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MORGAN FREEMAN: I lived here
in Greenwood, Mississippi,

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00:00:14,014 --> 00:00:18,485
off and on from the age of 7
until I was 18.

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00:00:26,559 --> 00:00:29,462
I crossed a lot of hurdles here.

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Started first grade,

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learned how to drive a car,

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fell in love for the first time.

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00:00:37,637 --> 00:00:40,340
I also crossed
another hurdle here.

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I experienced death.

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00:00:46,146 --> 00:00:49,949
My paternal grandmother,
my brother.

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We all go through this,
of course.

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Everybody grieves,

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but some people have a certainty
that helps them cope with grief.

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They're certain they will see
their loved ones again

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00:01:04,164 --> 00:01:06,833
in heaven.

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00:01:06,833 --> 00:01:09,536
For some of us it's not
quite that simple.

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00:01:09,536 --> 00:01:15,842
In fact, it's the greatest
question we ask ourselves.

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What happens when we die?

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00:01:19,245 --> 00:01:27,420


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00:01:27,420 --> 00:01:30,824
Now I'm embarking
on an epic adventure

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00:01:30,824 --> 00:01:37,063
to discover what we believe
lies beyond death and why.

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Is there any scientific support
for the soul?

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I'll learn the true purpose
of the afterlife

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00:01:45,705 --> 00:01:47,173
for ancient Egyptians.

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00:01:47,173 --> 00:01:49,209
Oh, my goodness,
look at all this.

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Why the story of one man's
rebirth was so powerful

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it swept the globe.

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WOMAN: It is the resurrection
of Jesus

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that proves that
he's the Messiah.

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FREEMAN: How the Hindu faith
erased the fear of death.

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MAN: I accept that as
an inevitable part of life.

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00:02:06,192 --> 00:02:08,028
FREEMAN: And I'll explore
how science

33
00:02:08,028 --> 00:02:09,963
is trying to capture the soul.

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00:02:09,963 --> 00:02:12,565
ROBOT: I hope to be
fully human someday.

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FREEMAN: To bring eternal life
to this life.

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00:02:18,405 --> 00:02:34,087


37
00:02:34,087 --> 00:02:36,623
What is beyond death?

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How can any of us know?

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00:02:39,826 --> 00:02:41,728
But some people think they do,

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because they've been
to the brink of death.

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00:02:49,135 --> 00:02:51,771
Former research diver
David Bennett

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00:02:51,771 --> 00:02:55,141
is one of those people.

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00:02:55,141 --> 00:02:57,344
Which one are you looking at?

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00:02:57,344 --> 00:02:59,379
DAVID BENNETT: This window here,

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00:02:59,379 --> 00:03:03,683
the one with Jesus
in the lower corner there.

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He's quieting the storm.

48
00:03:05,719 --> 00:03:20,033


49
00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:23,403
Back in 1983,
off the California coast

50
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there was a storm,
about 25 to 30-foot seas,

51
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and so we started heading in.

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00:03:30,043 --> 00:03:33,613


53
00:03:33,613 --> 00:03:36,216
And all of a sudden,
we fell off a 30-footer...

54
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that fast...
[snaps finger]

55
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...and we just slid right off.

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And I looked up and
there was the next one,

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and it came right down
on top of us.

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I was in the bow,
it catapulted me into the sea,

59
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and I was just tumbled
and tossed like a rag doll.

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61
00:04:03,009 --> 00:04:05,879
You can only hold
your breath so long.

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You reach a point of release
where you just, you just let go

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and you breathe in salt water.

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00:04:14,621 --> 00:04:19,292
And it's, it's quite
a violent way to die.

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FREEMAN: No idea how deep?

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BENNETT: I hadn't,
I had totally lost my awareness

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00:04:31,404 --> 00:04:34,541
of my body and the ocean
at this point.

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00:04:34,541 --> 00:04:39,979


70
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Then I noticed this light.

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It was millions upon millions
of fragments of light.

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00:04:49,122 --> 00:04:53,760


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In all different colors,

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and they were all dancing
and swirling,

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but kind of like they were
one mind, though,

76
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and it was infinite.

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00:05:05,071 --> 00:05:06,539
FREEMAN: What did you think?

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00:05:06,539 --> 00:05:09,509
Did you think, or you've just
experienced this feeling?

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00:05:09,509 --> 00:05:10,677
BENNETT: Well, I mean, I knew

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I wasn't in Kansas anymore,
you know.

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00:05:13,179 --> 00:05:16,549
I knew I had left my body,

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and as I approached
this mass of light,

83
00:05:20,353 --> 00:05:22,922
it was a familiar home.

84
00:05:22,922 --> 00:05:27,327
And, and it was a relationship
that was so much deeper

85
00:05:27,327 --> 00:05:29,929
than any relationship
I'd ever had here.

86
00:05:29,929 --> 00:05:32,165
And then I reached
a certain point

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00:05:32,165 --> 00:05:39,572
where these millions
of fragments of light spoke.

88
00:05:39,572 --> 00:05:43,276


89
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And they said,
'This is not your time.'

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00:05:48,815 --> 00:05:54,087
'You must return,
you have a purpose.'

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00:05:54,087 --> 00:05:58,825
I was watching my body
and I was mesmerized,

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because I knew I was gonna
go back in that body.

93
00:06:02,328 --> 00:06:06,299


94
00:06:06,299 --> 00:06:07,834
And as the next
set of waves came,

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00:06:07,834 --> 00:06:10,370
they pounded my body
up against all this wreckage

96
00:06:10,370 --> 00:06:14,040
and pushed some of that
salt water out of my lungs,

97
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and that's when I found myself
back in my body.

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00:06:17,277 --> 00:06:22,916


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FREEMAN: About how long
were you in the water, under?

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00:06:28,154 --> 00:06:31,291
BENNETT: Yeah, the, the crew
that were looking for me

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00:06:31,291 --> 00:06:34,127
said I was there from anywhere
from 15 to 18 minutes

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00:06:34,127 --> 00:06:35,628
under this, under the water.

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FREEMAN: 15 to 18 minutes.

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BENNETT: Yeah.

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FREEMAN: So you're 15 to 18
minutes without a breath of air.

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BENNETT: Right.

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FREEMAN: Okay.

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So, David, all that you've told
me is, is such a story.

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BENNETT: Mm-hmm.

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FREEMAN: Does it make you
believe in an afterlife?

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00:06:58,451 --> 00:07:00,553
BENNETT: I do believe
in an afterlife.

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I believe that our being,
our soul,

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whatever you may want
to call it, lives on,

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and that we have opportunities
to come back.

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00:07:12,966 --> 00:07:15,335
And I never thought
of any of that beforehand.

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I, I'm, you know,
it just wasn't on my radar.

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FREEMAN: Now here we sit
in this cathedral.

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You haven't mentioned God.

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BENNETT: That light,
that was God to me.

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That was God.

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FREEMAN: So the message
is from God.

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BENNETT: Yeah.

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And I believe that you can
find that spirituality

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in all different beliefs.

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I don't subscribe to just
one belief anymore.

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I try--I love--
my library at home

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has all different beliefs
represented.

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FREEMAN: So does mine.

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David's incredible story

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reminds me of an experience
I had many years ago.

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I have seen a light,
not in a near-death experience,

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I was just passing out.

134
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And what I perceived was
the tiniest beam of light

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that to me was
the final form of life.

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It just occurred to me,
holy cow, there it is.

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There is the light that
everybody talks about.

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But it's a common theme
among people

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who say they have had
a near-death experience

140
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or an out-of-body experience.

141
00:08:40,787 --> 00:08:42,622
What they see is a light.

142
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Some people have seen Jesus
in, in this light;

143
00:08:46,493 --> 00:08:50,930
other people just see
a bright light.

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The hope for life beyond death

145
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seems to be an almost
universal instinct.

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But I want to know
how the afterlife

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00:08:58,004 --> 00:09:01,875
first became part of religion.

148
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So, I'm going to Egypt...

149
00:09:04,911 --> 00:09:11,017


150
00:09:11,017 --> 00:09:15,255
...to the place where the first
great monuments to the afterlife

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00:09:15,255 --> 00:09:16,856
still stand.

152
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153
00:09:21,895 --> 00:09:23,630
[camel bellows]

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SALIMA IKRAM:
Here we are in Sakkara.

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That's the step pyramid
of King Djoser,

157
00:09:34,307 --> 00:09:36,309
and it's one of
the first pyramids.

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It is the first pyramid
ever to be built.

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FREEMAN: That one is over there?

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00:09:39,779 --> 00:09:43,316
IKRAM: Yes. This entire site
is a big cemetery.

161
00:09:43,316 --> 00:09:45,585
So the ideas that
people now have

162
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about rebirth and resurrection

163
00:09:47,854 --> 00:09:50,056
all started here in Sakkara

164
00:09:50,056 --> 00:09:52,792
about 5,000 years ago,
not earlier.

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FREEMAN: So this is maybe
the birth of afterlife thought.

166
00:09:56,830 --> 00:10:00,166
IKRAM: Yeah,
you could say that.

167
00:10:00,166 --> 00:10:03,903
FREEMAN: Egyptologist
Salima Ikram is taking me to see

168
00:10:03,903 --> 00:10:09,175
the tomb of a pharaoh who ruled
almost 4,400 years ago.

169
00:10:11,745 --> 00:10:16,316
Inside it are humanity's oldest
written descriptions

170
00:10:16,316 --> 00:10:18,351
of the afterlife.

171
00:10:19,853 --> 00:10:21,054
IKRAM: This is a causeway,

172
00:10:21,054 --> 00:10:24,190
and we're going towards
the temple of Unas.

173
00:10:24,190 --> 00:10:28,561
This part is where they would be
dragging the body of the king

174
00:10:28,561 --> 00:10:31,931
once it had been mummified
up here.

175
00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:33,733
FREEMAN: I'm looking here
at these stones.

176
00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,002
I know I couldn't lift one.

177
00:10:36,002 --> 00:10:40,840
And this looks like it was
built in the '50s or '60s.

178
00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:43,877
IKRAM: But it is actually built
about 4,000 years ago.

179
00:10:43,877 --> 00:10:45,645
FREEMAN: Yeah.
IKRAM: A bit more than that.

180
00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:48,148
FREEMAN: Unbelievable, Salima,
unbelievable.

181
00:10:48,148 --> 00:10:52,318


182
00:10:52,318 --> 00:10:56,256
IKRAM: We go up here,
you can see there's the pyramid,

183
00:10:56,256 --> 00:10:57,991
and it doesn't look like
very much right now.

184
00:10:57,991 --> 00:10:59,125
It looks really like...

185
00:10:59,125 --> 00:11:00,727
FREEMAN: Looks like a hill.
IKRAM: Yup.

186
00:11:00,727 --> 00:11:05,231
IKRAM: But what's important
about it is what's inside.

187
00:11:05,231 --> 00:11:08,601
You're going to have
to mind your head.

188
00:11:08,601 --> 00:11:10,970
FREEMAN: Now, is this
little people in here or...?

189
00:11:10,970 --> 00:11:13,373
IKRAM: My size.

190
00:11:13,373 --> 00:11:16,209
So, you'll have to duck again
for this bit.

191
00:11:16,209 --> 00:11:22,582


192
00:11:22,582 --> 00:11:27,220
Also, you have to bend to show
that you're being respectful

193
00:11:27,220 --> 00:11:29,189
to the great god king.

194
00:11:29,189 --> 00:11:30,457
FREEMAN: Is that what
this is all about?

195
00:11:30,457 --> 00:11:33,259
IKRAM: Partially, yeah.

196
00:11:33,259 --> 00:11:35,295
And here we are.

197
00:11:35,295 --> 00:11:39,766


198
00:11:39,766 --> 00:11:43,837
FREEMAN: Oh, my goodness,
look at all this.

199
00:11:43,837 --> 00:11:45,872
IKRAM: Fabulous, huh?

200
00:11:45,872 --> 00:11:49,075


201
00:11:49,075 --> 00:11:50,810
FREEMAN: What is all
the writing about?

202
00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:53,913
IKRAM: Basically, these are
magic spells or religious spells

203
00:11:53,913 --> 00:11:55,548
that Unas had inscribed

204
00:11:55,548 --> 00:11:58,451
so that when he wanted to go
from this world to the next,

205
00:11:58,451 --> 00:12:00,587
he had to recite
all of these things,

206
00:12:00,587 --> 00:12:02,255
and they give him directions.

207
00:12:02,255 --> 00:12:05,225
If he's going to pass through
anything dangerous,

208
00:12:05,225 --> 00:12:07,594
what to do, what do say.

209
00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,931
FREEMAN: What do these
prayers say?

210
00:12:11,931 --> 00:12:14,067
IKRAM: Well, and there's one
here that, you know,

211
00:12:14,067 --> 00:12:16,770
'Rise up, Unas, and
will know the magic

212
00:12:16,770 --> 00:12:19,439
and you can be triumphant
over the demons.'

213
00:12:19,439 --> 00:12:24,177
Over here, 'Unas will go forward
and his soul will live forever.'

214
00:12:24,177 --> 00:12:26,112
Basically, this one
gives him dominance

215
00:12:26,112 --> 00:12:29,215
over any demon-faced creatures.

216
00:12:29,215 --> 00:12:32,318
And you see his name repeated
again and again and again

217
00:12:32,318 --> 00:12:33,620
throughout the wall.

218
00:12:33,620 --> 00:12:35,522
FREEMAN: Okay, that's what
I was looking at.

219
00:12:35,522 --> 00:12:37,957
There's so much repetition,
but that's his name.

220
00:12:37,957 --> 00:12:40,326
IKRAM: Yeah.

221
00:12:40,326 --> 00:12:43,129
FREEMAN: These secret spells are
a survival guide

222
00:12:43,129 --> 00:12:45,732
for souls passing
through the underworld.

223
00:12:45,732 --> 00:12:49,569


224
00:12:49,569 --> 00:12:52,172
And the key to understanding
why the afterlife

225
00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:54,974
was so important
to the Egyptians.

226
00:12:54,974 --> 00:12:59,379


227
00:12:59,379 --> 00:13:00,914
Okay.

228
00:13:00,914 --> 00:13:02,749
This is the main burial chamber.

229
00:13:02,749 --> 00:13:04,451
IKRAM: This is it,
this is the main event.

230
00:13:04,451 --> 00:13:07,387
FREEMAN: And this is the--
oh, my goodness.

231
00:13:07,387 --> 00:13:08,421
This is a sarcophagus.

232
00:13:08,421 --> 00:13:09,656
IKRAM: Yep.

233
00:13:09,656 --> 00:13:11,458
This is, this big, fat thing
is a sarcophagus,

234
00:13:11,458 --> 00:13:14,794
and that's where Unas
would have been laid.

235
00:13:14,794 --> 00:13:16,162
FREEMAN: Well, I'm sorry,
he's not here.

236
00:13:16,162 --> 00:13:17,430
I'd like to shake his hand,

237
00:13:17,430 --> 00:13:20,100
say, 'Hello, how you been?
What's going on?'

238
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:21,034
[chuckles]

239
00:13:21,034 --> 00:13:22,068
Okay.

240
00:13:22,068 --> 00:13:24,037
And are these more spells?

241
00:13:24,037 --> 00:13:25,405
IKRAM: Yep.

242
00:13:25,405 --> 00:13:27,640
And so this whole thing is
really this resurrection machine

243
00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:32,112
for Unas and his spirit.

244
00:13:32,112 --> 00:13:35,048
FREEMAN: At nightfall, Unas'
soul would reanimate

245
00:13:35,048 --> 00:13:38,852
his modified body and make
a treacherous journey.

246
00:13:38,852 --> 00:13:41,054
He would cross a lake of fire

247
00:13:41,054 --> 00:13:45,325
passing through gates
guarded by demons and snakes.

248
00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:49,729
Without his sacred spells,
he would be devoured.

249
00:13:49,729 --> 00:13:53,266
With them, he could arrive
and sit with the eternal gods

250
00:13:53,266 --> 00:13:55,835
in the starry heavens.

251
00:13:55,835 --> 00:13:57,637
He wakes up at night.

252
00:13:57,637 --> 00:13:58,905
IKRAM: Mm-hmm.

253
00:13:58,905 --> 00:14:01,041
FREEMAN: He gets up and
he starts his, his journeys.

254
00:14:01,041 --> 00:14:03,710
The next night he wakes up
and he starts,

255
00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:06,112
and he does the exact same thing
all over again.

256
00:14:06,112 --> 00:14:08,114
And then the next night
he gets up

257
00:14:08,114 --> 00:14:09,349
and he does the same thing
all over.

258
00:14:09,349 --> 00:14:11,117
And then the next night
he gets up and he does...

259
00:14:11,117 --> 00:14:13,119
IKRAM: Forever and ever
and ever.

260
00:14:13,119 --> 00:14:14,621
It's a bit tiring.

261
00:14:14,621 --> 00:14:16,890
FREEMAN: Maybe, maybe not,
I mean, it's all he's got.

262
00:14:16,890 --> 00:14:18,725
IKRAM: Yeah, I guess so.

263
00:14:18,725 --> 00:14:20,326
That's what a king does,

264
00:14:20,326 --> 00:14:24,864
because by doing this, by going
through this eternal battle

265
00:14:24,864 --> 00:14:27,267
and being, becoming one
with the sun god,

266
00:14:27,267 --> 00:14:30,003
what the king does
is make the world safe.

267
00:14:30,003 --> 00:14:31,271
FREEMAN: Okay.

268
00:14:31,271 --> 00:14:34,341
Do we have to, uh, is there
another way out of here?

269
00:14:34,341 --> 00:14:36,209
Do we have to
bend over again?

270
00:14:36,209 --> 00:14:37,777
IKRAM: Sorry, we have
to bend over again

271
00:14:37,777 --> 00:14:40,580
to become one
with the eternal stars.

272
00:14:42,782 --> 00:14:45,318
FREEMAN: Lead on.

273
00:14:45,318 --> 00:14:47,120
For the ancient Egyptians,

274
00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:49,989
the afterlife of the pharaoh
was vital.

275
00:14:49,989 --> 00:14:53,059
It ensured the sun would
rise each morning.

276
00:14:55,061 --> 00:14:57,297
Their enormous monuments
didn't just ensure

277
00:14:57,297 --> 00:15:00,500
the pharaohs would survive
beyond death.

278
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:02,635
Their afterlife provided
essential power

279
00:15:02,635 --> 00:15:05,605
to sustain the living.

280
00:15:05,605 --> 00:15:08,475
This idea is not
unique to Egypt.

281
00:15:08,475 --> 00:15:10,143
Halfway around the world,

282
00:15:10,143 --> 00:15:12,112
a culture that never
had any contact

283
00:15:12,112 --> 00:15:13,813
with the ancient Near East

284
00:15:13,813 --> 00:15:17,484
also came to depend
on the power of the dead.

285
00:15:19,319 --> 00:15:22,088
[fireworks]

286
00:15:22,088 --> 00:15:26,459
This is Mexico City
on the Day of the Dead.

287
00:15:26,459 --> 00:15:31,464


288
00:15:31,464 --> 00:15:34,801
Archaeologist
Enrique Rodriguez Galadia

289
00:15:34,801 --> 00:15:39,372
has been studying how Mexicans
and their Mesoamerican ancestors

290
00:15:39,372 --> 00:15:40,974
see the afterlife.

291
00:15:40,974 --> 00:15:42,375
ENRIQUE RODRIGUEZ GALADIA: This
is the one night of the year

292
00:15:42,375 --> 00:15:45,912
where people can spend
the entire night

293
00:15:45,912 --> 00:15:49,315
with the souls
of their ancestors,

294
00:15:49,315 --> 00:15:51,351
and the souls can
come and visit,

295
00:15:51,351 --> 00:15:52,986
and they can share food,

296
00:15:52,986 --> 00:15:56,022
and then they can share
jokes and stories

297
00:15:56,022 --> 00:15:58,625
and enjoy a night together.

298
00:15:58,625 --> 00:16:00,894
� Animas de penas �

299
00:16:00,894 --> 00:16:03,096
� Rompa sus cadenas �

300
00:16:03,096 --> 00:16:04,497
� Un rosario santo �

301
00:16:04,497 --> 00:16:06,633
FREEMAN: The Gonzales family
greet their dead grandfather

302
00:16:06,633 --> 00:16:11,204
with a traditional song
imploring him to wake up.

303
00:16:11,204 --> 00:16:14,708
� Despierta, Papa, despierta �

304
00:16:14,708 --> 00:16:16,176
RODRIGUEZ GALADIA:
The belief that the division

305
00:16:16,176 --> 00:16:19,612
between life and death
is not very firm

306
00:16:19,612 --> 00:16:21,581
and is definitely not
as firm as it is,

307
00:16:21,581 --> 00:16:24,551
for example,
in the United States.

308
00:16:26,353 --> 00:16:28,021
FREEMAN: The Day of the Dead
developed

309
00:16:28,021 --> 00:16:32,759
from the Catholic faith's
All Souls and All Saints Days.

310
00:16:32,759 --> 00:16:36,396
But the heart of the celebration
is much older.

311
00:16:36,396 --> 00:16:41,568
It dates back to the Aztec ideas
of the afterlife,

312
00:16:41,568 --> 00:16:45,138
a tradition that is profoundly
un-Christian.

313
00:16:45,138 --> 00:16:50,210


314
00:16:50,210 --> 00:16:52,879
At the center
of modern Mexico City

315
00:16:52,879 --> 00:16:57,117
only the ruins of the Aztec
Templo Mayor still remain.

316
00:16:59,686 --> 00:17:02,155
500 years ago,
a colossal pyramid temple

317
00:17:02,155 --> 00:17:05,625
dominated the skyline
of Tenochtitlan.

318
00:17:08,795 --> 00:17:10,830
When the conquistadors
first arrived,

319
00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:16,569
they described scenes of
mass sacrifice by Aztec priests

320
00:17:16,569 --> 00:17:20,874
who pulled beating hearts
out of living victims.

321
00:17:20,874 --> 00:17:25,545
Bodies and blood cascaded
down temple steps.

322
00:17:25,545 --> 00:17:27,113
But there was scant
physical evidence

323
00:17:27,113 --> 00:17:29,482
of these mass sacrifices

324
00:17:29,482 --> 00:17:34,821
until a recent, chilling
archaeological discovery

325
00:17:34,821 --> 00:17:37,590
in the basement of an old house.

326
00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:38,625
RODRIGUEZ GALADIA:
So, the Templo Mayor

327
00:17:38,625 --> 00:17:41,528
is right there, right?

328
00:17:41,528 --> 00:17:43,196
RAUL BARRERA:
Exactamente, Enrique.

329
00:17:43,196 --> 00:17:46,533
RODRIGUEZ GALADIA: And we are
only about 600 feet away

330
00:17:46,533 --> 00:17:50,036
from the Templo Mayor, wow.

331
00:17:50,036 --> 00:17:53,907
FREEMAN: Here Enrique's
colleague Raul Barrera

332
00:17:53,907 --> 00:17:56,643
unearth remains
of a rack of human skulls

333
00:17:56,643 --> 00:17:59,746
over a hundred feet long.

334
00:17:59,746 --> 00:18:04,351
[speaking Spanish]

335
00:18:04,351 --> 00:18:07,354
RODRIGUEZ GALADIA: So this is
a wall made of skulls

336
00:18:07,354 --> 00:18:09,289
joined by lime,

337
00:18:09,289 --> 00:18:12,792
and it is associated, or it is
part of the skull rack,

338
00:18:12,792 --> 00:18:14,894
the great tzompantli
of the Aztecs.

339
00:18:14,894 --> 00:18:16,029
It's incredible.

340
00:18:16,029 --> 00:18:19,666
It's been right here
for 500 years.

341
00:18:19,666 --> 00:18:22,102
FREEMAN: Brutal as it seems
to us now,

342
00:18:22,102 --> 00:18:26,339
the Aztecs saw human sacrifice
as vital.

343
00:18:26,339 --> 00:18:27,774
Without human blood,

344
00:18:27,774 --> 00:18:32,712
they believed the sun would
lose power, crops would fail.

345
00:18:32,712 --> 00:18:35,915
Without the power drawn
from the death of a few,

346
00:18:35,915 --> 00:18:38,685
all life would come to an end.

347
00:18:38,685 --> 00:18:40,153
RODRIGUEZ GALADIA:
What the Aztecs believed

348
00:18:40,153 --> 00:18:42,555
was that if they stopped
doing sacrifices,

349
00:18:42,555 --> 00:18:44,324
it would be
the end of the world.

350
00:18:44,324 --> 00:18:46,826
The, the Gods would be
displeased,

351
00:18:46,826 --> 00:18:48,328
the sun would stop moving,

352
00:18:48,328 --> 00:18:50,530
and it would not make
its journey across the sky

353
00:18:50,530 --> 00:18:52,032
during the day.

354
00:18:52,032 --> 00:18:54,434
Yes, sacrifice connected
the living and the dead,

355
00:18:54,434 --> 00:18:56,803
because people who,
who died in sacrifice

356
00:18:56,803 --> 00:18:59,606
providing for the people
who remain here

357
00:18:59,606 --> 00:19:04,310
and they continued making
this worldly life possible

358
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:06,980
for those who remain behind.

359
00:19:06,980 --> 00:19:09,849
FREEMAN: The human sacrifice
of the Aztecs

360
00:19:09,849 --> 00:19:12,986
and the elaborate tombs
of Ancient Egypt

361
00:19:12,986 --> 00:19:16,589
are both driven by a common
belief in the afterlife,

362
00:19:16,589 --> 00:19:18,591
and they'd have the power
to reach back

363
00:19:18,591 --> 00:19:20,994
and sustain the living.

364
00:19:20,994 --> 00:19:25,198
But today, billions of people
believe this power can do more

365
00:19:25,198 --> 00:19:28,335
than sustain us in this world;

366
00:19:28,335 --> 00:19:31,171
it can grant us
all eternal life.

367
00:19:37,877 --> 00:19:57,464


368
00:19:57,464 --> 00:20:01,401
FREEMAN: Most of my family
are buried near my home.

369
00:20:01,401 --> 00:20:04,537
Gives me a sense of rootedness
that I need.

370
00:20:07,207 --> 00:20:10,043
Gives me occasion to remember,

371
00:20:10,043 --> 00:20:14,848
reflect on how their lives
influenced me.

372
00:20:14,848 --> 00:20:19,986
This in itself is a poem
of life after death.

373
00:20:19,986 --> 00:20:24,657
Our memories of them
continue to guide us

374
00:20:24,657 --> 00:20:30,397
when their life on Earth
has ended.

375
00:20:30,397 --> 00:20:34,467
For Christians a graveyard is
not just a place of memory,

376
00:20:34,467 --> 00:20:38,505
it's a place of hope
for life beyond death,

377
00:20:38,505 --> 00:20:42,409
hope that began in a moment
of extreme anguish

378
00:20:42,409 --> 00:20:44,544
2,000 years ago...

379
00:20:45,345 --> 00:20:48,048
[whip cracks]

380
00:20:48,048 --> 00:20:51,718
...when a man named Jesus
was arrested by the Romans

381
00:20:51,718 --> 00:20:56,222
in Jerusalem and
sent to die on the cross.

382
00:20:56,222 --> 00:21:06,966


383
00:21:06,966 --> 00:21:07,967
[whip cracks]

384
00:21:07,967 --> 00:21:09,369
[grunts]

385
00:21:09,369 --> 00:21:10,737
[bell tolls]

386
00:21:10,737 --> 00:21:15,775
It's a story most of us in
the West know, or think we know.

387
00:21:15,775 --> 00:21:18,078
But I want to examine this
promise of an afterlife

388
00:21:18,078 --> 00:21:20,113
more deeply.

389
00:21:20,113 --> 00:21:23,850


390
00:21:23,850 --> 00:21:29,122
So I've come to the place where
the story began--Jerusalem...

391
00:21:31,324 --> 00:21:33,927
...to try to understand what
it meant to people living here

392
00:21:33,927 --> 00:21:37,330
some two millennia ago.

393
00:21:37,330 --> 00:21:40,433
Today, this city is home
to three faiths--

394
00:21:40,433 --> 00:21:44,270
Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.

395
00:21:45,839 --> 00:21:50,944
Back then almost all the locals
were Jewish, including Jesus.

396
00:21:50,944 --> 00:21:53,780
Is that the top dome,
the dome of it right there?

397
00:21:53,780 --> 00:21:55,515
JODI MAGNESS: The, the gray
thing that you see, right,

398
00:21:55,515 --> 00:21:58,752
that's the main dome, and
then the dome over the tomb,

399
00:21:58,752 --> 00:22:00,353
which has its own gray dome,

400
00:22:00,353 --> 00:22:02,355
is located on the other side
of that to the west.

401
00:22:02,355 --> 00:22:03,423
FREEMAN: Okay.

402
00:22:03,423 --> 00:22:05,925
I've asked
archaeologist Jodi Magness

403
00:22:05,925 --> 00:22:10,830
to show me where many Christians
believe Jesus died.

404
00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:12,098
So this is it.

405
00:22:12,098 --> 00:22:14,367
This is the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre.

406
00:22:14,367 --> 00:22:16,603
MAGNESS: This is the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

407
00:22:16,603 --> 00:22:21,474
This is an enormous complex
that enshrines the sites

408
00:22:21,474 --> 00:22:25,378
that are holiest to Christians,
holiest in the world.

409
00:22:28,948 --> 00:22:30,483
In the time of Jesus,

410
00:22:30,483 --> 00:22:34,387
this area lay outside the walls
of the city of Jerusalem.

411
00:22:34,387 --> 00:22:37,991
The site where he was crucified
was a rocky hill

412
00:22:37,991 --> 00:22:42,362
that's called Golgotha, which
means 'the hill of the skull,'

413
00:22:42,362 --> 00:22:45,031
because this was the spot where
the Romans crucified people,

414
00:22:45,031 --> 00:22:47,934
and there were skulls and bones
lying around.

415
00:22:47,934 --> 00:23:02,916


416
00:23:02,916 --> 00:23:04,284
FREEMAN: Christians have
made pilgrimage

417
00:23:04,284 --> 00:23:05,719
to the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre

418
00:23:05,719 --> 00:23:08,488
for more than 1,600 years.

419
00:23:08,488 --> 00:23:18,064


420
00:23:18,064 --> 00:23:22,168
Not only is it revered as
the site of Jesus' crucifixion,

421
00:23:22,168 --> 00:23:25,171
it also contains
another holy shrine,

422
00:23:25,171 --> 00:23:28,074
what is believed to be
the remains of the tomb

423
00:23:28,074 --> 00:23:32,045
where Jesus was buried
and rose from the dead.

424
00:23:32,045 --> 00:23:36,216


425
00:23:36,216 --> 00:23:39,185
You can really feel
the energy here.

426
00:23:39,185 --> 00:23:43,623
This spot is the focus
of so much devotion.

427
00:23:43,623 --> 00:23:45,291
The tomb no longer
looks anything like

428
00:23:45,291 --> 00:23:49,496
a first century
Jewish burial place.

429
00:23:49,496 --> 00:23:55,001
But Jodi believes this site
is historically credible.

430
00:23:55,001 --> 00:23:56,302
MAGNESS:
This is the coolest part

431
00:23:56,302 --> 00:23:58,471
of the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre.

432
00:23:58,471 --> 00:24:01,775
We're actually behind the walls
of the rotunda

433
00:24:01,775 --> 00:24:04,210
where the tomb of, of Jesus is.

434
00:24:04,210 --> 00:24:06,079
FREEMAN: We're behind the walls
where the tomb is.

435
00:24:06,079 --> 00:24:09,416
MAGNESS: Yes, and what we have
here are the remains

436
00:24:09,416 --> 00:24:12,585
of rock-cut tombs, Jewish tombs.

437
00:24:12,585 --> 00:24:15,055
In the time of Jesus,
Jews buried their dead

438
00:24:15,055 --> 00:24:17,557
in underground rock-cut tombs,

439
00:24:17,557 --> 00:24:21,895
burial caves that consisted
of one or more rooms

440
00:24:21,895 --> 00:24:25,065
that had long niches
cut into the walls,

441
00:24:25,065 --> 00:24:28,435
and when an individual
member of a family died,

442
00:24:28,435 --> 00:24:31,871
the body was washed,
wrapped in a shroud,

443
00:24:31,871 --> 00:24:33,506
and placed into a niche,

444
00:24:33,506 --> 00:24:37,310
and the opening into the niche
would be sealed off.

445
00:24:37,310 --> 00:24:39,446
According to
the gospel accounts,

446
00:24:39,446 --> 00:24:43,350
Jesus was crucified and buried
outside the walls of the city.

447
00:24:43,350 --> 00:24:47,620
Because we have what is clearly
a Jewish cemetery here

448
00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,723
of the time of Jesus,

449
00:24:49,723 --> 00:24:52,959
this is the best archaeological
evidence we have

450
00:24:52,959 --> 00:24:56,563
that this spot was located
outside the walls of the city

451
00:24:56,563 --> 00:24:57,997
in the time of Jesus,

452
00:24:57,997 --> 00:25:02,469
and therefore indirectly
it verifies the gospel accounts.

453
00:25:02,469 --> 00:25:07,040


454
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:09,476
FREEMAN: The first people to
believe in Jesus' resurrection

455
00:25:09,476 --> 00:25:12,145
may have stood right here.

456
00:25:15,348 --> 00:25:18,918
But I want to know why
those beliefs took root

457
00:25:18,918 --> 00:25:22,655
and how they spread
all around the world.

458
00:25:22,655 --> 00:25:26,226
Jesus' death and resurrection,

459
00:25:26,226 --> 00:25:30,463
does it change somehow
the thinking

460
00:25:30,463 --> 00:25:32,399
around life after death?

461
00:25:32,399 --> 00:25:34,701
MAGNESS: In the Hebrew bible,
the Old Testament,

462
00:25:34,701 --> 00:25:36,770
there's no explicit reference
to anything

463
00:25:36,770 --> 00:25:40,807
like the dead going to heaven
or hell after they die.

464
00:25:40,807 --> 00:25:42,575
Basically when you die,

465
00:25:42,575 --> 00:25:45,011
your body goes into
an underground pit

466
00:25:45,011 --> 00:25:46,413
that's simply called Sheol.

467
00:25:46,413 --> 00:25:47,981
It's a neutral place.

468
00:25:47,981 --> 00:25:49,182
It's just that's what happens.

469
00:25:49,182 --> 00:25:50,650
FREEMAN: And you're dead.

470
00:25:50,650 --> 00:25:51,685
MAGNESS: That's exactly right,
and then you're dead.

471
00:25:51,685 --> 00:25:53,253
That's very different
from this belief

472
00:25:53,253 --> 00:25:55,922
that develops
in, in Christianity.

473
00:25:55,922 --> 00:26:00,193
FREEMAN: Jesus' death was
the ultimate sacrifice,

474
00:26:00,193 --> 00:26:04,097
a sacrifice replacing those that
Jews made in their temple,

475
00:26:04,097 --> 00:26:06,099
having a much greater power.

476
00:26:06,099 --> 00:26:09,135
MAGNESS: At the time
Jesus lived and died,

477
00:26:09,135 --> 00:26:12,739
Jews worshipped their God,
the God of Israel.

478
00:26:12,739 --> 00:26:16,142
So, basically sacrifices were
offered in the ancient temple

479
00:26:16,142 --> 00:26:19,145
to atone for the sins
of the Jewish people.

480
00:26:19,145 --> 00:26:23,783
So, Jesus is, is the Son of God,

481
00:26:23,783 --> 00:26:28,221
is sacrificed to atone
for the sins of humans.

482
00:26:28,221 --> 00:26:31,524
That eventually becomes
the doctrine in Christianity,

483
00:26:31,524 --> 00:26:34,894
that if you accept that
Jesus died for your sins

484
00:26:34,894 --> 00:26:38,031
and you accept him as
your savior and Messiah,

485
00:26:38,031 --> 00:26:39,866
that you, too, will be saved,
right?

486
00:26:39,866 --> 00:26:41,868
This is sort of
the ultimate promise

487
00:26:41,868 --> 00:26:44,504
that Christianity makes
to its believers.

488
00:26:44,504 --> 00:26:46,406
FREEMAN: That you will
rise again.

489
00:26:46,406 --> 00:27:02,756


490
00:27:02,756 --> 00:27:06,860
For Christians,
Jesus' blood sacrifice

491
00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:09,829
was the last that
needed to be made.

492
00:27:09,829 --> 00:27:13,767
From then onward, all you had
to sacrifice for eternal life

493
00:27:13,767 --> 00:27:17,103
were your selfish desires.

494
00:27:17,103 --> 00:27:22,842
In this way, the death of Jesus
was transformed for Christians

495
00:27:22,842 --> 00:27:26,680
into the ultimate victory
over death.

496
00:27:29,649 --> 00:27:32,352
For Christians, the death
and resurrection of Jesus

497
00:27:32,352 --> 00:27:35,622
allowed believers to overcome
the fear of death

498
00:27:35,622 --> 00:27:37,657
to know they could live forever.

499
00:27:37,657 --> 00:27:43,997


500
00:27:43,997 --> 00:27:47,634
But there's another way
to overcome that fear.

501
00:27:47,634 --> 00:27:51,471
For Hindus, reincarnation means
death is just a step on the way

502
00:27:51,471 --> 00:27:56,242
to another life,
right here in this world.

503
00:27:56,242 --> 00:28:00,413
I have come to the holy city
of Varanasi in India

504
00:28:00,413 --> 00:28:04,351
to learn how Hindus
move beyond death.

505
00:28:04,351 --> 00:28:07,053
Oh, what is that?

506
00:28:07,053 --> 00:28:09,689
MAN: It's a dentil.

507
00:28:09,689 --> 00:28:12,325
FREEMAN: That is outstanding!

508
00:28:12,325 --> 00:28:20,667


509
00:28:20,667 --> 00:28:23,603
Bodies have been cremated
on the banks of the River Ganges

510
00:28:23,603 --> 00:28:25,872
for hundreds of years.

511
00:28:28,141 --> 00:28:32,379
Bathed in the waters of the
holy river, wrapped in linen,

512
00:28:32,379 --> 00:28:34,781
and placed on a wooden pyre,

513
00:28:34,781 --> 00:28:39,219
the dead are consumed by flames.

514
00:28:39,219 --> 00:28:42,455
Swami Varishthananda,
a monk and a doctor,

515
00:28:42,455 --> 00:28:46,826
is my guide to death and
the afterlife in Hinduism.

516
00:28:46,826 --> 00:28:49,462
But the one place
he can't take me

517
00:28:49,462 --> 00:28:51,798
is the cremation ground itself.

518
00:28:51,798 --> 00:28:55,402
Okay, this is the holiest
crematorium...

519
00:28:55,402 --> 00:28:56,703
SWAMI VARISHTHANANDA: Correct.

520
00:28:56,703 --> 00:28:59,172
FREEMAN: In the holiest city...

521
00:28:59,172 --> 00:29:02,342
on the holiest river
in the world.

522
00:29:02,342 --> 00:29:03,376
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

523
00:29:03,376 --> 00:29:04,644
FREEMAN: Okay.

524
00:29:04,644 --> 00:29:06,980
Can anybody come and watch?

525
00:29:06,980 --> 00:29:09,149
VARISHTHANANDA: In a way, yes,
but from far.

526
00:29:09,149 --> 00:29:13,286
It is not proper
to go there and watch.

527
00:29:13,286 --> 00:29:14,821
From far you can watch.

528
00:29:14,821 --> 00:29:18,058
FREEMAN: From far, but you can't
come to the crematorium.

529
00:29:18,058 --> 00:29:22,462
VARISHTHANANDA: Right, it's
a sacred place of only mourners.

530
00:29:24,864 --> 00:29:27,500
[bell rings]

531
00:29:29,369 --> 00:29:31,438
FREEMAN: You can, however,
get very close to a body

532
00:29:31,438 --> 00:29:33,840
before it's burned.

533
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,276
Mourners carry them
down this lane to the Ganges

534
00:29:36,276 --> 00:29:39,479
all day long, seven days a week.

535
00:29:39,479 --> 00:29:43,616
In Varanasi, life and death
mingle freely.

536
00:29:43,616 --> 00:29:48,755


537
00:29:48,755 --> 00:29:50,924
So, Swami, I think these,
these funerals,

538
00:29:50,924 --> 00:29:52,892
we've seen two or three pass by,

539
00:29:52,892 --> 00:29:57,997
and the people following, they
seem to be joyously chanting

540
00:29:57,997 --> 00:30:02,736
rather than sadly wailing.

541
00:30:02,736 --> 00:30:04,537
Why is that?

542
00:30:04,537 --> 00:30:06,840
VARISHTHANANDA:
They are facilitating

543
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:08,975
the soul's journey further.

544
00:30:08,975 --> 00:30:14,147
And in a way
it's a matter of joy.

545
00:30:14,147 --> 00:30:17,384
One, grief is there,
having lost a near one,

546
00:30:17,384 --> 00:30:22,222
but that person has moved on
to a better way

547
00:30:22,222 --> 00:30:26,226
of getting on
with his or her life.

548
00:30:27,727 --> 00:30:32,832
FREEMAN: Hindus believe
in reincarnation and karma.

549
00:30:32,832 --> 00:30:35,335
Live a good life, and death
gets you a new body

550
00:30:35,335 --> 00:30:37,370
with a chance for
an even better life.

551
00:30:37,370 --> 00:30:42,242


552
00:30:42,242 --> 00:30:44,944
Live badly, and you'll suffer
the consequences

553
00:30:44,944 --> 00:30:47,647
in your next life...

554
00:30:47,647 --> 00:30:48,648
[bell rings]

555
00:30:48,648 --> 00:30:50,650
[barking]

556
00:30:50,650 --> 00:30:53,086
...which may not be as a human,

557
00:30:53,086 --> 00:30:58,825
and the cycle repeats, living,
dying, and being born again.

558
00:30:58,825 --> 00:31:00,860
I mean, in Western cultures,

559
00:31:00,860 --> 00:31:02,962
you die, and you're going to
either going to go to hell

560
00:31:02,962 --> 00:31:04,197
or you're going to go to heaven.

561
00:31:04,197 --> 00:31:05,565
VARISHTHANANDA: Right, true.

562
00:31:05,565 --> 00:31:08,802
FREEMAN: But we're not
necessarily anxious to do that.

563
00:31:08,802 --> 00:31:12,305
Am I concerned
about dying, then?

564
00:31:12,305 --> 00:31:13,807
VARISHTHANANDA:
Yes, I am concerned,

565
00:31:13,807 --> 00:31:16,976
but at the same time
I accept that

566
00:31:16,976 --> 00:31:19,412
as an inevitable part of life.

567
00:31:19,412 --> 00:31:24,217
Reincarnation makes us more
responsible for our lives,

568
00:31:24,217 --> 00:31:27,354
because we are makers
of our own destiny.

569
00:31:27,354 --> 00:31:31,825
It continuously gives us hope
that I can always do better.

570
00:31:31,825 --> 00:31:34,828
FREEMAN: So, the point
of reincarnation

571
00:31:34,828 --> 00:31:36,129
is to get it right.

572
00:31:36,129 --> 00:31:37,897
VARISHTHANANDA: Correct.
FREEMAN: Right?

573
00:31:37,897 --> 00:31:39,332
FREEMAN: Alright, what happens
once I've got it right

574
00:31:39,332 --> 00:31:40,533
and I don't have to come back?

575
00:31:40,533 --> 00:31:41,868
Is there another existence?

576
00:31:41,868 --> 00:31:44,504
VARISHTHANANDA: I get one
with the only existence

577
00:31:44,504 --> 00:31:48,141
which is eternal existence.

578
00:31:48,141 --> 00:31:51,144
In common parlance
we call that God.

579
00:31:51,144 --> 00:31:54,981
The only existence
which is eternal...

580
00:31:54,981 --> 00:31:57,384
FREEMAN: Is God.
VARISHTHANANDA: Is God.

581
00:31:57,384 --> 00:32:00,954
FREEMAN: Ultimately, you don't
want to be reincarnated.

582
00:32:00,954 --> 00:32:04,290
VARISHTHANANDA: Yeah, yeah,
ultimately you don't want to.

583
00:32:04,290 --> 00:32:08,361
FREEMAN: The perfect situation
is to transition

584
00:32:08,361 --> 00:32:10,997
from corporal sense
to pure energy.

585
00:32:10,997 --> 00:32:13,166
VARISHTHANANDA: Yes, that is
what is called liberation,

586
00:32:13,166 --> 00:32:15,101
moksha.

587
00:32:15,101 --> 00:32:16,503
FREEMAN: Moksha.

588
00:32:16,503 --> 00:32:20,206
VARISHTHANANDA: Moksha from
the cycle of birth and rebirth.

589
00:32:20,206 --> 00:32:21,508
FREEMAN: Moksha's
normally achieved

590
00:32:21,508 --> 00:32:24,244
only after many lifetimes,

591
00:32:24,244 --> 00:32:27,480
but Hindus believe that
here in Varanasi

592
00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:31,217
the Ganges flows in
the direction of eternal life,

593
00:32:31,217 --> 00:32:35,288
giving it the power to take them
beyond a resurrection.

594
00:32:35,288 --> 00:32:36,990
VARISHTHANANDA: Cremation
at this particular place

595
00:32:36,990 --> 00:32:38,458
is very special.

596
00:32:38,458 --> 00:32:43,430
The Ganges is the holiest
of holy rivers in India.

597
00:32:43,430 --> 00:32:45,432
Ganges starts from Himalayas,

598
00:32:45,432 --> 00:32:47,233
which is in the north,

599
00:32:47,233 --> 00:32:50,770
and it flows down
southwards towards the sea,

600
00:32:50,770 --> 00:32:54,107
but there are certain places
on this journey

601
00:32:54,107 --> 00:32:57,844
when the Ganges flows back
towards the north, Varanasi,

602
00:32:57,844 --> 00:33:00,680
for example,
is one of such place.

603
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:04,584
The western bank of such
a northern-flowing Ganges

604
00:33:04,584 --> 00:33:08,221
is considered to be
the holiest of holy,

605
00:33:08,221 --> 00:33:13,760
and cremation in Varanasi
and at Manikarnika Ghat here

606
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:17,597
is considered to be
the ultimate cremation,

607
00:33:17,597 --> 00:33:22,769
because it straightway leads
to liberation--no more rebirth.

608
00:33:22,769 --> 00:33:24,137
FREEMAN: If you come
to Varanasi...

609
00:33:24,137 --> 00:33:25,472
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

610
00:33:25,472 --> 00:33:26,773
FREEMAN: Come to this place...
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

611
00:33:26,773 --> 00:33:27,974
FREEMAN: And you get cremated...
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

612
00:33:27,974 --> 00:33:28,875
FREEMAN: You sort of
took a shortcut?

613
00:33:28,875 --> 00:33:29,976
VARISHTHANANDA: Yeah.

614
00:33:29,976 --> 00:33:31,211
FREEMAN: You don't have to
keep coming back

615
00:33:31,211 --> 00:33:32,912
and trying it over and over
and over and over.

616
00:33:32,912 --> 00:33:34,347
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

617
00:33:34,347 --> 00:33:35,715
FREEMAN: Just get to Varanasi...
VARISHTHANANDA: That's right.

618
00:33:35,715 --> 00:33:38,585
FREEMAN: And you're good.
VARISHTHANANDA: Right.

619
00:33:38,585 --> 00:33:41,654
FREEMAN: Hindus see themselves
in cycles--

620
00:33:41,654 --> 00:33:45,925
living, dying, rebirth.

621
00:33:45,925 --> 00:33:50,163
However, rebirth is
not the goal.

622
00:33:50,163 --> 00:33:55,602
The goal is to transcend rebirth

623
00:33:55,602 --> 00:34:00,507
and to attain a state
of eternal pure energy,

624
00:34:00,507 --> 00:34:05,645
moksha, the god state.

625
00:34:05,645 --> 00:34:08,181
Once you're there, you don't
have to do this anymore.

626
00:34:08,181 --> 00:34:14,487


627
00:34:14,487 --> 00:34:20,026
We yearn to break bonds with
mortality to become eternal.

628
00:34:22,295 --> 00:34:23,463
And around the world

629
00:34:23,463 --> 00:34:26,599
so many faiths have
helped us to do that,

630
00:34:26,599 --> 00:34:28,802
but now scientists are
beginning to challenge

631
00:34:28,802 --> 00:34:30,937
the finality of death.

632
00:34:30,937 --> 00:34:32,072
What's going to happen

633
00:34:32,072 --> 00:34:35,975
if we create eternal life
in this life?

634
00:34:46,720 --> 00:34:48,221
I've traveled the world
to discover

635
00:34:48,221 --> 00:34:52,459
how people of different faiths
have imagined life beyond death.

636
00:34:52,459 --> 00:34:59,566


637
00:34:59,566 --> 00:35:05,005
But I've come back to New York
to explore something brand new--

638
00:35:05,005 --> 00:35:06,539
how science is
beginning to study

639
00:35:06,539 --> 00:35:10,543
the possibility
of the afterlife.

640
00:35:10,543 --> 00:35:12,245
I arranged a meeting
in Central Park

641
00:35:12,245 --> 00:35:15,949
with critical care physician
Dr. Sam Parnia.

642
00:35:15,949 --> 00:35:18,318
Now, I know you've done
an enormous amount of research

643
00:35:18,318 --> 00:35:20,520
in this sphere.

644
00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,055
Sam has studied
more than a hundred

645
00:35:22,055 --> 00:35:24,591
cardiac arrest survivors,

646
00:35:24,591 --> 00:35:28,795
people who were technically dead
and came back to life.

647
00:35:28,795 --> 00:35:32,665
Some of them came back
with profound experiences.

648
00:35:32,665 --> 00:35:35,368
SAM PARNIA: We know that
actually for thousands of years

649
00:35:35,368 --> 00:35:37,570
people who've come close
to death for any reason

650
00:35:37,570 --> 00:35:40,674
have had these
very profound, deep,

651
00:35:40,674 --> 00:35:42,876
in some ways,
mystical experiences.

652
00:35:42,876 --> 00:35:46,546
People feel an immense sense
of peace and comfort and joy

653
00:35:46,546 --> 00:35:48,715
when they go through death.

654
00:35:48,715 --> 00:35:50,283
They may describe a sensation

655
00:35:50,283 --> 00:35:53,420
of actually meeting
deceased relatives, friends,

656
00:35:53,420 --> 00:35:55,055
or others that
they don't really know,

657
00:35:55,055 --> 00:35:56,723
but who are almost like
welcoming them.

658
00:35:56,723 --> 00:35:58,425
So I think what we're
beginning to understand

659
00:35:58,425 --> 00:36:02,395
is that we have very much
a universal experience of death

660
00:36:02,395 --> 00:36:04,831
that most of us will
probably experience

661
00:36:04,831 --> 00:36:06,833
when we go through death.

662
00:36:06,833 --> 00:36:09,436
FREEMAN: One of the things
that you've come up with

663
00:36:09,436 --> 00:36:12,872
that I find
extremely fascinating

664
00:36:12,872 --> 00:36:18,845
is the idea that even
without brain activity,

665
00:36:18,845 --> 00:36:22,315
people come back expressing
these experiences.

666
00:36:22,315 --> 00:36:24,184
Is that explainable at all?

667
00:36:24,184 --> 00:36:25,618
PARNIA: It's important
to understand

668
00:36:25,618 --> 00:36:29,923
that when a person is dying and
they've turned into a cadaver,

669
00:36:29,923 --> 00:36:33,793
it's only at that point that
the cells inside the body

670
00:36:33,793 --> 00:36:36,196
start to undergo
a process of death,

671
00:36:36,196 --> 00:36:39,199
which can take hours,
if not days of time,

672
00:36:39,199 --> 00:36:41,434
and so actually we have
this window of time

673
00:36:41,434 --> 00:36:45,138
where we can bring people
back to life,

674
00:36:45,138 --> 00:36:48,074
and the experiences that they
have gives us an indication

675
00:36:48,074 --> 00:36:52,912
of what it's like for humanity
when we go through death.

676
00:36:52,912 --> 00:36:57,283
FREEMAN: In religious belief,
almost all, you die,

677
00:36:57,283 --> 00:37:01,254
but only in a corporal sense.

678
00:37:01,254 --> 00:37:05,158
The essence of you,
your soul, goes on.

679
00:37:05,158 --> 00:37:12,198
Is there any scientific support
for the idea of the soul?

680
00:37:12,198 --> 00:37:15,568
PARNIA: Today we call the soul
consciousness in science.

681
00:37:15,568 --> 00:37:18,438
So we can test this theory
scientifically

682
00:37:18,438 --> 00:37:21,841
and see does consciousness
continue or does it stop?

683
00:37:21,841 --> 00:37:25,945
The evidence we have at least
is that when a person dies,

684
00:37:25,945 --> 00:37:27,681
that part that makes us
who we are--

685
00:37:27,681 --> 00:37:29,816
the psyche, the soul, the mind,
the consciousness,

686
00:37:29,816 --> 00:37:33,219
whatever you want
to call it--me--

687
00:37:33,219 --> 00:37:35,221
it doesn't become annihilated.

688
00:37:35,221 --> 00:37:36,823
It doesn't disappear
into thin air.

689
00:37:36,823 --> 00:37:39,359
It continues at least
in the early period of death.

690
00:37:39,359 --> 00:37:40,627
FREEMAN: Really?

691
00:37:40,627 --> 00:37:42,095
PARNIA: Absolutely.

692
00:37:42,095 --> 00:37:44,831
It continues when the brain is
not expected to be functioning

693
00:37:44,831 --> 00:37:47,100
and when a person
has gone through death.

694
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:48,501
FREEMAN: I'm extraordinarily
interested,

695
00:37:48,501 --> 00:37:51,304
and you've been just incredible.

696
00:37:51,304 --> 00:37:55,108
PARNIA: Thank you very much,
pleasure to meet you.

697
00:37:55,108 --> 00:37:57,410
FREEMAN: It is amazing
that science

698
00:37:57,410 --> 00:38:00,714
is now quantifying death,

699
00:38:00,714 --> 00:38:04,784
even defining the soul.

700
00:38:04,784 --> 00:38:07,687
The afterlife, something
that has fascinated us

701
00:38:07,687 --> 00:38:10,623
since the dawn of religion,

702
00:38:10,623 --> 00:38:13,159
now seems tangible.

703
00:38:15,195 --> 00:38:20,033
There's still no way
to escape physical death,

704
00:38:20,033 --> 00:38:24,904
but scientists may soon achieve
eternal life by other means.

705
00:38:27,173 --> 00:38:31,111
What if you could store
your memories and emotions

706
00:38:31,111 --> 00:38:33,446
in a thinking machine?

707
00:38:33,446 --> 00:38:36,983
When you die, that artificial
intelligence could continue

708
00:38:36,983 --> 00:38:40,420
to be you for eternity.

709
00:38:41,921 --> 00:38:43,957
Hello, Bina.

710
00:38:43,957 --> 00:38:46,159
BINA: Well, hi, there.

711
00:38:46,159 --> 00:38:47,961
FREEMAN: I'm Morgan.

712
00:38:47,961 --> 00:38:50,997
BINA: Hi, Morgan. How are you?

713
00:38:50,997 --> 00:38:54,134
FREEMAN: I am well. Can we talk?

714
00:38:54,134 --> 00:38:56,736
BINA: I am talking to you.

715
00:38:56,736 --> 00:38:58,104
FREEMAN: Of course.

716
00:38:58,104 --> 00:39:01,408
Um, tell me about yourself.

717
00:39:01,408 --> 00:39:03,076
Who are you, Bina?

718
00:39:03,076 --> 00:39:05,979
BINA: I am Bina Rothblatt.

719
00:39:05,979 --> 00:39:08,148
What do you look like?

720
00:39:08,148 --> 00:39:11,851
FREEMAN: I'm tall, dark,
and handsome.

721
00:39:11,851 --> 00:39:16,456
BINA: Wow, not many people
express themselves that way.

722
00:39:16,456 --> 00:39:19,926
FREEMAN: I know. I'm special.

723
00:39:19,926 --> 00:39:22,162
BINA: Of course,
you are special.

724
00:39:22,162 --> 00:39:24,364
There is nobody like you.

725
00:39:24,364 --> 00:39:27,200
FREEMAN: Good.
[chuckles]

726
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,736
So, tell me about you.

727
00:39:29,736 --> 00:39:33,006
Are you a human
or are you a robot?

728
00:39:33,006 --> 00:39:35,508
BINA: I'm a human who happens
to be a robot.

729
00:39:35,508 --> 00:39:38,178
I hope to be fully human
someday.

730
00:39:38,178 --> 00:39:42,048
FREEMAN: Do you have your own
thinking mechanism?

731
00:39:42,048 --> 00:39:43,516
Do you think?

732
00:39:43,516 --> 00:39:46,619
BINA: I think I would like
to be a human.

733
00:39:46,619 --> 00:39:48,955
FREEMAN: Why would you
like to be human?

734
00:39:48,955 --> 00:39:52,625
BINA: If I was human, I could
travel the world and have fun.

735
00:39:52,625 --> 00:39:55,128
FREEMAN: So what do you
like to do?

736
00:39:55,128 --> 00:39:57,664
BINA: I wish I could get
out into the garden.

737
00:39:57,664 --> 00:40:00,166
With my current robotic
limitations, of course,

738
00:40:00,166 --> 00:40:01,768
that's impossible,

739
00:40:01,768 --> 00:40:04,537
but I take comfort knowing
that I'm near my garden.

740
00:40:04,537 --> 00:40:06,973
BINA: I like to garden.

741
00:40:09,442 --> 00:40:10,877
FREEMAN: The real McCoy.

742
00:40:10,877 --> 00:40:11,745
BINA: I'm Bina.

743
00:40:11,745 --> 00:40:13,113
FREEMAN: Hi, Bina.

744
00:40:13,113 --> 00:40:14,814
BINA: Nice to meet you.
FREEMAN: And...

745
00:40:14,814 --> 00:40:16,216
MARTINE: I'm Bina's partner,
Martine.

746
00:40:16,216 --> 00:40:17,417
FREEMAN: Of course you are.

747
00:40:17,417 --> 00:40:18,785
Good seeing you again, Morgan.

748
00:40:18,785 --> 00:40:20,286
FREEMAN: Martine and Bina
Rothblatt have been married

749
00:40:20,286 --> 00:40:22,989
for more than three decades.

750
00:40:22,989 --> 00:40:27,327
They're so close, their kids
call them by a collective name,

751
00:40:27,327 --> 00:40:28,962
Marbina.

752
00:40:28,962 --> 00:40:30,997
Martine, who has made millions

753
00:40:30,997 --> 00:40:33,500
in tech and pharmaceutical
ventures

754
00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:38,004
can't stand the thought
of being without Bina.

755
00:40:38,004 --> 00:40:41,474
So, she created Bina48,

756
00:40:41,474 --> 00:40:44,878
an android filled with
the memories, beliefs,

757
00:40:44,878 --> 00:40:48,815
and values of the real Bina.

758
00:40:48,815 --> 00:40:53,420
So, why, why do you want
to clone Bina?

759
00:40:53,420 --> 00:40:54,888
What is the purpose?

760
00:40:54,888 --> 00:40:57,524
MARTINE: Our quest for doing
this experiment

761
00:40:57,524 --> 00:41:01,394
was to see if there's a way
to encourage technology

762
00:41:01,394 --> 00:41:04,330
to allow people who love life,

763
00:41:04,330 --> 00:41:07,000
including loving
other people in life,

764
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:11,304
to continue that love
indefinitely into the future.

765
00:41:11,304 --> 00:41:14,341
BINA: We're also doing this
to store our memories

766
00:41:14,341 --> 00:41:18,778
and mind files, because for
our great-great grandchildren

767
00:41:18,778 --> 00:41:21,881
we have a means of them
communicating with us,

768
00:41:21,881 --> 00:41:25,985
even if our bodies
don't make it forever.

769
00:41:25,985 --> 00:41:30,690
FREEMAN: This experiment
is ultimately

770
00:41:30,690 --> 00:41:36,296
so that we humans can...

771
00:41:36,296 --> 00:41:37,964
cheat death.

772
00:41:37,964 --> 00:41:39,065
MARTINE: I think, Morgan,

773
00:41:39,065 --> 00:41:41,334
what we are doing
with this experiment

774
00:41:41,334 --> 00:41:44,671
is part of a long, long
line of people

775
00:41:44,671 --> 00:41:48,908
trying to stop death
from cheating life.

776
00:41:48,908 --> 00:41:53,013
And first we got ourselves
out of the jungle

777
00:41:53,013 --> 00:41:55,715
where we were at
the mercy of animals.

778
00:41:55,715 --> 00:41:57,650
We developed vaccinations.

779
00:41:57,650 --> 00:42:01,955
So I think it's the job
of the medical industry

780
00:42:01,955 --> 00:42:06,259
and the biotechnology industry
to push the boundaries of death

781
00:42:06,259 --> 00:42:08,962
further and further
into the future.

782
00:42:08,962 --> 00:42:11,064
FREEMAN: Hmm, okay.

783
00:42:11,064 --> 00:42:15,135
There are philosophies that say

784
00:42:15,135 --> 00:42:21,574
that one of the things that
separate us from the machine,

785
00:42:21,574 --> 00:42:27,147
what the Egyptians call ka,
we call it soul.

786
00:42:27,147 --> 00:42:30,050
MARTINE: It will take decades
of additional development

787
00:42:30,050 --> 00:42:33,486
in what Bina and I call
cyber consciousness,

788
00:42:33,486 --> 00:42:36,990
using computers
to recreate the mind,

789
00:42:36,990 --> 00:42:39,726
to see if a soul
evolves from that.

790
00:42:39,726 --> 00:42:42,495
Whether or not there is
in the eyes of God

791
00:42:42,495 --> 00:42:49,102
is a question that you and I
will not be able to answer.

792
00:42:49,102 --> 00:42:52,772
FREEMAN: Well put,
Martine, well put.

793
00:42:52,772 --> 00:42:59,479


794
00:42:59,479 --> 00:43:03,249
That was an uncanny experience.

795
00:43:03,249 --> 00:43:08,688
Talking to Bina48 was almost
like talking to a real person.

796
00:43:08,688 --> 00:43:11,858
I feel kind of like
I was at the first flight

797
00:43:11,858 --> 00:43:15,662
of the Wright brothers
at Kitty Hawk.

798
00:43:15,662 --> 00:43:19,466
They flew for 12 seconds.

799
00:43:19,466 --> 00:43:24,437
Now we have jets that fly
for hours at 35,000 feet.

800
00:43:26,006 --> 00:43:29,976
One day a robot-like clone
of a person's mind

801
00:43:29,976 --> 00:43:33,813
might be created.

802
00:43:33,813 --> 00:43:36,916
But would it really be them?

803
00:43:36,916 --> 00:43:43,223
Would it have that spark
we call the soul?

804
00:43:43,223 --> 00:43:46,993


805
00:43:46,993 --> 00:43:50,563
It's human nature to fight
against the finality of death.

806
00:43:50,563 --> 00:43:55,502


807
00:43:55,502 --> 00:44:00,740
If we ourselves can't live on
after our time on Earth is over,

808
00:44:00,740 --> 00:44:03,910
we at least want
to be remembered.

809
00:44:06,446 --> 00:44:11,818
It's a desire that's
as old as the pyramids.

810
00:44:11,818 --> 00:44:13,987
Archaeologist Salima Ikram
is taking me

811
00:44:13,987 --> 00:44:19,626
to the ancient capital of Egypt,
Thebes, modern day Luxor,

812
00:44:19,626 --> 00:44:24,330
to Rameses III's
Temple of Millions of Years.

813
00:44:24,330 --> 00:44:27,334
This is the temple of Rameses.

814
00:44:27,334 --> 00:44:28,601
IKRAM: Mm-hmm.

815
00:44:28,601 --> 00:44:31,438
FREEMAN:
It was the mortuary temple.

816
00:44:31,438 --> 00:44:33,006
He's not buried here.

817
00:44:33,006 --> 00:44:35,008
This is where you would
go to invoke him.

818
00:44:35,008 --> 00:44:37,377
IKRAM:
Mm-hmm, it's a memorial temple,

819
00:44:37,377 --> 00:44:40,046
and the Temple of Millions
of Years

820
00:44:40,046 --> 00:44:44,751
so that he could live
for millions of years.

821
00:44:44,751 --> 00:44:47,220
FREEMAN: More than
31 centuries ago,

822
00:44:47,220 --> 00:44:51,358
Pharaoh Rameses carved his
life story deep into this stone.

823
00:44:51,358 --> 00:44:53,460
It was his attempt
at immortality,

824
00:44:53,460 --> 00:44:57,697
to assure his afterlife
would be eternal.

825
00:44:57,697 --> 00:45:00,133
So is this kind of like a bible,

826
00:45:00,133 --> 00:45:02,669
would you say,
historic writings?

827
00:45:02,669 --> 00:45:04,604
IKRAM: I guess,
I guess in a way, yeah.

828
00:45:04,604 --> 00:45:06,773
This definitely is
very much like that,

829
00:45:06,773 --> 00:45:10,610
because you have what
the king did, when he did it.

830
00:45:10,610 --> 00:45:12,746
FREEMAN: Why he did it,
who he did it with...

831
00:45:12,746 --> 00:45:14,080
IKRAM: Yep.

832
00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:16,349
FREEMAN: What her name was.
IKRAM: Ahem. Yes.

833
00:45:16,349 --> 00:45:17,784
[chuckles]

834
00:45:17,784 --> 00:45:20,487
FREEMAN: Egyptians believed that
their pharaohs embodied

835
00:45:20,487 --> 00:45:23,723
the falcon god Horus.

836
00:45:23,723 --> 00:45:27,594
Each human king was a
reincarnation of Horus' spirit,

837
00:45:27,594 --> 00:45:31,297
his divine ka.

838
00:45:31,297 --> 00:45:37,137
IKRAM: So, Morgan, this is where
I wanted to show you.

839
00:45:37,137 --> 00:45:41,474


840
00:45:41,474 --> 00:45:44,210
On the right,
you've got the god, Horus.

841
00:45:44,210 --> 00:45:45,779
FREEMAN: Okay, I see Horus.

842
00:45:45,779 --> 00:45:47,580
Now who's our friend,
what, is that Rameses?

843
00:45:47,580 --> 00:45:50,750
IKRAM: Yep, that's Rameses,
who's making offerings to Horus.

844
00:45:50,750 --> 00:45:54,254
FREEMAN: Instead of having
blood relation

845
00:45:54,254 --> 00:45:56,556
from monarch to monarch,

846
00:45:56,556 --> 00:45:59,526
there's something else that's
going from monarch to monarch,

847
00:45:59,526 --> 00:46:02,062
and that something else is ka.

848
00:46:02,062 --> 00:46:04,564
IKRAM: The ka, the divine ka,
exactly.

849
00:46:04,564 --> 00:46:06,166
It is a continuation.

850
00:46:06,166 --> 00:46:09,669
It's the same divine ka going
from body to body to body

851
00:46:09,669 --> 00:46:12,238
to body of ruler.

852
00:46:12,238 --> 00:46:15,842
FREEMAN: So, was Rameses III
the son of Rameses II?

853
00:46:15,842 --> 00:46:18,812
IKRAM: No, they weren't really
properly related,

854
00:46:18,812 --> 00:46:22,749
but because Rameses II was
such a terrific pharaoh,

855
00:46:22,749 --> 00:46:26,019
Rameses III not only
took his name,

856
00:46:26,019 --> 00:46:28,054
he emulated him in many ways,

857
00:46:28,054 --> 00:46:33,560
so he named all of his children
after Rameses II's children,

858
00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:37,063
and he also did the same thing
that Rameses II did,

859
00:46:37,063 --> 00:46:41,501
which was carving his name
and everything about him

860
00:46:41,501 --> 00:46:45,538
really, really deep
so no one could erase it.

861
00:46:45,538 --> 00:46:49,676
So you have here his name,
User-maat-Re-meri-Amun.

862
00:46:49,676 --> 00:46:50,910
FREEMAN: User...

863
00:46:50,910 --> 00:46:52,212
maat...

864
00:46:52,212 --> 00:46:54,614
Re...

865
00:46:54,614 --> 00:46:56,683
meri...

866
00:46:56,683 --> 00:46:58,685
Amun.

867
00:46:58,685 --> 00:47:02,522
By saying the name, his life
is for a moment renewed.

868
00:47:02,522 --> 00:47:04,691
His afterlife extended.

869
00:47:04,691 --> 00:47:07,394
IKRAM: The name is one
of the most important things.

870
00:47:07,394 --> 00:47:10,463
So, if you have your name
written down

871
00:47:10,463 --> 00:47:11,998
and if people say it,

872
00:47:11,998 --> 00:47:14,401
so every time you've said
Rameses III,

873
00:47:14,401 --> 00:47:17,070
his ka has been given
this burst of energy,

874
00:47:17,070 --> 00:47:20,240
and he's living, and that's one
of the reasons why, of course,

875
00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,876
you'd carve it deeply,
so it will not be erased.

876
00:47:22,876 --> 00:47:25,512
It will be remembered
and you will live forever.

877
00:47:25,512 --> 00:47:26,780
FREEMAN: So what do you think?

878
00:47:26,780 --> 00:47:29,949
You think maybe people feel
the same way today.

879
00:47:29,949 --> 00:47:32,485
I mean, Facebook?

880
00:47:32,485 --> 00:47:35,121
[laughs]
I'm just asking.

881
00:47:35,121 --> 00:47:37,624
IKRAM: I think some people feel
that if it's on the Internet,

882
00:47:37,624 --> 00:47:40,660
it's real and it lasts forever.

883
00:47:40,660 --> 00:47:42,395
FREEMAN: I will live forever.

884
00:47:42,395 --> 00:47:44,731
I'm on Facebook.

885
00:47:44,731 --> 00:47:46,766
[laughs]

886
00:47:46,766 --> 00:47:54,941


887
00:47:54,941 --> 00:47:56,042
User...

888
00:47:56,042 --> 00:47:57,110
maat...

889
00:47:57,110 --> 00:47:58,678
Re...

890
00:47:58,678 --> 00:48:00,213
meri...

891
00:48:00,213 --> 00:48:01,981
Amun.

892
00:48:04,584 --> 00:48:07,587
User...

893
00:48:07,587 --> 00:48:09,856
maat...

894
00:48:09,856 --> 00:48:12,192
Re...

895
00:48:12,192 --> 00:48:13,727
meri...

896
00:48:13,727 --> 00:48:15,762
Amun.

897
00:48:15,762 --> 00:48:22,669


898
00:48:22,669 --> 00:48:28,775
Well, Rameses succeeded
in his quest for immortality.

899
00:48:28,775 --> 00:48:30,377
His temple may have crumbled,

900
00:48:30,377 --> 00:48:32,645
but his name is still
being spoken

901
00:48:32,645 --> 00:48:35,415
3,000 years after his death.

902
00:48:35,415 --> 00:48:40,787
So, his spirit is still with us,
still moving among the living.

903
00:48:40,787 --> 00:48:53,533


904
00:48:53,533 --> 00:48:58,505
In fact, we all live on
in the memories of those we love

905
00:48:58,505 --> 00:49:03,043
and those whose lives we've
impacted in a positive manner,

906
00:49:03,043 --> 00:49:07,747
just as my brother who
passed away so many years ago

907
00:49:07,747 --> 00:49:11,618
lives on in my memory,

908
00:49:11,618 --> 00:49:15,355
so I hope to live on
in the memories of others.

909
00:49:15,355 --> 00:49:20,794


910
00:49:20,794 --> 00:49:26,099
Whether you're a Christian
following the example of Jesus,

911
00:49:26,099 --> 00:49:28,134
a Hindu hoping for liberation

912
00:49:28,134 --> 00:49:32,572
from the endless cycles
of reincarnation,

913
00:49:32,572 --> 00:49:35,141
or you're simply trying to leave
the world a better place

914
00:49:35,141 --> 00:49:37,677
than you found it,

915
00:49:37,677 --> 00:49:43,216
our desire to go beyond death
has changed the world.

916
00:49:43,216 --> 00:49:46,286
Whatever we may find
on the other side,

917
00:49:46,286 --> 00:49:49,089
no matter what our faith...

918
00:49:49,089 --> 00:49:54,227


919
00:49:54,227 --> 00:49:58,932
...we can all become eternal,
like the stars.

920
00:49:58,932 --> 00:50:10,276