Imagine a world
where temperatures rise to 120 degrees Fahrenheit,
where there's no escape from sun, wind and dust.
Imagine a world with almost no food or water.
These are the conditions in one-third of the lands of our planet.
To live here
demands the most extraordinary survival strategies.
This is the oldest desert in the world.
The Namib in southwest Africa.
It's been dry for 55 million years.
Life here for a hunter is as hard as it gets.
A pride of lions,
one of the very few
that endures this desert's scorching temperatures
and lack of water.
Hunting here presents special problems.
A herd of oryx,
the only prey within 20 miles.
Out here, there is no cover for an ambush.
It will have to be a straight chase.
They have failed,
and each failed hunt brings the lions closer to starvation.
To find enough to eat,
the pride continually searches an area the size of Switzerland.
Three days and 100 miles later,
and still, no kill.
These are desperate times.
A dry riverbed on the edge of their territory.
The only animals here are giraffe.
But these one-tonne giants could kill a lion
with a single kick.
Lions seldom tackle such formidable prey.
But this pride can't go on much longer
without food.
The whole pride must work together as a team,
if they're to succeed.
Two lionesses lead the chase.
Others race to cut off possible escape routes.
The giraffe has the speed and stamina to outrun the pride.
But it's being chased into a trap.
Up ahead, the lead female waits.
It's now up to her.
Most lion hunts end in failure.
But no lions fail more often than those that live in the desert.
Once again,
the pride must continue their search.
It does sometimes rain in the desert.
Here in the American West,
storms can strike with devastating force.
After 10 months of drought, millions of tons of water
are dumped on the land in under an hour.
Over millions of years,
sand and gravel carried by the rampaging floods
have carved channels through the solid rock.
Salt canyons, 150 feet deep.
In some places, these canyons have widened
until the land between them is sculpted into table lands and isolated pinnacles,
some of the most dramatic landscapes on the planet.
The rain may be long gone,
but there is water here,
locked away within the tissues of specialist desert plants.
Cacti are unique to American deserts.
They all hoard water, storing it in swollen stems,
and protecting it behind a barricade of spines.
They're so successful that they dominate these deserts.
But this forest of spikes
can cause problems for the animals that live here.
A Harris's hawk.
It has developed special techniques for hunting amongst the cacti.
Ground squirrels.
Prey.
At the first sign of danger, they bolt for the safety of the thorns.
But the hawks have a tactic to flush them out.
These are the only birds of prey that hunt in packs.
Flying in formation,
they try to drive their quarry into the open.
But this squirrel is staying put.
So now the hawks continue the hunt
on foot.
They're closing in from all sides.
Soon, all escape routes are cut off.
The squirrel is trapped.
The spines that cover almost every plant in this desert
can provide protection and shelter for many animals.
So, why should these spikes be hung with corpses?
What kind of creature could be responsible
for creating such a gruesome scene?
There's a mysterious killer at work in this desert.
It's a butcher bird.
This little song bird uses the spines as a butcher uses his hook,
to hold its prey as it dismembers it.
And with chicks to feed, he also uses the spines as a larder.
He's been stocking it for weeks.
Hanging his prey out of the reach of scavengers on the ground
ensures that his newly-hatched young will never go hungry.
An ingenious solution
to making the good times last in the desert,
if a little macabre.
Some deserts are so arid,
they appear totally devoid of all vegetation.
Yet even these landscapes
can be transformed
in a matter of days.
The deserts of Peru are amongst the driest in the world.
But just add a little water,
and plants that have lain dormant for months
will burst into life.
And when a desert suddenly turns green,
even the most seemingly desolate
can become a land of opportunity.
No creature exploits the greening of a desert more quickly,
or more dramatically,
than a locust.
Madagascar's arid southwest
has received its highest rainfall in years.
Now, an army is on the march,
attracted by the smell of newly-sprouting grass.
Locusts are normally solitary creatures,
but when food becomes suddenly plentiful,
they come together into an unstoppable force
that devours everything in its path.
But this devastation is about to get a lot worse.
The locusts now transform into winged adults.
And with conditions as good as this,
they do so three times faster than normal.
Now, they are at their most voracious.
And with wings, they can take to the skies.
Once airborne, the locusts can travel over 60 miles a day
in their search for new feeding grounds.
A super-swarm of this scale may only appear once in a decade.
This one extends over 200 square miles
and contains several billion individuals.
Between them, they will devour 40, 000 tonnes of food in a day.
Nothing can strip a land of its vegetation with such speed
and thoroughness as a plague of locusts.
When the food eventually runs out, the whole army will die.
But not before it's devastated the land.
With no plants to bind them,
thin soils soon turn to dust and blow away.
Now, these barren lands are left to the mercy of the elements.
Scorched by the sun and scoured by windblown sand,
desert rock is shaped into strange, otherworldly landscapes.
These rocky deserts may have a beguiling beauty,
but when they become this barren, very little life can endure.
For many animals,
the only way to survive the most hostile times
is to keep moving.
In the Kalahari,
brief rains have given way to the dry season.
Food and water are becoming increasingly scarce.
For these zebra, it's time to leave.
They are setting off on the longest over-land migration
made by any mammal in Africa,
marching towards the scent of distant rains.
As drought intensifies,
desert-living elephants must also undertake long journeys
in search of water.
The older females can remember where, even in times of extreme drought,
there may still be water,
and sometimes lead the herd
to a waterhole they may not have visited for decades.
These zebra are almost at the end of their journey.
This is what they've been heading for.
A rare waterhole.
In deserts, most waterholes are short-lived.
They appear after rains,
but then vanish almost as quickly as they came.
Animals have come here from many miles around.
Yet, this can be a dangerous place in which to linger.
Sixty miles away, in the heart of the desert,
sandgrouse chicks are hatching.
It's safer for them to be here.
But being so distant from water is a gamble.
With only their mother to shield them from the sun,
if they get nothing to drink,
they will be dead within hours.
Their only hope is their father.
Every morning, he makes the 120-mile round trip
to get water for the family.
Grouse from all over the desert visit this oasis,
arriving together in large flocks.
And that is important.
There's safety in numbers.
The male snatches a drink,
but he also needs to collect water for his chicks.
Using specially-adapted breast feathers,
he can soak up water like a sponge.
But it takes time,
and he is in danger.
Goshawk.
Sandgrouse here are their main prey.
Again and again,
the male sandgrouse risk their lives
in order to collect water for their chicks.
This is why sandgrouse nest so far from waterholes.
At last,
he's soaked up as much as he can.
Carrying a quarter of his bodyweight in water,
he can now set off on the long journey home.
He's back, and just in time.
He can give the chicks their first-ever drink.
But he will have to undertake this perilous journey
every day for the next two months,
until his chicks
can finally make the flight to the waterhole for themselves.
It's July in the deserts of Nevada
in the western United States.
The hottest time of the year.
Bands of wild horses, mustang,
are converging on one of the last remaining waterholes for miles.
Now, water not only offers them the chance to drink.
It can also bring power.
If a stallion can control access to water,
he will have secured mating rights to the entire herd.
So stallions try to dominate these pools,
fighting off rivals who venture too close.
A stranger.
He's travelled 10 miles to be here
because the pools where he's come from have already dried up.
With him come his females.
If he can't provide them with water,
they will leave him for the white stallion
who already dominates this pool.
So he will have to fight.
There is everything to lose.
A broken leg or a shattered jaw would mean a slow and painful death.
A missed kick,
and it's all over.
The new arrival has won.
And his prize is more than just a chance to drink.
He has provided for his herd, and in the process,
stolen his rival's females.
The white stallion's rule is over.
Desert life is not only shaped by the scarcity of water,
but also by the relentless power
of the sun.
The highest temperatures on Earth have all been recorded in its deserts.
Changes in the climate
mean temperatures here are rising more than the global average.
And as deserts heat up,
they are also expanding.
Every year,
a further 50, 000 square miles of grass and farmland
are turning into barren stretches of dust and rock.
In the heat of the day,
surface temperatures can reach 160 degrees,
far too hot to handle for most.
But not for this shovel-snouted lizard.
Raising its feet off the ground in turn
enables each to briefly cool.
But even this dancing desert specialist
can't stand the heat for long.
One option is to find shade.
Dune grass, the only vegetation here, provides virtually none.
But just an inch beneath the surface of the sand,
it is several degrees cooler.
A voiding the extreme heat imposes a rhythm on desert life.
And many animals here choose the simplest option of all,
staying hidden all day
and only venturing out in the cool of the night.
As darkness falls,
animals appear from seemingly nowhere.
And among them, inevitably,
are hunters.
One of the most voracious nocturnal predators
is also one of the hardest to see.
This mysterious creature
hardly ever appears on the surface of the dunes.
But there are signs on the sand that can give it away.
It lives only here,
where the sand grains are so perfectly dry and polished
that they flow almost like water.
It's no bigger than a Ping-Pong ball.
A golden mole.
It's totally blind,
but there's nothing to see underground anyway.
Instead, it has superb hearing.
Its entire head acts as an amplifier
that picks up vibrations through the sand.
So, to locate prey on the surface of the dune,
it has, paradoxically, to thrust its face into the dune.
Termites.
Not easy to catch when you're blind.
Far better to go into stealth mode.
Once below the sand,
it can detect the slightest movement,
allowing it to strike with pinpoint accuracy.
Well, most of the time.
It can travel two-thirds of a mile a night in search of its dinner.
And right now, it has just detected its main course.
Little wonder it's sometimes called "the shark of the dunes".
Food can be so scarce in the desert
that even at night, animals can't afford to be choosy
about what they eat.
Israel's Negev Desert.
Otonycteris, the desert long-eared bat,
is on the hunt.
Most bats catch flying insects on the wing.
But there are so few of these in the desert
that this bat must do things differently.
It has to hunt on the ground.
But what really sets it apart
is what it's hunting.
A deathstalker scorpion.
The venom of this species is potent enough to kill a human.
Tackling it seems madness for a bat weighing just half an ounce.
In the pitch black,
both predator and prey are effectively blind.
But the scorpion has one advantage,
he can sense the approach of the bat through vibrations in the sand.
Otonycteris must rely entirely on its hearing.
If the scorpion doesn't move, it won't know it's there.
The battle is on.
Armed with crushing pincers and a sting loaded with venom,
this scorpion is a dangerous opponent.
A direct strike on the head.
Is it all over?
Not for this bat.
Otonycteris clearly has some immunity to the venom,
but repeated stings must still be extraordinarily painful.
And if the bat is not to go hungry,
it must catch another three scorpions before sunrise.
Desert animals have developed remarkable strategies
to make the most of the rare opportunities
that come their way.
Although some deserts may not see rain for several years,
most will hold a little water in one form or another.
The trick is simply knowing how to reach it.
Dawn in the dunes of the Namib,
and something magical is happening.
Moist air lying over the neighbouring Atlantic
is cooled and blown inland,
forming fog banks that shroud the desert in mist.
This precious moisture
lies tantalisingly out of reach at the top of the dunes,
and it won't last long.
It will be burnt off by the sun just hours after it rises.
Darkling beetles race to the top of the dunes
to reach the fog before it vanishes.
Some of the Namib's dunes are a thousand feet high,
the tallest in the world.
For a beetle no larger than a thumbnail,
this is the equivalent of us climbing a dune
twice the height of Everest.
But even more impressive
is what it does next.
Standing perfectly still, facing into the wind,
the beetle does a headstand.
Fog begins to condense on its body.
Microscopic bumps on its wing cases
direct the water to grooves that channel it towards the mouth.
Before returning down the slip face,
it will drink 40% of its body weight.
This little beetle
has learned how to conjure water out of the air
in one of the driest places on Earth.
And it's not alone on the top of the dunes.
Web-footed geckos use a similar trick.
Surely, few animals go to greater lengths to get a drink.
Unfortunately, Namaqua chameleons know that on foggy mornings,
the beetles coming down the dunes are juicier than those going up.
The diversity of life
that thrives in a world almost totally devoid of water
is truly remarkable.
Success in the desert
depends on an extraordinary variety of survival strategies
that have evolved over millions of years.
But our planet is changing.
The world's deserts are growing bigger, hotter and drier,
and they're doing so faster than ever before.
How life will cope here in the future
remains to be seen.
Finding animals in these vast, empty landscapes
was a persistent problem for the desert team.
But surely, this wouldn't be the case when they set out to film
one of the greatest concentrations of wildlife on Earth.
It can't be hard to find a billion locusts,
can it?
Okay.
With news that freak rains have triggered
a mass emergence of locusts in a remote part of Madagascar,
the team sets off in pursuit.
Over here.
We've got some young hopper locusts
just crossing the road in front of us here.
Just had to stop the cars. Here they are, here.
On the side of the road, look.
Looks promising,
but though finding hoppers is easy,
filming them proves more of a challenge.
Can we rethink this? 'Cause it's not really working.
The locust are rarely skipping.
Any kind of movement, they just freak out.
So we're now doing our best locust-herding techniques
to try and get them to go in front of the lens,
which is, uh, proving harder than anticipated.
This is my Monday morning locust-herding jazz hands.
Ah, what's that?
It's a wasp nest.
Soon, the crew find themselves surrounded by locusts.
No need for jazz hands now.
It's a good start,
but the team still need to film the winged swarms
that complete the story.
But, once airborne, they can travel 60 miles a day,
so finding a swarm won't be easy.
Fortunately, the UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation
are here, too, to help.
The FAO are on a mission to eradicate the plagues
decimating crops across Madagascar.
And if anyone knows where the locusts are,
it's the local expert, Hasibelo.
He thinks that they are moving in this way.
Time to go swarm-chasing.
But "chasing" is the operative word.
The locusts always seem one step ahead.
It's amazing, really,
'cause this plan is just completely radically changing hour by hour.
We now have to travel several hours further north, which is, uh,
- a bit of a pain. - It's a bit of a pain.
As they venture into the unknown,
it's clear it's been a very wet year, indeed.
Traffic is one thing,
but boats on the road?
It's, uh, unconventional traffic.
Yeah, it is.
Progress is slow, and soon stops altogether.
The locusts are just across the water,
so the team must follow,
on this.
What could possibly go wrong?
We're now stuck on, uh,
possibly the world's most antiquated raft,
trying to cross a very fast-flowing river.
But, onwards and upwards.
Um, we've now got an hour-long river-crossing and, uh,
we'll just have to see what's on the other side.
With the river behind them,
it should be plain sailing.
But once across, the team discovers that, yet again,
the locusts are nowhere to be seen.
And after two weeks on the road,
the local street food is beginning to take its toll.
Got it under control.
So, Ed's not very well.
Been yakking up and...
And not very nice stomach.
We just need to do whatever it takes now to get us to where the swarms are.
The next day, the team forges on.
Briefly.
Here's Joel.
- I'm tired. - What do we think? Yeah?
No?
The road has turned into a bog.
The cars can go no further.
We need to cross this area of water
to get to the savannah and find our locust swarms.
Um, and it's amazing to think
that with the combined might of the United Nations and the BBC,
we are eventually defeated by a puddle.
Back to the drawing board.
Once again, it's Hasibelo to the rescue.
Well, we have a plan.
Taking to the air was never on the cards,
but thanks to the FAO's helicopter,
the team can now play the locusts at their own game.
More smoke?
This time, it's a billion locusts.
And one very relieved producer.
Against the odds, the team has located a super-swarm.
This is exactly what we've been looking for.
We've driven halfway across Madagascar
to one of the most remote parts there is.
Oh, it's just been a nightmare, but finally, we're here.
I mean, this is the biggest swarm we could have even hoped for.
- It's just amazing. - Look here. I'm gonna film here.
It's incredibly exhilarating and yet totally shocking
to think the devastation that swarms like this are causing.
It just makes you realise how important the FAO are
in getting this under control.
Just gonna run through it.
I should be naked for this, but...
Thankfully, Rob kept his clothes on,
and more importantly, this plague has now been halted.
But not before the team had witnessed
one of the biggest swarms ever recorded on film.
Next time, we journey to the world's Great Plains.
Where spectacular gatherings of wildlife
cope with extreme change.
And surprising creatures survive
in unexpected ways.