when they are stressed 683 00:32:13,390 --> 00:32:15,450 by their performance demands. 684 00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:17,350 Lift your eyebrows as high as you can. 685 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:22,560 Okay, try to form an asymmetry in your mouth, 686 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:24,310 we see this a lot from subjects. 687 00:32:24,307 --> 00:32:26,157 He has a hard time doing it, 688 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:28,060 he's very symmetrical in his face. 689 00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:33,320 - Commander Richard Irwin, psych assessment report, 690 00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:34,440 February 2nd. 691 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:37,230 - [Narrator] Specialized software, examines facial movements 692 00:32:37,234 --> 00:32:39,844 examines facial movements, looking for tell tale signs 693 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:41,130 of emotional disturbance. 694 00:32:42,230 --> 00:32:45,350 Mission control could use this information to medicate 695 00:32:45,350 --> 00:32:49,270 and if necessary restrain the mentally unstable astronaut. 696 00:32:49,270 --> 00:32:51,450 - So far no knife fights. 697 00:32:51,451 --> 00:32:55,101 - [Narrator] Dr Dimitri Metaxas helped develop 698 00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:57,280 the facial stress software for NASA. 699 00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:01,210 - We're into the science of quantifying 700 00:33:01,209 --> 00:33:03,329 why people behave the way they behave 701 00:33:03,330 --> 00:33:04,620 and how they express behavior. 702 00:33:04,620 --> 00:33:08,710 It's not surprising why people from different countries 703 00:33:08,710 --> 00:33:12,230 and different genders exhibit stress the same way 704 00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:15,010 because not all types of emotions are expressed 705 00:33:15,010 --> 00:33:16,040 the exact same way. 706 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:19,720 But in this case the brain works similarly 707 00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,350 when it comes to stressful situations. 708 00:33:22,350 --> 00:33:24,080 - [Narrator] NASA's a partner in the development 709 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,200 of this stress detector technology. 710 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,830 Aiming to perfect it for the mission to Mars. 711 00:33:30,970 --> 00:33:34,060 Scientists in Russia share NASA's interest 712 00:33:34,060 --> 00:33:37,150 in facial analysis to identify stress. 713 00:33:37,153 --> 00:33:40,843 (speaks foreign language) 714 00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:42,650 - [Translator] A person's facial expression 715 00:33:42,650 --> 00:33:44,150 shows the psychological type 716 00:33:45,060 --> 00:33:47,080 of the person and his ability to cooperate. 717 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:49,120 There are people who compliment each other 718 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:51,370 and there are people who oppose each other. 719 00:33:51,370 --> 00:33:54,470 The model based on the phenomenon of facial expression 720 00:33:54,470 --> 00:33:58,430 allows us to determine psychological types of personalities. 721 00:33:58,429 --> 00:34:01,929 (speaks foreign language) 722 00:34:05,210 --> 00:34:08,720 - [Narrator] Stress is one problem, boredom's another. 723 00:34:08,720 --> 00:34:11,200 The real Mars spacecraft will be largely automated. 724 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:13,850 Unlike the science fiction version 725 00:34:13,847 --> 00:34:17,167 there is no hologram deck, no alien ships 726 00:34:17,170 --> 00:34:19,260 to shoot out, the reality is 727 00:34:19,263 --> 00:34:23,193 there will be little to do for six months. 728 00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:24,520 - There are some people who are just 729 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,110 not psychologically suited for those periods 730 00:34:27,110 --> 00:34:30,500 of boredom, they would just go stark raving mad. 731 00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:34,030 - [Narrator] Then it all changes once they approach Mars. 732 00:34:34,030 --> 00:34:37,700 Psychologists fear the astronauts may not be ready for it. 733 00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:39,090 They may suffer from a syndrome 734 00:34:39,090 --> 00:34:41,150 known as attention tunneling. 735 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:43,840 - Often in heavily automated systems, 736 00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:46,310 you can go from prolonged periods of boredom 737 00:34:46,310 --> 00:34:50,070 to moments of intense performance demand very rapidly. 738 00:34:50,070 --> 00:34:52,010 And you want to train people to deal 739 00:34:52,010 --> 00:34:54,280 with those rapid transitions. 740 00:34:54,279 --> 00:34:56,499 (orchestral music) 741 00:34:56,500 --> 00:34:58,420 - [Narrator] 1979 Three Mile Island 742 00:34:58,420 --> 00:35:01,450 nuclear generating station in Pennsylvania. 743 00:35:01,450 --> 00:35:04,080 A faulty gauge leads plant workers to make 744 00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:06,570 the wrong assumptions while the reactor core 745 00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:07,760 is in full meltdown. 746 00:35:07,758 --> 00:35:09,258 (beeps) 747 00:35:09,261 --> 00:35:11,841 - [Announcer] There's been a state of emergency be called. 748 00:35:11,844 --> 00:35:16,424 (mumbles) Please stay in doors with your windows closed. 749 00:35:16,420 --> 00:35:18,690 - [Narrator] For five days a nuclear fire rages 750 00:35:18,690 --> 00:35:20,740 out of control before engineers find 751 00:35:20,740 --> 00:35:23,470 the real cause of the problem. 752 00:35:23,470 --> 00:35:25,300 Three Mile Island became a case study 753 00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:27,040 for attention tunneling. 754 00:35:29,180 --> 00:35:33,570 An automated system flung a bored team into action. 755 00:35:33,570 --> 00:35:37,040 Under stress they made several critical mistakes 756 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:40,450 that nearly cost tens of thousands of lives. 757 00:35:40,446 --> 00:35:42,946 (tense music) 758 00:35:44,567 --> 00:35:46,327 (sizzles) 759 00:35:46,326 --> 00:35:48,626 The Mars crew will have no margin for error, 760 00:35:48,630 --> 00:35:51,130 if one of them makes a mistake, 761 00:35:51,130 --> 00:35:52,270 they will all die. 762 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,210 - That's why we think for Mars the best thing 763 00:35:56,210 --> 00:35:59,300 is to have an automated piloting and landing system 764 00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:00,550 with a crew only intervening 765 00:36:00,550 --> 00:36:01,880 if there's something goes wrong. 766 00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:05,250 Try to avoid all those potential complications. 767 00:36:05,250 --> 00:36:07,540 - [Narrator] This raises a new question, 768 00:36:07,538 --> 00:36:11,098 how to train a crew to survive the psychological pressure 769 00:36:11,096 --> 00:36:14,926 of living with the constant fear of dying 770 00:36:14,930 --> 00:36:16,990 for a thousand days? 771 00:36:16,994 --> 00:36:19,614 (Tense music) 772 00:36:19,612 --> 00:36:20,532 - Clear it. 773 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,150 - [Narrator] The Russian space station MIR has had 774 00:36:25,150 --> 00:36:27,230 it's share of mishaps. 775 00:36:27,230 --> 00:36:30,570 The worst was in 1997 and it is an important lesson 776 00:36:30,570 --> 00:36:32,270 for the crew that travels to Mars. 777 00:36:34,270 --> 00:36:37,070 MIR commander Vasily Sivilya was at the controls 778 00:36:37,070 --> 00:36:39,140 when an unmanned cargo supply ship 779 00:36:39,140 --> 00:36:40,580 slammed into MIR. 780 00:36:40,580 --> 00:36:42,580 (bangs) 781 00:36:46,470 --> 00:36:49,300 The collision punched a hole in the stations module, 782 00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,540 exposing the astronauts to the deadly vacuum of space. 783 00:36:52,538 --> 00:36:56,358 It took two hours to contain the problem. 784 00:36:56,360 --> 00:37:00,150 The whole crew was within moments of evacuating the station 785 00:37:00,150 --> 00:37:02,040 in escape pods. 786 00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,040 One of the MIR crewmen on that mission was so stressed 787 00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:07,040 he had already decided to kill himself. 788 00:37:08,650 --> 00:37:12,210 - One of the cosmonauts actually Rusotkin, told me, 789 00:37:12,210 --> 00:37:17,040 that one the 10th day, he decided to commit suicide 790 00:37:17,040 --> 00:37:19,300 because he couldn't stand it already. 791 00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:22,870 He went to a remote place in one of the modules. 792 00:37:22,870 --> 00:37:26,460 And before suicide he decided to sleep. 793 00:37:26,460 --> 00:37:29,500 - [Narrator] The Cosmonaut woke up and chose to live. 794 00:37:31,778 --> 00:37:33,328 On the journey to Mars the fear of death 795 00:37:33,330 --> 00:37:34,820 will be a constant companion. 796 00:37:35,990 --> 00:37:39,980 From lift off to splash down there are many ways to die, 797 00:37:39,980 --> 00:37:42,430 they need to find a new breed of astronaut 798 00:37:42,430 --> 00:37:46,000 with better coping skills and different personalities 799 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:47,810 and they will all have to pull together as a team 800 00:37:47,806 --> 00:37:51,096 unlike any other crew in history. 801 00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:53,160 Their lives will depend on it? 802 00:37:55,460 --> 00:37:59,100 Sergei Volkov and Roman Romanko, Cosmonauts chosen 803 00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:02,210 by Russia to go to Mars, must learn how to trust each other 804 00:38:02,210 --> 00:38:04,110 in a survival situation. 805 00:38:04,112 --> 00:38:06,652 (speaks foreign language) 806 00:38:06,650 --> 00:38:09,170 - [Translator] We start together, we should finish together, 807 00:38:09,170 --> 00:38:12,150 maintaining the best possible psychological microclimate 808 00:38:12,150 --> 00:38:12,990 in the team. 809 00:38:18,389 --> 00:38:19,729 - [Narrator] The Russians know only to well 810 00:38:19,730 --> 00:38:23,090 that pairing the wrong crew members could lead to tragedy. 811 00:38:23,090 --> 00:38:27,250 In 1982 Russian cosmonaut Valentin Lebdev sent a message 812 00:38:27,251 --> 00:38:28,801 to mission control, 813 00:38:30,110 --> 00:38:32,580 - [Valentin] If you don't bring us down to Earth now, 814 00:38:32,580 --> 00:38:36,440 I'm not going to work with this corpse anymore. 815 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:38,490 - [Narrator] After six months in space, 816 00:38:38,490 --> 00:38:41,570 Lebdev was prepared to kill his fellow cosmonaut. 817 00:38:42,410 --> 00:38:44,660 Russian mission control talked him out of 818 00:38:44,660 --> 00:38:48,720 what could have been the first murder in Earth orbit. 819 00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:54,300 On a mission to Mars they could face the same challenge. 820 00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:58,230 Since 1999 NASA astronauts have trained 821 00:38:58,230 --> 00:39:02,360 at the national outdoors leadership school in Wyoming. 822 00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:05,040 Here the exploration generation of astronauts 823 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:08,580 will learn how to deal successfully with conflict. 824 00:39:08,580 --> 00:39:11,100 - The expedition behavior is often times wrapped up 825 00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:13,000 into a very positive personality 826 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,910 but positive expeditions behavior also comes 827 00:39:15,910 --> 00:39:18,940 in the form of when people are willing 828 00:39:18,940 --> 00:39:21,220 to ask the hard questions. 829 00:39:21,220 --> 00:39:22,750 - [Narrator] Kanengeiter's favorite example 830 00:39:22,750 --> 00:39:26,580 is the crew of SDS107, the seven people 831 00:39:26,580 --> 00:39:29,440 who would tragically die when the Columbia burned up 832 00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:31,820 in the Earth's atmosphere in 2003. 833 00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:35,790 Technical delays gave the astronauts two years 834 00:39:35,790 --> 00:39:39,250 to train together, longer than any other shuttle crew. 835 00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:43,330 In the Wyoming wilderness, they faced a problem, 836 00:39:43,331 --> 00:39:46,751 one crew member did not want to scale a mountain 837 00:39:46,750 --> 00:39:48,240 with the others. 838 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:51,410 They changed his mind, he decided the good of the team 839 00:39:51,411 --> 00:39:54,491 was more important than his own desires. 840 00:39:55,580 --> 00:39:57,490 - So basically a group that's going to aggressively pursue 841 00:39:57,490 --> 00:40:00,140 the peak and a second group that's not so aggressive 842 00:40:00,140 --> 00:40:03,270 aggressively pursue the peak, now that's one option. 843 00:40:03,270 --> 00:40:05,570 The other option is if we all just stay together 844 00:40:05,573 --> 00:40:09,813 as a group of seven and do the best we can. 845 00:40:10,820 --> 00:40:14,450 - Here's a great example of positive expedition behavior 846 00:40:14,450 --> 00:40:18,100 shown by Mike Anderson who said, I don't really 847 00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,170 want to climb but for the team I will. 848 00:40:22,540 --> 00:40:24,250 - [Narrator] Kanengeiter and his team have identified 849 00:40:24,250 --> 00:40:26,960 four personality types that would be ideal 850 00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:28,700 for a journey to Mars. 851 00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:31,990 The driver, the analyst, the motivator, 852 00:40:31,990 --> 00:40:34,230 the relationship builder 853 00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:37,300 and all of them have to be team players, no cowboys. 854 00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,190 And there's no room for duplication. 855 00:40:41,190 --> 00:40:44,030 - On a trip to Mars you're inevitably gonna be faced 856 00:40:44,030 --> 00:40:46,050 with problems, if you've got the same thinkers 857 00:40:46,050 --> 00:40:47,560 the same types of thinkers on the trip, 858 00:40:47,557 --> 00:40:50,767 you're gonna run into problems pretty quickly. 859 00:40:50,767 --> 00:40:54,257 - [Narrator] The Russians are now ready to conduct a test 860 00:40:54,260 --> 00:40:56,500 on Earth to simulate the Mars mission. 861 00:40:56,500 --> 00:40:59,410 Six volunteers will be locked in a small capsule 862 00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:01,360 for at least 500 days. 863 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:03,990 Oxygen and water will be recycled. 864 00:41:03,991 --> 00:41:07,251 There will even be a simulated Mars landing 865 00:41:07,254 --> 00:41:11,244 and communications with a mock mission control center. 866 00:41:11,242 --> 00:41:13,242 (speaks foreign language) 867 00:41:13,244 --> 00:41:14,084 - [Translator] Of course we're also looking 868 00:41:14,077 --> 00:41:15,677 at the possibility of nervous breakdown 869 00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:17,470 in the conditions of space flight. 870 00:41:18,460 --> 00:41:19,950 - [Narrator] If someone snaps the experiment 871 00:41:19,950 --> 00:41:22,200 can be canceled in the moment. 872 00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:24,450 There will be no such luxury in a space ship, 873 00:41:25,970 --> 00:41:29,050 especially now as they face the most demanding 874 00:41:29,051 --> 00:41:32,441 and dangerous moment of their journey. 875 00:41:32,441 --> 00:41:34,971 (dramatic music) 876 00:41:34,970 --> 00:41:37,140 About six months after leaving Earth 877 00:41:37,140 --> 00:41:39,850 the Exploration astronauts face the deadliest part 878 00:41:39,850 --> 00:41:41,330 of the entire mission. 879 00:41:41,330 --> 00:41:43,320 Penetrating the Martian atmosphere 880 00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:46,430 and landing on the red planet. 881 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:49,960 - To get a probe onto the surface of Mars 882 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:51,580 is very challenging, we're batting 883 00:41:51,580 --> 00:41:54,850 about 500 roughly speaking, about 50/50, 884 00:41:54,850 --> 00:41:56,600 getting a human onto the surface 885 00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,230 won't be any less difficult. 886 00:41:59,230 --> 00:42:00,470 - [Narrator] The crew has done everything they can 887 00:42:00,470 --> 00:42:02,180 to stay mentally and physically alert. 888 00:42:02,180 --> 00:42:05,290 They've trained and exercised but they've also lived 889 00:42:05,290 --> 00:42:07,830 through radiation, weightlessness, 890 00:42:07,830 --> 00:42:09,730 and the psychological pressure cooker 891 00:42:09,730 --> 00:42:12,000 of isolation and confinement. 892 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:14,050 And now, the moment of truth. 893 00:42:16,112 --> 00:42:16,982 (speaks foreign language) 894 00:42:16,980 --> 00:42:19,080 - [Translator] You simply want to survive. 895 00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:21,940 Of course it is nerve wracking to face the uncertainty 896 00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:23,910 whether everything will function well 897 00:42:23,910 --> 00:42:25,020 whether you will live. 898 00:42:26,260 --> 00:42:29,000 - [Narrator] Going from Mars orbit to the surface 899 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,520 has been called the six minutes of terror, 900 00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:35,230 on the surface there will be no waiting rescue crew, 901 00:42:35,230 --> 00:42:36,590 no medical team. 902 00:42:36,590 --> 00:42:38,680 - If you've got astronauts that are not in the peak 903 00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:42,350 of condition then you may have an unsuccessful mission 904 00:42:42,350 --> 00:42:46,760 right at the very end where they need to be at their prime. 905 00:42:46,757 --> 00:42:49,017 - [Narrator] To solve the psychological risks 906 00:42:49,020 --> 00:42:51,660 of the manned Mars mission, some discoveries 907 00:42:51,660 --> 00:42:53,690 still need to be made on Earth. 908 00:42:55,360 --> 00:43:00,090 In 2006 NASA conducted an 18 day experiment 909 00:43:00,090 --> 00:43:01,960 in it's undersea lab called Nemo. 910 00:43:02,850 --> 00:43:06,640 15 meters long, just four meters across, 911 00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:10,340 Nemo is an underwater analogy for the Mars craft. 912 00:43:10,343 --> 00:43:13,363 For this mission NASA installed cameras 913 00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:16,090 and microphones to observe stress levels 914 00:43:16,090 --> 00:43:19,210 in the crew, this data was fed to mission control 915 00:43:19,210 --> 00:43:20,880 for real time observation. 916 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:24,760 The computers are an early warning system 917 00:43:24,760 --> 00:43:27,740 for mental crisis, triggering treatment 918 00:43:27,740 --> 00:43:29,550 for a stressed out astronaut 919 00:43:29,550 --> 00:43:32,150 or in the worst case scenario, restrainment. 920 00:43:33,910 --> 00:43:35,950 As the Nemo project pushes forward, 921 00:43:35,950 --> 00:43:37,850 NASA seeks crews which come equipped 922 00:43:37,850 --> 00:43:40,020 with their own problem solving skills, 923 00:43:40,020 --> 00:43:43,550 unlike Apollo 13, there will be no Houston 924 00:43:43,550 --> 00:43:46,860 to instantaneously deal with deadly problems. 925 00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:49,080 - I'll get my turn in the driver's seat. 926 00:43:49,080 --> 00:43:50,570 - [Narrator] NASA's also experimenting 927 00:43:50,570 --> 00:43:53,200 with artificial intelligence as companions 928 00:43:53,201 --> 00:43:54,981 for the mission to Mars. 929 00:43:54,980 --> 00:43:56,640 - Continues to challenge Rick. 930 00:43:56,640 --> 00:43:58,020 - [Narrator] Each astronaut might have 931 00:43:58,020 --> 00:44:00,950 a custom designed AI companion to talk to 932 00:44:00,950 --> 00:44:03,230 when human interaction becomes too volatile, 933 00:44:03,230 --> 00:44:06,250 it's a start to keep astronauts distracted 934 00:44:06,250 --> 00:44:08,450 from the day to day rhythm of life in space. 935 00:44:11,570 --> 00:44:14,770 Finally, experts in both Russia and the United States 936 00:44:14,772 --> 00:44:18,182 are looking for ways to pinpoint the ultimate crew 937 00:44:18,180 --> 00:44:20,130 for the exploration generation. 938 00:44:20,130 --> 00:44:22,960 No adrenaline junkies, no space cowboys, 939 00:44:22,960 --> 00:44:26,390 only team players who respond well to structure 940 00:44:26,388 --> 00:44:31,388 and can think outside the box in moments of crisis. 941 00:44:31,612 --> 00:44:34,012 (speaks foreign language) 942 00:44:34,010 --> 00:44:35,850 - [Translator] It's hard to say what awaits us on Mars 943 00:44:35,850 --> 00:44:38,050 if we go there but this training is a way 944 00:44:38,050 --> 00:44:39,550 of developing skills to face 945 00:44:39,550 --> 00:44:42,000 any extreme conditions anywhere. 946 00:44:42,003 --> 00:44:46,293 (speaks foreign language) 947 00:44:46,290 --> 00:44:48,800 - [Narrator] Mission planners, ground control, 948 00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,150 and billions of people on earth 949 00:44:51,150 --> 00:44:54,240 will await anxiously to see if the first humans 950 00:44:54,240 --> 00:44:57,830 to travel to Mars will make it safely to the surface. 951 00:44:57,830 --> 00:44:58,970 - 25 meters. 952 00:45:01,230 --> 00:45:04,160 - [Narrator] Will they successfully push their way 953 00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:06,060 through the six minutes of terror? 954 00:45:07,180 --> 00:45:10,180 Or will they perish, unseen, 955 00:45:11,490 --> 00:45:14,850 millions of kilometers from home? 956 00:45:14,848 --> 00:45:18,398 (dramatic music) 957 00:45:18,395 --> 00:45:20,805 (epic music) 958 00:46:03,636 --> 00:46:06,466 (Multicom Jingle)