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Morgan freeman: I have a rule
that I've lived by

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for a long time:

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00:00:11,479 --> 00:00:13,712
Always tell the truth.

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00:00:13,714 --> 00:00:17,599
That way, you don't have to
remember what you said.

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00:00:17,601 --> 00:00:20,235
And I was never good at lying.

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Hindus thought of the same rule
more than 3,000 years ago.

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Satya, truthfulness,
sits alongside non-violence,

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00:00:29,146 --> 00:00:33,465
non-stealing and several other
hindu holy laws.

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Jews and christians have
the ten commandments

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as core spiritual rules
for life.

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Muslims can also find them
throughout the holy quran.

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Their connection with god
gives these edicts power

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over billions of lives.

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Yet we live in
an age of enlightenment,

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driven by science and reason.

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So do we still need holy laws?

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I'm traveling the world
to understand

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the power ancient rules
have over us today.

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Pnina shor: 2,000 years later,

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any six-year-old that learns
to write can read this.

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Nelufar hedayat: My god.

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Freeman: I'll meet holy people

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who follow holy laws
to the extreme.

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Pankaj jain: They do not want
to kill even a bug

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or any micro-organism.

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Freeman: See what happens when
people go against divine rules.

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I'll explore divine retribution.

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Andrew wallace-hadrill:
Some people escape,

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other people die on the spot.

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Freeman: And I'll meet a man
who followed god's commandment

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to forgive his son's murderer.

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Abdul-munim sombat jitmoud:
We just hug each other
like a father and son.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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freeman: Jerusalem.

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A holy city for jews,
christians and muslims.

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People trying to live
side by side

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need a common set of rules.

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As fractious as this city
can be today,

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all three faiths recognize
the holy laws

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jerusalem was built on:

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The ten commandments.

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To see these ancient edicts
for myself,

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I'm meeting pnina shor,

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an archaeologist at the israel
antiquities authority,

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home to the ancient
fragments of writing

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known as the dead sea scrolls.

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She has offered me
a rare opportunity:

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A personal encounter with the
crown jewel of her collection,

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the oldest known copy
of the ten commandments.

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Shor: This is it.
This is really it.

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This is the only copy
of the ten commandments

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that has survived intact.

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2,000 years old.

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Freeman:
Now, I have been to qumran,

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where the dead sea scrolls
were found.

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This is the first time
I've ever actually seen

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the scrolls themselves.

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Shor: And you're very lucky,
because not everybody

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gets a chance to see
the scrolls face to face.

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Freeman: The dead sea scrolls
are the most complete

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ancient version of
the hebrew scriptures.

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They were found in 1947
in bone-dry caves

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at qumran near the dead sea.

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It's amazing that whatever
this is written on

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could survive that long.

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Shor: It's written on parchment,
which is animal skin,

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and yes, it is a miracle
that it actually survived,

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but it survived because probably

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the conditions in the caves
were the best.

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And so what we're trying
to do here,

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and in the vault where
we keep all the scrolls...

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Freeman: Recreate that.

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Shor: ...Is to recreate
these conditions.

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Freeman: We have copies
of the ten commandments.

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They're, they're
all over the place.

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So why is this important?

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Shor: Why is it important?

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This is our heritage,
this is our common heritage.

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And this shows us
that 2,000 years later,

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we can all talk about this
and relate to it.

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Freeman: Know what
we're talking about.

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Shor: And know what we're
talking about, right.

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I'll read you through, okay?

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Freeman: Yeah,
I am the lord, thy god.

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Shor: I, exactly.

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(speaking hebrew)

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yeah, I'm your god.

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(speaking hebrew)

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I'm your god who took you
out of the land of egypt,

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and continues all the way down.

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Freeman: What's it written in,
is it written in hebrew?

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Shor: It's written in hebrew in
what we call the syrian writing,

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which is the writing
of second temple times.

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So what's amazing
about these scrolls

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is that 2,000 years later,

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any six-year-old that learns
to write can read this.

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Freeman: Get out of here!

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A six-year-old?

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Shor: Any six-year-old
who learns to read hebrew.

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Freeman: Who learns how to read
hebrew can read these scrolls.

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Shor: Can read this.

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It takes a few minutes,

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but you get used to it
and you can do it.

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Freeman: Seeing these
ancient laws as a living text

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makes me wonder.

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How did they shape jewish life
and culture over the millennia?

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♪ ♪

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adolfo roitman is the curator of
jerusalem's shrine of the book.

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Oh, my.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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that's awesome.

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Adolfo roitman: Yes.

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Freeman: The shrine of the book.

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Roitman:
It's the holy of holies,

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like solomon's temple,

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and instead of
the ark of covenant

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and the ten commandments, what
we have here are the scrolls,

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the most significant
spiritual treasure of israel.

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♪ ♪

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freeman: Now, I'm gonna ask you
if there is a difference

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between the commandments

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and the other codes

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of the middle eastern tribes.

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Roitman: What is very
significant here in the scrolls

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is the ten commandments,

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actually, they have
two sections.

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One refers to god and
one refers to human beings.

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Freeman: The first four
commandments set the rules

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for how people should act
towards god,

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like having no other gods

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and observing the sabbath.

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The last six
concern human affairs,

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prohibiting killing,

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stealing, cheating.

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Roitman: We are not dealing
just with ideas.

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We are dealing with real life.

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And real life must reflect
all this religious idea.

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The concept that we,
our community,

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we are a temple,

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we are a spiritual temple.

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Freeman: When a law is
religious in nature...

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Roitman: Yes.

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Freeman: ...What is
the practical side of it?

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How does that manifest itself?

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Roitman: Okay. Love your
neighbor as yourself.

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It's written.

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But if you don't love him,

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it's not just against him,
it's against god.

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You have to care for them,

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because all of them
were created by god.

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Freeman: The good,
the bad and the ugly.

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Roitman: Yes.

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Freeman: So, now,
the ten commandments have had

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an incredible influence
on large parts of the world.

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Roitman: Yes.

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Freeman: Do you think that they
influence other religions?

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Roitman: There is no way
to imagine the history

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of human beings without these
specific ten commandments.

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Why you shouldn't kill a person.

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Why you have to keep morality.

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All these traditions
were very much inspired

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by the ten commandments,
and even human beings

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that they belong
to other civilizations.

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Freeman: It's quite astonishing
that a list of do's and don'ts,

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written on parchment
thousands of years ago,

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have had such an effect
on the world.

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But it's probably because
the ten commandments

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are not just a list
of do's and don'ts.

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They inspired the ancient jews
to keep good relations,

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not only with god, but with
their family and neighbors.

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No matter what your faith,

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this is what creates
a long and lasting society.

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♪ ♪

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it's hard to find
places on earth

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where the ten commandments
haven't had some effect.

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But they do exist.

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♪ ♪

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in the remote hillsides
of northern vietnam,

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there is a culture where
the will of the divine

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is not passed down
through written laws.

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It comes through a person.

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Sociologist andreas schneider

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00:09:22,579 --> 00:09:26,081
is traveling to a village
of the hmong ethnic group.

186
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He wants to understand
how they follow

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the unwritten rules
of the spirit world.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

190
00:09:42,749 --> 00:09:44,866
(quacking)

191
00:09:44,868 --> 00:09:50,171
♪ ♪

192
00:09:50,173 --> 00:09:54,976
he is meeting hang a sua,
who was born in the village.

193
00:09:54,978 --> 00:09:55,910
Andreas schneider: Oh, sua.

194
00:09:55,912 --> 00:09:57,212
Hang a sua: Hello.

195
00:09:57,214 --> 00:09:58,647
Schneider: Oh, thank you.
I'm glad I've found your house.

196
00:09:58,649 --> 00:10:00,966
Oh, yeah. And you are?

197
00:10:00,968 --> 00:10:02,467
Woman: Yeah, I'm sua friend.

198
00:10:02,469 --> 00:10:07,639
He ask me to come here
helping you translate.

199
00:10:07,641 --> 00:10:10,976
Freeman: Sua is
a hmong businessman.

200
00:10:10,978 --> 00:10:14,312
His 94-year-old grandmother,
sung thi la,

201
00:10:14,314 --> 00:10:16,915
is the village shaman.

202
00:10:16,917 --> 00:10:19,634
Today she will be performing
a divination ceremony

203
00:10:19,636 --> 00:10:22,170
to speak with the spirits.

204
00:10:22,172 --> 00:10:23,571
Woman: They beginning
or starting...

205
00:10:23,573 --> 00:10:24,372
Schneider:
Oh, they're beginning.

206
00:10:24,374 --> 00:10:25,674
Woman: Yeah.

207
00:10:25,676 --> 00:10:26,725
Schneider: Let's make it
through the rain, I guess.

208
00:10:26,727 --> 00:10:27,876
Woman: Yes.
Schneider: Thank you!

209
00:10:27,878 --> 00:10:28,710
Woman: Thank you.
Schneider: Let's go over there.

210
00:10:28,712 --> 00:10:29,844
Woman: Let's go.

211
00:10:29,846 --> 00:10:32,047
Freeman: The hmong are animists,

212
00:10:32,049 --> 00:10:37,769
believing spirits called "neeb"
inhabit everything.

213
00:10:37,771 --> 00:10:40,305
The hmong believe
if you behave correctly,

214
00:10:40,307 --> 00:10:43,108
you will be surrounded
by good spirits.

215
00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:47,445
If you behave badly,
you will attract bad spirits.

216
00:10:47,447 --> 00:10:52,267
♪ ♪

217
00:10:52,269 --> 00:10:56,705
la acts as a bridge between the
physical and spiritual worlds.

218
00:10:58,642 --> 00:11:03,378
She alone in the village can
communicate with the spirits

219
00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:06,981
and discover the balance
between good and bad.

220
00:11:06,983 --> 00:11:12,737
♪ ♪

221
00:11:15,876 --> 00:11:22,580
(bells jingling, la chanting)

222
00:11:32,292 --> 00:11:33,174
schneider: Yes, okay.

223
00:11:36,179 --> 00:11:37,145
Woman: Yeah.

224
00:11:42,369 --> 00:11:43,268
Woman: Yeah.

225
00:11:47,541 --> 00:11:48,740
Woman: Yes.

226
00:11:48,742 --> 00:11:51,576
Freeman: As people gather,
la covers her face

227
00:11:51,578 --> 00:11:55,180
to focus on her connection
to the spirit world.

228
00:11:55,182 --> 00:11:58,867
(bells jingling, la chanting)

229
00:11:58,869 --> 00:12:03,104
(bells, jingling, la chanting)

230
00:12:15,402 --> 00:12:18,570
freeman: The hmong believe
both good and bad spirits

231
00:12:18,572 --> 00:12:20,939
respond to the shaman's call.

232
00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:29,280
Schneider: Ahh, okay.

233
00:12:29,282 --> 00:12:32,534
Freeman: La has sensed
the presence of bad spirits,

234
00:12:32,536 --> 00:12:35,069
but the good spirits
have instructed her

235
00:12:35,071 --> 00:12:36,938
how to deal with them.

236
00:12:49,402 --> 00:12:52,170
Freeman: Deep in the misty hills
of rural vietnam,

237
00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:54,305
a gong rings out.

238
00:12:54,307 --> 00:12:56,407
(gong)

239
00:12:56,409 --> 00:13:01,079
signaling a shaman's connection
with the spirit world.

240
00:13:01,081 --> 00:13:06,501
Sociologist andreas schneider
is here with the hmong people,

241
00:13:06,503 --> 00:13:07,669
hoping to gain insight

242
00:13:07,671 --> 00:13:11,639
into how they define
the will of the gods.

243
00:13:11,641 --> 00:13:15,844
Bad spirits invited in by
past wrong-doing in the village

244
00:13:15,846 --> 00:13:18,179
are expelled by fire.

245
00:13:18,181 --> 00:13:24,202
♪ ♪

246
00:13:24,204 --> 00:13:31,009
♪ ♪

247
00:13:31,011 --> 00:13:34,179
but the shaman, la,
has told the villagers

248
00:13:34,181 --> 00:13:38,099
they must now make a sacrifice
to the good spirits.

249
00:14:02,142 --> 00:14:04,175
(pig squeals)

250
00:14:12,502 --> 00:14:14,068
freeman: The sacrifice complete,

251
00:14:14,070 --> 00:14:18,406
the shaman must now perform
the last step:

252
00:14:18,408 --> 00:14:21,843
Persuade the good spirits
to accept the offering.

253
00:14:21,845 --> 00:14:25,446
Schneider: So these are
horns of animals.

254
00:14:25,448 --> 00:14:27,015
Woman: Yeah, this a horn
from a goat.

255
00:14:27,017 --> 00:14:28,666
Schneider: Goat horn.

256
00:14:28,668 --> 00:14:33,037
Freeman: La uses goat horns
to communicate with the spirits.

257
00:14:33,039 --> 00:14:36,174
The hmong believe the spirits
send a coded message

258
00:14:36,176 --> 00:14:38,276
in the patterns of the horns.

259
00:14:38,278 --> 00:14:41,446
Ones that only the shaman
can read correctly.

260
00:14:45,001 --> 00:14:46,734
(speaking native language)

261
00:14:46,736 --> 00:14:50,104
woman: Uh, we have to say
thank you. Say thank you.

262
00:14:50,106 --> 00:14:52,373
Freeman:
The ceremony is finished.

263
00:14:52,375 --> 00:14:55,043
The wrong-doing
has been corrected.

264
00:14:55,045 --> 00:14:58,313
Everyone gives a bow of
gratitude to the shaman.

265
00:14:58,315 --> 00:15:00,615
Woman: Two time. One more time.

266
00:15:08,074 --> 00:15:12,377
Schneider: The question that I
have is, what did we have today?

267
00:15:12,379 --> 00:15:15,480
We had basically, trying--

268
00:15:15,482 --> 00:15:17,615
a ceremony that tried
to set things straight.

269
00:15:17,617 --> 00:15:18,833
Woman: Yeah.

270
00:15:18,835 --> 00:15:20,702
Schneider: Something went wrong,
there was an offering,

271
00:15:20,704 --> 00:15:22,804
but who is determining
the rules?

272
00:15:22,806 --> 00:15:27,241
Who is making the laws?

273
00:15:27,243 --> 00:15:30,044
Woman: The shaman, with
the spirits, when they come...

274
00:15:30,046 --> 00:15:30,845
Schneider: Mm-hmm.

275
00:15:30,847 --> 00:15:32,246
Woman: They will tell her.

276
00:15:32,248 --> 00:15:35,466
Schneider: So, of course, there
was a lot of suspense at the end

277
00:15:35,468 --> 00:15:38,736
when the bones were thrown,

278
00:15:38,738 --> 00:15:42,006
to see in which direction
they fall.

279
00:15:42,008 --> 00:15:43,541
What are the results?

280
00:15:43,543 --> 00:15:44,776
Woman: What is the result?

281
00:15:44,778 --> 00:15:49,013
(speaking native language)

282
00:15:49,015 --> 00:15:51,482
woman: The results,
everything's good.

283
00:15:51,484 --> 00:15:52,967
Schneider: I would like
to thank her

284
00:15:52,969 --> 00:15:56,270
for helping us
to understand your society.

285
00:15:56,272 --> 00:15:58,072
(speaking native language)

286
00:15:58,074 --> 00:15:59,607
woman: Okay.

287
00:15:59,609 --> 00:16:01,075
She would like to thank you,

288
00:16:01,077 --> 00:16:07,215
so she will give you some lucky
silver thread for you guys.

289
00:16:07,217 --> 00:16:09,634
(laughs)

290
00:16:09,636 --> 00:16:11,035
freeman: As a parting blessing,

291
00:16:11,037 --> 00:16:15,273
la ties a red thread around
each of their wrists.

292
00:16:17,510 --> 00:16:20,745
It's meant to help them stay
in balance with the spirits

293
00:16:20,747 --> 00:16:24,599
and stay on the right path.

294
00:16:24,601 --> 00:16:25,633
(yells)

295
00:16:25,635 --> 00:16:28,302
schneider: Ohhh.

296
00:16:28,304 --> 00:16:30,171
That's how you do it.

297
00:16:31,808 --> 00:16:33,875
Freeman: Sua's grandmother, la,

298
00:16:33,877 --> 00:16:37,979
received a divine calling
to be a shaman.

299
00:16:37,981 --> 00:16:40,882
Just as abraham,
he did the urgings of god

300
00:16:40,884 --> 00:16:42,633
to move to canaan,

301
00:16:42,635 --> 00:16:46,971
la heeded this commandment
from the spirit world.

302
00:16:46,973 --> 00:16:49,640
She felt bound by it.

303
00:16:49,642 --> 00:16:51,776
Being tied to the spirits

304
00:16:51,778 --> 00:16:54,946
helps the hmong keep
their culture alive,

305
00:16:54,948 --> 00:16:59,100
ties people together,
like millions of red threads

306
00:16:59,102 --> 00:17:02,403
spanning their entire
asian diaspora.

307
00:17:04,574 --> 00:17:09,977
♪ ♪

308
00:17:09,979 --> 00:17:12,080
in many religions,
holy laws dictate

309
00:17:12,082 --> 00:17:14,665
not only how believers
live life,

310
00:17:14,667 --> 00:17:16,934
but how they confront death.

311
00:17:16,936 --> 00:17:18,970
♪ ♪

312
00:17:18,972 --> 00:17:24,542
♪ ♪

313
00:17:24,544 --> 00:17:28,112
I've come to a cemetery
in lexington, kentucky,

314
00:17:28,114 --> 00:17:31,799
to meet
dr. Abdul-munim sombat jitmoud.

315
00:17:31,801 --> 00:17:37,438
♪ ♪

316
00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,408
he followed islam's holiest law

317
00:17:40,410 --> 00:17:43,644
in the face of
great personal tragedy.

318
00:17:45,815 --> 00:17:49,133
I want to tell you myself
how grateful we all are

319
00:17:49,135 --> 00:17:52,336
that you'd take the time
to spend this time with us.

320
00:17:52,338 --> 00:17:55,706
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.
It is mutual, sir.

321
00:17:55,708 --> 00:17:59,410
Freeman: I understand that
you had something tragic

322
00:17:59,412 --> 00:18:01,779
to your family,
can you tell me about it?

323
00:18:01,781 --> 00:18:02,580
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.

324
00:18:02,582 --> 00:18:05,099
Three years ago, of course,

325
00:18:05,101 --> 00:18:07,502
our dearest son, salahuddin,
got murdered.

326
00:18:09,806 --> 00:18:14,142
Freeman: Dr. Jitmoud ran
an islamic academy in lexington.

327
00:18:16,246 --> 00:18:17,645
He lived here with his wife

328
00:18:17,647 --> 00:18:19,380
and six sons.

329
00:18:20,884 --> 00:18:26,204
In 2015, dr. Jitmoud's second
youngest son, salahuddin,

330
00:18:26,206 --> 00:18:28,005
was working his way
through college

331
00:18:28,007 --> 00:18:31,409
as a pizza delivery driver.

332
00:18:31,411 --> 00:18:36,347
Tell me what you remember
happened actually that night.

333
00:18:36,349 --> 00:18:37,315
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.

334
00:18:37,317 --> 00:18:39,367
I gave salahuddin a call,

335
00:18:39,369 --> 00:18:42,637
and he said,
"baba, I'm deliver the pizza."

336
00:18:42,639 --> 00:18:44,672
"oh, I will call you
later, then."

337
00:18:44,674 --> 00:18:47,708
he said, "inshallah, baba."

338
00:18:47,710 --> 00:18:50,728
that was his last word
for me to hear.

339
00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:52,980
Freeman: Inshallah.
That means "god willing," right?

340
00:18:52,982 --> 00:18:54,665
Jitmoud: Yes, god willing.

341
00:18:54,667 --> 00:18:59,337
Then a few hours later,
he had one more delivery to do.

342
00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:03,541
Freeman: Salahuddin was called
to an apartment complex

343
00:19:03,543 --> 00:19:07,111
on the outskirts of the city.

344
00:19:07,113 --> 00:19:11,265
Jitmoud: Actually, that order
not supposed to be his order.

345
00:19:11,267 --> 00:19:14,101
It's another lady
supposed to deliver,

346
00:19:14,103 --> 00:19:17,572
but she afraid,
so salahuddin volunteer.

347
00:19:17,574 --> 00:19:18,472
(knocking)

348
00:19:19,976 --> 00:19:21,776
freeman: As he approached
the door,

349
00:19:21,778 --> 00:19:26,480
he was attacked, robbed,
and stabbed to death.

350
00:19:28,368 --> 00:19:31,969
(siren)

351
00:19:31,971 --> 00:19:34,872
did the police ever
figure out who?

352
00:19:34,874 --> 00:19:35,640
Jitmoud: Yes.

353
00:19:35,642 --> 00:19:37,008
Freeman: Did they catch him?

354
00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:39,944
Trey alexander relford,
along with two accomplices,

355
00:19:39,946 --> 00:19:45,199
had devised a plan to rob
a pizza delivery driver.

356
00:19:45,201 --> 00:19:48,803
Salahuddin became their target.

357
00:19:48,805 --> 00:19:53,040
Relford was found guilty
for his role in the killing.

358
00:19:53,042 --> 00:19:56,143
Dr. Jitmoud agreed
to a plea deal

359
00:19:56,145 --> 00:19:59,981
that kept relford from
receiving the death penalty.

360
00:19:59,983 --> 00:20:02,533
But it was what happened
at the sentencing

361
00:20:02,535 --> 00:20:05,236
that caught the attention
of the media.

362
00:20:27,543 --> 00:20:29,844
Trey alexander relford:
I'm sorry about
what happened that day.

363
00:20:33,149 --> 00:20:37,368
Jitmoud: He really remorseful,
and he's apologetic to me,

364
00:20:37,370 --> 00:20:43,908
and I feel that he looking
for some caring, some comfort.

365
00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:46,978
That's why when I hug him,
I said that...

366
00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:48,312
Freeman: Wait a minute,
wait a minute.

367
00:20:48,314 --> 00:20:49,647
You hugged him?

368
00:20:49,649 --> 00:20:51,465
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.

369
00:20:51,467 --> 00:20:53,534
♪ ♪

370
00:20:53,536 --> 00:20:58,739
♪ ♪

371
00:20:58,741 --> 00:21:05,146
(sobbing)

372
00:21:06,683 --> 00:21:10,301
we just hug each other
like a father and son.

373
00:21:10,303 --> 00:21:13,771
And I feel he is one
of my flesh and blood.

374
00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:20,745
♪ ♪

375
00:21:20,747 --> 00:21:25,499
and I told him, "oh, my son,
I have forgiven you."

376
00:21:28,237 --> 00:21:31,605
"you have a brand-new
chapter of life.

377
00:21:31,607 --> 00:21:36,777
Make yourself a change
and become a good person."

378
00:21:36,779 --> 00:21:39,080
that was my message to him.

379
00:21:39,082 --> 00:21:41,699
Judge: I think this may be
a good time to take a break.

380
00:21:41,701 --> 00:21:42,833
Thank you.

381
00:21:45,071 --> 00:21:47,938
Freeman: Where do you get the,

382
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:52,343
I don't know,
the mercy to do that?

383
00:21:52,345 --> 00:21:53,878
He's the murderer of your son.

384
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:56,781
You, and you forgive?

385
00:21:56,783 --> 00:22:00,701
Jitmoud: Mr. Freeman,
it didn't come easy,

386
00:22:00,703 --> 00:22:04,805
but because of shahada,

387
00:22:04,807 --> 00:22:09,010
our deep belief
in the oneness of god.

388
00:22:11,948 --> 00:22:14,648
Freeman: The shahada is
the first and greatest

389
00:22:14,650 --> 00:22:17,968
of the five pillars of islam.

390
00:22:17,970 --> 00:22:23,407
These fundamental rules are the
foundation of the muslim faith.

391
00:22:23,409 --> 00:22:28,279
The shahada states that
there is no god but allah,

392
00:22:28,281 --> 00:22:32,133
and muhammad is his messenger.

393
00:22:32,135 --> 00:22:34,835
How does that manifest itself
in daily life?

394
00:22:34,837 --> 00:22:37,071
Jitmoud: Because god
create all of us.

395
00:22:37,073 --> 00:22:38,806
We have to be good to everyone

396
00:22:38,808 --> 00:22:43,477
and be merciful to the one
who hurt us the most,

397
00:22:43,479 --> 00:22:47,014
so that we can earn
allah forgiveness.

398
00:22:47,016 --> 00:22:49,100
Freeman: It's jesus and
the sermon on the mount.

399
00:22:49,102 --> 00:22:49,934
Jitmoud: Yes.

400
00:22:49,936 --> 00:22:51,602
Freeman: Forgive thine enemy.

401
00:22:51,604 --> 00:22:53,404
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.

402
00:22:53,406 --> 00:22:57,942
Freeman: Now, there was
a moment in the tragedy

403
00:22:57,944 --> 00:23:01,846
of salahuddin's death
that gave you some comfort.

404
00:23:01,848 --> 00:23:02,780
Jitmoud: Yes, sir.

405
00:23:02,782 --> 00:23:04,448
At the time of death,

406
00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:09,036
islam emphasize that you should
have a moment to say,

407
00:23:09,038 --> 00:23:13,140
"laa ilaaha ill-allah"
with the finger up, to testify.

408
00:23:13,142 --> 00:23:16,243
The night of murder,
there was a witness

409
00:23:16,245 --> 00:23:22,081
who had observed salahuddin body
lean against the wall,

410
00:23:22,083 --> 00:23:24,568
and his finger go like this.

411
00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:27,405
She realized he is muslim,
he's muslim,

412
00:23:27,407 --> 00:23:29,256
because the way he raise finger,

413
00:23:29,258 --> 00:23:32,309
that's meaning
he recite shahada.

414
00:23:32,311 --> 00:23:34,378
At the time of sorrow,

415
00:23:34,380 --> 00:23:39,133
god send this incident to
comfort me and all of my sons.

416
00:23:41,370 --> 00:23:42,236
Thank you so much.

417
00:23:42,238 --> 00:23:44,672
Freeman: Thank you so much.

418
00:23:44,674 --> 00:23:47,408
And peace and blessings
be upon you, sir.

419
00:23:47,410 --> 00:23:51,745
♪ ♪

420
00:23:51,747 --> 00:23:57,768
♪ ♪

421
00:23:57,770 --> 00:24:04,241
♪ ♪

422
00:24:04,243 --> 00:24:05,676
thank you, sir.

423
00:24:05,678 --> 00:24:11,866
♪ ♪

424
00:24:11,868 --> 00:24:15,336
I find what dr. Jitmoud did
truly humbling.

425
00:24:15,338 --> 00:24:16,670
Of course, he would say

426
00:24:16,672 --> 00:24:20,841
he was just following god's
commandments of shahada.

427
00:24:20,843 --> 00:24:22,910
I think many people see
god's commandments

428
00:24:22,912 --> 00:24:25,179
as just admonitions.

429
00:24:25,181 --> 00:24:26,981
What people like dr. Jitmoud
understand

430
00:24:26,983 --> 00:24:28,799
is that they are god's way
of showing us

431
00:24:28,801 --> 00:24:31,769
how to live better lives,

432
00:24:31,771 --> 00:24:35,773
as communities, as individuals,

433
00:24:35,775 --> 00:24:39,310
as members of the human race.

434
00:24:39,312 --> 00:24:45,065
♪ ♪

435
00:24:45,067 --> 00:24:49,103
when our instincts might drive
us to revenge and violence,

436
00:24:49,105 --> 00:24:52,439
holy laws can show us
a better way forward.

437
00:24:52,441 --> 00:24:54,708
One religious group hopes
to spread this message

438
00:24:54,710 --> 00:24:58,879
to the whole world and to
eradicate violence completely.

439
00:25:06,839 --> 00:25:12,009
♪ ♪

440
00:25:12,011 --> 00:25:14,812
♪ ♪

441
00:25:14,814 --> 00:25:19,066
freeman: I've come to kathmandu,
nepal, to learn about jainism,

442
00:25:19,068 --> 00:25:23,137
a faith whose ultimate holy law
is non-violence.

443
00:25:24,674 --> 00:25:29,109
With me is religious scholar
pankaj jain.

444
00:25:29,111 --> 00:25:31,312
He's invited me to
the local jain temple

445
00:25:31,314 --> 00:25:36,734
to witness a religious ceremony
known as the puja.

446
00:25:36,736 --> 00:25:38,269
Pankaj jain: And here we are.

447
00:25:38,271 --> 00:25:40,170
Freeman: Okay.

448
00:25:40,172 --> 00:25:45,209
(singing, clapping)

449
00:25:45,211 --> 00:25:50,247
(singing, clapping)

450
00:25:50,249 --> 00:25:56,637
(singing, clapping)

451
00:25:56,639 --> 00:26:00,608
the puja demonstrates
the virtuous way.

452
00:26:00,610 --> 00:26:05,179
Water symbolizes the washing
away of spiritual impurities.

453
00:26:09,502 --> 00:26:11,268
Fire illuminates,

454
00:26:11,270 --> 00:26:15,639
destroying the darkness
of delusion.

455
00:26:15,641 --> 00:26:18,409
(speaking native language)

456
00:26:30,740 --> 00:26:33,874
(singing, clapping)

457
00:26:33,876 --> 00:26:35,342
all: Svaha.

458
00:26:35,344 --> 00:26:38,646
Freeman: Food offerings,
such as rice and almonds,

459
00:26:38,648 --> 00:26:41,448
connote sacrifice.

460
00:26:41,450 --> 00:26:44,568
(singing)

461
00:26:49,709 --> 00:26:51,909
freeman:
And dried coconuts represent

462
00:26:51,911 --> 00:26:55,379
the believer's own mind
waking up.

463
00:26:55,381 --> 00:26:57,915
(singing)

464
00:26:57,917 --> 00:27:00,501
(bell ringing)

465
00:27:00,503 --> 00:27:02,202
all: Svaha.

466
00:27:03,472 --> 00:27:07,541
Monk: Every human being
ignorantly, they are sad.

467
00:27:07,543 --> 00:27:11,245
But whenever they will getting
the knowledge, right knowledge,

468
00:27:11,247 --> 00:27:13,647
the right conduct,
right character,

469
00:27:13,649 --> 00:27:16,033
then they're becoming
like god would.

470
00:27:16,035 --> 00:27:17,301
This is our aim.

471
00:27:17,303 --> 00:27:19,603
So every soul is...

472
00:27:19,605 --> 00:27:22,106
No one needs to be killed
in this globe.

473
00:27:22,108 --> 00:27:25,476
So we must give
the good knowledge.

474
00:27:25,478 --> 00:27:28,612
(singing)

475
00:27:28,614 --> 00:27:31,865
freeman: I'm curious to know
what knowledge jains believe

476
00:27:31,867 --> 00:27:36,570
will lead to universal
enlightenment and peace.

477
00:27:36,572 --> 00:27:40,607
So, the religion is called jain,

478
00:27:40,609 --> 00:27:44,745
and I'm talking to you,
and your name is jain.

479
00:27:44,747 --> 00:27:46,447
Is that a coincidence?

480
00:27:46,449 --> 00:27:48,666
Jain: Jain is
a very common surname,

481
00:27:48,668 --> 00:27:51,368
last name for people
practicing jainism.

482
00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:55,539
Jain word itself comes
from jina, j-I-n-a.

483
00:27:55,541 --> 00:27:57,775
Jina who have conquered
all their passions,

484
00:27:57,777 --> 00:28:02,813
basically those who have
conquered themselves.

485
00:28:02,815 --> 00:28:06,166
Freeman: Much like buddhists,
jains strive for liberation

486
00:28:06,168 --> 00:28:10,237
from the cycle of birth and
death that is reincarnation.

487
00:28:12,241 --> 00:28:16,176
Jinas are people who have
attained that liberation.

488
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:21,348
Jain: So the jinas, they've
taken five great vows:

489
00:28:21,350 --> 00:28:23,834
Truth, non-violence,
non-accumulation,

490
00:28:23,836 --> 00:28:26,503
celibacy, and non-stealing.

491
00:28:26,505 --> 00:28:31,442
Every jain hopes to become like
jina, so we follow their path.

492
00:28:31,444 --> 00:28:33,844
Freeman: So these five vows...

493
00:28:33,846 --> 00:28:35,245
Jain: Vows.

494
00:28:35,247 --> 00:28:39,533
Freeman: Is there one or two
more important than others?

495
00:28:39,535 --> 00:28:42,403
Jain: Typically, jains today
describe their religion

496
00:28:42,405 --> 00:28:46,840
by the most fundamental practice
that is ahimsa, or non-violence.

497
00:28:46,842 --> 00:28:49,076
Let's stop and have compassion

498
00:28:49,078 --> 00:28:51,912
towards your fellow beings
in the universe.

499
00:28:51,914 --> 00:28:53,480
Freeman: How do you
live like that?

500
00:28:53,482 --> 00:28:54,648
(laughs)

501
00:28:54,650 --> 00:28:57,067
jain: Jains really practice
non-violence

502
00:28:57,069 --> 00:28:59,203
by practicing vegetarianism.

503
00:28:59,205 --> 00:29:03,907
They have never even tasted
meat or egg or seafood.

504
00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:08,045
The root vegetables is also
amounts to violence,

505
00:29:08,047 --> 00:29:10,814
because when you kill
the root of a plant,

506
00:29:10,816 --> 00:29:13,000
you're killing the entire plant.

507
00:29:13,002 --> 00:29:15,736
Another example of
practicing non-violence,

508
00:29:15,738 --> 00:29:17,204
is when monks and nuns,

509
00:29:17,206 --> 00:29:21,475
they keep sweeping the floor
by a peacock brush,

510
00:29:21,477 --> 00:29:24,278
so that they do not
kill even a bug.

511
00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:25,813
Freeman: Alright,
so what about breathing?

512
00:29:25,815 --> 00:29:29,833
I mean, there, things float
in the air, they're there.

513
00:29:29,835 --> 00:29:30,901
What do you do there?

514
00:29:30,903 --> 00:29:33,003
Jain: Right, so there is
one sect in jainism,

515
00:29:33,005 --> 00:29:37,474
in which they put a mask
on their mouth.

516
00:29:37,476 --> 00:29:40,444
They're not supposed to even
unintentionally breath in

517
00:29:40,446 --> 00:29:43,013
any micro-organism.

518
00:29:43,015 --> 00:29:45,833
Freeman: Some jains,
usually late in life,

519
00:29:45,835 --> 00:29:47,401
take the vow of non-violence

520
00:29:47,403 --> 00:29:50,871
to the point where
they stop eating altogether

521
00:29:50,873 --> 00:29:54,875
and allow themselves to die.

522
00:29:54,877 --> 00:30:00,080
Is it unfair to label this
as a bit of extremism?

523
00:30:00,082 --> 00:30:01,148
Jain: I prefer the word

524
00:30:01,150 --> 00:30:03,333
"ultimate example
of non-violence."

525
00:30:03,335 --> 00:30:08,872
ahimsa, or non-violence,
leads to peaceful coexistence,

526
00:30:08,874 --> 00:30:12,376
more acceptance of different
faiths, different practices,

527
00:30:12,378 --> 00:30:15,078
and that was really embraced
by great leaders

528
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:17,447
such as mahatma gandhi.

529
00:30:19,602 --> 00:30:22,402
And mahatma gandhi,
in turn, influenced

530
00:30:22,404 --> 00:30:27,241
dr. Martin luther king
in the united states

531
00:30:27,243 --> 00:30:31,245
and also nelson mandela
in south africa.

532
00:30:31,247 --> 00:30:32,846
Freeman: The world
could use more jainism.

533
00:30:32,848 --> 00:30:34,248
Jain: Yes.
Freeman: That's for sure.

534
00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:35,799
Jain: Very well said. Yeah.

535
00:30:35,801 --> 00:30:38,502
Definitely non-violence
is needed.

536
00:30:38,504 --> 00:30:39,403
Freeman: Peace on earth.

537
00:30:39,405 --> 00:30:40,237
Jain: Peace on earth.

538
00:30:40,239 --> 00:30:41,538
Freeman: Yeah.

539
00:30:41,540 --> 00:30:44,208
(bell ringing)

540
00:30:44,210 --> 00:30:50,247
(singing)

541
00:30:50,249 --> 00:30:57,104
(singing)

542
00:30:57,106 --> 00:30:58,739
non-violence.

543
00:30:58,741 --> 00:31:01,008
Ahimsa.

544
00:31:01,010 --> 00:31:03,410
Some of the people
I admire most,

545
00:31:03,412 --> 00:31:06,747
gandhi, martin luther king,
mandela,

546
00:31:06,749 --> 00:31:09,867
all lived by this principle.

547
00:31:09,869 --> 00:31:15,739
For the jains, non-violence
represents a higher road,

548
00:31:15,741 --> 00:31:21,712
to strive, to live above
our base of instincts,

549
00:31:21,714 --> 00:31:24,414
to be more...

550
00:31:24,416 --> 00:31:26,133
God-like.

551
00:31:29,805 --> 00:31:34,041
But for every high road,
there's a low road.

552
00:31:34,043 --> 00:31:37,611
There's another way to keep
the faithful on the right path:

553
00:31:37,613 --> 00:31:39,713
Fear of divine retribution.

554
00:31:49,608 --> 00:31:51,775
Freeman: Naples, Italy.

555
00:31:54,647 --> 00:31:58,348
This metropolis sits in
the shadow of an active volcano,

556
00:31:58,350 --> 00:32:00,968
mount vesuvius.

557
00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:04,504
When vesuvius erupted in 79 ad,

558
00:32:04,506 --> 00:32:09,409
it buried a different city
in ash and volcanic rock:

559
00:32:09,411 --> 00:32:10,744
Pompeii.

560
00:32:12,548 --> 00:32:13,714
(thunder)

561
00:32:13,716 --> 00:32:16,767
when natural disaster strikes,

562
00:32:16,769 --> 00:32:21,371
there are people who see it
as a sign of the wrath of god.

563
00:32:21,373 --> 00:32:23,907
Just like in sodom and gomorrah,

564
00:32:23,909 --> 00:32:28,128
god is punishing
unrepentant sinners.

565
00:32:28,130 --> 00:32:31,915
Hurricane katrina and
the haitian earthquake

566
00:32:31,917 --> 00:32:34,901
were both labeled acts
of divine retribution

567
00:32:34,903 --> 00:32:36,937
by radical preachers.

568
00:32:36,939 --> 00:32:38,972
♪ ♪

569
00:32:38,974 --> 00:32:44,177
♪ ♪

570
00:32:44,179 --> 00:32:46,613
I'm meeting archaeologist
and historian

571
00:32:46,615 --> 00:32:49,232
andrew wallace-hadrill.

572
00:32:49,234 --> 00:32:51,735
I want to know
whether ancient romans

573
00:32:51,737 --> 00:32:55,272
saw the fire and brimstone
that engulfed pompeii

574
00:32:55,274 --> 00:32:57,741
as divine punishment.

575
00:32:57,743 --> 00:33:00,210
So, that's it right there.

576
00:33:00,212 --> 00:33:02,379
Wallace-hadrill:
That's vesuvius.

577
00:33:02,381 --> 00:33:07,067
They organized their forum
to look at the mountain.

578
00:33:07,069 --> 00:33:10,103
Freeman: How many people
would you say lived here?

579
00:33:10,105 --> 00:33:11,571
Wallace-hadrill:
The estimates vary between,

580
00:33:11,573 --> 00:33:14,041
say, 10,000 and 20,000.

581
00:33:14,043 --> 00:33:20,013
♪ ♪

582
00:33:20,015 --> 00:33:25,469
what happens is
when vesuvius blows,

583
00:33:25,471 --> 00:33:27,838
there's a column that
shoots up into the air,

584
00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:31,675
20 miles up into
the stratosphere.

585
00:33:31,677 --> 00:33:33,710
♪ ♪

586
00:33:33,712 --> 00:33:40,033
♪ ♪

587
00:33:40,035 --> 00:33:44,071
and it rains
the little pebbles of pumice,

588
00:33:44,073 --> 00:33:47,207
and it just fills
this entire area,

589
00:33:47,209 --> 00:33:49,376
but that's not the killer.

590
00:33:49,378 --> 00:33:52,979
♪ ♪

591
00:33:52,981 --> 00:33:55,115
the killer is later.

592
00:33:55,117 --> 00:33:57,334
When the column collapses...

593
00:34:00,072 --> 00:34:03,040
You get pyroclastic surges.

594
00:34:03,042 --> 00:34:05,475
That is really hot gas.

595
00:34:05,477 --> 00:34:10,147
400 degrees fahrenheit
by the time it reaches pompeii.

596
00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:15,235
♪ ♪

597
00:34:15,237 --> 00:34:17,671
there's no way
you can survive it.

598
00:34:17,673 --> 00:34:19,706
♪ ♪

599
00:34:19,708 --> 00:34:24,845
♪ ♪

600
00:34:24,847 --> 00:34:26,613
freeman: That's a person?

601
00:34:26,615 --> 00:34:30,033
Wallace-hadrill:
That's actually a cast.

602
00:34:30,035 --> 00:34:32,702
And inside of it,
there's still the bones.

603
00:34:32,704 --> 00:34:34,638
Freeman: Inside of...
Skull, bones?

604
00:34:34,640 --> 00:34:37,274
Wallace-hadrill: Yeah, yeah.

605
00:34:37,276 --> 00:34:39,576
Freeman: Holy cow.

606
00:34:39,578 --> 00:34:42,813
Wallace-hadrill:
You can see he's covering
his face because...

607
00:34:42,815 --> 00:34:43,947
Freeman: Yeah, he can't breathe.

608
00:34:43,949 --> 00:34:46,166
Wallace-hadrill:
He can't breathe, can't breathe.

609
00:34:46,168 --> 00:34:47,934
Freeman: Vesuvius's victims
were found

610
00:34:47,936 --> 00:34:51,538
when excavations
started in 1748.

611
00:34:51,540 --> 00:34:53,740
Beginning in the 19th century,

612
00:34:53,742 --> 00:34:58,145
dozens of them were preserved
by creating plaster casts.

613
00:34:58,147 --> 00:35:00,514
How did they make sense
of what happened here?

614
00:35:00,516 --> 00:35:01,648
Wallace-hadrill:
We actually don't know

615
00:35:01,650 --> 00:35:03,133
whether they blamed
the gods or not,

616
00:35:03,135 --> 00:35:05,735
but the gods really
matter for them.

617
00:35:05,737 --> 00:35:10,006
You go into a house,
there are shrines to the gods.

618
00:35:10,008 --> 00:35:11,108
Freeman: Okay, can we see
any of that?

619
00:35:11,110 --> 00:35:12,476
Wallace-hadrill: Yes.

620
00:35:12,478 --> 00:35:13,510
Freeman: I want to see.
Wallace-hadrill: Let's go see.

621
00:35:16,148 --> 00:35:19,132
Freeman: Excavations of pompeii
not only unearthed bodies

622
00:35:19,134 --> 00:35:21,601
frozen in their moment of death,

623
00:35:21,603 --> 00:35:24,254
it also gave
archaeologists insight

624
00:35:24,256 --> 00:35:28,441
into what everyday romans
believed about divine will.

625
00:35:30,379 --> 00:35:32,245
Alright, what is this, andrew?

626
00:35:32,247 --> 00:35:35,315
Wallace-hadrill: So, this,
this is a household shrine.

627
00:35:35,317 --> 00:35:39,402
It's where you worship the lares
who are the household gods.

628
00:35:39,404 --> 00:35:42,005
For the ancients,
the gods are here in the house.

629
00:35:42,007 --> 00:35:43,507
They're out there in the street.

630
00:35:43,509 --> 00:35:44,975
They're everywhere.

631
00:35:46,678 --> 00:35:47,978
Freeman: Is that merc?

632
00:35:47,980 --> 00:35:49,880
Wallace-hadrill: That's mercury.
And do you see down here?

633
00:35:49,882 --> 00:35:51,047
Freeman: Yeah.

634
00:35:51,049 --> 00:35:52,048
Wallace-hadrill:
You've got a little altar.

635
00:35:52,050 --> 00:35:53,166
Freeman: Yeah.

636
00:35:53,168 --> 00:35:54,701
Wallace-hadrill: And on
the altar's an offering.

637
00:35:54,703 --> 00:35:56,169
This is how you do a sacrifice.

638
00:35:56,171 --> 00:35:57,304
Freeman: Alright.

639
00:35:57,306 --> 00:35:59,372
Wallace-hadrill:
In the household, you sacrifice

640
00:35:59,374 --> 00:36:02,943
just things like eggs and
a bit of, a bit of flour.

641
00:36:02,945 --> 00:36:05,812
You'd leave it up here.

642
00:36:05,814 --> 00:36:08,648
It may only be a cake,
but you're sacrificing it.

643
00:36:08,650 --> 00:36:11,468
Instead of eating it, you're
putting it out for the gods.

644
00:36:11,470 --> 00:36:13,570
And it's part
of this sort of deal

645
00:36:13,572 --> 00:36:15,639
that you're doing with the gods.

646
00:36:15,641 --> 00:36:17,107
You give something to them...

647
00:36:17,109 --> 00:36:18,008
Freeman: They give
something to you.

648
00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:18,808
Wallace-hadrill: Yep.

649
00:36:18,810 --> 00:36:19,643
Freeman: Quid pro quo.

650
00:36:19,645 --> 00:36:20,844
Wallace-hadrill: Quid pro quo.

651
00:36:20,846 --> 00:36:22,946
(laughs)

652
00:36:22,948 --> 00:36:28,034
freeman: So with all this
sacrificing and offerings,

653
00:36:28,036 --> 00:36:32,606
did the people feel that somehow
they did something wrong

654
00:36:32,608 --> 00:36:35,375
and they're being punished
by the gods?

655
00:36:35,377 --> 00:36:38,879
Wallace-hadrill: You don't have
this idea of the eruption

656
00:36:38,881 --> 00:36:40,914
as divine punishment.

657
00:36:40,916 --> 00:36:43,433
They haven't got
one great, angry god

658
00:36:43,435 --> 00:36:47,137
who if you don't worship him
will destroy your city.

659
00:36:47,139 --> 00:36:50,507
You've got loads of gods, and
they're much more interested in,

660
00:36:50,509 --> 00:36:53,143
have I offended
this particular god?

661
00:36:53,145 --> 00:36:54,945
Is mercury upset with me?

662
00:36:54,947 --> 00:36:58,315
Is that why I'm not making
a profit this year?

663
00:36:58,317 --> 00:37:01,935
Freeman: The roman gods didn't
care about your moral conduct.

664
00:37:01,937 --> 00:37:04,905
There were no divine rules
to break.

665
00:37:04,907 --> 00:37:07,507
The only way to incur
their wrath

666
00:37:07,509 --> 00:37:10,443
was to be stingy
with your gifts.

667
00:37:10,445 --> 00:37:11,544
What about other religions?

668
00:37:11,546 --> 00:37:15,348
I mean, how did they
explain vesuvius?

669
00:37:15,350 --> 00:37:16,900
Wallace-hadrill:
Really what we get

670
00:37:16,902 --> 00:37:21,137
is a much later
judeo-christian interpretation,

671
00:37:21,139 --> 00:37:24,441
because they thought, what does
the eruption mean to people?

672
00:37:24,443 --> 00:37:27,944
And they go to the biblical
story of sodom and gomorrah,

673
00:37:27,946 --> 00:37:30,247
and it's seen
as an act of god...

674
00:37:30,249 --> 00:37:31,581
Freeman: Right.

675
00:37:31,583 --> 00:37:34,034
Wallace-hadrill: Punishing,
but that's, that's not antique.

676
00:37:34,036 --> 00:37:38,171
That's not what the ancients
were making of it. That's us!

677
00:37:38,173 --> 00:37:44,744
♪ ♪

678
00:37:44,746 --> 00:37:47,647
freeman: When nature unleashes
its raw power,

679
00:37:47,649 --> 00:37:50,433
be it with volcanoes,
earthquakes,

680
00:37:50,435 --> 00:37:53,103
hurricanes or tsunamis,

681
00:37:53,105 --> 00:37:57,574
we are humbled
by our human frailty.

682
00:37:57,576 --> 00:38:02,412
The romans believed that their
gods needed constant attention,

683
00:38:02,414 --> 00:38:05,799
in order to offer protection.

684
00:38:05,801 --> 00:38:08,735
But there were no commandments
to be broken.

685
00:38:08,737 --> 00:38:12,155
No moral failings that
would cause their wrath.

686
00:38:14,309 --> 00:38:16,910
Today, most people
on earth believe

687
00:38:16,912 --> 00:38:21,481
we must live by divinely
inspired moral laws.

688
00:38:21,483 --> 00:38:26,303
But when cultures clash,
holy laws come into conflict,

689
00:38:26,305 --> 00:38:28,805
and people take
divine retribution

690
00:38:28,807 --> 00:38:30,874
into their own hands.

691
00:38:31,977 --> 00:38:33,610
(boom)

692
00:38:40,969 --> 00:38:45,638
♪ ♪

693
00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:51,044
♪ ♪

694
00:38:51,046 --> 00:38:57,033
♪ ♪

695
00:38:57,035 --> 00:39:00,236
freeman: Thou shalt not
commit adultery.

696
00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:05,208
Thou shalt not covet
thy neighbor's house.

697
00:39:08,246 --> 00:39:11,614
Thou shalt not steal.

698
00:39:11,616 --> 00:39:16,403
Those jewish laws merged
with the political systems

699
00:39:16,405 --> 00:39:22,008
of ancient greece and rome and
helped build the western world.

700
00:39:22,010 --> 00:39:24,744
But they aren't universal rules.

701
00:39:24,746 --> 00:39:29,466
They don't form the foundation
of all societies.

702
00:39:29,468 --> 00:39:34,304
One faith's prohibition
could be another's virtue.

703
00:39:34,306 --> 00:39:37,607
And as cultures meet,

704
00:39:37,609 --> 00:39:40,610
commandments can drive
a wedge between them.

705
00:39:44,182 --> 00:39:46,966
♪ ♪

706
00:39:46,968 --> 00:39:50,203
in bamiyan, afghanistan,
in 2001,

707
00:39:50,205 --> 00:39:53,306
the taliban ordered that
the tallest statues of buddha

708
00:39:53,308 --> 00:39:57,143
in the world be destroyed.

709
00:39:57,145 --> 00:39:59,446
The motivation was
the islamic prohibition

710
00:39:59,448 --> 00:40:02,182
against idolatrous images,

711
00:40:02,184 --> 00:40:06,736
stemming from the second
commandment of jewish law.

712
00:40:06,738 --> 00:40:10,507
Most muslims decried
these acts as extreme

713
00:40:10,509 --> 00:40:13,009
and intolerant of other faiths.

714
00:40:13,011 --> 00:40:14,611
(boom)

715
00:40:15,747 --> 00:40:17,914
but mass destruction
of religious icons

716
00:40:17,916 --> 00:40:19,799
has happened before.

717
00:40:19,801 --> 00:40:23,837
The perpetrators were christian.

718
00:40:23,839 --> 00:40:27,006
♪ ♪

719
00:40:27,008 --> 00:40:31,077
the conflict erupted here,
in istanbul, turkey,

720
00:40:31,079 --> 00:40:34,047
1,300 years ago.

721
00:40:34,049 --> 00:40:36,199
Journalist nelufar hedayat
has come here

722
00:40:36,201 --> 00:40:38,768
to visit the hagia sophia.

723
00:40:38,770 --> 00:40:43,239
♪ ♪

724
00:40:43,241 --> 00:40:45,408
and to learn how a holy law

725
00:40:45,410 --> 00:40:49,312
divided the entire
christian empire.

726
00:40:49,314 --> 00:40:52,899
She's meeting archaeologist
alessandra ricci.

727
00:40:52,901 --> 00:40:54,834
Alessandra ricci: Hello.
Hedayat: How are you?

728
00:40:54,836 --> 00:40:57,704
Ricci: So nice to meet you.
Welcome to istanbul.

729
00:41:00,542 --> 00:41:02,842
Hedayat: My god.

730
00:41:02,844 --> 00:41:07,080
It looks so much bigger
on the inside.

731
00:41:07,082 --> 00:41:09,466
Ricci: This is a building
that envelops you.

732
00:41:09,468 --> 00:41:11,668
Hedayat: You're hit by
the majesty of it all.

733
00:41:11,670 --> 00:41:14,938
It's just so stunning.

734
00:41:14,940 --> 00:41:16,105
This place just looks like

735
00:41:16,107 --> 00:41:20,810
there's layer upon layer
of history.

736
00:41:20,812 --> 00:41:24,747
Freeman: The hagia sophia
was built in the year 537

737
00:41:24,749 --> 00:41:27,433
by emperor justinian.

738
00:41:27,435 --> 00:41:31,671
At the time, it was the largest
building in the world,

739
00:41:31,673 --> 00:41:35,975
and the greatest church in
the byzantine christian empire.

740
00:41:37,779 --> 00:41:40,446
In 1453, the ottomans
conquered the city

741
00:41:40,448 --> 00:41:44,000
and turned hagia sophia
into a mosque.

742
00:41:44,002 --> 00:41:48,771
Since 1935, it's been a museum
where visitors can see

743
00:41:48,773 --> 00:41:53,443
spectacular religious art
from both faiths.

744
00:41:53,445 --> 00:41:56,145
One of these artworks,
the deësis,

745
00:41:56,147 --> 00:42:01,501
is a window into a tumultuous
century of early christianity.

746
00:42:01,503 --> 00:42:06,439
Ricci: Here, on this wall,
in the center is christ

747
00:42:06,441 --> 00:42:10,476
and then is his mother,
the mother of god,

748
00:42:10,478 --> 00:42:13,446
and john the baptist over here.

749
00:42:13,448 --> 00:42:16,065
Hedayat: Alessandra,
this is absolutely beautiful,

750
00:42:16,067 --> 00:42:18,535
but I've seen countless images
just like this

751
00:42:18,537 --> 00:42:19,669
within christianity.

752
00:42:19,671 --> 00:42:21,538
Why is this controversial?

753
00:42:21,540 --> 00:42:25,475
Ricci: This representation of
christ might have been similar

754
00:42:25,477 --> 00:42:29,812
to an earlier one,
which decorated the entrance

755
00:42:29,814 --> 00:42:33,833
into the imperial palace
of the byzantine emperors.

756
00:42:33,835 --> 00:42:40,073
And in 726, the emperor leo
decided to remove

757
00:42:40,075 --> 00:42:45,445
and actually destroy that
holy representation of christ.

758
00:42:46,815 --> 00:42:48,982
Freeman: The destruction
was the opening salvo

759
00:42:48,984 --> 00:42:52,368
of more than a hundred years
where the christian empire

760
00:42:52,370 --> 00:42:55,672
banned graven images
in religious art.

761
00:42:55,674 --> 00:42:56,739
Hedayat: They were doing this

762
00:42:56,741 --> 00:42:58,174
because
the second commandment says,

763
00:42:58,176 --> 00:43:01,511
"thou shalt not make unto thee
any graven images."

764
00:43:01,513 --> 00:43:02,579
ricci: Right.

765
00:43:02,581 --> 00:43:06,199
A lot of figural representations
of the holy

766
00:43:06,201 --> 00:43:08,735
were destroyed in the city

767
00:43:08,737 --> 00:43:13,806
and probably around
the byzantine empire.

768
00:43:13,808 --> 00:43:18,711
Hedayat: In islam, in my faith,
we prohibit the representation

769
00:43:18,713 --> 00:43:21,881
of god or the prophet muhammad,
in any form,

770
00:43:21,883 --> 00:43:25,535
but in christianity this was
so important and fundamental.

771
00:43:25,537 --> 00:43:27,470
How did this start?

772
00:43:27,472 --> 00:43:29,172
Ricci: If we look east,

773
00:43:29,174 --> 00:43:33,610
beyond the borders
of the byzantine empire,

774
00:43:33,612 --> 00:43:38,281
at this very moment what
you have is the rise of islam,

775
00:43:38,283 --> 00:43:42,302
and it was the rise of islam
that may have encouraged leo

776
00:43:42,304 --> 00:43:47,240
to look at that commandment
in a more strict fashion,

777
00:43:47,242 --> 00:43:52,278
by saying you should not worship
these human images

778
00:43:52,280 --> 00:43:56,432
and not associate them
with the divine.

779
00:43:56,434 --> 00:43:58,601
Freeman: It wasn't just
the rise of islam

780
00:43:58,603 --> 00:44:02,438
that spurred leo to rethink
the second commandment.

781
00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:04,273
In his powerful empire,

782
00:44:04,275 --> 00:44:08,828
images of christ were also being
used for non-religious ends.

783
00:44:08,830 --> 00:44:12,965
Ricci: What you have here is
an empress by the name of irene,

784
00:44:12,967 --> 00:44:19,038
and next to her is her second
husband, constantine monomachos.

785
00:44:19,040 --> 00:44:21,441
And what the imperial figures
are doing here...

786
00:44:21,443 --> 00:44:22,742
Hedayat: Yes.

787
00:44:22,744 --> 00:44:25,545
Ricci: ...They are carrying
a donation to the church.

788
00:44:25,547 --> 00:44:27,213
Hedayat: Of money?
Ricci: Yes.

789
00:44:27,215 --> 00:44:28,514
Hedayat: And we've got it
right here,

790
00:44:28,516 --> 00:44:31,401
where emperor and empress
are sat next to christ.

791
00:44:31,403 --> 00:44:33,903
And putting yourself
into the picture like this,

792
00:44:33,905 --> 00:44:35,571
I can see how that
would be problematic

793
00:44:35,573 --> 00:44:38,441
when it comes to
the second commandment.

794
00:44:38,443 --> 00:44:41,678
Freeman: The ideological battle
over the second commandment

795
00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:47,066
raged back and forth until 843,
when empress theodora

796
00:44:47,068 --> 00:44:50,436
permanently reinstated
the use of icons.

797
00:44:50,438 --> 00:44:53,406
Ricci: What you see standing
above the apse,

798
00:44:53,408 --> 00:44:56,476
which was the holiest place
of the building,

799
00:44:56,478 --> 00:45:01,414
is this beautiful mosaic of the
mother of god, the theotokos.

800
00:45:01,416 --> 00:45:04,867
She's holding on her lap
the infant jesus,

801
00:45:04,869 --> 00:45:10,106
and this mosaic marks the return
of religious imagery

802
00:45:10,108 --> 00:45:13,810
in eastern mediterranean
christian churches.

803
00:45:13,812 --> 00:45:18,464
♪ ♪

804
00:45:18,466 --> 00:45:21,033
hedayat: I'm from afghanistan,
alessandra,

805
00:45:21,035 --> 00:45:25,605
and the religious extremists
there have destroyed

806
00:45:25,607 --> 00:45:31,244
important parts of our cultural
and historic dna.

807
00:45:31,246 --> 00:45:35,848
So you don't have to go far
in history to see the importance

808
00:45:35,850 --> 00:45:41,137
of these images of the divine
and what it means to people.

809
00:45:41,139 --> 00:45:43,439
Freeman: Today, this
breathtaking building

810
00:45:43,441 --> 00:45:47,577
stands as a shining example
of religious tolerance.

811
00:45:47,579 --> 00:45:49,612
The first ottoman sultan
of istanbul

812
00:45:49,614 --> 00:45:53,065
turned the hagia sofia
into a mosque,

813
00:45:53,067 --> 00:45:56,536
but he did not destroy
the christian icons.

814
00:45:56,538 --> 00:46:01,507
He merely plastered over them,
preserving them for history.

815
00:46:01,509 --> 00:46:03,743
Ricci: I think what
we are seeing here

816
00:46:03,745 --> 00:46:07,380
is this beautiful visual
rendering of the holy,

817
00:46:07,382 --> 00:46:11,234
that stand here and
are made available

818
00:46:11,236 --> 00:46:16,939
to all visitors of all faith
and of all cultures.

819
00:46:16,941 --> 00:46:19,809
Hedayat: Such a joy.

820
00:46:19,811 --> 00:46:21,844
♪ ♪

821
00:46:21,846 --> 00:46:28,601
♪ ♪

822
00:46:28,603 --> 00:46:32,371
freeman: Do we still
need holy laws?

823
00:46:32,373 --> 00:46:34,106
In the hands of fanatics,

824
00:46:34,108 --> 00:46:38,110
they can lead to moral judgments
and conflict.

825
00:46:38,112 --> 00:46:41,447
But they can also point us
in the right direction,

826
00:46:41,449 --> 00:46:45,568
on the path to valuing peace
above all else.

827
00:46:45,570 --> 00:46:48,738
Living in harmony with others.

828
00:46:50,642 --> 00:46:53,709
And forgiving the most
grievous wrongs.

829
00:46:53,711 --> 00:46:58,548
I think divine laws are
so embedded in our lives

830
00:46:58,550 --> 00:47:00,700
that they are here to stay.

831
00:47:00,702 --> 00:47:04,704
Question is, how do we use them?

832
00:47:04,706 --> 00:47:07,340
To divide and demean,

833
00:47:07,342 --> 00:47:12,311
or as a reminder to honor
and respect each other,

834
00:47:12,313 --> 00:47:16,465
and to take care of this
remarkable world we live in.

835
00:47:18,903 --> 00:47:20,803
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