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By the jasmine lies a stone.
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Beneath the stone lies a treasure.
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On the path stands Father.
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It's a bright, bright day.
7
00:01:53,031 --> 00:01:55,325
The silver poplar blooms...
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00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:57,869
and the centifolia rose,
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00:01:57,994 --> 00:02:00,163
and behind it the rambling roses,
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00:02:00,288 --> 00:02:02,207
and the tender milky grass.
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00:02:02,624 --> 00:02:06,127
Never have I been happier than then.
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00:02:06,544 --> 00:02:10,465
Never have I been happier than then.
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There can be no going back
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and no recounting
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00:02:15,845 --> 00:02:18,723
the bliss that filled
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00:02:18,973 --> 00:02:21,810
that Garden of Eden.
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00:02:47,544 --> 00:02:50,797
An artist feeds
on his childhood his entire life.
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00:02:50,922 --> 00:02:53,800
The shape and form
of his childhood...
19
00:02:54,509 --> 00:02:57,011
determine the nature of his art.
20
00:02:57,762 --> 00:03:00,515
The fact my father was a poet
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00:03:00,640 --> 00:03:03,268
played a huge role in my life.
22
00:03:05,478 --> 00:03:09,524
His poetry had
an enormous influence on me...
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00:03:10,024 --> 00:03:13,069
as did his views about his poetry,
Russian literature...
24
00:03:13,194 --> 00:03:15,196
and art.
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00:03:20,410 --> 00:03:24,581
But it's a kind
of unconscious dependence
26
00:03:24,706 --> 00:03:26,875
and connection.
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00:03:27,375 --> 00:03:30,962
I can't analyze
or evaluate its nature.
28
00:03:31,462 --> 00:03:36,092
I feel much more connected
to my mother than to my father.
29
00:03:36,259 --> 00:03:39,220
Everything I had to say
in that regard
30
00:03:39,679 --> 00:03:42,098
I said in my film Mirror.
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00:03:42,390 --> 00:03:44,434
Those who've seen that film
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00:03:44,684 --> 00:03:47,604
probably understand
what I meant.
33
00:04:30,438 --> 00:04:33,441
My first memory dates back
34
00:04:33,733 --> 00:04:37,487
to when I was
a year and a half old.
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00:04:37,779 --> 00:04:39,739
I recall a house...
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00:04:40,114 --> 00:04:42,450
stairs, and a porch.
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00:04:42,784 --> 00:04:45,328
An uncovered porch
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00:04:45,453 --> 00:04:48,039
with steps and a handrail.
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00:04:48,247 --> 00:04:50,792
Five or six steps.
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00:04:51,209 --> 00:04:55,296
By the steps
was a huge lilac bush.
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00:04:55,463 --> 00:04:59,133
It was cool beneath it,
and strewn with fresh sand.
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00:04:59,342 --> 00:05:03,721
I'm rolling an aluminum
saucepan lid down the handrail
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00:05:04,180 --> 00:05:08,351
when I'm suddenly
terribly frightened by a noise.
44
00:05:08,601 --> 00:05:12,605
I crawl under the lilac
and look up at the sky,
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00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:16,442
because the terrible noise
that's getting louder and louder
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00:05:16,567 --> 00:05:18,653
is coming from above.
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00:05:18,778 --> 00:05:23,157
Suddenly, through an opening
in the branches,
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00:05:23,491 --> 00:05:26,119
I see an airplane overhead.
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00:05:26,619 --> 00:05:30,832
That was in 1933.
50
00:05:31,332 --> 00:05:33,751
I was born in 1932.
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00:05:41,718 --> 00:05:45,888
Those postwar years were very hard,
with famine and such.
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00:05:46,014 --> 00:05:48,307
I almost can't remember.
53
00:05:48,850 --> 00:05:53,771
I only remember the hospital
where I went in 1947.
54
00:06:02,905 --> 00:06:06,159
As a child I fell ill
from hunger and fear.
55
00:06:06,701 --> 00:06:10,538
I peel the scabs off my lips
and run my tongue over them.
56
00:06:10,872 --> 00:06:14,000
I recall the cool and salty taste.
57
00:06:14,375 --> 00:06:18,004
And I walk endlessly.
I walk and walk.
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00:06:18,463 --> 00:06:21,758
I sit on the front steps
to warm up.
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00:06:22,383 --> 00:06:26,846
I wander lightheaded,
as if to the Pied Piper's tune.
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00:06:26,971 --> 00:06:31,017
I sit shivering on the steps,
trying to warm myself.
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00:06:31,434 --> 00:06:34,729
And Mother stands a ways off,
beckoning to me,
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00:06:34,937 --> 00:06:37,732
seemingly so close,
yet out of reach.
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00:06:38,024 --> 00:06:41,402
I move toward her.
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00:06:41,611 --> 00:06:45,239
She stands seven steps away,
beckoning... beckoning.
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00:06:54,123 --> 00:07:00,588
I consider memory
a peculiar emotional structure
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00:07:00,922 --> 00:07:04,550
of enormous importance
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00:07:04,842 --> 00:07:09,597
to all those
whose profession revolves
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00:07:09,722 --> 00:07:13,935
around imagination and creativity.
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00:07:23,069 --> 00:07:27,532
I was just three
when my father left us.
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00:07:27,990 --> 00:07:30,243
We saw him very seldom,
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00:07:30,368 --> 00:07:33,204
so I can only recall
the rare occasions
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00:07:33,329 --> 00:07:35,790
when he'd suddenly appear.
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00:07:36,165 --> 00:07:40,044
We had two small rooms
in an apartment
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00:07:40,211 --> 00:07:43,631
in the old part of Moscow
called Zamoskvorechye.
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00:07:43,756 --> 00:07:47,218
A few years had passed.
I was in school by then.
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00:07:47,343 --> 00:07:50,346
My father came by late one night.
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00:07:50,471 --> 00:07:53,391
My sister and I
were already in bed.
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00:07:53,558 --> 00:07:56,477
He argued with my mother
in the kitchen,
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00:07:56,602 --> 00:08:00,314
demanding that
she grant him custody of me.
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00:08:01,357 --> 00:08:03,609
She didn't want to
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00:08:03,734 --> 00:08:06,988
and was of course
terribly hurt by his demand.
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00:08:07,113 --> 00:08:10,491
Neither of them mentioned it
to me directly,
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00:08:10,616 --> 00:08:12,994
but I remember it.
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00:08:13,161 --> 00:08:15,997
Hence that scene in Mirror.
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00:08:18,958 --> 00:08:24,046
Ignat, your mother and I wanted
to ask you something.
86
00:08:24,922 --> 00:08:26,382
What?
87
00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,638
Perhaps it's better
if you live with me.
88
00:08:32,763 --> 00:08:34,473
What do you mean?
89
00:08:35,057 --> 00:08:39,061
Live here with me,
go to a new school.
90
00:08:39,312 --> 00:08:41,856
Didn't you mention it
to Mama once?
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00:08:42,023 --> 00:08:43,733
What did I say?
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00:08:44,567 --> 00:08:47,820
When? No. There's no point.
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00:08:50,740 --> 00:08:54,619
I realized I'd never ever
go live with my father,
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00:08:54,952 --> 00:08:57,705
even though I always
dreamed about it
95
00:08:57,872 --> 00:09:00,416
and suffered
from not living with him.
96
00:09:00,541 --> 00:09:04,128
But I'd never in my life
go live with him.
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00:09:29,820 --> 00:09:34,367
I remember her
waiting for my father
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00:09:34,492 --> 00:09:37,036
to arrive from the city.
99
00:09:37,203 --> 00:09:40,456
It happened exactly like in the film.
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00:09:40,581 --> 00:09:42,583
Maybe that's why I remember it.
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00:09:42,750 --> 00:09:46,045
I don't remember much else,
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00:09:46,254 --> 00:09:49,924
except that I know
she was in love
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00:09:50,091 --> 00:09:52,468
with my father
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00:09:52,635 --> 00:09:54,929
and never loved anyone else.
105
00:10:01,852 --> 00:10:04,772
After my father left us...
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00:10:05,439 --> 00:10:09,986
we tried to keep in touch.
107
00:10:10,945 --> 00:10:14,115
Or he tried to,
since I was just a child.
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00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,325
The war began soon after that,
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00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:19,578
and life became terribly difficult.
110
00:10:19,704 --> 00:10:23,708
And those difficulties fell
on my mother's shoulders, of course.
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00:10:23,833 --> 00:10:28,296
And though she was
totally unequipped for life,
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00:10:28,546 --> 00:10:33,634
she managed not only
to save my sister's life and mine
113
00:10:33,801 --> 00:10:36,846
but to make sure
we got an education.
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00:10:36,971 --> 00:10:39,640
Despite the dire conditions,
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00:10:40,182 --> 00:10:44,562
she made sure I graduated
with a major in music,
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00:10:44,687 --> 00:10:46,647
studying piano
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00:10:46,939 --> 00:10:49,191
and also painting.
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00:10:49,317 --> 00:10:54,113
Looking back today,
I simply can't fathom...
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00:10:54,822 --> 00:10:57,825
how she managed all that,
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00:10:57,992 --> 00:11:00,161
given the dire circumstances.
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00:11:01,329 --> 00:11:05,541
If not for her,
I'd certainly never have been able
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00:11:06,292 --> 00:11:09,295
to become a director.
123
00:11:18,346 --> 00:11:22,641
Mama, the kerosene stove
is smoking.
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00:11:23,976 --> 00:11:25,603
What?
125
00:11:38,949 --> 00:11:41,369
Come and take it all.
126
00:11:41,702 --> 00:11:43,579
I need nothing.
127
00:11:43,954 --> 00:11:48,000
What I love I give away.
What I don't love, likewise.
128
00:11:48,125 --> 00:11:50,044
I want to replace you,
129
00:11:50,211 --> 00:11:53,381
but if I say I'll turn into you,
130
00:11:53,547 --> 00:11:56,300
don't believe me, poor child.
131
00:11:56,509 --> 00:11:58,177
I'm lying.
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00:11:58,386 --> 00:12:01,972
Oh, those hands
with fingers like vines,
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00:12:02,139 --> 00:12:05,059
those eyes, open and moist,
134
00:12:05,184 --> 00:12:07,645
those shells of little ears
135
00:12:07,770 --> 00:12:11,065
like saucers
filled with a love song
136
00:12:11,190 --> 00:12:14,568
and wings curved sharply
by the wind.
137
00:12:14,819 --> 00:12:18,572
Don't believe me, poor child.
I'm lying.
138
00:12:18,739 --> 00:12:21,867
I'll try to break away
like one condemned,
139
00:12:22,076 --> 00:12:25,037
but I cannot bridge this distance.
140
00:12:25,246 --> 00:12:28,165
I cannot wave your wings
141
00:12:28,416 --> 00:12:32,169
or touch your eyelid
with your little finger
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00:12:32,294 --> 00:12:34,755
or see through your eyes.
143
00:12:35,089 --> 00:12:38,175
You're a hundred times
stronger than me.
144
00:12:38,384 --> 00:12:40,803
You are a song about yourself,
145
00:12:40,970 --> 00:12:44,306
while I'm governor
of tree and sky,
146
00:12:44,515 --> 00:12:48,769
and by your judgment
sentenced for my song.
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00:13:49,121 --> 00:13:53,501
I must say
I have a very hazy sense
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00:13:53,667 --> 00:13:57,296
of the role children play
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00:13:57,421 --> 00:13:59,006
in my films.
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00:13:59,840 --> 00:14:01,926
It's quite murky.
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00:14:02,176 --> 00:14:05,554
Same with women's roles
in my films.
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00:14:06,138 --> 00:14:08,516
I have the sense
I didn't manage
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00:14:08,641 --> 00:14:10,518
to express
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00:14:10,643 --> 00:14:14,104
all I should have
about children and women.
155
00:14:15,147 --> 00:14:19,610
I've always thought
that children...
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00:14:20,861 --> 00:14:23,155
are much wiser than us...
157
00:14:23,906 --> 00:14:27,826
and thus I've always tried
to involve them in my films.
158
00:14:27,952 --> 00:14:30,538
For me, children somehow
connect our world
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00:14:30,663 --> 00:14:33,707
with another world,
a transcendent world
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00:14:33,874 --> 00:14:37,044
to which they haven't yet lost
their connection.
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00:14:37,169 --> 00:14:39,755
They will soon,
but they haven't yet.
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00:14:40,881 --> 00:14:43,259
That's precisely why I feel
163
00:14:43,384 --> 00:14:46,011
that children's roles
are so important.
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00:14:46,136 --> 00:14:49,890
When a grown-up can't find words
to express something,
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00:14:50,015 --> 00:14:53,394
I think he should ask a child.
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00:14:53,561 --> 00:14:56,689
The child will be able
to clarify everything,
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00:14:56,981 --> 00:14:59,567
even just by his presence.
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00:15:25,217 --> 00:15:28,762
I have no doubt
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00:15:28,887 --> 00:15:31,765
that if the famous
Khrushchev Thaw hadn't happened,
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00:15:31,890 --> 00:15:35,227
it would have been
highly unlikely for me...
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00:15:35,978 --> 00:15:42,443
to establish any kind
of career in cinema.
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00:15:43,152 --> 00:15:45,738
I remember that period very well.
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00:15:46,071 --> 00:15:49,658
It was connected
to the hope we all felt.
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00:15:49,908 --> 00:15:52,578
We looked
to the future with hope,
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00:15:52,745 --> 00:15:56,749
full of plans and prospects.
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00:15:56,957 --> 00:15:59,043
Full of hope.
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00:15:59,460 --> 00:16:02,630
I remember that time
quite well for that reason.
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00:16:02,755 --> 00:16:05,257
We all felt connected
179
00:16:05,507 --> 00:16:09,386
by an urgent, irrepressible desire
to express ourselves,
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00:16:09,511 --> 00:16:12,389
and by the sense that
that was now possible.
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00:16:20,689 --> 00:16:24,401
But all that quickly
came to an end.
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00:16:24,652 --> 00:16:27,780
The "hangover after the feast"
183
00:16:28,322 --> 00:16:30,366
set in all too soon.
184
00:16:30,491 --> 00:16:35,829
I remember when
my first film came out in 1962...
185
00:16:36,038 --> 00:16:38,165
Ivan's Childhood.
186
00:16:38,332 --> 00:16:41,502
I remember
how state cinema officials
187
00:16:41,627 --> 00:16:45,089
considered it a pacifist film —
188
00:16:45,214 --> 00:16:47,758
that is to say, negatively.
189
00:16:47,883 --> 00:16:50,344
Because,
according to Soviet thinking,
190
00:16:50,511 --> 00:16:53,347
war can be just or unjust.
191
00:16:53,681 --> 00:16:56,433
It's a rather
Raskolnikovian notion:
192
00:16:56,558 --> 00:17:00,521
Killing is acceptable
if the cause is just.
193
00:17:06,276 --> 00:17:09,446
With a bit of distance
it becomes clear
194
00:17:09,571 --> 00:17:13,951
how hypocritical and false
that point of view is.
195
00:17:14,410 --> 00:17:17,955
Nevertheless,
my film was criticized
196
00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:20,666
on those grounds.
197
00:17:20,791 --> 00:17:25,671
Its strong antimilitary position,
198
00:17:25,921 --> 00:17:29,550
its stance against death, literally,
199
00:17:29,717 --> 00:17:31,885
and against destruction
200
00:17:32,010 --> 00:17:34,763
was viewed
as suggesting an opposition
201
00:17:34,888 --> 00:17:39,101
to death and war
in and of themselves,
202
00:17:39,226 --> 00:17:42,563
regardless of whether
they're just or unjust.
203
00:17:49,027 --> 00:17:53,574
When we speak of war,
we're really speaking of casualties,
204
00:17:53,949 --> 00:17:57,244
because there are
no winners in a war.
205
00:17:57,494 --> 00:18:00,581
Even if we're victorious,
we're defeated...
206
00:18:00,831 --> 00:18:03,667
simply by taking part.
207
00:18:20,559 --> 00:18:23,771
The story behind that film
is quite odd.
208
00:18:23,937 --> 00:18:28,400
Mosfilm began production
on a film to be called "Ivan"
209
00:18:28,692 --> 00:18:30,778
with a different director.
210
00:18:31,028 --> 00:18:34,114
The film was
almost half finished.
211
00:18:34,406 --> 00:18:37,659
Half the budget had been spent.
212
00:18:37,910 --> 00:18:41,538
The footage was so awful
that production was shut down.
213
00:18:42,247 --> 00:18:46,794
Mosfilm began looking around
for other directors.
214
00:18:47,294 --> 00:18:50,130
Starting with the big names
215
00:18:50,297 --> 00:18:54,051
down to the very last people
at the studios,
216
00:18:54,176 --> 00:18:57,137
when everyone else
had said absolutely not,
217
00:18:57,262 --> 00:18:59,556
they asked me.
218
00:18:59,681 --> 00:19:03,060
I'd just graduated
from film school.
219
00:19:03,393 --> 00:19:06,313
I laid down a few conditions:
220
00:19:06,522 --> 00:19:10,192
First, I would read
the story by Bogomolov
221
00:19:10,317 --> 00:19:12,820
on which the film was based.
222
00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:17,658
Second, I wouldn't watch
even one foot of existing footage.
223
00:19:17,783 --> 00:19:19,993
I'd rewrite the entire script.
224
00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:25,165
I'd replace everyone: actors,
cinematographer, art direction.
225
00:19:25,457 --> 00:19:28,001
And we'd start over
from scratch.
226
00:19:28,168 --> 00:19:32,381
"Okay, but you'll only have
half the money."
227
00:19:32,506 --> 00:19:36,093
"That's enough. Give me
complete freedom and I'll do it.
228
00:19:44,935 --> 00:19:46,770
All right.
229
00:19:47,396 --> 00:19:49,356
Let me help you.
- I'll manage.
230
00:19:49,481 --> 00:19:51,525
"I'll manage!"
231
00:19:55,654 --> 00:19:59,032
I know the film
was very well received,
232
00:19:59,199 --> 00:20:02,828
but I really don't think
critics understood it.
233
00:20:03,787 --> 00:20:06,957
They all tried
to analyze the story line,
234
00:20:07,165 --> 00:20:09,543
when in reality it was simply
235
00:20:09,668 --> 00:20:12,462
the youthful creation
of a young director,
236
00:20:12,671 --> 00:20:17,426
a work of art to be examined
from the artist's point of view.
237
00:20:23,473 --> 00:20:25,559
Sartre defended the film
238
00:20:25,726 --> 00:20:27,811
from a philosophical
point of view,
239
00:20:27,936 --> 00:20:29,980
but to me that was no defense.
240
00:20:30,105 --> 00:20:33,275
It should have been
from an aesthetic point of view.
241
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:35,944
Because I'm not a philosopher.
I'm an artist.
242
00:20:36,069 --> 00:20:38,697
His defense was useless to me.
243
00:21:05,933 --> 00:21:08,769
Within this universe
our joyous mind
244
00:21:09,061 --> 00:21:12,064
erects an uncertain shelter.
245
00:21:12,189 --> 00:21:15,484
Men, stars, and angels live
246
00:21:15,692 --> 00:21:18,403
by virtue
of this spherical tension.
247
00:21:18,612 --> 00:21:21,239
We've barely conceived a child
248
00:21:21,448 --> 00:21:23,867
when, beneath its feet,
249
00:21:24,117 --> 00:21:26,912
the membrane bends outward
into the unknown
250
00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,831
along the child's circular orbit.
251
00:21:35,629 --> 00:21:37,756
I'm flying!
252
00:21:45,389 --> 00:21:47,349
Hey!
253
00:21:47,516 --> 00:21:51,478
Chase me!
254
00:21:57,234 --> 00:22:01,321
Very soon after the thaw
I sensed a certain chill.
255
00:22:03,073 --> 00:22:07,327
My second film,
begun in 1964...
256
00:22:08,036 --> 00:22:10,706
and completed in 1966...
257
00:22:11,164 --> 00:22:13,792
called Andrei Rublev...
258
00:22:13,917 --> 00:22:16,670
very clearly illustrates
that critical juncture.
259
00:22:18,380 --> 00:22:19,881
Come on!
260
00:22:20,549 --> 00:22:24,386
The film was very well received
by the film community.
261
00:22:24,511 --> 00:22:28,348
I remember that the board
of the film committee
262
00:22:28,473 --> 00:22:32,644
all praised the film very highly —
to my great surprise,
263
00:22:32,769 --> 00:22:36,898
because I myself hadn't
entirely grasped what I'd achieved.
264
00:22:37,024 --> 00:22:41,319
Yet the film was shelved
soon after that
265
00:22:41,820 --> 00:22:44,990
and wasn't released
for 5 1/2 years,
266
00:22:45,115 --> 00:22:49,286
because it was labeled
"antihistorical,"
267
00:22:49,494 --> 00:22:51,788
which was completely untrue.
268
00:22:52,372 --> 00:22:56,084
We'd been extremely careful
269
00:22:56,209 --> 00:22:59,046
to maintain historical accuracy
270
00:22:59,171 --> 00:23:03,050
in depicting the circumstances
on which it was based.
271
00:23:03,216 --> 00:23:06,261
On the other hand,
they called it "anti-Russian."
272
00:23:06,970 --> 00:23:11,725
It was also deemed
too close to Western models
273
00:23:11,850 --> 00:23:16,396
in portraying the protagonist
as far too individualistic.
274
00:23:16,521 --> 00:23:19,191
He was too self-absorbed
275
00:23:19,316 --> 00:23:22,694
and too often
in direct opposition to life
276
00:23:22,819 --> 00:23:27,616
to be a Russian artist —
277
00:23:27,908 --> 00:23:30,077
which was totally untrue.
278
00:23:30,243 --> 00:23:33,747
He couldn't behave otherwise,
because he was a monk.
279
00:23:33,914 --> 00:23:37,751
His entire existence was
in opposition to worldly existence.
280
00:23:37,876 --> 00:23:39,878
That was the point.
281
00:23:40,003 --> 00:23:42,422
That period was
very hard for me.
282
00:23:42,589 --> 00:23:44,424
I could see
283
00:23:44,549 --> 00:23:48,011
that the time of
the Party's 20th Congress was over,
284
00:23:48,136 --> 00:23:50,263
and that hard times
were coming.
285
00:23:52,599 --> 00:23:54,768
Something goes wrong...
286
00:23:54,935 --> 00:23:57,562
or you feel tired, discouraged.
287
00:23:58,313 --> 00:24:03,527
And then suddenly, in the crowd,
you meet a human glance,
288
00:24:04,152 --> 00:24:08,865
and your burdens are made light,
as after Communion.
289
00:24:09,282 --> 00:24:11,118
Isn't that so?
290
00:24:13,620 --> 00:24:15,747
A true poet...
291
00:24:15,872 --> 00:24:20,335
if he truly is a poet,
cannot but be a believer.
292
00:24:22,254 --> 00:24:26,925
Perhaps that explains
the cultural crisis
293
00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:31,138
we've been experiencing
for many years now.
294
00:24:33,557 --> 00:24:37,185
We must remind people more often
that they are people —
295
00:24:37,477 --> 00:24:41,314
Russians, of the same blood,
of the same land.
296
00:24:43,233 --> 00:24:45,986
Personally I can't even remember
297
00:24:46,153 --> 00:24:49,489
when that transition occurred,
298
00:24:49,739 --> 00:24:52,325
when I became a believer,
299
00:24:52,701 --> 00:24:55,996
when I became religious.
300
00:24:56,163 --> 00:24:59,374
But by "religious"
I don't mean I'm without sin.
301
00:24:59,499 --> 00:25:03,253
Only that I'm simply
more and more convinced
302
00:25:03,420 --> 00:25:07,549
that culture cannot exist
without religion.
303
00:25:07,716 --> 00:25:11,678
In a certain sense,
religion is sublimated in culture,
304
00:25:11,803 --> 00:25:14,055
and culture in religion.
305
00:25:14,181 --> 00:25:16,600
It's an interdependent process.
306
00:25:16,725 --> 00:25:19,519
If a society needs spirituality,
307
00:25:19,686 --> 00:25:23,356
it begins to generate works of art
308
00:25:23,523 --> 00:25:26,151
and give birth to artists.
309
00:25:26,401 --> 00:25:30,739
If it doesn't need spirituality,
it will make do without art...
310
00:25:31,198 --> 00:25:34,868
but the number
of unhappy people will grow,
311
00:25:35,368 --> 00:25:38,413
the number
of spiritually dissatisfied people.
312
00:25:38,747 --> 00:25:41,333
Human beings
will lose their purpose
313
00:25:41,458 --> 00:25:44,377
and no longer understand
why they exist.
314
00:25:44,502 --> 00:25:48,757
So for me religion is not
a purely personal matter.
315
00:25:49,049 --> 00:25:54,179
It's tied to the fate of the culture
316
00:25:54,304 --> 00:25:56,223
of our civilization.
317
00:26:15,700 --> 00:26:18,453
A filmic image
318
00:26:18,745 --> 00:26:22,207
is something
indivisible and intangible,
319
00:26:22,332 --> 00:26:25,919
possessing qualities
of the world
320
00:26:26,503 --> 00:26:28,838
that it's depicting.
321
00:26:29,089 --> 00:26:32,634
It's the relationship
between absolute truth
322
00:26:32,759 --> 00:26:35,762
and our Euclidian conscience,
let us say.
323
00:26:35,887 --> 00:26:38,765
We can't perceive that truth
in its pure form,
324
00:26:38,932 --> 00:26:41,601
but we can surmise
its existence
325
00:26:42,143 --> 00:26:45,897
and express
our inner relationship with it.
326
00:26:46,273 --> 00:26:51,152
Essentially, an artistic image
can't be decoded.
327
00:27:00,495 --> 00:27:02,664
If the world is mysterious,
328
00:27:02,831 --> 00:27:05,917
the truthfulness
of the image consists
329
00:27:06,042 --> 00:27:09,629
in carrying within it
a certain mystery as well.
330
00:27:14,551 --> 00:27:17,137
The image in an icon painting
331
00:27:17,762 --> 00:27:22,809
has a purely interior meaning
and symbolism,
332
00:27:22,934 --> 00:27:26,563
by no means external or figurative.
333
00:27:26,813 --> 00:27:29,190
It's pure metaphysics.
334
00:27:29,607 --> 00:27:32,652
An icon was not
a depiction of the divine
335
00:27:32,819 --> 00:27:35,155
nor its material manifestation.
336
00:27:35,447 --> 00:27:37,657
This is very important,
337
00:27:37,782 --> 00:27:41,036
because the best works
by medieval Russian icon painters
338
00:27:41,244 --> 00:27:45,832
are essentially embodied
meditations on the Absolute.
339
00:27:46,624 --> 00:27:49,919
The deeper,
the more elusive,
340
00:27:50,045 --> 00:27:52,672
and thus more beautiful
the image,
341
00:27:52,797 --> 00:27:56,968
the stricter
the structure it calls for.
342
00:28:03,391 --> 00:28:06,853
The most poetic image
is rooted in naturalism,
343
00:28:07,020 --> 00:28:09,397
not in some ideological way
344
00:28:09,522 --> 00:28:13,568
but in the earthly meaning
of the word.
345
00:28:14,194 --> 00:28:16,696
Thus when speaking
of simplicity
346
00:28:16,821 --> 00:28:18,865
in the construction
of an artistic image,
347
00:28:19,115 --> 00:28:22,243
for me that always equates
348
00:28:22,369 --> 00:28:27,082
to the artist touching
the ground with one hand
349
00:28:27,207 --> 00:28:32,212
while pointing with the other
to transcendent spheres.
350
00:28:32,462 --> 00:28:33,880
Tatars!
351
00:28:36,466 --> 00:28:38,301
Run!
352
00:28:55,693 --> 00:29:00,031
We mustn't forget
we're human beings...
353
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,409
simple matter.
354
00:29:02,534 --> 00:29:05,370
Spiritualized matter,
but matter nonetheless.
355
00:29:05,495 --> 00:29:09,791
Because in the final analysis,
everything has one source
356
00:29:09,916 --> 00:29:12,419
and is made of the same material.
357
00:29:12,627 --> 00:29:15,588
That's why
we sometimes get so irritated
358
00:29:15,755 --> 00:29:18,967
with what we might call
359
00:29:19,092 --> 00:29:22,429
"artistic pretentiousness,"
360
00:29:22,637 --> 00:29:26,558
which manifests in an overly
exaggerated expressiveness —
361
00:29:26,933 --> 00:29:31,438
"exaggerated"
only due to a lack of balance
362
00:29:31,563 --> 00:29:33,606
within the image.
363
00:29:33,773 --> 00:29:36,109
The image has become a symbol.
364
00:29:47,412 --> 00:29:51,624
A symbol can be decoded.
365
00:29:51,791 --> 00:29:55,086
It's actually anti-artistic.
366
00:29:55,503 --> 00:29:59,841
Because an image
isn't a charade or a puzzle.
367
00:30:00,133 --> 00:30:04,137
Every puzzle or riddle
has a solution,
368
00:30:04,304 --> 00:30:08,892
and when the viewer finds it,
the symbol is exhausted of meaning,
369
00:30:09,017 --> 00:30:11,853
thus revealing its limitations.
370
00:30:12,103 --> 00:30:15,940
For how can a symbol
representing the world be limited
371
00:30:16,065 --> 00:30:18,985
if it reflects
the idea of the infinite?
372
00:30:19,110 --> 00:30:23,364
Generally speaking,
art is a symbol of the infinite,
373
00:30:23,531 --> 00:30:26,242
a symbol of the world we live in.
374
00:30:50,475 --> 00:30:53,186
There are no signed icons.
375
00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:57,690
An icon painter didn't think
of himself an artist.
376
00:30:57,857 --> 00:30:59,817
If he had a talent
377
00:30:59,943 --> 00:31:04,364
for painting icons,
he gave thanks to God,
378
00:31:04,489 --> 00:31:08,493
because he felt
that through his craft,
379
00:31:08,618 --> 00:31:11,371
his profession, and his skill
380
00:31:11,538 --> 00:31:14,749
he was serving God
and praying to God.
381
00:31:14,916 --> 00:31:17,377
That was the meaning of his work.
382
00:31:17,502 --> 00:31:20,713
It's about the absence of pride.
383
00:31:27,762 --> 00:31:30,306
It's crucial to know,
384
00:31:31,057 --> 00:31:33,434
and if you can't know,
385
00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:37,146
to at least believe in your origins,
386
00:31:37,272 --> 00:31:40,066
where you came from,
where you're going,
387
00:31:40,191 --> 00:31:42,402
and what you're living for.
388
00:31:42,902 --> 00:31:45,822
You must feel
your dependence on the Creator.
389
00:31:46,072 --> 00:31:49,325
If you don't,
you become an animal.
390
00:32:01,546 --> 00:32:05,592
When you kneel down
and turn all your feelings to God,
391
00:32:05,717 --> 00:32:07,927
words are born within you...
392
00:32:08,303 --> 00:32:10,263
true words.
393
00:32:11,556 --> 00:32:15,435
The same way
true images are born
394
00:32:15,685 --> 00:32:18,229
if your profession is addressed
395
00:32:18,354 --> 00:32:20,690
like a prayer to the Creator.
396
00:32:20,815 --> 00:32:22,817
It's like a gift.
397
00:32:23,067 --> 00:32:25,111
I grow a flower...
398
00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:27,614
and I dedicate it to someone.
399
00:32:27,780 --> 00:32:30,283
But I must first grow the flower.
400
00:32:33,286 --> 00:32:36,289
Art is the reflection in a mirror
401
00:32:36,456 --> 00:32:38,833
of the highest capacity
for creation.
402
00:32:39,167 --> 00:32:42,629
In creating art,
we imitate the Creator,
403
00:32:42,795 --> 00:32:45,506
because we were created
404
00:32:45,632 --> 00:32:49,427
in the image and likeness of God.
405
00:32:50,053 --> 00:32:54,557
And that's one of the moments
when we resemble him.
406
00:33:09,614 --> 00:33:14,661
Art is one of the most selfless
of human endeavors.
407
00:33:15,828 --> 00:33:17,914
Art is prayer.
408
00:33:18,706 --> 00:33:20,708
It's my prayer.
409
00:33:26,673 --> 00:33:30,760
And if my prayer becomes
a prayer for others,
410
00:33:30,885 --> 00:33:34,347
then my art becomes
intimately others'.
411
00:33:40,853 --> 00:33:42,939
It's a matter of duty.
412
00:33:43,272 --> 00:33:47,235
And a human being's duty
is to serve.
413
00:33:48,403 --> 00:33:52,115
For that very reason
this idea gets distorted
414
00:33:52,365 --> 00:33:55,576
and turned into a power struggle
415
00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:58,621
among those
who would not serve
416
00:33:58,746 --> 00:34:02,291
but would exploit
the service of others.
417
00:34:02,834 --> 00:34:06,504
Because there's just one principle
of interaction in this world —
418
00:34:06,629 --> 00:34:08,715
thank God —
419
00:34:08,881 --> 00:34:11,884
and that is to serve
and nothing else.
420
00:34:59,265 --> 00:35:02,268
Our blood is not jealous of home,
421
00:35:02,518 --> 00:35:06,105
but a chasm opens
in what is to come.
422
00:35:06,272 --> 00:35:08,983
Because what is earthly
imposes upon itself
423
00:35:09,108 --> 00:35:11,277
a limit here on this earth.
424
00:35:11,527 --> 00:35:14,322
A crazed mother dreams
425
00:35:14,614 --> 00:35:17,283
of the neighing
of chariot horses —
426
00:35:17,533 --> 00:35:20,787
Phaethon and his chariot
427
00:35:21,037 --> 00:35:24,290
and crimson cubes of stone.
428
00:35:38,304 --> 00:35:42,475
We wanted to make a film
based on the novel Solaris
429
00:35:42,642 --> 00:35:45,561
without actually traveling to Solaris.
430
00:35:45,937 --> 00:35:49,857
That would be much more interesting,
but Lem was against it.
431
00:35:52,318 --> 00:35:55,154
Russians are
closely tied to nature.
432
00:35:56,572 --> 00:35:58,825
They can't imagine themselves
extraneous to nature.
433
00:35:58,991 --> 00:36:01,035
They feel a part of nature.
434
00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:03,830
This is a trait
of the Russian character.
435
00:36:03,996 --> 00:36:07,416
Perhaps that's why nature
and its manifestations
436
00:36:07,667 --> 00:36:11,546
have such an impact
on a person's character.
437
00:36:36,487 --> 00:36:39,782
We cut nature out of our films
438
00:36:39,907 --> 00:36:41,993
as if it were unnecessary.
439
00:36:42,118 --> 00:36:44,120
We exclude it...
440
00:36:44,370 --> 00:36:46,914
thinking we're what's important.
441
00:36:47,498 --> 00:36:49,709
But we're not.
442
00:36:49,876 --> 00:36:51,794
We depend upon nature.
443
00:36:51,919 --> 00:36:54,213
It's more important than us,
444
00:36:54,338 --> 00:36:57,383
because we're the result
of its evolution.
445
00:37:08,060 --> 00:37:11,856
That's why I believe
that neglecting nature is,
446
00:37:12,189 --> 00:37:16,527
in some emotional
or artistic sense, criminal.
447
00:37:16,777 --> 00:37:19,780
Maybe not criminal.
Just foolish.
448
00:37:19,906 --> 00:37:22,658
Because it's the only place
449
00:37:22,867 --> 00:37:26,329
where a sense of truth awaits us.
450
00:37:31,459 --> 00:37:32,919
Remember Tolstoy?
451
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:39,091
His suffering over the impossibility
of loving mankind as a whole?
452
00:37:39,842 --> 00:37:41,636
See, I love you.
453
00:37:42,011 --> 00:37:46,265
But love is a feeling
we can experience
454
00:37:46,474 --> 00:37:48,809
but never explain.
455
00:37:49,435 --> 00:37:52,146
One can explain the concept.
456
00:37:52,271 --> 00:37:54,899
You love that which you can lose:
457
00:37:55,024 --> 00:37:58,444
yourself, a woman, a homeland.
458
00:37:59,570 --> 00:38:04,951
Until today, love was simply
unattainable to mankind, to the Earth.
459
00:38:05,076 --> 00:38:07,078
Do you understand me, Snaut?
460
00:38:07,203 --> 00:38:09,205
There are so few of us.
461
00:38:09,330 --> 00:38:12,166
A few billion altogether. A handful!
462
00:38:13,376 --> 00:38:19,090
Maybe we're here
in order to experience people
463
00:38:19,215 --> 00:38:21,550
as a reason for love.
464
00:38:24,470 --> 00:38:28,808
I think that,
even without purgatory,
465
00:38:28,975 --> 00:38:32,478
life itself sometimes gives us
a chance to confirm
466
00:38:32,812 --> 00:38:34,897
what it's telling us.
467
00:38:35,106 --> 00:38:37,984
It's life that leads us to these ideas.
468
00:38:38,192 --> 00:38:40,236
Purgatory is necessary
469
00:38:40,361 --> 00:38:43,030
to cool down from our suffering.
470
00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:48,577
Shame — the feeling
that will save mankind.
471
00:39:16,605 --> 00:39:19,483
I love that house very much.
472
00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:24,655
It's not just a house.
It's more than that.
473
00:39:24,947 --> 00:39:27,867
It's a sanatorium.
474
00:39:28,075 --> 00:39:30,494
It's anything I need it to be.
475
00:39:30,953 --> 00:39:35,416
There I become a person
capable of writing a book...
476
00:39:36,667 --> 00:39:40,880
or of building
other structures all around it.
477
00:39:42,548 --> 00:39:45,384
I'm able to do anything there.
478
00:39:46,093 --> 00:39:48,929
It makes me a human being
479
00:39:49,513 --> 00:39:52,516
and frees me
from the need to work —
480
00:39:53,392 --> 00:39:55,394
professionally, I mean.
481
00:40:40,064 --> 00:40:42,775
I could live my whole life there,
482
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:45,486
but on one condition:
483
00:40:45,861 --> 00:40:50,574
that I know for certain
I can leave there
484
00:40:50,783 --> 00:40:52,952
and go anywhere I want.
485
00:41:06,882 --> 00:41:09,009
It's a wonderful house.
486
00:41:09,135 --> 00:41:12,471
It's all I need.
I need nothing else.
487
00:41:12,847 --> 00:41:15,141
It burned down once.
488
00:41:15,808 --> 00:41:19,979
I stayed away,
afraid of seeing the burned ruins.
489
00:41:20,312 --> 00:41:22,565
But Larissa rebuilt it.
490
00:41:23,983 --> 00:41:28,154
We put our souls into it,
because we're happy there.
491
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:33,951
To sell or leave or betray
that house would be
492
00:41:34,076 --> 00:41:37,246
to betray Larissa,
which I'm incapable of doing.
493
00:41:37,413 --> 00:41:40,291
Because I bow down
before those
494
00:41:40,416 --> 00:41:44,086
who go beyond
themselves for me.
495
00:41:45,045 --> 00:41:49,008
And I remember everyone
who behaves that way with me.
496
00:41:55,181 --> 00:41:59,351
Everything that happens
around that house is a miracle —
497
00:41:59,518 --> 00:42:02,021
that special atmosphere,
those particular moments.
498
00:42:02,188 --> 00:42:04,231
I can't explain it.
499
00:42:09,612 --> 00:42:12,865
I go outside and sit on the steps...
500
00:42:12,990 --> 00:42:15,034
and cinema begins.
501
00:42:15,201 --> 00:42:18,621
Not the usual cinema with a plot.
502
00:42:18,746 --> 00:42:21,373
The type of cinema
503
00:42:21,582 --> 00:42:23,959
that for me is real cinema.
504
00:42:24,501 --> 00:42:26,670
It's wonderful.
505
00:42:36,013 --> 00:42:39,683
When Larissa
is at our country house,
506
00:42:39,892 --> 00:42:43,229
I witness incredible things:
507
00:42:43,771 --> 00:42:47,274
Birds fly along behind her...
508
00:42:47,816 --> 00:42:49,735
though never behind me.
509
00:42:49,902 --> 00:42:52,738
They land on her shoulders
or her head.
510
00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:56,200
Like in that scene in Mirror.
511
00:42:56,492 --> 00:42:59,787
People ask,
"What does that mean?
512
00:42:59,912 --> 00:43:02,748
Why does a bird land
on a person's head?
513
00:43:02,915 --> 00:43:05,042
What does it symbolize?"
514
00:43:05,167 --> 00:43:07,253
The answer is very simple:
515
00:43:07,795 --> 00:43:11,548
A bird will never land
on a bad person.
516
00:43:20,224 --> 00:43:22,309
It's an amazing house.
517
00:43:22,518 --> 00:43:24,895
I take my son there a lot.
518
00:43:25,104 --> 00:43:27,064
He'll always feel at home,
519
00:43:27,189 --> 00:43:31,277
and we'll live there always,
for as long as it stands.
520
00:43:32,319 --> 00:43:34,947
And if someone takes it from me,
521
00:43:35,114 --> 00:43:39,159
I'll have nothing left on this earth.
522
00:43:50,087 --> 00:43:52,965
We heap
more and more from above
523
00:43:53,173 --> 00:43:55,926
onto the space and time
of our open palm.
524
00:43:56,051 --> 00:43:59,305
Yet soon we'll learn
that on a sovereign's crown
525
00:43:59,471 --> 00:44:02,224
it's the star of penury
that's most precious.
526
00:44:02,516 --> 00:44:05,978
Penury, vanity, and worries
527
00:44:06,270 --> 00:44:08,814
over our bitter morsel of bread.
528
00:44:09,189 --> 00:44:12,151
And we'll settle our scores
with alien constellations
529
00:44:12,401 --> 00:44:15,863
here on our maternal earth.
530
00:44:44,099 --> 00:44:48,854
For Proust the concept of time
is more important than time itself.
531
00:44:49,063 --> 00:44:51,774
For Russians that's not an issue.
532
00:44:52,024 --> 00:44:55,861
We Russians have
to plead our case against time.
533
00:45:02,409 --> 00:45:07,790
With authors who wrote prose
based on childhood memories,
534
00:45:08,082 --> 00:45:10,793
like Tolstoy, Garshin...
535
00:45:11,877 --> 00:45:13,921
and many others...
536
00:45:14,046 --> 00:45:19,176
it's always an attempt
to atone for the past,
537
00:45:19,468 --> 00:45:21,762
always a form of repentance.
538
00:45:21,887 --> 00:45:24,098
That's all.
539
00:45:46,662 --> 00:45:49,581
This film generated
a lot of discussion.
540
00:45:49,748 --> 00:45:53,627
Once, after a public screening
before a very everyday audience,
541
00:45:53,752 --> 00:45:56,630
a dispute broke out
during the discussion.
542
00:45:56,922 --> 00:45:59,049
It was late...
543
00:45:59,174 --> 00:46:02,511
and a woman came in
to clean the huge hall.
544
00:46:02,636 --> 00:46:06,849
She said, "Quit arguing.
Leave. I have to clean.
545
00:46:06,974 --> 00:46:10,102
Anyway, the film's very clear.
Now leave!"
546
00:46:10,936 --> 00:46:14,398
The people asked her:
"Then tell us: What's clear?"
547
00:46:14,523 --> 00:46:16,567
She said, "It's very simple.
548
00:46:16,692 --> 00:46:19,778
A man fell very ill
and thought he might die.
549
00:46:19,903 --> 00:46:23,282
He remembered all the terrible things
he'd done to others
550
00:46:23,449 --> 00:46:25,659
and wanted to apologize.
That's all."
551
00:46:25,784 --> 00:46:29,580
It turned out she hadn't even
finished high school.
552
00:46:29,705 --> 00:46:32,499
And the many
film critics present
553
00:46:32,624 --> 00:46:36,336
hadn't understood a thing —
as usual.
554
00:46:36,587 --> 00:46:40,174
The more they talk,
the less they understand.
555
00:46:40,340 --> 00:46:43,218
And that simple woman
explained it all.
556
00:46:51,810 --> 00:46:54,980
I think if I were asked...
557
00:46:56,273 --> 00:47:00,319
how I'd connect...
558
00:47:00,861 --> 00:47:04,406
Ivan's Childhood
with Andrei Rublev...
559
00:47:06,867 --> 00:47:11,997
and my film
based on Lem's novel Solaris...
560
00:47:12,706 --> 00:47:17,544
or with the film
I'm working on now...
561
00:47:19,004 --> 00:47:24,301
I'd say that perhaps
what unites them —
562
00:47:24,426 --> 00:47:26,428
or should unite them —
563
00:47:26,553 --> 00:47:30,974
is the desire to develop
and delve into characters
564
00:47:31,099 --> 00:47:37,231
who exist in a state
of extreme tension,
565
00:47:37,356 --> 00:47:40,692
who are going through
566
00:47:40,859 --> 00:47:43,403
an intense spiritual crisis...
567
00:47:44,154 --> 00:47:47,366
in which they must
either break down
568
00:47:47,991 --> 00:47:51,370
or finally get their footing
once and for all
569
00:47:51,703 --> 00:47:54,623
in terms of being
faithful to their ideals
570
00:47:54,748 --> 00:47:56,875
and true to their principles.
571
00:48:05,217 --> 00:48:08,136
When I tried to edit this film...
572
00:48:09,096 --> 00:48:12,391
the way I had
originally conceived it,
573
00:48:12,516 --> 00:48:14,893
it simply didn't work.
574
00:48:15,018 --> 00:48:16,812
I don't know why.
575
00:48:17,646 --> 00:48:20,148
In the script,
everything was different.
576
00:48:20,274 --> 00:48:23,735
The scenes were
in a completely different order.
577
00:48:24,403 --> 00:48:26,905
After a great effort...
578
00:48:27,447 --> 00:48:31,410
and after shuffling scenes
around endlessly...
579
00:48:32,077 --> 00:48:36,123
when I'd lost all hope
of ever coming up...
580
00:48:37,082 --> 00:48:39,376
with a final version,
581
00:48:39,501 --> 00:48:42,087
when I'd realized
the film was a failure,
582
00:48:42,212 --> 00:48:45,424
then I remember
it was on my 19th attempt
583
00:48:45,549 --> 00:48:48,260
at thoroughly reordering everything
584
00:48:48,385 --> 00:48:51,847
that the film finally coalesced
into its definitive form.
585
00:48:52,681 --> 00:48:56,268
It was clear
that dramatic structure
586
00:48:56,435 --> 00:49:00,188
in a traditional, literary sense
587
00:49:00,439 --> 00:49:03,817
wasn't appropriate for this film.
588
00:49:11,283 --> 00:49:13,619
At its core...
589
00:49:14,286 --> 00:49:18,957
film is poetic
in its composition of images.
590
00:49:19,124 --> 00:49:24,338
Because it can do
without being literal
591
00:49:24,546 --> 00:49:28,675
or adhering to the sequence
of everyday life.
592
00:49:29,718 --> 00:49:34,097
It can do without what
we usually call "dramatic structure."
593
00:49:34,431 --> 00:49:36,642
The hallmark of cinema
594
00:49:36,850 --> 00:49:39,436
lies in the fact
595
00:49:40,020 --> 00:49:42,981
that its task is to capture
596
00:49:43,190 --> 00:49:45,817
and express time —
597
00:49:46,443 --> 00:49:50,155
time in its philosophical
and poetic...
598
00:49:51,031 --> 00:49:52,824
and literal sense.
599
00:49:53,784 --> 00:49:56,161
Cinema was born
600
00:49:56,328 --> 00:50:00,332
precisely when people began
to feel a lack of time.
601
00:50:00,707 --> 00:50:04,670
I don't think someone
from the 18th or 19th century
602
00:50:04,836 --> 00:50:07,673
could survive in our era.
603
00:50:07,798 --> 00:50:10,300
They'd simply perish
from the pressure
604
00:50:10,425 --> 00:50:13,011
imposed on them by time.
605
00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:17,182
And it's cinema's task
606
00:50:17,307 --> 00:50:20,227
to articulate this problem
in a poetic fashion.
607
00:50:27,234 --> 00:50:31,029
Cinema is the only art form
that literally captures time.
608
00:50:32,406 --> 00:50:37,577
In theory you could watch
the same reel over and over forever.
609
00:50:38,328 --> 00:50:41,039
It's like a time matrix.
610
00:50:41,873 --> 00:50:44,876
In that sense,
questions of rhythm,
611
00:50:45,043 --> 00:50:47,963
duration, and pacing
612
00:50:48,338 --> 00:50:53,343
find a special meaning in cinema.
613
00:50:53,969 --> 00:50:56,763
Because in cinema,
time expresses itself.
614
00:50:57,264 --> 00:51:01,184
It's an extremely interesting question.
615
00:51:01,309 --> 00:51:05,021
In a certain sense,
any art form is poetic
616
00:51:05,188 --> 00:51:07,441
in its best and loftiest
manifestations.
617
00:51:07,607 --> 00:51:10,152
Leonardo is a poet of painting.
618
00:51:10,277 --> 00:51:12,028
A brilliant poet.
619
00:51:12,195 --> 00:51:15,907
It would be ridiculous
to define Leonardo as a painter...
620
00:51:16,241 --> 00:51:19,411
or Bach as a composer...
621
00:51:20,203 --> 00:51:24,040
or Shakespeare as a playwright...
622
00:51:24,583 --> 00:51:28,295
or Tolstoy as a novelist.
623
00:51:28,587 --> 00:51:31,006
Because they're all poets.
624
00:51:31,298 --> 00:51:33,633
That's the sense in which I said
625
00:51:34,009 --> 00:51:37,429
that cinema has
a poetic meaning of its own.
626
00:51:37,721 --> 00:51:42,100
Because there's a part of life,
a part of the universe,
627
00:51:42,267 --> 00:51:46,772
that has never been
addressed at all
628
00:51:47,022 --> 00:51:50,275
by other artistic forms
and genres.
629
00:51:50,859 --> 00:51:53,320
Because what cinema can do,
630
00:51:53,445 --> 00:51:57,073
music and all the other
art forms cannot do.
631
00:52:10,629 --> 00:52:14,216
The role of the artist
in contemporary society
632
00:52:14,341 --> 00:52:16,468
is an enormous one.
633
00:52:16,843 --> 00:52:19,971
Without artists
there'd be no society,
634
00:52:20,138 --> 00:52:24,476
because artists are
the conscience of a society.
635
00:52:24,643 --> 00:52:28,188
The less an artist
can express himself or herself
636
00:52:28,313 --> 00:52:32,984
and interact with an audience,
with other people,
637
00:52:33,151 --> 00:52:35,570
the worse it is for society.
638
00:52:35,695 --> 00:52:38,281
Society becomes soulless,
639
00:52:38,406 --> 00:52:42,410
and in such a society,
people can't fulfill their function,
640
00:52:42,536 --> 00:52:44,704
their purpose in life.
641
00:52:44,830 --> 00:52:47,791
It doesn't matter
whether it's Russia,
642
00:52:47,916 --> 00:52:51,127
Africa, or Sweden.
643
00:52:51,837 --> 00:52:53,839
What matters is that
644
00:52:53,964 --> 00:52:56,091
when the last poet disappears...
645
00:52:57,509 --> 00:53:00,053
life will lose all meaning.
646
00:53:07,936 --> 00:53:10,814
I'd never have dared
ask my father
647
00:53:10,981 --> 00:53:13,525
to write a poem for a film.
648
00:53:14,067 --> 00:53:17,904
But luckily he was kind to me
649
00:53:18,238 --> 00:53:20,532
and paid me
a great compliment:
650
00:53:20,699 --> 00:53:24,661
"You know, Andrei,
it's not films you're making."
651
00:53:25,871 --> 00:53:29,875
With that, living in the world
became easier for me.
652
00:53:34,421 --> 00:53:38,508
From the last leaves
the heat rises to the sky
653
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:40,927
as if in self-immolation.
654
00:53:41,052 --> 00:53:43,680
And on your path
655
00:53:43,805 --> 00:53:46,391
the whole forest lives
with the same irritation
656
00:53:46,516 --> 00:53:50,061
you and I have lived with
this past year.
657
00:53:50,312 --> 00:53:53,398
Tear-stained eyes reflect the road
658
00:53:53,732 --> 00:53:57,277
the way the gloomy floodplain
mirrors the bushes.
659
00:53:57,402 --> 00:54:00,196
Don't fuss, don't threaten,
660
00:54:00,405 --> 00:54:02,741
don't touch, don't disturb
661
00:54:02,866 --> 00:54:05,410
the damp quiet of the woods.
662
00:54:05,535 --> 00:54:09,331
You can hear
the breath of old life.
663
00:54:09,581 --> 00:54:13,251
Slimy mushrooms grow
in the damp grass,
664
00:54:13,418 --> 00:54:17,339
gnarled by slugs
to their very core,
665
00:54:17,631 --> 00:54:21,635
while a damp itch
still tickles our skin.
666
00:54:21,760 --> 00:54:25,472
You know how love
is like a threat:
667
00:54:25,722 --> 00:54:30,101
"Watch out! I'll be back!
Watch it! I'll kill you!"
668
00:54:30,435 --> 00:54:34,773
The sky cringes,
holding the maple like a rose.
669
00:54:35,106 --> 00:54:39,486
Let it burn hotter, coming closer,
nearly touching our eyes.
670
00:54:59,881 --> 00:55:04,010
I know of no other country
with so many talented people.
671
00:55:04,803 --> 00:55:07,305
Something is happening
in Russia
672
00:55:07,472 --> 00:55:09,975
that could destroy culture,
of course.
673
00:55:10,141 --> 00:55:13,269
That is, the physical
possibility to work.
674
00:55:14,270 --> 00:55:19,776
But that doesn't mean
you can suppress the spirit.
675
00:55:20,819 --> 00:55:23,071
It's a question of freedom.
676
00:55:23,446 --> 00:55:25,323
What is freedom?
677
00:55:25,490 --> 00:55:29,786
It's one's inner freedom,
freedom of the spirit.
678
00:55:30,161 --> 00:55:32,372
It's not a person's rights.
679
00:55:32,664 --> 00:55:34,916
Rights can be taken away.
680
00:55:35,542 --> 00:55:38,003
Inner freedom cannot.
681
00:55:38,211 --> 00:55:42,298
Freedom is
an intrinsic part of a person
682
00:55:42,424 --> 00:55:45,510
as a spiritual being.
683
00:55:46,845 --> 00:55:49,764
Hamlet explained this
very simply.
684
00:55:49,889 --> 00:55:53,685
That is, Shakespeare put
the idea in Hamlet's mouth:
685
00:55:53,977 --> 00:55:57,355
"I could be bounded
in a nutshell
686
00:55:57,480 --> 00:56:00,692
and count myself
a king of infinite space."
687
00:56:02,402 --> 00:56:05,155
Or as the ancients said...
688
00:56:05,280 --> 00:56:08,241
"If you want to be free, be free!"
689
00:56:09,034 --> 00:56:12,412
Freedom is a personal matter.
690
00:56:13,705 --> 00:56:17,333
Thus you can deprive
a person of their rights
691
00:56:17,459 --> 00:56:19,669
but not their freedom.
692
00:56:20,378 --> 00:56:22,172
That's why...
693
00:56:22,672 --> 00:56:26,051
in politically oppressive places
694
00:56:26,217 --> 00:56:28,970
we often find very free people,
695
00:56:29,095 --> 00:56:31,973
while in traditionally
democratic countries
696
00:56:32,098 --> 00:56:34,559
we find people
who are totally unfree.
697
00:56:45,070 --> 00:56:48,990
HAMLET
Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
698
00:56:49,866 --> 00:56:53,578
Hamlet is clearly
the most important
699
00:56:53,745 --> 00:56:57,707
dramatic and poetic work
ever created,
700
00:56:57,832 --> 00:57:02,921
because it addresses
the most important problem,
701
00:57:03,213 --> 00:57:07,425
which existed both before
and during Shakespeare's time
702
00:57:07,550 --> 00:57:11,387
and will exist
throughout all time.
703
00:57:15,642 --> 00:57:19,437
Hamlet's tragedy
lies not in the fact
704
00:57:19,771 --> 00:57:22,565
that he perishes physically
705
00:57:22,816 --> 00:57:25,944
as a result of his obsession
706
00:57:26,194 --> 00:57:28,613
with revenge
707
00:57:28,780 --> 00:57:30,865
or a sense of justice.
708
00:57:30,990 --> 00:57:32,784
That's not the point.
709
00:57:32,951 --> 00:57:37,372
The point is
he condemns himself to death...
710
00:57:37,997 --> 00:57:42,252
by trying to set right
"time out of joint."
711
00:57:42,836 --> 00:57:45,922
He condemns himself
in the service of others
712
00:57:46,047 --> 00:57:50,760
out of a desire to mend
the torn fabric of time.
713
00:57:50,885 --> 00:57:55,807
He gives his own self up
as a catalyst
714
00:57:55,974 --> 00:57:59,435
in service
of the historical process,
715
00:57:59,561 --> 00:58:03,940
leading to his own final
and irrevocable undoing.
716
00:58:04,232 --> 00:58:07,861
This danger
of vanishing and perishing
717
00:58:08,111 --> 00:58:10,989
in the name of progress,
718
00:58:11,156 --> 00:58:13,241
and being dissolved entirely
in the process —
719
00:58:13,366 --> 00:58:17,120
this is Hamlet's tragedy,
because he completely disappears.
720
00:58:17,245 --> 00:58:20,248
He's present only as a catalyst
721
00:58:20,373 --> 00:58:22,667
for that historical process.
722
00:58:23,126 --> 00:58:27,172
It's a tragedy of the individual,
because not everyone
723
00:58:27,338 --> 00:58:30,466
can so easily sacrifice
themselves for others.
724
00:58:30,758 --> 00:58:33,052
That's not given to everyone.
725
00:58:33,469 --> 00:58:35,847
Hamlet, thou hast
thy father much offended.
726
00:58:36,014 --> 00:58:38,516
Mother, you have
my father much offended.
727
00:58:38,641 --> 00:58:40,935
Come, come, you answer
with an idle tongue.
728
00:58:41,144 --> 00:58:43,563
Go, go, you question
with a wicked tongue.
729
00:58:43,688 --> 00:58:45,565
Have you forgot me?
730
00:58:45,690 --> 00:58:48,318
No, by the rood, not so:
731
00:58:48,902 --> 00:58:51,446
You are the queen,
your husband's brother's wife.
732
00:58:51,696 --> 00:58:54,866
And — would it were not so! —
you are my mother.
733
00:58:55,825 --> 00:58:59,037
Nay, then, I'll set those
to you that can speak.
734
00:58:59,787 --> 00:59:02,624
You go not till
I set you up a glass
735
00:59:02,749 --> 00:59:05,460
where you may see
the inmost part of you.
736
00:59:05,710 --> 00:59:08,880
What wilt thou do?
Thou wilt not murder me?
737
00:59:09,047 --> 00:59:10,798
What, ho? Help, help!
738
00:59:10,924 --> 00:59:12,842
How now, a rat?
739
00:59:18,181 --> 00:59:20,058
O me, what hast thou done?
740
00:59:20,225 --> 00:59:21,935
Is it the king?
741
00:59:23,269 --> 00:59:25,271
What does it mean,
this vengeance
742
00:59:25,396 --> 00:59:28,691
and this setting right
"time out of joint"?
743
00:59:28,816 --> 00:59:32,403
It means... blood.
744
00:59:33,029 --> 00:59:35,740
It means spilling
another's blood.
745
00:59:35,907 --> 00:59:38,534
It means reinstating truth
746
00:59:38,660 --> 00:59:41,871
by means unfamiliar
to a philosopher,
747
00:59:42,580 --> 00:59:46,125
to a student educated
in Wittenberg,
748
00:59:46,251 --> 00:59:49,254
by staining his hands with blood,
749
00:59:49,420 --> 00:59:52,298
albeit in the name of justice.
750
00:59:52,423 --> 00:59:55,009
Not everyone is capable of that,
751
00:59:55,134 --> 00:59:57,345
and for Hamlet it's tragic.
752
00:59:57,470 --> 01:00:00,598
At that moment he ceases
to be a philosopher
753
01:00:00,723 --> 01:00:02,767
and becomes a man of action.
754
01:00:11,359 --> 01:00:13,903
As for artistic freedom,
755
01:00:14,028 --> 01:00:17,949
without the concept
of artistic freedom,
756
01:00:18,116 --> 01:00:21,077
art simply doesn't exit.
757
01:00:21,327 --> 01:00:23,621
It's inconceivable.
758
01:00:24,289 --> 01:00:27,959
For example,
it doesn't make sense to speak
759
01:00:28,084 --> 01:00:31,796
of a work of art
falling short of success
760
01:00:31,963 --> 01:00:36,134
due to a lack
of artistic freedom.
761
01:00:36,759 --> 01:00:39,804
If we sense in a work of art
762
01:00:39,929 --> 01:00:42,974
a lack of that freedom
to any degree,
763
01:00:43,182 --> 01:00:47,895
we can say with certainty
it's a failure.
764
01:00:48,646 --> 01:00:50,648
In a work of art...
765
01:00:50,773 --> 01:00:54,569
we should see nothing
but the work itself.
766
01:00:54,986 --> 01:00:57,405
Unfortunately,
during the 20th century,
767
01:00:57,530 --> 01:01:01,284
the meaning of creativity
has shifted away from the work
768
01:01:01,492 --> 01:01:06,748
to focus instead on
the artist's presence or signature.
769
01:01:23,056 --> 01:01:26,851
I wanted my new film
770
01:01:27,185 --> 01:01:31,981
to be even drier
and more "ascetic."
771
01:01:32,148 --> 01:01:36,110
That's the word
that expresses my aspiration.
772
01:01:36,361 --> 01:01:41,491
Because I believe that
the artist's Olympian calm
773
01:01:41,783 --> 01:01:45,203
is vital to the creative act.
774
01:01:45,370 --> 01:01:48,289
An artist shouldn't be
bustling about,
775
01:01:48,706 --> 01:01:51,584
carrying on...
776
01:01:52,293 --> 01:01:56,130
and externally demonstrating
his or her concerns.
777
01:01:56,255 --> 01:02:00,718
Because usually, the stronger
the artist's temperament,
778
01:02:00,885 --> 01:02:04,097
the less it's expressed externally.
779
01:02:14,065 --> 01:02:18,319
I think Stalker
is the most successful of my films
780
01:02:18,569 --> 01:02:24,075
in that the end result
matches the initial concept.
781
01:02:24,409 --> 01:02:30,415
And also because
it's simpler in construction,
782
01:02:30,665 --> 01:02:34,877
with a pared-down number
of expressive devices,
783
01:02:35,086 --> 01:02:38,089
which is very important to me.
784
01:02:38,673 --> 01:02:45,096
Stalker clearly expresses
my frame of mind as an artist
785
01:02:45,430 --> 01:02:47,849
over the past few years.
786
01:02:58,234 --> 01:03:01,446
For me this film
is about a man...
787
01:03:02,113 --> 01:03:05,199
who is, of course...
788
01:03:06,701 --> 01:03:08,661
facing defeat...
789
01:03:09,120 --> 01:03:11,080
in practical terms.
790
01:03:11,456 --> 01:03:14,167
But since he's an idealist,
791
01:03:14,292 --> 01:03:16,711
he remains chivalrously loyal
792
01:03:16,836 --> 01:03:19,922
to his spiritual values.
793
01:03:20,298 --> 01:03:22,633
The protagonist
794
01:03:22,758 --> 01:03:26,637
is of the same stuff
as Don Quixote and Prince Myshkin,
795
01:03:26,762 --> 01:03:31,476
literary characters
whom we recognize as ideals,
796
01:03:31,684 --> 01:03:35,980
and because they're ideal,
they're defeated in real life.
797
01:03:36,981 --> 01:03:40,693
For me this work expresses
798
01:03:40,985 --> 01:03:43,488
the strength of the weak man
799
01:03:43,654 --> 01:03:46,324
who believes
in his dependence
800
01:03:46,616 --> 01:03:50,495
on the spiritual force
that gave him birth.
801
01:03:51,954 --> 01:03:54,499
What I'm saying is that...
802
01:03:55,458 --> 01:03:58,503
it doesn't matter
what a person does
803
01:03:58,878 --> 01:04:02,882
in the name of what
they perceive in their soul
804
01:04:03,007 --> 01:04:06,511
as a connection
with a higher being.
805
01:04:13,392 --> 01:04:17,688
I've always suspected
that these actions might seem
806
01:04:17,855 --> 01:04:21,692
absurd and meaningless,
utterly impractical.
807
01:04:21,984 --> 01:04:24,695
To me such impractical behavior
808
01:04:24,862 --> 01:04:27,532
is a sign of a lofty spirituality.
809
01:04:27,698 --> 01:04:30,076
It means selflessness.
810
01:04:30,493 --> 01:04:32,745
Because there are
other ideas,
811
01:04:33,412 --> 01:04:37,875
and the world, conceived
and structured as it exists now,
812
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:40,711
can't satisfy
a spiritual person.
813
01:04:41,212 --> 01:04:44,048
That specific force
that urges them
814
01:04:44,173 --> 01:04:47,760
to behave impractically
is very important.
815
01:04:52,723 --> 01:04:55,101
Yes, I'm a louse.
816
01:04:55,226 --> 01:04:59,063
I've never achieved anything,
and I can't do anything here.
817
01:05:00,731 --> 01:05:03,317
I have nothing to give my wife.
818
01:05:04,277 --> 01:05:08,864
I can't have any friends,
but don't deprive me of what's mine.
819
01:05:08,990 --> 01:05:12,994
They took everything from me
behind the barbed wire.
820
01:05:16,956 --> 01:05:19,250
Everything I have is here.
821
01:05:19,709 --> 01:05:22,461
Here, in the Zone.
822
01:05:23,796 --> 01:05:27,633
My happiness,
my freedom, my dignity.
823
01:05:27,758 --> 01:05:29,594
They're all here.
824
01:05:30,636 --> 01:05:34,223
The people I bring are unhappy
and tortured like me.
825
01:05:34,390 --> 01:05:37,059
They have nothing left to hope for.
826
01:05:37,393 --> 01:05:39,186
Nobody can help them.
827
01:05:39,604 --> 01:05:41,939
But I can — a louse.
828
01:05:42,106 --> 01:05:45,610
A louse can help them!
829
01:05:48,279 --> 01:05:51,532
I weep for joy
because I can help them.
830
01:05:52,283 --> 01:05:54,535
I ask for nothing more.
831
01:06:05,004 --> 01:06:09,175
I'm prepared to give
an actor absolute freedom
832
01:06:09,300 --> 01:06:11,927
if, right from the start,
833
01:06:12,053 --> 01:06:15,389
they demonstrate total loyalty
to the film's concept.
834
01:06:15,514 --> 01:06:18,184
But I'm unbearable as a director
835
01:06:18,309 --> 01:06:22,897
if the actor doesn't share
my point of view
836
01:06:23,022 --> 01:06:25,900
about the film's concept.
837
01:06:26,150 --> 01:06:29,195
But I adore
and love those actors
838
01:06:29,320 --> 01:06:32,990
who do share it,
and I give them absolute freedom.
839
01:06:38,287 --> 01:06:39,997
This is the most important thing.
840
01:06:40,122 --> 01:06:43,459
One or two takes,
300 or 600 feet —
841
01:06:43,584 --> 01:06:45,586
none of that matters.
842
01:06:45,711 --> 01:06:49,507
What matters is that
you not "show" me anything.
843
01:06:53,678 --> 01:06:58,391
It's important that you yourself feel
where to give more,
844
01:06:58,516 --> 01:07:00,518
where to give less.
845
01:07:00,643 --> 01:07:02,812
Only you can control that.
846
01:07:02,937 --> 01:07:05,356
Keep it in check.
847
01:07:06,190 --> 01:07:07,900
You understand?
- Yes.
848
01:07:08,442 --> 01:07:12,196
It has to stay right on the edge.
849
01:07:12,363 --> 01:07:15,324
All right! Places, everyone!
850
01:07:16,367 --> 01:07:17,868
Camera!
851
01:07:19,370 --> 01:07:21,580
Take 288/1.
852
01:07:24,750 --> 01:07:30,548
But when he came up to me and said,
"Come with me," I went.
853
01:07:31,549 --> 01:07:34,218
And I've never regretted it.
854
01:07:38,097 --> 01:07:39,557
Never.
855
01:07:42,226 --> 01:07:44,854
There was a lot of grief
856
01:07:45,354 --> 01:07:47,690
and fear and pain.
857
01:07:47,815 --> 01:07:51,652
But I've never regretted it
nor envied anyone.
858
01:07:53,654 --> 01:07:55,489
It's just fate.
859
01:07:57,158 --> 01:07:59,744
It's life. It's us.
860
01:08:05,082 --> 01:08:09,211
And if there were no sorrow in our lives,
it wouldn't be better.
861
01:08:10,463 --> 01:08:12,423
It would be worse.
862
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:19,889
Because then there'd be
no happiness either.
863
01:08:22,099 --> 01:08:24,143
And there'd be no hope.
864
01:08:27,813 --> 01:08:29,482
That's how it is.
865
01:08:48,626 --> 01:08:52,963
I have these dreams
nearly every night,
866
01:08:53,214 --> 01:08:55,841
and they're amazing.
867
01:08:55,966 --> 01:09:00,137
They go very deep.
I can't even write them down.
868
01:09:00,304 --> 01:09:04,642
And I needn't anyway,
since I'm inseparable from them.
869
01:09:05,768 --> 01:09:08,312
Dreams can be divided
into two groups:
870
01:09:08,437 --> 01:09:11,816
simple dreams,
which I remember simply as colors,
871
01:09:11,982 --> 01:09:15,319
and those that I know
have profound meaning.
872
01:09:15,486 --> 01:09:19,990
Those are not for us
but for our children and other people.
873
01:09:20,115 --> 01:09:24,245
In those dreams we ascertain
the power of spiritual connection.
874
01:09:59,196 --> 01:10:02,366
Nostalgia is
a totally enveloping feeling.
875
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:06,579
A person can feel nostalgic
876
01:10:07,037 --> 01:10:11,041
while at home in their own country,
surrounded by loved ones.
877
01:10:11,250 --> 01:10:15,671
A person can feel nostalgic
even in a happy home,
878
01:10:16,255 --> 01:10:20,551
because they feel
their soul can't expand
879
01:10:20,801 --> 01:10:23,721
to the extent it desires.
880
01:10:43,741 --> 01:10:46,869
Love is what shapes
human beings.
881
01:10:47,286 --> 01:10:49,747
Love as a capacity for sacrifice,
882
01:10:49,914 --> 01:10:52,249
for offering oneself up for others.
883
01:10:52,374 --> 01:10:54,919
If love is obstructed...
884
01:10:55,628 --> 01:10:59,006
it warps a person
and wears them down.
885
01:10:59,465 --> 01:11:04,219
When you feel that kind of love
and encounter the terrible barriers
886
01:11:04,887 --> 01:11:06,889
erected by humankind,
887
01:11:07,014 --> 01:11:09,600
the barriers people place
between themselves and others,
888
01:11:09,725 --> 01:11:12,311
then you begin to suffer,
889
01:11:12,686 --> 01:11:16,482
just like when lovers are parted.
890
01:11:17,232 --> 01:11:20,194
The protagonist suffers
from the impossibility
891
01:11:20,319 --> 01:11:22,613
of being friends with everyone.
892
01:11:22,905 --> 01:11:25,491
He suffers because he can't stay
893
01:11:25,616 --> 01:11:29,370
in that country
just a few more days.
894
01:11:29,787 --> 01:11:32,706
He finds a friend
who's also suffering.
895
01:11:32,831 --> 01:11:34,959
That's what
brings them together
896
01:11:36,126 --> 01:11:38,379
We must destroy the borders
897
01:11:38,629 --> 01:11:41,131
so that all can live freely
898
01:11:41,256 --> 01:11:44,176
and not suffer
the consequences of the collision
899
01:11:44,301 --> 01:11:46,762
between social systems.
900
01:11:47,346 --> 01:11:50,641
Because there will be
enough problems as it is.
901
01:11:50,766 --> 01:11:54,395
But the borders between us
make life unbearable.
902
01:11:54,812 --> 01:11:57,648
The uncertainty of life pains him,
903
01:11:57,815 --> 01:12:00,567
the complete uncertainty of life.
904
01:12:00,693 --> 01:12:02,736
He can't be happy
905
01:12:02,861 --> 01:12:05,364
when so many people
are miserable.
906
01:12:05,489 --> 01:12:07,491
His problem
907
01:12:07,616 --> 01:12:09,994
is compassion,
a purely Russian idea.
908
01:12:10,244 --> 01:12:13,831
He can't achieve
his idea of compassion.
909
01:12:20,838 --> 01:12:22,881
Is he writing about Italy?
910
01:12:23,007 --> 01:12:25,968
He's writing the biography
of a Russian composer.
911
01:12:26,093 --> 01:12:28,178
Then why come here?
912
01:12:28,303 --> 01:12:30,639
Because that composer
studied in Bologna
913
01:12:30,764 --> 01:12:33,392
and came to these baths
every summer.
914
01:12:33,684 --> 01:12:34,768
When?
915
01:12:34,893 --> 01:12:36,979
The late 1700s.
916
01:12:37,354 --> 01:12:39,565
Who was it? Tchaikovsky?
917
01:12:39,690 --> 01:12:42,359
No, his name was Sosnovsky.
918
01:12:42,609 --> 01:12:45,195
Didn't he marry a local girl?
919
01:12:45,362 --> 01:12:49,491
I doubt it. Sosnovsky was in love
with a Russian slave.
920
01:12:49,992 --> 01:12:53,370
It was a horrible
and unexpected blow.
921
01:12:53,620 --> 01:12:56,665
I suddenly realized
for the first time
922
01:12:56,790 --> 01:13:00,544
that the Soviet film authorities
didn't consider me
923
01:13:00,961 --> 01:13:03,172
a Soviet director,
924
01:13:03,297 --> 01:13:06,425
because they sent
their jury member to Cannes
925
01:13:06,550 --> 01:13:09,720
with the task of completely
undermining my success
926
01:13:09,845 --> 01:13:12,473
at the 1983 festival.
927
01:13:12,598 --> 01:13:16,268
It was Sergei Bondarchuk,
a Soviet director.
928
01:13:16,643 --> 01:13:21,148
I still don't understand
what prompted that desire.
929
01:13:21,356 --> 01:13:23,776
With Nostalghia I was declaring
930
01:13:23,901 --> 01:13:28,030
the utter impossibility
for a Soviet or a Russian intellectual
931
01:13:28,155 --> 01:13:30,699
of living in the West.
932
01:13:30,824 --> 01:13:33,660
I'd have expected anything —
933
01:13:33,827 --> 01:13:37,247
their customary inability
to comprehend
934
01:13:37,414 --> 01:13:40,292
my filmic language
935
01:13:40,542 --> 01:13:43,337
or some other aesthetic aspect.
936
01:13:43,462 --> 01:13:47,341
But I never expected
the authorities of my own country,
937
01:13:47,466 --> 01:13:49,968
my fellow countrymen,
my superiors,
938
01:13:50,094 --> 01:13:54,056
to stab me in the back
so treacherously.
939
01:13:59,937 --> 01:14:03,774
I suddenly realized I was
no longer needed in the USSR,
940
01:14:03,941 --> 01:14:07,611
and I imagined for a moment
what would happen
941
01:14:07,736 --> 01:14:10,906
if I were to return to Moscow,
942
01:14:11,031 --> 01:14:15,619
given the Soviet authorities'
behavior at Cannes.
943
01:14:15,911 --> 01:14:18,664
I simply had no other choice.
944
01:14:18,831 --> 01:14:21,125
I couldn't return
to the Soviet Union.
945
01:14:21,291 --> 01:14:25,546
My wife and I were compelled
to stay here in the West,
946
01:14:25,671 --> 01:14:28,966
despite the fact
that I have no illusions
947
01:14:29,091 --> 01:14:31,468
about life in the West,
948
01:14:31,635 --> 01:14:34,847
and despite the fact...
949
01:14:35,597 --> 01:14:38,976
that part of my family
was still in Moscow.
950
01:14:40,144 --> 01:14:44,148
It was a terribly difficult
decision for Larissa
951
01:14:44,314 --> 01:14:46,692
and myself.
952
01:14:54,783 --> 01:14:59,830
Larissa and I haven't yet
decided on the country.
953
01:15:02,332 --> 01:15:06,503
The most important thing
is to come to a decision.
954
01:15:10,591 --> 01:15:13,719
None of the rest matters.
955
01:15:43,457 --> 01:15:46,877
If in 20 years of being
on "diplomatic terms"
956
01:15:47,044 --> 01:15:49,963
with film authorities in Moscow,
957
01:15:50,088 --> 01:15:53,550
I was able to make
just five films there,
958
01:15:53,675 --> 01:15:56,428
now, after the scandal at Cannes,
959
01:15:56,887 --> 01:16:01,391
it's clear I wouldn't be allowed
to make anything else.
960
01:16:10,734 --> 01:16:16,490
It makes me terribly sad
to be cut off from my audience,
961
01:16:16,698 --> 01:16:20,744
my friends, and my homeland.
962
01:16:21,745 --> 01:16:24,414
And of course most of all
963
01:16:24,748 --> 01:16:27,501
I'm sad and depressed
964
01:16:27,709 --> 01:16:30,545
not to be able to work
965
01:16:30,671 --> 01:16:34,466
for those I considered —
and still consider — my audience.
966
01:16:34,591 --> 01:16:36,927
It's a real tragedy for me.
967
01:16:38,512 --> 01:16:43,517
I'll of course suffer terribly
from being cut off from all of you,
968
01:16:43,976 --> 01:16:48,272
all you who looked forward to
and loved my films,
969
01:16:48,397 --> 01:16:51,775
all you for whom I worked
970
01:16:51,942 --> 01:16:54,528
and shall continue to work.
971
01:16:54,736 --> 01:16:58,532
I had no other way out.
I had no choice.
972
01:16:58,782 --> 01:17:02,619
What happened
was the only logical step
973
01:17:02,828 --> 01:17:09,251
after my clash
with the Moscow film authorities.
974
01:17:26,310 --> 01:17:29,604
Lord, do you see how he's asking?
975
01:17:30,230 --> 01:17:32,316
Why don't you speak to him?
976
01:17:32,482 --> 01:17:36,570
Can you imagine what would happen
if he heard my voice?
977
01:17:36,737 --> 01:17:38,947
Let him feel your presence.
978
01:17:39,614 --> 01:17:41,616
I do so constantly.
979
01:17:41,742 --> 01:17:44,036
He just doesn't notice.
980
01:17:47,789 --> 01:17:49,791
The hunt is over.
981
01:17:50,083 --> 01:17:52,085
They chased me down.
982
01:17:52,419 --> 01:17:55,172
A hound hangs from my thigh.
983
01:17:55,589 --> 01:17:57,632
I throw my head back
984
01:17:57,758 --> 01:18:00,385
till my antlers rest
on my shoulders.
985
01:18:00,510 --> 01:18:02,179
I bellow.
986
01:18:02,304 --> 01:18:04,348
They cut my tendons.
987
01:18:04,556 --> 01:18:07,642
They shove a rifle in my ear.
988
01:18:08,352 --> 01:18:10,187
He falls on his side,
989
01:18:10,395 --> 01:18:13,523
his antlers clinging to wet twigs.
990
01:18:13,940 --> 01:18:16,109
I see a dim eye,
991
01:18:16,234 --> 01:18:18,862
a blade of grass stuck to it.
992
01:18:19,029 --> 01:18:23,575
A black, ossified ball
reflecting nothing.
993
01:18:23,950 --> 01:18:27,871
They'll tie his legs together,
pass a pole through,
994
01:18:28,205 --> 01:18:30,749
and sling him
over their shoulders.
995
01:20:29,868 --> 01:20:32,746
From a historical perspective,
996
01:20:32,871 --> 01:20:35,665
our spiritual development
997
01:20:35,790 --> 01:20:38,502
has lagged behind
our material development,
998
01:20:38,627 --> 01:20:40,670
and we're paying for that.
999
01:20:40,795 --> 01:20:42,672
If humanity perishes,
1000
01:20:42,797 --> 01:20:47,010
it will be only because
the process of human development
1001
01:20:47,344 --> 01:20:49,513
wasn't harmonious,
1002
01:20:49,679 --> 01:20:53,892
and because humanity
didn't evolve spiritually
1003
01:20:54,184 --> 01:20:56,686
but was driven by fear.
1004
01:20:56,895 --> 01:21:01,024
Humankind defended itself
against the world
1005
01:21:01,316 --> 01:21:04,528
instead of merging with it
1006
01:21:04,694 --> 01:21:07,447
and establishing
a connection with it.
1007
01:21:07,614 --> 01:21:11,117
Humans transformed interaction...
1008
01:21:11,826 --> 01:21:17,207
into a painful daily leveraging
of power against one another
1009
01:21:17,332 --> 01:21:20,835
that is irritating, useless,
and excruciating,
1010
01:21:20,961 --> 01:21:24,464
instead of making that exchange
something pleasurable.
1011
01:21:24,923 --> 01:21:28,301
Mankind grabbed
the first toy available,
1012
01:21:28,510 --> 01:21:32,013
and it believed in that stone ax
1013
01:21:32,305 --> 01:21:38,937
rather than the magical effect
of a human gaze, or of desire...
1014
01:21:39,604 --> 01:21:43,733
that could have prevented
the blow of that ax.
1015
01:21:52,409 --> 01:21:54,869
As for salvation...
1016
01:21:54,995 --> 01:21:59,291
life on this planet recently
seems to suggest
1017
01:21:59,749 --> 01:22:03,920
that it perhaps makes sense
to save our individual selves
1018
01:22:04,045 --> 01:22:08,049
as quickly as possible,
thereby denying life
1019
01:22:08,174 --> 01:22:10,552
and, consequently, art.
1020
01:22:11,136 --> 01:22:14,097
There are no hopes
for the future today.
1021
01:22:14,556 --> 01:22:17,017
There's a notion
of joining forces
1022
01:22:17,142 --> 01:22:20,687
against the global evil
represented by the atomic bomb.
1023
01:22:20,812 --> 01:22:22,772
But you've seen
1024
01:22:22,939 --> 01:22:27,027
what the explosion
of a small nuclear plant can do.
1025
01:22:27,152 --> 01:22:29,237
What if ten were to explode?
1026
01:22:29,362 --> 01:22:33,783
In fact, the greatest concern
for our future
1027
01:22:33,950 --> 01:22:36,328
may not be war
1028
01:22:36,536 --> 01:22:40,457
but the gradual destruction
1029
01:22:40,624 --> 01:22:43,960
of an ecological niche
for humans to exist in.
1030
01:22:44,210 --> 01:22:46,338
Even without war...
1031
01:22:46,630 --> 01:22:49,591
we'll suffocate in this atmosphere.
1032
01:22:49,841 --> 01:22:52,802
That's why the question
of art and salvation
1033
01:22:52,969 --> 01:22:55,847
is becoming
increasingly relevant today.
1034
01:22:55,972 --> 01:22:57,891
There's no time to lose.
1035
01:23:10,904 --> 01:23:13,865
By "spirituality"
I mean first and foremost
1036
01:23:14,115 --> 01:23:17,077
that a person be inquisitive
1037
01:23:17,452 --> 01:23:20,163
regarding what is referred to as
1038
01:23:20,330 --> 01:23:22,207
"the meaning of life."
1039
01:23:22,332 --> 01:23:25,293
That's at least a first step.
1040
01:23:25,543 --> 01:23:28,004
A person who has asked
that question
1041
01:23:28,129 --> 01:23:31,299
can no longer fall
below that level.
1042
01:23:31,424 --> 01:23:33,760
They will begin to evolve.
1043
01:23:34,052 --> 01:23:36,012
They will wonder...
1044
01:23:36,179 --> 01:23:38,348
"Why do we exist?"
1045
01:23:38,473 --> 01:23:41,184
"Where do we come from,
and where are we going?"
1046
01:23:41,351 --> 01:23:45,230
"What's the purpose
of our presence on this planet
1047
01:23:45,355 --> 01:23:50,110
during — let's flatter ourselves —
the 80 or so years...
1048
01:23:51,569 --> 01:23:54,531
that we have in this world?"
1049
01:23:55,657 --> 01:23:57,659
To put it simply...
1050
01:23:57,867 --> 01:24:00,203
a person who doesn't ask
1051
01:24:00,370 --> 01:24:03,331
or hasn't yet asked
those questions
1052
01:24:03,665 --> 01:24:07,043
is soulless, lacking in spirit.
1053
01:24:07,877 --> 01:24:11,673
An artist who doesn't take
those questions seriously
1054
01:24:11,798 --> 01:24:16,553
isn't an artist,
because he's not a realist.
1055
01:24:16,678 --> 01:24:20,140
He has neglected one
of the most important questions,
1056
01:24:20,265 --> 01:24:22,142
one that makes us human.
1057
01:24:22,851 --> 01:24:27,063
When we begin
to address these issues...
1058
01:24:28,356 --> 01:24:33,695
is when what we call
"true art" emerges.
1059
01:24:38,575 --> 01:24:40,285
I believe...
1060
01:24:40,410 --> 01:24:43,079
that the meaning of life lies
1061
01:24:43,413 --> 01:24:46,291
in elevating our spiritual level
1062
01:24:46,416 --> 01:24:48,960
in the time we're given to live.
1063
01:24:50,837 --> 01:24:55,884
Even if it's just one iota
compared to when we were born,
1064
01:24:56,009 --> 01:24:59,095
our life won't have been
lived in vain.
1065
01:25:04,267 --> 01:25:08,688
I think evil and the devil
1066
01:25:09,147 --> 01:25:12,859
are the absence
of good and of God...
1067
01:25:13,860 --> 01:25:16,154
like shadow and light.
1068
01:25:20,033 --> 01:25:22,410
Humankind harbors evil
1069
01:25:22,535 --> 01:25:24,746
as well as good.
1070
01:25:24,996 --> 01:25:27,582
And the purpose of our existence
1071
01:25:27,791 --> 01:25:31,628
is above all to fight
the evil within us.
1072
01:25:32,128 --> 01:25:36,257
That's why we were given free will.
1073
01:25:36,841 --> 01:25:40,303
We can fight evil,
1074
01:25:40,720 --> 01:25:44,265
or we can let
the evil within us prevail.
1075
01:25:44,599 --> 01:25:47,477
It's up to us, and us alone.
1076
01:25:50,396 --> 01:25:53,316
The worst thing
is when we begin
1077
01:25:53,691 --> 01:25:56,653
to fight evil
not within ourselves
1078
01:25:56,945 --> 01:25:59,072
but within others.
1079
01:26:19,509 --> 01:26:22,428
This film, to be shot in Sweden
1080
01:26:22,554 --> 01:26:28,393
and to be called Sacrificio
in Italian, or Sacrifice...
1081
01:26:29,060 --> 01:26:32,689
is the logical evolution
of Nostalghia
1082
01:26:32,897 --> 01:26:36,526
and of the central character
of Domenico,
1083
01:26:36,693 --> 01:26:40,154
a provincial math teacher.
1084
01:26:40,530 --> 01:26:43,867
But of course it will take on
certain new angles
1085
01:26:43,992 --> 01:26:47,996
much more relevant
to the issues I mentioned before.
1086
01:26:54,377 --> 01:26:57,755
Once upon a time long ago...
1087
01:26:59,173 --> 01:27:04,596
an old monk lived
in an Orthodox monastery.
1088
01:27:05,555 --> 01:27:07,473
His name was Pamve.
1089
01:27:07,974 --> 01:27:12,020
One day he planted
a dried-up tree on a mountainside...
1090
01:27:12,478 --> 01:27:14,397
just like this.
1091
01:27:15,732 --> 01:27:18,359
Then he told his young pupil...
1092
01:27:18,735 --> 01:27:22,196
a monk named Ioann Kolov...
1093
01:27:22,739 --> 01:27:26,492
that he should water
the tree every day
1094
01:27:26,618 --> 01:27:29,245
until it came back to life.
1095
01:27:31,039 --> 01:27:35,418
This film speaks
about personal responsibility
1096
01:27:35,543 --> 01:27:40,089
when events come bearing down
swiftly and inevitably.
1097
01:27:40,340 --> 01:27:43,593
It's dedicated
to personal responsibility
1098
01:27:43,843 --> 01:27:47,221
and the intention and desire
to become involved
1099
01:27:47,347 --> 01:27:52,393
in those events
that we usually entrust to politicians,
1100
01:27:52,685 --> 01:27:58,483
those professionals whose occupation
is to plan out our future,
1101
01:27:58,733 --> 01:28:01,569
to interact with other countries,
1102
01:28:01,694 --> 01:28:04,906
social categories,
social strata, etc.
1103
01:28:05,031 --> 01:28:08,368
That's precisely
what my film is about:
1104
01:28:08,493 --> 01:28:11,579
involvement of the individual
1105
01:28:11,704 --> 01:28:14,290
in contemporary social processes,
1106
01:28:14,415 --> 01:28:17,210
and the desire
to return the individual
1107
01:28:17,335 --> 01:28:19,963
to the very heart of events.
1108
01:28:20,129 --> 01:28:22,465
It's a parable, an allegory,
1109
01:28:22,590 --> 01:28:26,803
that narrates in poetic fashion
the fate of a family
1110
01:28:26,970 --> 01:28:31,641
in a very tense and dramatic way,
in my opinion.
1111
01:28:37,146 --> 01:28:39,273
As I was saying...
1112
01:28:39,399 --> 01:28:42,860
we were enchanted as we took in
the beauty of the place.
1113
01:28:43,444 --> 01:28:45,446
We couldn't tear ourselves away.
1114
01:28:46,322 --> 01:28:48,491
The stillness, the quiet...
1115
01:28:49,826 --> 01:28:51,369
And...
1116
01:28:52,161 --> 01:28:55,206
it was clear that the house
1117
01:28:55,581 --> 01:28:57,667
was made just for us.
1118
01:28:58,418 --> 01:29:02,213
And it happened to be for sale —
a real miracle!
1119
01:29:02,755 --> 01:29:05,174
And you were born in that house.
1120
01:29:06,342 --> 01:29:08,052
Do you like it?
1121
01:29:09,554 --> 01:29:12,390
Do you like your house, my boy?
1122
01:29:16,686 --> 01:29:18,938
The more evil triumphs,
1123
01:29:19,063 --> 01:29:22,025
the more reasons
there are to create art.
1124
01:29:22,316 --> 01:29:25,028
In fact, all the more reasons.
1125
01:29:25,695 --> 01:29:27,530
Art is...
1126
01:29:29,032 --> 01:29:31,200
how should I put it?
1127
01:29:32,869 --> 01:29:36,247
As long as human beings exist...
1128
01:29:37,081 --> 01:29:40,334
they will instinctively
strive to create.
1129
01:29:41,377 --> 01:29:45,548
In a way, that's what binds them
to their creator.
1130
01:29:45,715 --> 01:29:48,301
And what is creation?
1131
01:29:48,593 --> 01:29:50,845
What is the purpose of art?
1132
01:29:51,054 --> 01:29:52,972
Why does it exist?
1133
01:29:53,556 --> 01:29:55,558
Is it good or bad?
1134
01:29:56,100 --> 01:30:00,730
Is it something constructive,
or just art for art's sake?
1135
01:30:00,855 --> 01:30:04,692
But one thing is clear:
Art is prayer.
1136
01:30:04,901 --> 01:30:06,986
That says it all.
1137
01:30:07,695 --> 01:30:11,365
Through art
humankind expresses hope.
1138
01:30:11,616 --> 01:30:14,077
Everything else is irrelevant.
1139
01:30:14,327 --> 01:30:17,038
All that which
doesn't express hope
1140
01:30:17,163 --> 01:30:19,749
and isn't built
on a spiritual foundation
1141
01:30:19,916 --> 01:30:22,418
has nothing to do with art.
1142
01:30:49,403 --> 01:30:54,534
If someone were to ask
where I see hope for the future,
1143
01:30:55,076 --> 01:30:59,622
I'd say only in Russia,
despite everything.
1144
01:31:02,667 --> 01:31:04,919
Hope in the sense...
1145
01:31:06,796 --> 01:31:10,800
that civilization may end
1146
01:31:11,134 --> 01:31:14,345
before the first nuclear bomb falls.
1147
01:31:14,804 --> 01:31:20,268
That will happen when the last man
who believes in the creator dies.
1148
01:31:21,102 --> 01:31:24,147
A civilization without spirituality,
1149
01:31:24,480 --> 01:31:29,068
without belief in the immortality
of the human soul,
1150
01:31:29,735 --> 01:31:32,864
is no more
than a gathering of animals.
1151
01:31:33,906 --> 01:31:37,577
It's no longer civilization.
1152
01:31:38,327 --> 01:31:40,955
It's the end, the decline.
1153
01:31:41,873 --> 01:31:45,668
That's why I see in Russia
1154
01:31:46,002 --> 01:31:50,214
many more signs
of spiritual rebirth
1155
01:31:50,423 --> 01:31:54,010
than here, in the free West.
1156
01:32:25,166 --> 01:32:29,170
There was a time
when I could name those
1157
01:32:29,462 --> 01:32:32,215
whom I considered my teachers.
1158
01:32:32,882 --> 01:32:37,720
But now only those
come to mind...
1159
01:32:38,679 --> 01:32:44,393
whom I would call
not so much "masters"
1160
01:32:45,102 --> 01:32:47,313
as "holy fools,"
1161
01:32:47,438 --> 01:32:49,982
who don't belong to this world,
1162
01:32:50,107 --> 01:32:52,235
lunatics.
1163
01:32:52,360 --> 01:32:55,988
With no offense intended
toward anyone living,
1164
01:32:56,113 --> 01:32:59,242
among them
I would consider Bresson,
1165
01:32:59,408 --> 01:33:04,080
Tolstoy, Bach, and Leonardo.
1166
01:33:04,580 --> 01:33:07,583
Ultimately, they all were crazy...
1167
01:33:08,251 --> 01:33:13,798
because they didn't have
to think up their art.
1168
01:33:14,674 --> 01:33:17,843
They all were possessed.
1169
01:33:21,597 --> 01:33:24,725
People like that frighten me
1170
01:33:24,934 --> 01:33:27,895
and at the same time inspire me.
1171
01:33:28,145 --> 01:33:31,107
Their work
1172
01:33:31,232 --> 01:33:34,277
is absolutely impossible to explain.
1173
01:33:35,278 --> 01:33:38,322
So much has been written
about Tolstoy
1174
01:33:38,531 --> 01:33:42,618
and Leonardo and Bach.
1175
01:33:42,785 --> 01:33:46,455
Yet no one really managed
to say anything at all.
1176
01:33:46,580 --> 01:33:49,625
Thank God
no one could explain their talent.
1177
01:33:49,959 --> 01:33:54,088
That means
it's impossible to explain.
1178
01:33:54,338 --> 01:33:56,465
Miracles can't be explained.
1179
01:33:56,882 --> 01:33:59,969
A miracle is... God.
1180
01:34:00,094 --> 01:34:03,806
BELIEVE IN SPITE
OF EVERYTHING.
1181
01:34:04,390 --> 01:34:08,519
FAITH IS KNOWLEDGE
THROUGH LOVE.
1182
01:34:08,728 --> 01:34:12,606
For my part,
I'm not afraid of death.
1183
01:34:12,815 --> 01:34:14,817
It doesn't frighten me.
1184
01:34:15,568 --> 01:34:18,696
Perhaps the only thing
that's scary...
1185
01:34:20,072 --> 01:34:22,325
is physical suffering.
1186
01:34:23,159 --> 01:34:26,329
For a person who has...
1187
01:34:27,663 --> 01:34:30,499
some understanding of life,
1188
01:34:30,624 --> 01:34:34,378
I don't think death
can be frightening.
1189
01:34:35,796 --> 01:34:38,466
I'm sure of that.
1190
01:34:38,591 --> 01:34:42,803
I'm not sickened by the thought
of approaching death.
1191
01:34:42,928 --> 01:34:45,306
On the contrary.
1192
01:34:45,431 --> 01:34:48,100
Sometimes I feel that death...
1193
01:34:49,018 --> 01:34:52,313
and even the sense
of despair around it...
1194
01:34:52,438 --> 01:34:55,316
can bring on
an incredible sense of freedom
1195
01:34:55,441 --> 01:34:59,236
that we've never experienced
before in our lives.
1196
01:35:17,421 --> 01:35:22,885
A masterpiece could be
bearing witness to a soul
1197
01:35:23,135 --> 01:35:25,971
passing by you
1198
01:35:26,180 --> 01:35:30,726
and clearly moving upward,
somewhere skyward,
1199
01:35:31,060 --> 01:35:35,398
sweeping past you
and leaving behind
1200
01:35:35,564 --> 01:35:38,359
just a breeze that you feel.
1201
01:35:38,484 --> 01:35:41,612
That is sufficient for a work of art
1202
01:35:41,737 --> 01:35:44,156
to become a creation of genius.
1203
01:36:08,973 --> 01:36:11,934
A delicate breeze
wafts through your heart,
1204
01:36:12,143 --> 01:36:14,770
and you fly and fly headlong.
1205
01:36:15,312 --> 01:36:17,773
Meanwhile,
love on a photo negative
1206
01:36:17,940 --> 01:36:20,276
holds your soul by the sleeve
1207
01:36:20,401 --> 01:36:22,862
as, grain by grain, like a bird
1208
01:36:22,987 --> 01:36:25,614
it steals what it can
from oblivion.
1209
01:36:25,823 --> 01:36:28,200
It won't let you
be scattered to the winds.
1210
01:36:28,325 --> 01:36:30,619
Even when dead,
you'll live on —
1211
01:36:30,744 --> 01:36:33,289
not completely,
just a hundredth part,
1212
01:36:33,456 --> 01:36:35,791
beneath our breath,
in our dreams,
1213
01:36:35,916 --> 01:36:38,461
as if you're wandering
in some field
1214
01:36:38,586 --> 01:36:40,796
in the land beyond.
1215
01:36:40,963 --> 01:36:44,550
All that's dear, alive,
and visible to the eye
1216
01:36:44,884 --> 01:36:47,344
takes flight again and again
1217
01:36:47,470 --> 01:36:49,972
if the Angel of the Lens
1218
01:36:50,347 --> 01:36:53,517
takes your world under its wing.