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tif; igvnf;pdwfraumif;bl;
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uRefrwdkUtJ'g udkvkyfzdkUqHk;jzwfvdkufNyD
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aumif;NyDav tvkyfoGm;vkyfMuwmaygh
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ig wdkU&uftenf;i,ftwGif; 'DudpöudkudkifwG,fEdlifrSmyg
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rif;igh udkaemufaewmvm;
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tJ'gawGudkajymif;vJzdkUigBudK;pm;rSmr[kwfygbl;
tdkauaemf
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tdkau aumif;ygw,f
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tdk; ,l&rSmaygh
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tJ'DtaqmuftOD;omaqmufNyD;oGm;&if tjrifhqHk;jzpfvmrSmaygh
tJ'DtaqmuftOD;uwdkufcef;awGudk 80&mcdkifESlef;avmufa&mif;NyD;oGm;NyD
'gayr,fh &dk;om;pGmajym&r,fqdk &if igh rSmuav;qdkwm&SdvmrSmr[kwfygbl;
bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh igutvkyftNrJ&SkyfaewJhvlrdkUvdkUav
tarrufaqhcsfydkUvdkufw,f olu'DaeU &SifUnDreJUaeUvnfpmtwlpm;r,fwJh
tif; olutJ'DNrsKUrSm &uftenf;i,favmufaevdrfhr,f
NyD;awmholurif;tareJUawGUcsifaewmav
igawmhenf;enf;pdwfvSkyf&Sm;aew,f
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r*FvmeHeufcif;yg tqifajyw,fr[kwfvm; bvdwf
tif; uRefrtqifajyygw,f
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rvdkygbl; igtqifajyygw,f tJvufpf aus;Zl;yJ
cifAsm;tJ'DudkoGm;csifwmaocsm&JU vm;
igtm&kHajymif;csif vdkUyg
tif;
tjyifrSmowif;axmufawGa&mufaew,f
olueDAm;'g;rSmbmawGjzpfcJhwmvJqdkwm odcsifw,fwJh
tdk;
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rif;rdx¦Lvdkcsifvm;
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rif;&JU aoG;om;t&if;udku,f&wJhtcsdefrSm cHpm;csufurwlbl;av
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tJ'DtjzpftysufawGNyD;awmh tdkrfrSmaeUwdkif; rif;eJUbvdwfuigh udkemusifapcJhw,f
tJ'DvdkcHpm;ae &wmudkbmeJUrStpm;udk;vdkUr&bl;
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;uawmh taumif;qHk;jzpfatmifBudK;pm;zdkUyJ
igrif;udkt&m&mcGifhjyay;cJhw,f
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olqHk;oGm;uwnf;uuRefr'g udk0wfxm;wm
uRefrwdkUc&pfprwfwkef;u'gav;awGudk0,fcJhwmav
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qufoG,fa&;uaetaMumif;Mum;ay;wJh[mrsdK;aygh
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tdkau a&mh 'g udk,lxm;vdkuf
tif;
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ig wdkUawmhjyóemwufNyDxifw,f
rif;ajymwJhae &mudkMunfhvdkufOD;
&SifbmudkqdkvdkwmvJ
bk&m;a&
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uRefrwdkUtckvkyfrSjzpfr,f
uRefrwdkUaemufxyftjrifhqHk;ae &mwpfckudk&Sm&r,f
tJ'grStazhudktcsufjyvdkU&rSm
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tJ'D'DNrsKU&JU tjrifhqHk;ae &mwpfckyJ
tJ'guwpfjcm;vrf;rSm
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uRefrtazuae &mtjrifhrSmaezdkUajymxm;w,fav
uRefrwdkUolajymwJhtwdkif;vkyf&rSmyJ
olrvmEdlif&ifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ
uRefrrdkuf&l;&JqefNyD;ajymw,fqdkwmodygw,f
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axmufyHha&;aowmÅqdkwma&modvm;
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uRefawmfuawmholajymwJhtwdkif;vkyfwm aumif;r,fvdkUxifw,f
tdkau ig wdkUaemhAfa[;vfudk oGm;Muwmaygh
tdkau oGm;&atmif
u,fvDzdk;eD;&m;vHkNcHa&;XmerSajymaeygw,f
wdkif;oljynfom;awGudkab;vGwf&mudk csufcsif;a&TU ay;aeygw,f
wpfNrsKUvHk;tEÅ&m,f&SdaeNyD
ig wdkUav,mOfqif;zdkUavqdyfrSmjyóemwufaeNyD
uRefrwdkUb,frSmqif;MurvJ
ig wdkUqif;vdkUr&bl;
NrsKUxJrSmawmhqif;vdkUr&bl;
ighaemufvdkufcJh
d tkau
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ig wdkUtwGufav,mOfqif;p&mae&mr&Sdbl;
ig wdkUudkwDwmygeJUteD;qHk;udkqif;&r,f
ig wdkUoHk;rdepftwGif;trfbm*g'dk udka&mufr,f
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rif;udkaemufuaerzuf&wmtawmfMumoGm;NyDaemf
a'g ufwmavmh&ifhuav;eufpGmowday;xm;ygw,f
qefz&efpöpudkrSmab;uif;&mudkajymif;a&TU wJh tpDtpOfawGvkyfaqmifaeygNyD
urf;ajcutapmifhawGutm;vHk; oabmFay: wuf&r,f pdwf&SnfMuay;zdkUajymaeygw,f
ig wdkUtm;vHk;udkowday;NyD;oGm;NyDvdkUarQmfvifhwmyJ
rjzpfEdlifbl;aemf
ig,lqxm;wmvGJNyDxifw,f
tm;vHk;tumtuG,f,lMu
tJ'g'D udkrMumcifa&mufvmrSmyJ
'gayr,fh qefz&efpöpudku vlawGtwGufqkawmif;ay;&r,f
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bmjzpfwmvJ
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bk&m;a&
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rif;tm;upm;uGif;xJcP0ifaevdkuf
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tm;upm;uGif;xJudkjrefjref oGm;
taqmuftOD;NydKusawmhr,f cifAsm;wdkUjrefjrefoGm;zdkUvdkw,f
jrefjrefoGm;Mu cifAsm;wdkUvrf;ay:rSmaevdkUr&bl;
tm;upm;uGif;xJ0ifaeus
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r&bl;
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tif;
uRefrwdkU'DrSmvHkNcHKrSk&Sdw,fqdkwm&Sifb,fvdkodwmvJ
J J rmausmwJht&mawGem;rSmraeeU
udk,fhudk,fudkumuG,fyg
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oGm;&atmif
oltqifajyrSmyg
'gayr,fh uRefrwdkU'DvdkrsdK; b,fESpfBudrfavmufxyfMuHK&OD;rSmvJ
ig wdkUrodEdlifbl; ig wdkU'Dem;wpf0dkufudkoGm;MunfhMuwmaygh
d tkau
uRefrwdkU'g udkxkwfypfzdkUvdkw,f
&Sif'gBuD;eJUvrf;avQmufzdkUBudK;pm;r,fqdk&if &Sifh'Pf&muydkqdk;oGm;vdrfhr,f
enf;enf;awmhemvdrfhr,f &SiftqifoifhjzpfaeNyDvm;
bef
igbmrSrjzpfbl;
-&SifU'Pf&memaeao;vm; -igbmrSrjzpfbl;
uRefrwdkUawmifay:a&mufatmifoGm;zdkUvdkw,f
tif;
d tkau
olwdkUqDrSmb,favmufvSkyfoGm;wmvJ
9.6
ordkif;rSmawmhtBuD;qHk;ivsifwpfckyJ
tdk; rjzpfEdlifygbl;
udkwDuawmhrS;avmifoGm;NyD
olwpfae&m&mudk oGm;rSmyJ
orD;b,frSmvJ
orD;&JU tpDtpOf bDubmjzpfEdlifrvJ
aoprf;
bmjzpfwmvJ
ig wdkUoGm;rSjzpfr,f
a&awGvSkyfaeNyD qlemrSvdkrsdK;jzpfEdlifw,f
ig wdkUyifv,fatmfuae xGufrSjzpfr,f
cPaeOD;
wpfpuúefUavmuftcsdefay;ygOD;
bk&m;a&
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u,fvDzdk;eD;&m;tv,fydkif;eJU ajrmufydkif;a'oawGowdxm;ay;yg
rm&if aeyg
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vmMu uRefrwdkUoGm;&awmhr,f
uRefrwdkUjrefjref oGm;rSjzpfr,f
uRefrwdkU'efeD &,f&JU taqmuftOD;xJ0ifaerSjzpfr,f
a&;
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ig wdkUorS;udkvdkuf&SmMuwmaygh
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uRefrwdkUajcaxmufudkoufomatmifvkyfrSjzpfr,f
tdkau tdkvD 'DrSm ywfwD;pD;zdkU&SdEdlifrvm;qdkwm&SmMunfhvdkufyg
a&oefUvJ&SmzdkUvdkw,f
tif;
d tkau
tdkau uRefrwdkU'Pf&mudkMunfhMunfh&atmif
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