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[DRAMATIC MUSIC]
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NARRATOR:
In the first months of 1945,
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Japan was on the run.
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[EXPLOSIONS RUMBLE]
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The Americans had fought
their way across the Pacific.
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US submarines and
aircraft had destroyed
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Japan's merchant fleet
and naval airpower.
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The main Japanese home
islands had been cut off
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from vital supplies of
fuel and raw materials.
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The Japanese were facing defeat.
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[GUNFIRE]
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Yet they refused to surrender,
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convinced that if they fought
back with sufficient brutality
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the Americans wouldn't have
the stomach for the fight,
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and would give in.
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Japan made clear that every
move towards the home islands
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would be paid for
in Allied blood.
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It presented the United States
with a huge problem.
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How could Japan be defeated
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without a terrible
loss of American life?
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The country would eventually
turn to the most powerful
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and dreadful weapon ever seen.
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A weapon that would change
the course of war for ever.
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In early 1945,
as US military planners
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considered the next
move against Japan,
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their gaze fell on the Japanese
occupied island of Iwo Jima.
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It lay a mere 800 miles
from the Japanese mainland
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and would be a valuable base
for attacking the country.
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The US commander in the central
Pacific, Admiral Chester Nimitz,
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assembled the largest
landing fleet
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ever brought together
in the Pacific campaign
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and prepared
to invade the island.
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Nimitz was taking no risks.
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Wave after wave
of American aircraft
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paved the way with a massive
aerial bombardment.
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[EXPLOSIONS RUMBLING]
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Then, on the morning
of February 19th, 1945,
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the guns of the naval task force
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began one of the most prolonged
bombardments of the war.
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At the same time, landing
craft set off for the shore.
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The Marines hit
the beaches of Iwo Jima
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along the south-western shore
just after nine o'clock
in the morning.
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For a few moments,
there was an eerie calm,
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the massive naval
and aerial bombardment
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appeared to have overwhelmed
the Japanese garrison.
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Then a hurricane of Japanese
fire swept over them.
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General Tadamichi Kuribayashi,
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the Japanese commander
on the island,
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had told his men
to hold their fire
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until the Americans were
right under their guns.
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Now, the Japanese opened up
from a network of tunnels,
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caves and bunkers.
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There was carnage.
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But gradually small groups of US
troops inched their way forward.
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Finally, by the evening,
the beach-head had been secured.
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The task now was to
capture the 550-foot high
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Mount Suribachi,
the heavily-defended volcano
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that dominates Iwo Jima.
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For three days,
Marines clawed their way up
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the steep, pitted slopes.
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[GUNFIRE]
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They were supported
by a constant air
and naval bombardment
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from the invasion fleet.
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Finally, on February 23rd, 1945,
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a US platoon led by
1st Lieutenant Harold Schreier
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began the final assault,
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carrying with them
a small US flag.
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They reached the summit
and raised their flag
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using a piece
of piping as a pole.
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Marine Corps photographer
Staff Sergeant Louis Lowery
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captured the scene with
a few precious photographs.
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The hard pressed Marines
on the beaches below
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cheered and wept.
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Ships sounded their whistles.
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[SHIP WHISTLES HOOTING]
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Three hours later, the event was
restaged with a larger US flag.
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The moment was immortalized
by photographer Joe Rosenthal
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with one of the most
iconic photographs of the war.
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But the battle for Iwo Jima
was far from over.
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The rest of the island was
still in Japanese hands.
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The next day, the Marines
captured the first
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of the island's strategically
vital airfields.
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But Kuribayashi had
told his men to take
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as many of the enemy
with them as possible.
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Their duty to the Emperor -
to die on the island.
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It meant each assault became
a bloody frontal affair.
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It took two weeks
before the remaining
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two airfields on the island
were in US hands.
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[SHELL WHISTLING]
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Even as the fighting continued,
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the US Airforce began to make
use of Iwo Jima's airfields.
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During the late spring
and summer of 1945,
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over 2,500 damaged US bombers
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made emergency landings
on the island,
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often saving the lives
of their crews.
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Finally, at the end of March,
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after some six weeks
of ferocious fighting,
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the last Japanese resistance
was snuffed out.
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But the capture of Iwo Jima
had come at a terrible price.
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Only 200 of the 22,000-strong
Japanese garrison survived.
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The Americans had
also suffered badly.
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Nearly 7,000 Marines had been
killed and some 18,000 wounded.
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The Americans finally had
the base they needed.
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But it was now clear
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that unless the US could
come up with an alternative,
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any invasion of Japan
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would be paid for in tens of
thousands of American lives.
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In the United States,
one group of military planners
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had long believed there was an
alternative to invading Japan.
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It was called strategic bombing.
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This involved carefully
targeted bombing raids
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designed to destroy
Japan's infrastructure,
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industry and ability
to wage war.
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But in the first years
of the Pacific war,
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there was a problem.
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Japan lay beyond the range
of America's bombers.
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In April 1942, the US
had managed to launch
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a one-off bombing raid on Tokyo.
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But it had pushed the bombers
to their limits
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and was never a practical
long-term option.
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Then, in early 1944,
the Boeing Aircraft Corporation
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produced a revolutionary
new heavy bomber,
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the B-29 Superfortress.
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It could carry
20,000 lbs of bombs
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over a range of 3,250 miles.
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Suddenly, Japan
was just about in reach
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of America's forward bases
in the Pacific.
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In summer 1944, nine months
before the assault on Iwo Jima,
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US B-29s stationed at Chengdu
in south-west China,
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began a series of strategic
bombing raids on Japan.
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But range was still an issue.
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It was too far for
a fighter escort,
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so the Superfortresses
had to fly alone,
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staying at high altitude
for their own safety.
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Even then, the range was
also only just within limits
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and there was no room
for navigational error.
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Many of the bombs
missed their targets.
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Then in July 1944,
there was a development
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that gave strategic bombing
a new lease of life.
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The US navy captured
the Mariana Islands
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in the central Pacific.
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They were only 1,500 miles
from the Japanese homeland.
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This was well within
the B-29's operating range.
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The odds for a successful
bombing campaign on Japan
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had dramatically improved.
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On November 24th,
over 100 Superfortresses
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took off from the Marianas.
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Their target - the Nakajima
aircraft factory in Tokyo.
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But only 48 bombs struck
anywhere near the target.
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For three months, more raids
targeted other industrial sites.
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But the B-29's were still
flying without a fighter escort
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and still dropping
their bombs from high altitude.
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The targets were often
obscured by cloud
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and jet stream winds made
accurate bomb aiming impossible.
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To make matters worse, the B-29s
suffered from engine problems.
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There were also attacks
from Kamikaze pilots.
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[MACHINE-GUN FIRE]
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By the winter of 1944,
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it was clear that strategic
bombing was just not working.
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If Japan was to be
bombed into submission,
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the US would have to come up
with something else.
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So it was that on
December 18th, 1944,
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America tried a new tactic.
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Eighty-four B-29s set
off from Chengdu
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for Japanese-occupied Hankow,
on the Yangtze River.
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They flew much lower than usual
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and carried mostly incendiary
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rather than
high-explosive bombs.
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Hankow was devastated.
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The raid was more effective
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than almost any of the previous
strategic bombing raids.
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The US appeared to have
found a way forward,
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fire-bombing at low altitude.
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The US bomber commander
in the Marianas,
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General Curtis LeMay,
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now ordered the systematic
fire-bombing of Japan.
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It was the same tactic that
Britain had employed in Germany.
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On the evening
of March 9th, 1945,
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Pathfinder aircraft
roared over Tokyo,
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dropping incendiary
target indicators.
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The fires they started
marked the aiming points
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for almost 300 B-29s.
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Coming in at just 5,000 feet,
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they dropped over 2,000 tons
of incendiary bombs.
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The flimsy wooden houses
stood no chance.
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Air was sucked in,
creating towering firestorms,
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which raced faster
than people could run.
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The glow from the burning city
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could be seen over
150 miles away.
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When the all-clear finally
sounded the following morning,
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16 square miles of Tokyo
had been obliterated.
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Over 100,000 of
its citizens were killed
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and a million made homeless.
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Tokyo was not the only city
to face this devastating
new tactic.
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Nagoya was set ablaze
two nights later.
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Then Osaka and Kobe
during the following week.
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Firestorms engulfed whole areas,
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destroying houses
and industrial facilities.
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But American success
was coming at a price.
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Without escorts,
the low-flying US bombers
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were dangerously vulnerable
to Japanese fighters.
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American losses now mounted.
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If the bombing campaign
was ever to succeed,
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the US needed bases
even closer to Japan.
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Within weeks, Iwo Jima fell.
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Now, at last, the US air force
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not only had a base
for its bombers
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within easy striking
distance of Japan,
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it could finally use its
Mustang fighters to escort them.
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During the late spring
and early summer of 1945,
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strikes of up to 500 bombers
attacked Japan every other day.
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Once the largest industrial
areas had been crippled,
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LeMay moved
on to lesser targets.
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Yet in the face
of catastrophic damage
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and an appalling death toll,
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the Japanese showed
no sign of cracking.
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It finally dawned
on the Americans
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that strategic bombing alone
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was never going to
defeat Japan.
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It looked like a full-scale
invasion of the country
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was becoming inevitable.
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For the US battle planners,
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the next logical step
in the land campaign
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was the Japanese
island of Okinawa.
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It lay a mere 350 miles from
the Japanese homeland islands.
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The island was defended
by more than 120,000 men.
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The Japanese commander,
General Mitsuru Ishijima,
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was determined to turn it
into an American graveyard.
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Once again, Admiral Nimitz,
the US commander in the region,
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assembled a huge fleet.
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It included 40 aircraft carriers
and 18 battleships.
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The opening
bombardment of Okinawa
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began on March 23rd, 1945.
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It lasted for a whole week.
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Finally, on the morning
of April 1st,
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the assault boats
headed for the shore.
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To their surprise,
they met almost no opposition.
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By nightfall,
60,000 men had landed
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and the beach-head
was up to two miles deep.
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For the next two days,
the US forces
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built up their strength
and pushed across the island.
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Again, opposition was
unexpectedly light.
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By April 4th, the Japanese
defenders had been split in two.
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Marine divisions
now headed north.
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Army units pushed south.
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The Marines continued to meet
only sporadic resistance
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and within three weeks had
cleared the northern part
of the island.
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But it was a different
story in the south.
249
00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:48,360
There, the army units
ran into savage fire.
250
00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:05,640
For ten days, the Japanese
held their defensive line.
251
00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:13,280
Then, when they could
hold out no longer,
252
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,880
they simply withdrew
to the next defensive position
253
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,960
and continued
to resist all over again.
254
00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:30,160
Meanwhile, the Japanese
also prepared to launch
255
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:32,960
an air assault
on the invasion fleet.
256
00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:37,560
Early on the morning
of April 7th,
257
00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:41,720
Kamikaze pilots gathered to
drink their ritual cups of sake
258
00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,080
and climb into their aircraft
for the last time.
259
00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,920
Over 700 aircraft,
half of them Kamikazes,
260
00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:59,720
took off and approached
the US landing fleet,
261
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,880
A line of radar-equipped
destroyers,
262
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,760
operating about 50 miles
out at sea, was hit first.
263
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:26,000
By the end of the first day
of the attack,
264
00:25:26,120 --> 00:25:28,480
two US destroyers had been sunk.
265
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:37,360
Twenty-four other vessels
were also damaged.
266
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,400
But the Japanese
had lost over 300 planes.
267
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:52,840
Over the following days,
268
00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:55,680
the Japanese introduced
a new weapon.
269
00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:00,600
The Okha, or "Cherry Blossom",
270
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,000
was a rocket-powered
suicide missile
271
00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,240
driven by a Kamikaze pilot.
272
00:26:10,120 --> 00:26:12,240
It was launched from a bomber
273
00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:17,160
and carried a massive
2,650 pound warhead.
274
00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:27,960
On April 12th, another US
destroyer was hit and sunk.
275
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:36,600
The Okha looked deadly.
276
00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:39,640
But US fighters quickly
learnt to intercept
277
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,480
and shoot down the bombers
that carried them.
278
00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:53,120
In desperation,
the Japanese navy
279
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:55,520
now sent a suicide
mission of its own.
280
00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,600
The "Yamato",
Japan's largest battleship,
281
00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:03,840
was loaded with just enough
fuel to reach Okinawa
282
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,040
and ordered
to fight to the death,
283
00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,280
sinking as many US ships
as possible in the process.
284
00:27:12,120 --> 00:27:16,280
But as the giant ship approached
Okinawa, it was spotted.
285
00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:24,120
Some 400 US aircraft
descended on it.
286
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,280
Within two hours, it blew up.
287
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:40,600
The fireball could be
seen for over 100 miles.
288
00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:50,280
Back on Okinawa,
torrential rain
289
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,400
now turned the battlefield
into a quagmire.
290
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,960
For over a month, US troops
struggled to push
their way south.
291
00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:02,760
[GUNFIRE]
292
00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:08,360
Every cave or dugout entrance
293
00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:10,880
had to be blasted
by flamethrowers,
294
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:13,040
grenades and explosives.
295
00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:20,080
As before, as one
defensive line was overrun,
296
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:22,880
the Japanese slipped
back to another,
297
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:26,840
and the whole grim
business would start again.
298
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,000
US casualties rapidly mounted.
299
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:49,160
Finally, on June 1st,
the town of Shuri was captured.
300
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:57,520
Then, on June 4th, a new
contingent of Marines landed
301
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:00,000
to the south of Naha,
the island's capital,
302
00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:03,880
and linked up with troops
pushing down from the north.
303
00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:09,440
[MACHINE-GUN FIRE]
304
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:19,920
Savage fighting continued,
but by June 17th,
305
00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:23,360
the Japanese resistance
was collapsing.
306
00:29:27,560 --> 00:29:32,360
Five days later, the Americans
finally secured Okinawa.
307
00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:41,040
The Japanese commander,
General Ishijima,
308
00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:44,280
committed ritual suicide -
hara kiri.
309
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:54,680
Over 7,000 prisoners were taken,
the first time ever
310
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:58,520
that such large numbers of
Japanese troops had surrendered.
311
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:04,560
It had been a bloody
and exhausting campaign.
312
00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:10,200
100,000 Japanese soldiers,
313
00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:13,520
and some 40,000 civilians
had been killed.
314
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:22,800
The Americans, for their part,
had lost over 15,000 men.
315
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:30,040
It was a sobering reminder
of what would await
the American forces
316
00:30:30,160 --> 00:30:33,000
if they invaded the main
Japanese home islands.
317
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,120
More than ever,
they needed a solution.
318
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:43,240
A way to obliterate Japan's
will to fight once and for all.
319
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,520
The victory at Okinawa meant
America's military planners
320
00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:02,360
now had to decide
what to do next.
321
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,120
Despite shattering defeats,
322
00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,480
the Japanese still showed
no sign of surrendering.
323
00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,320
Some US commanders argued
for a continuation
324
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:18,560
of the fire-bombing campaign.
325
00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:22,920
But by the summer of 1945,
326
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,680
it was clear that bombing alone
would never defeat Japan.
327
00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:30,480
An invasion seemed unavoidable.
328
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,320
But the question was:
at what price?
329
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:40,760
[BUGLE SOUNDS]
330
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:42,400
[VOLLEYS FIRE]
331
00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:52,040
The Japanese had
some one million men
332
00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:54,080
defending the home islands.
333
00:31:57,160 --> 00:32:00,720
They were supported
by about 5,000 aircraft
334
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:04,960
and new Kamikaze pilots were
being trained all the time.
335
00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:18,040
Mass suicide attacks
by civilian volunteers
336
00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:20,120
could also be expected.
337
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:25,480
A bloodbath seemed inevitable.
338
00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:30,640
It was estimated that
over a quarter of a million
American lives might be lost.
339
00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:39,400
Then, in July 1945,
the new US President,
340
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:41,960
Harry S. Truman,
heard about the results
341
00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:45,880
of a top secret Allied
scientific research program.
342
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,920
It was called
the "Manhattan Project".
343
00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:55,160
For three years,
Allied scientists
344
00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:57,640
had been working
on an atom bomb -
345
00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:00,400
a weapon that draws on
the vast quantities of energy
346
00:33:00,520 --> 00:33:03,960
released when an atom is split.
347
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:09,480
It would have an unimaginable
destructive force.
348
00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:19,280
The project was led by
US General Leslie Groves,
349
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,040
an army engineer.
350
00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:27,240
The scientific director
was Robert Oppenheimer,
351
00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:30,560
a 39-year-old physicist from
the University of California.
352
00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:35,680
Over a three year period,
the program had recruited
353
00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:38,840
many of the Allies'
best scientific brains.
354
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:44,720
Two radioactive materials
seemed to offer most promise
355
00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:46,720
as fuels for the new bombs.
356
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:53,080
One was a naturally
occurring form of uranium
357
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,680
called Uranium-235.
358
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,960
It was processed at a vast
factory at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
359
00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:05,520
The other was plutonium -
a man-made material
360
00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:08,320
manufactured in primitive
nuclear reactors
361
00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,000
at Hanford in Washington State.
362
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,520
The research was
co-ordinated and conducted
363
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:19,280
by a team of scientists
at Los Alamos,
364
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:21,560
a specially-built
laboratory complex
365
00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:23,680
in the New Mexico desert.
366
00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:32,680
By early 1945,
367
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:36,120
the Los Alamo scientists
were pretty confident
368
00:34:36,240 --> 00:34:38,720
that they had
a uranium bomb that worked.
369
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,320
But it required huge
quantities of Uranium-235
370
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,440
and the scientists worried that
they didn't have enough of it.
371
00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:53,880
So they also designed a second
bomb that used plutonium.
372
00:34:55,040 --> 00:34:56,800
But this,
unlike the uranium bomb,
373
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,760
was much less well understood
374
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,040
and they weren't sure
it would work.
375
00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,640
Before it could be used,
they would need to test it.
376
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:08,960
By early July 1945,
377
00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:12,360
after an expenditure of
more than two billion dollars,
378
00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:14,760
the plutonium bomb
was ready for trials.
379
00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:21,240
The "gadget", as it was called,
380
00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:24,960
was mounted on a steel tower
in the New Mexico desert.
381
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:34,480
At 5:30 in the morning of
July 16th, the atomic age began.
382
00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:51,000
News that "Operation Trinity"
had been successful
383
00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:53,400
was swiftly passed
to President Truman.
384
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:56,280
He had recently
arrived at a conference
385
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,280
in the Berlin suburb
of Potsdam,
386
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:00,440
meeting with
Stalin and Churchill,
387
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:02,800
discussing the future of Europe.
388
00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:06,480
Truman didn't hesitate.
389
00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,280
He ordered his commanders
to prepare to drop the new bombs
390
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:13,360
on Japan as soon as possible.
391
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:22,800
Two bombs - a uranium device
codenamed "Little Boy"
392
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,760
and a plutonium bomb
called "Fat Man" -
393
00:36:25,880 --> 00:36:29,160
were now transported
to the Mariana Islands.
394
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:38,600
There, the immensely experienced
Colonel Paul Tibbets,
395
00:36:38,720 --> 00:36:42,200
leader of the specially-trained
509th Composite Group,
396
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:44,600
prepared his B-29.
397
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:52,640
At 2:45 in the morning
of August 6th,
398
00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:54,880
Tibbets lifted his plane,
399
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:58,760
named "Enola Gay" after
his mother, off the runway.
400
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:03,800
On board he was carrying
"Little Boy".
401
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:16,200
The flight to the target,
Japan's fourth largest city,
402
00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:18,760
Hiroshima,
went without a hitch.
403
00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:26,600
At 08:00am, on a bright
sunny morning,
404
00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:30,360
"Enola Gay" approached
the city at 33,000 feet.
405
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:39,280
Then, at just after 08:15,
Little Boy was released.
406
00:37:55,880 --> 00:38:01,360
The uranium bomb had the power
of nearly 13,000 tons of TNT.
407
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,680
The temperature
beneath the mushroom cloud
408
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,320
reached 5,000 degrees
Centigrade.
409
00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:15,720
Thousands of people were
instantly vaporized.
410
00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:27,400
Shockwaves levelled buildings
up to a five mile radius.
411
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:37,680
Estimates of the death toll
vary hugely.
412
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:42,160
Some put it at 40,000 people,
others at 100,000.
413
00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,480
Many suffered from terrible
burns and blistering.
414
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:01,040
Over the course of
the following weeks,
415
00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:05,000
thousands more people died
from radiation poisoning.
416
00:39:09,720 --> 00:39:13,880
On August 7, 1945,
President Truman told the world
417
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,640
about the bomb and issued
Japan with a warning.
418
00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:20,240
Let there be no mistake,
419
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:24,400
we shall completely destroy
Japan's power to make war.
420
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,520
They may expect a rain
of ruin from the air,
421
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:32,040
the like of which has never
been seen on this Earth.
422
00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:38,000
But no Japanese
surrender was received.
423
00:39:40,120 --> 00:39:42,920
Two days later, on August 9th,
424
00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:47,520
"Fat Man" was dropped on the
major military port of Nagasaki.
425
00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:55,480
The plutonium bomb was
even more powerful.
426
00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:09,600
In fact, the bomb
fell way off target,
427
00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:12,560
but it still caused
massive destruction.
428
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:21,760
Between 35,000 and 50,000
people are estimated
429
00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:24,160
to have died in the explosion.
430
00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,240
The Japanese government
could now have no doubt
431
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:38,200
that they faced
a new and horrific weapon,
432
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:40,360
but the question remained,
433
00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:43,400
would even this force
them to surrender?
434
00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:57,080
The Nagasaki bomb was
followed by a stark warning
435
00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:59,720
from US Secretary of State
James Byrnes.
436
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:02,160
There is still time,
437
00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:06,760
but little time for the
Japanese to save themselves
438
00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:10,480
from the destruction
which threatens them.
439
00:41:12,840 --> 00:41:14,880
The intention was clear -
440
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:18,440
the atom bomb would be
used again and again
441
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,680
until Japan gave in.
442
00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:29,480
That same day, Japan's position
became even more precarious.
443
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,720
[GUNFIRE]
444
00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:35,200
Early in the morning
of August 9th,
445
00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:37,600
a million and a half
Soviet troops
446
00:41:37,720 --> 00:41:40,400
stormed into Manchuria
and northern China.
447
00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:49,280
The Soviet leader, Josef Stalin,
was not only after territory.
448
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,400
He wanted a say in any
final peace settlement
449
00:41:52,520 --> 00:41:54,800
in the Far East.
450
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:02,440
There were still over a million
Japanese troops in the area
451
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:06,000
but the Red Army
Blitzkrieg was unstoppable.
452
00:42:06,120 --> 00:42:10,120
The Japanese position in
the war had become untenable.
453
00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:19,480
That evening,
Emperor Hirohito met
454
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:23,040
with his six top military
and political leaders.
455
00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:27,400
The war cabinet was divided.
456
00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:29,560
Three, led
by the Prime Minister,
457
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:32,920
Baron Kantaro Suzuki,
argued for peace.
458
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,800
The other three wanted
to continue fighting.
459
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:43,720
It was deadlock.
460
00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:47,000
Then the Japanese Prime Minster
broke with all precedent
461
00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:49,840
and asked the Emperor
for his opinion.
462
00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:55,360
Emperor Hirohito
voted for peace,
463
00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:59,040
on condition that his position
as head of state was maintained.
464
00:43:01,560 --> 00:43:03,240
The next morning,
a proposal was sent
465
00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:05,720
to the US Secretary of State
James Byrnes.
466
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:10,200
Byrnes rejected it.
467
00:43:10,320 --> 00:43:13,360
Only unconditional
surrender would do.
468
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:21,120
As the Japanese war cabinet
argued amongst itself,
469
00:43:21,240 --> 00:43:24,680
Soviet troops continued
to tear into Mongolia.
470
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:30,960
At the same time,
American fighters now
roamed freely over Japan,
471
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:34,600
shooting up military targets
and transport links at will.
472
00:43:43,680 --> 00:43:47,760
Massive air raids continued
to devastate Japan.
473
00:43:59,840 --> 00:44:03,840
Then, on August 14th,
the Truman administration
474
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:07,880
sent word that the Emperor's
position would be safeguarded,
475
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,200
provided he agreed
to accept the orders
476
00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:13,440
of the Supreme Commander
of Allied Forces.
477
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:21,240
Hirohito used his huge prestige
to instruct the war cabinet
478
00:44:21,360 --> 00:44:25,720
to "endure the unendurable"
and accept the terms.
479
00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:30,760
That day in Washington,
President Truman announced
480
00:44:30,880 --> 00:44:33,520
that Japan had surrendered
unconditionally.
481
00:44:34,680 --> 00:44:36,960
TRUMAN: I deem this reply
a full acceptance
482
00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:40,480
of the Potsdam declaration,
which specifies
483
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,080
the unconditional surrender
of Japan.
484
00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:47,800
Cheering, singing crowds
485
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:50,560
erupted onto the streets
of every American city.
486
00:44:50,680 --> 00:44:53,280
[CHEERING]
487
00:45:10,080 --> 00:45:13,400
In Britain, it was midnight
when the new Prime Minister,
488
00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:16,320
Clement Atlee,
broadcast the news.
489
00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:19,920
ATLEE: Japan has
today surrendered.
490
00:45:20,960 --> 00:45:23,480
The last of our enemies
is laid low.
491
00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:26,400
Peace has once again
come to the world.
492
00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:31,800
Let us thank God for this great
deliverance and his mercies.
493
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:33,920
Long live the King.
494
00:45:34,040 --> 00:45:36,480
[CHEERING]
495
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:41,360
Within minutes, crowds appeared
on the streets of London.
496
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:47,480
Many gathered outside
Buckingham Palace.
497
00:45:50,720 --> 00:45:54,800
A giant street party lasted
well into the following day.
498
00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:11,560
The next morning, August 15th,
499
00:46:11,680 --> 00:46:13,320
an astounded Japanese people
500
00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:15,760
listened to the voice
of their God Emperor
501
00:46:15,880 --> 00:46:17,440
for the very first time.
502
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:23,760
[HIROHITO SPEAKS IN JAPANESE]
503
00:46:24,640 --> 00:46:28,760
He told them that Japan's
position had become impossible
504
00:46:28,880 --> 00:46:31,640
and the country
was obliged to surrender.
505
00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:35,240
All military forces
must lay down their arms.
506
00:46:39,560 --> 00:46:43,760
Such was the emperor's prestige
that almost every unit obeyed.
507
00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:53,680
But in Manchuria, despite
the Japanese ceasefire,
508
00:46:53,800 --> 00:46:56,200
the Soviet forces fought on.
509
00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:08,200
[MACHINE-GUN FIRE]
510
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:15,840
For the first time,
large numbers of Japanese
troops now surrendered.
511
00:47:23,680 --> 00:47:26,920
Nevertheless, the Soviets,
determined to seize
512
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:30,360
as much territory as possible,
continued to advance.
513
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:36,280
Stalin wouldn't stop
the fighting for another week.
514
00:47:39,320 --> 00:47:41,400
By then the whole of Manchuria,
515
00:47:41,520 --> 00:47:43,200
half of Korea,
516
00:47:43,320 --> 00:47:46,440
and part of northern China
were under his control.
517
00:47:51,240 --> 00:47:54,320
Elsewhere in South-East Asia,
in the Philippines,
518
00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:56,160
and on many of
the Pacific islands
519
00:47:56,280 --> 00:47:58,120
bypassed by the Americans,
520
00:47:58,240 --> 00:48:00,200
it took weeks for news
of the surrender
521
00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:03,400
to reach isolated
Japanese garrisons.
522
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,240
Some Japanese soldiers would
remain hidden in the jungle
523
00:48:11,360 --> 00:48:13,280
for more than 30 years.
524
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:21,000
Finally, on August 28th,
525
00:48:21,120 --> 00:48:23,080
two weeks after the surrender,
526
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:25,960
the first US troops
arrived in Japan.
527
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,320
A huge US fleet
gathered in Tokyo Bay,
528
00:48:34,440 --> 00:48:36,600
sailing past the shattered hulks
529
00:48:36,720 --> 00:48:39,000
of the once-proud
Japanese navy
530
00:48:39,120 --> 00:48:42,040
that they had so
comprehensively defeated.
531
00:48:53,320 --> 00:48:57,400
Several days later,
on September 2nd, 1945,
532
00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:02,800
a Japanese delegation came
aboard the USS battleship
"Missouri".
533
00:49:08,120 --> 00:49:11,440
On its quarterdeck, the new
Japanese foreign minister,
534
00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:13,560
Mamoru Shigemitsu,
535
00:49:13,680 --> 00:49:17,000
signed the document of
unconditional surrender.
536
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:23,160
It was countersigned by
US General Douglas MacArthur,
537
00:49:23,280 --> 00:49:25,320
the man who would
effectively run Japan
538
00:49:25,440 --> 00:49:27,880
for the next six years.
539
00:49:28,920 --> 00:49:31,760
As supreme commander
for the Allied powers,
540
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:35,560
I announce it my firm purpose
541
00:49:35,680 --> 00:49:38,800
in the tradition
of the countries I represent,
542
00:49:39,520 --> 00:49:42,720
to proceed in the discharge
of my responsibilities
543
00:49:42,840 --> 00:49:44,840
with justice and tolerance.
544
00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:49,720
Then a force of more than 2,000
Allied aircraft roared overhead.
545
00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:54,600
It was a fitting tribute
to the overwhelming power
546
00:49:54,720 --> 00:49:57,960
which had finally
brought Germany and Japan
547
00:49:58,080 --> 00:49:59,800
to utter defeat.
548
00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:12,000
World War Two was at an end.
549
00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:16,200
Japan's ruthless desire
to wage war
550
00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:20,720
had been crushed by a weapon
of awesome destructive power.
551
00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:25,160
Now in the East,
as in the West,
552
00:50:25,280 --> 00:50:28,520
the world would be divided
and shared along new lines.
553
00:50:30,720 --> 00:50:33,600
New allegiances would be formed,
554
00:50:33,720 --> 00:50:36,600
and new enemies would
vie for global influence,
555
00:50:36,720 --> 00:50:40,040
under the specter
of nuclear war.
556
00:50:41,040 --> 00:50:45,400
A new era in world
history had begun.
557
00:50:46,920 --> 00:50:49,200
[OUTRO MUSIC]