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- [Girl] Reality films.

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(dramatic tones)

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- [Narrator] Ancient
and mysterious.

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Powerful and deadly.

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All knowing and generous.

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The gods of Egypt
were many things.

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They originated many
thousands of years ago

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in a land faraway from Egypt.

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Over time they evolved, changed,
adapted and grew in mystery.

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Their stories are filled with
great battles and vengeance,

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of cycles of nature and the
balance of the very universe.

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Their tales, a real
game of thrones.

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From the gods of the underworld
such as Osiris and Anubis

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to the gods of light
such as Amun-Ra and Horus

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the lives and actions of
the gods of ancient Egypt

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explain our very existence
and our place in the universe.

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(dramatic music)

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The mysteries of all
that is and ever shall be

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were explored in their lives.

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Their influence has
traveled across continents

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and across time.

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Our own so called
religions are full of them

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under different names.

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(dramatic music)

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This is the fascinating story
of the real gods of Egypt.

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(dramatic music)

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The ancient Egyptian
religions were very complex.

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Polytheistic beliefs and
multiple rituals formed integral

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parts of their society.

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The gods were believed to
be in control of and present

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within the very forces which
controlled nature itself.

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(dramatic music)

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The rituals and practices of
the ancient Egyptians were

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created to gain the favor of
the various deities of the

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various forces of nature in
order to control the outcome.

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(dramatic music)

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Most of the formal practices
centered around the Pharaoh

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who was believed
to be God on earth

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and possess his
divine power or force.

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He was the man between
them and the gods.

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And it was his role to
sustain the gods with rituals

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and offerings so that
they could maintain

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order in the universe.

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To make sure this worked huge
efforts were made to provide

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the Pharaoh with what he needed
and the thousands of priests

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did very well out of the deal.

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(dramatic music)

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Massive constructions across
ancient Egypt were testament

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to the importance placed
upon appeasing and gaining

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the favor of the gods of force.

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(dramatic music)

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An individual could pray
to a particular deity

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and ask for help, or he could
compel them to do his bidding

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through magic, one is
asking, one is telling.

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(dramatic music)

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There is a direct correlation
between the rise of religious

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institutions in Egypt
with the decline in power

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of the Pharaoh.

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Death was of major importance
with Egyptians going to great

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lengths to ensure a safe
journey through the underworld

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for their loved ones.

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Funerary practices were
expensive and often complicated.

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Tombs, grave goods,
mummification,
offerings and more

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all made it a rich man's game

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but the poor did
what they could.

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Over time the battle
of the gods evolved,

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some rose high in
prominence, others fell.

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It was all about the
battles between the priests

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of the competing temples.

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Ra, Amun and Isis were
pushed aside when Akhenaten

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decided that the temple
system would be moved to a new

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location and the
Aten or sun disk

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would now hold
the greatest slot.

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(dramatic music)

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It did not last and his new
temple city disappeared beneath

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the sand, it would be some time
before a truly monotheistic

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religion would rise again.

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The gods of Egypt arise
in a collection of myths

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from ancient Egypt
which describe their
actions as a method

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of understanding the
world around them.

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Understanding the gods of Egypt
and their myths is crucial

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to understanding
ancient Egypt itself.

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There is no separation
of church and state,

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of life and religion
because all are intertwined.

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From farming to pharmacy,
from politics to play

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all things involve the gods
for the gods are all things.

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(dramatic music)

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The myths are inspired by
the cycles of nature itself.

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(dramatic music)

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Life is a series of patterns,
repeating again and again.

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This is the present age to
them, before their time things

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were linear and events unfolded
to create the patterns.

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Maat is the fundamental
order of the universe

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and the most important myths
are those of creation itself.

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(dramatic music)

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Here the gods formed
existence from chaos

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creating the patterns.

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(dramatic music)

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The rise of the sun god
Ra, the myths of Osiris,

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Isis and Horus against
this chaotic god, Set.

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(dramatic music)

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Ra rises in the sky
and continues the
pattern of existence.

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(dramatic music)

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He goes down each night
into the underworld or duat.

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The struggle is
constant against chaos.

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Life and death were simply
part of this continued pattern

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rising like Ra and setting.

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(dramatic music)

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Mythology inspired and
influenced Egyptian culture,

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religious rituals and royal
leaders, life and death,

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food, sex, education,
art, culture and more

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were all part and parcel
of the greater living myth

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of the life of the gods.

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(dramatic music)

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In a mirror of human dynasties,

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the gods themselves
altered in power,

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the priests of each deity
would use their influence

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and there are hundreds of
cases of one God usurping

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a special location and claiming
dominance over another.

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A battle of the gods
was truly at work.

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(dramatic music)

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And so we must begin our journey
into the gods themselves.

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(dramatic music)

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We begin with Amun,

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who has been around ever
since the old kingdom

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and the earliest days.

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Known as Amun and Amen,
by the 11th dynasty

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he had become the
patron deity of thieves,

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the holiest of holy
places for the gods.

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Following a rebellion in the
rise of Harmost the first

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Amun became nationally
important and was fused with the

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sun god Ra to become Amun-Ra.

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(dramatic music)

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Across time Amun-Ra
maintained his chief post,

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the only time this slipped
was under the king Akhenaten

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who raised Aten to
the highest position.

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(dramatic music)

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Amun-Ra was self created,
champion of the poor and weary,

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everybody loved
and worshiped him,

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he was the king of all gods
and almost became monotheistic

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when other gods were said to
be mere manifestations of him.

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His influence grew so large
that nations outside of Egypt

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began worshiping him and there
are good reasons to suggest

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that the Islamic,
Jewish and Christian God

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is based upon him and his myths.

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(dramatic music)

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In Greece, Amun-Ra
became known as Zeus.

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(dramatic music)

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Originally Amun was the god of
the wind until he merged with

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Ra and also Min, the god
of fertility or creation.

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(dramatic music)

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These newfound powers made
him the greatest of the deitys

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from the Nubian sun god he
adopted the symbol of the ram.

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(dramatic music)

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He was the god people came
to when they wanted mercy

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for their own wrong doing or
if they felt wrong done to.

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He was the god who
hears the prayers,

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who comes at the cry of
the poor and distressed

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beware of him they said,
the people were to repeat him

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to their sons and daughters.

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To speak his name far and wide,

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he was big and small, he
was all things yet to come,

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fishes in the deep,
birds in heaven.

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He never spends an entire day
angry and he was merciful.

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(dramatic music)

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For many years the priests
of Amun at Thebes were so

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powerful that they
were effectively

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the leaders of the nation and
held power over the economy.

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(dramatic music)

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They owned two thirds
of all the temples

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and 90% of Egypt's ships.

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The son of one high priest
was actually manipulated

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onto the throne itself,

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and one high priest himself
actually became Pharaoh

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and ruler of the 21st dynasty.

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(dramatic music)

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By the 10th century BC this
dominance began to decline

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but his worship maintained.

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(dramatic music)

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His influence upon the wider
world is actually massive,

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he's even mentioned
in the Bible.

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In Greece he became Zeus-Amon,

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after the battle of Issus
Alexander the Great was declared

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the son of Amun and
considered himself divine.

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(dramatic music)

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The words ammonia and
ammonite are derived from Amun

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because certain properties
were said to be from Amon.

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We turn now to one of the
most mysterious of Egyptian

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deities seen in copious movies
and works of fiction, Anubis.

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(dramatic music)

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In truth the word Anubis is
the Greek name of an Egyptian

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deity associated
with mummification
and the after life.

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He was depicted as a canine
or a man with a canine head

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and was known at the time,
as the golden jackal

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or the African golden wolf.

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Just like other Egyptian
deities Anubis had many roles.

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He was the protector of
graves, embalmer and was later

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replaced by Osiris as the
lord of the underworld.

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He ushered souls into the
after life and attended the

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weighing of their souls,
this act would decide whether

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the dead would be allowed to
enter the realm of the dead.

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(dramatic music)

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His color is black
which symbolized
rebirth from the color

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of fertile silt of the Nile
and also the color of a corpse

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which turns after embalming.

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In the old kingdom Anubis
was the most important god

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of the dead, he was replaced
in that role by Osiris

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during the middle kingdom.

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(dramatic music)

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It is because of
this association
with the mysteries of

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death and the afterlife that
Anubis has crept strongly

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into popular culture
today, in a scary way.

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(dramatic music)

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In fact he was not at all
scary and helped people who had

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suffered the loss of life
to go to a better place.

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Our next deity is the Goddess
of warfare in lower Egypt.

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In Greece she's known as Aloros,

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in Egypt she was known as
Bastet and her worship began

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in the second dynasty.

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(dramatic music)

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In upper Egypt they worship
Sekhmet the lioness Goddess

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in the same role.

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And normally at the unification
of upper and lower Egypt

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deities were merged but in
this case Sekhmet and Bastet

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maintained their own identities.

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(dramatic music)

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During the 22nd dynasty Bastet
transformed from lioness

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warrior deity into a protector
deity represented as a cat.

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(dramatic music)

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During later dynasty's
the deity remained

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but was assigned a lesser
role in the pantheon

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by bearing the name Bastet
instead of the earlier Bast.

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This happened after Thebes
became the capital of ancient

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Egypt during the 18th dynasty.

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As they rose to great power
the priests of the temple of

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Amun shifted the other
deities down the league

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as their own Amun-Ra rose.

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(dramatic music)

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Bastet was originally a lioness
warrior Goddess of the sun

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throughout most of
ancient Egyptian history.

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But later she was changed
into the cat Goddess

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00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,682
which is familiar today.

249
00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:53,825
Greeks occupying ancient
Egypt towards the end of it's

250
00:24:53,925 --> 00:24:57,996
civilization changed her
into a Goddess of the moon.

251
00:25:03,102 --> 00:25:06,472
In lower Egypt she was
defender of the Pharaoh

252
00:25:06,572 --> 00:25:08,374
and the later deity Ra.

253
00:25:16,048 --> 00:25:19,185
Her name was associated with
the jars in which Egyptians

254
00:25:19,285 --> 00:25:23,122
stored their ointment and
used as perfume, Bastet thus

255
00:25:23,222 --> 00:25:27,293
gradually became regarded
as the Goddess of perfumes.

256
00:25:35,301 --> 00:25:38,604
Because of this she was
regarded as the wife of Anubis

257
00:25:38,704 --> 00:25:40,339
the god of embalming.

258
00:25:48,847 --> 00:25:51,750
Our next deity was the most
important of all the sacred

259
00:25:51,850 --> 00:25:54,420
animals in ancient Egypt.

260
00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:57,856
He was worshiped in Memphis
and served as a go between

261
00:25:57,956 --> 00:26:00,892
for humans and Ptah,
Osiris and Atum.

262
00:26:02,261 --> 00:26:04,396
He is the bull god Apis.

263
00:26:04,496 --> 00:26:07,233
(dramatic music)

264
00:26:13,772 --> 00:26:17,609
His worship is there right at
the start of Egyptian history

265
00:26:17,709 --> 00:26:19,678
connected with fertility.

266
00:26:27,886 --> 00:26:31,490
Archeology reveals burials
of bulls indicating that the

267
00:26:31,590 --> 00:26:35,361
bull was divine long before
and possibly represented

268
00:26:35,461 --> 00:26:36,762
the king himself.

269
00:26:43,302 --> 00:26:46,805
His worship continued after
the Egyptians with the Greeks

270
00:26:46,905 --> 00:26:50,942
and even the Romans and lasted
until the fifth century AD.

271
00:26:51,042 --> 00:26:53,779
(dramatic music)

272
00:27:03,555 --> 00:27:07,693
The bull was chosen because
of its strength and virility.

273
00:27:12,831 --> 00:27:16,134
It was the manifestation
of the Pharaoh.

274
00:27:23,141 --> 00:27:26,412
Apis was one of the Egyptian
gods for which Alexander the

275
00:27:26,512 --> 00:27:29,448
Great performed a
sacrifice during his

276
00:27:29,548 --> 00:27:32,551
seizure of the country
from the Persians.

277
00:27:32,651 --> 00:27:35,387
(dramatic music)

278
00:27:43,495 --> 00:27:47,499
We turn now to one of the very
earliest of Egyptian deities.

279
00:27:47,599 --> 00:27:50,702
Khnum the god of the
source of the Nile.

280
00:27:50,802 --> 00:27:53,539
(dramatic music)

281
00:28:03,815 --> 00:28:07,553
This was an important position
for all life along the

282
00:28:07,653 --> 00:28:10,088
river relied upon
the annual flooding

283
00:28:10,188 --> 00:28:12,624
to bring fertility to the land.

284
00:28:12,724 --> 00:28:15,427
(dramatic music)

285
00:28:32,578 --> 00:28:35,681
He was the god who created
human children at his potter's

286
00:28:35,781 --> 00:28:39,485
wheel and placed them
within the mother's womb,

287
00:28:39,585 --> 00:28:41,553
he was the divine potter.

288
00:28:49,695 --> 00:28:53,365
In fact he was the
third aspect of Ra,

289
00:28:53,465 --> 00:28:57,135
the god of rebirth creation
and the evening sun.

290
00:28:57,235 --> 00:28:59,971
(dramatic music)

291
00:29:09,448 --> 00:29:12,150
Now one of the most
significant deities in Egyptian

292
00:29:12,250 --> 00:29:15,186
mythology, the god Horus.

293
00:29:15,220 --> 00:29:18,023
(dramatic music)

294
00:29:27,399 --> 00:29:30,101
There are many depictions
of Horus and Egyptologists

295
00:29:30,201 --> 00:29:33,505
treat them all as separate
deities although it is possible

296
00:29:33,605 --> 00:29:36,074
they were all just
different manifestations

297
00:29:36,174 --> 00:29:37,876
of the same deity.

298
00:29:37,976 --> 00:29:40,712
(dramatic music)

299
00:29:50,556 --> 00:29:54,826
He is mostly depicted as a
falcon or falcon headed man.

300
00:29:54,926 --> 00:29:57,663
(dramatic music)

301
00:30:05,504 --> 00:30:11,009
Commonly Horus is the son of
Isis and Osiris and is a rival

302
00:30:11,042 --> 00:30:15,046
to Set although in the earliest
form he was their brother.

303
00:30:22,388 --> 00:30:25,591
However, there is another
tradition that Hathor was

304
00:30:25,691 --> 00:30:27,225
his mother and wife.

305
00:30:36,167 --> 00:30:39,705
He was the god of the sky,
war and hunting.

306
00:30:47,446 --> 00:30:52,150
Horus means falcon and
also the distant one

307
00:30:52,183 --> 00:30:54,219
and the one who is above.

308
00:31:02,428 --> 00:31:08,166
In life the Pharaoh was Horus,
in death he became Osiris,

309
00:31:08,199 --> 00:31:10,636
two aspects of the same soul.

310
00:31:10,736 --> 00:31:13,472
(dramatic music)

311
00:31:21,647 --> 00:31:25,484
But new Horus appeared as
a new Pharaoh appeared.

312
00:31:25,584 --> 00:31:28,319
(dramatic music)

313
00:31:36,562 --> 00:31:40,131
As the representation
or embodiment of Horus

314
00:31:40,231 --> 00:31:43,569
Pharaoh was divine,
a god on earth

315
00:31:43,669 --> 00:31:48,173
and because Horus was produced
by Atum, the greatest,

316
00:31:48,273 --> 00:31:52,343
he was part of Atum and so
therefore was the Pharaoh.

317
00:31:58,784 --> 00:32:01,086
Eventually this simply
evolved into Pharaoh

318
00:32:01,186 --> 00:32:02,988
becoming the son of Ra.

319
00:32:08,827 --> 00:32:11,262
The myth of Horus
is very interesting

320
00:32:11,362 --> 00:32:13,999
and parallels the
Christian myth.

321
00:32:20,038 --> 00:32:24,976
He was born to the virgin
Goddess Isis after she collected

322
00:32:25,076 --> 00:32:29,247
the dismembered parts of her
murdered husband Osiris, only

323
00:32:29,347 --> 00:32:33,318
his penis was missing which
had been thrown into the Nile.

324
00:32:33,418 --> 00:32:36,154
(dramatic music)

325
00:32:47,833 --> 00:32:51,670
The myths vary
but she eventually
managed to get herself

326
00:32:51,770 --> 00:32:53,171
pregnant by magic.

327
00:33:00,178 --> 00:33:03,414
She fled to escape her
jealous brother Set,

328
00:33:03,515 --> 00:33:05,483
then gave birth to Horus.

329
00:33:13,825 --> 00:33:17,696
Horus as the sky had two eyes,

330
00:33:17,729 --> 00:33:21,166
his right eye was the sun
and his left the moon.

331
00:33:21,266 --> 00:33:24,002
(dramatic music)

332
00:33:32,578 --> 00:33:35,480
As a falcon he flew
across the sky.

333
00:33:40,018 --> 00:33:43,521
The moon was not as
bright as the sun

334
00:33:43,622 --> 00:33:48,226
because he had battled with
Set who gouged out his left eye

335
00:33:48,326 --> 00:33:51,196
and a new one created
to replace it.

336
00:33:59,137 --> 00:34:02,340
The eye of Horus is an
ancient Egyptian symbol

337
00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:06,612
of protection and royal
power from deities

338
00:34:06,712 --> 00:34:09,280
in this case from Horus or Ra.

339
00:34:09,380 --> 00:34:12,117
(dramatic music)

340
00:34:19,124 --> 00:34:21,927
The word for the
symbol as wadjet.

341
00:34:28,299 --> 00:34:31,670
It was the eye of the one
of the earliest of Egyptian

342
00:34:31,770 --> 00:34:36,975
deities, Wadjet who later
became associated with Bast,

343
00:34:37,008 --> 00:34:39,277
Mut and Hathor as well.

344
00:34:39,377 --> 00:34:42,113
(dramatic music)

345
00:34:48,687 --> 00:34:53,424
Wadjet was a solo deity and
this symbol began as an eye,

346
00:34:53,524 --> 00:34:57,796
an all seeing eye, it was
adopted by Horus and Ra.

347
00:34:57,896 --> 00:35:00,632
(dramatic music)

348
00:35:08,573 --> 00:35:11,877
Horus was a god
of war and hunting

349
00:35:11,977 --> 00:35:14,980
thus he became a symbol
of majesty and power

350
00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:17,415
as well as the model
of the Pharaohs.

351
00:35:17,515 --> 00:35:20,251
(dramatic music)

352
00:35:28,093 --> 00:35:31,196
The Pharaohs were said to
be Horus in human form.

353
00:35:31,296 --> 00:35:34,032
(dramatic music)

354
00:35:41,106 --> 00:35:44,075
Horus was given the role of
protecting humans from his

355
00:35:44,175 --> 00:35:47,312
brother Set by his mother Isis.

356
00:35:47,412 --> 00:35:50,148
(dramatic music)

357
00:35:56,121 --> 00:35:58,289
Set was the god of the desert

358
00:35:58,389 --> 00:36:00,658
who had killed
his father Osiris.

359
00:36:00,759 --> 00:36:03,494
(dramatic music)

360
00:36:09,968 --> 00:36:13,438
Over time Horus battled
many times with Set

361
00:36:13,538 --> 00:36:17,108
to avenge his father and
to choose the next Pharaoh.

362
00:36:17,208 --> 00:36:19,945
(dramatic music)

363
00:36:26,584 --> 00:36:29,788
The mother of Horus
is the great Isis.

364
00:36:29,888 --> 00:36:32,623
(dramatic music)

365
00:36:38,329 --> 00:36:41,432
She was so widely worshiped
that her influence spread

366
00:36:41,532 --> 00:36:45,871
to Greece and Rome and
indeed she is associated

367
00:36:45,971 --> 00:36:48,439
with Mary the mother of Jesus.

368
00:36:48,539 --> 00:36:51,276
(dramatic music)

369
00:37:01,887 --> 00:37:04,823
She's seen as the
ideal mother and wife,

370
00:37:04,923 --> 00:37:07,658
she's the patron of
nature and magic,

371
00:37:07,759 --> 00:37:11,262
a friend of slaves,
sinners, artists

372
00:37:11,362 --> 00:37:14,499
and yet she also hears
the prayers of the rich,

373
00:37:14,599 --> 00:37:16,101
maidens and rulers.

374
00:37:24,675 --> 00:37:26,945
She is the protector of the dead

375
00:37:27,045 --> 00:37:29,247
and Goddess of children.

376
00:37:29,347 --> 00:37:32,083
(dramatic music)

377
00:37:39,925 --> 00:37:42,994
Her name means throne
and her headdress

378
00:37:43,094 --> 00:37:45,496
is often depicted as a throne.

379
00:37:54,039 --> 00:37:58,143
She represented the
Pharaohs power on earth

380
00:37:58,243 --> 00:38:02,981
and he was her child,
he was Horus on earth,

381
00:38:03,014 --> 00:38:05,483
god on earth like Jesus.

382
00:38:05,583 --> 00:38:08,319
(dramatic music)

383
00:38:18,529 --> 00:38:21,599
Her parents were Geb,
the god of the earth

384
00:38:21,699 --> 00:38:24,269
and Nut, the Goddess of the sky.

385
00:38:31,476 --> 00:38:34,045
She married her brother Osiris.

386
00:38:39,484 --> 00:38:42,620
The Nile flooded each year
from the tears of sorrow

387
00:38:42,720 --> 00:38:44,622
issued forth from Isis.

388
00:38:44,722 --> 00:38:47,425
(dramatic music)

389
00:38:54,332 --> 00:38:58,236
She first appears in the
fifth dynasty on a sun temple

390
00:38:58,336 --> 00:39:01,272
although it is believed she
was originally a separate

391
00:39:01,372 --> 00:39:03,708
deity from predynastic Egypt.

392
00:39:12,951 --> 00:39:16,387
She's often depicted as
the wife or assistant of a

393
00:39:16,487 --> 00:39:20,558
deceased Pharaoh and the mother
of the four sons of Horus.

394
00:39:27,933 --> 00:39:30,835
These four sons protected
the canopic jars

395
00:39:30,936 --> 00:39:33,871
that contained the organs
of the deceased Pharaoh.

396
00:39:33,972 --> 00:39:36,707
(dramatic music)

397
00:39:45,583 --> 00:39:50,021
Her worship was carried out
in a temple known as the Isium

398
00:39:50,121 --> 00:39:54,192
with daily offerings from
priests and priestesses.

399
00:40:01,832 --> 00:40:05,036
These generally had a
reputation of being wise

400
00:40:05,136 --> 00:40:09,674
with great healing powers, they
could also interpret dreams

401
00:40:09,774 --> 00:40:11,809
and control the weather.

402
00:40:11,909 --> 00:40:14,645
(dramatic music)

403
00:40:28,193 --> 00:40:31,829
Isis was associated
with the star Sirius

404
00:40:31,929 --> 00:40:35,666
and its appearance was
a sign of the new year.

405
00:40:43,141 --> 00:40:47,278
She was therefore associated
with rebirth and reincarnation.

406
00:40:54,485 --> 00:40:58,156
One myth reveals a
slightly darker side,

407
00:40:58,256 --> 00:41:02,193
here she tricks Ra into
revealing his secret name

408
00:41:02,293 --> 00:41:04,695
by getting a snake to bite him.

409
00:41:04,795 --> 00:41:07,532
(dramatic music)

410
00:41:14,439 --> 00:41:18,943
Only she has the antidote and
because she had his real name

411
00:41:19,044 --> 00:41:20,878
she had power over him.

412
00:41:20,978 --> 00:41:23,714
(dramatic music)

413
00:41:30,355 --> 00:41:34,492
Having a secret name was
important for magic spells.

414
00:41:38,763 --> 00:41:42,333
Because of this she became
highly important to magicians

415
00:41:42,433 --> 00:41:45,736
and magic is central
to the myth of Isis.

416
00:41:53,978 --> 00:41:57,382
After the conquest of
Egypt Isis became known

417
00:41:57,482 --> 00:42:01,486
as the queen of Heaven and
she merged with other mother

418
00:42:01,586 --> 00:42:05,390
Goddesses, Demeter,
Astarte and Aphrodite.

419
00:42:05,490 --> 00:42:08,193
(dramatic music)

420
00:42:17,435 --> 00:42:20,638
Isis spread throughout
the Roman empire

421
00:42:20,738 --> 00:42:22,940
and is one reason that
the Christian Isis,

422
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:26,043
known as Mary was
accepted so easily.

423
00:42:32,650 --> 00:42:38,756
The Greek antiquarian Plutarch
describes Isis as a Goddess,

424
00:42:38,789 --> 00:42:42,293
exceptionally wise
and a lover of wisdom

425
00:42:42,393 --> 00:42:46,331
to who as her name at
least seems to indicate

426
00:42:46,431 --> 00:42:48,299
knowledge and understanding

427
00:42:48,399 --> 00:42:51,469
are in the highest
degree appropriate.

428
00:42:56,006 --> 00:42:59,977
Of course her husband
suffered a pretty bad fate.

429
00:43:00,077 --> 00:43:03,681
Osiris was usually depicted
as the god of the underworld.

430
00:43:03,781 --> 00:43:06,551
(dramatic music)

431
00:43:15,126 --> 00:43:17,628
He was also the
god of transition,

432
00:43:17,728 --> 00:43:20,131
resurrection and regeneration.

433
00:43:28,506 --> 00:43:32,443
He is given green skin,
a Pharaoh's beard,

434
00:43:32,543 --> 00:43:37,148
mummy wrapped legs, a crown
of two large ostrich feathers,

435
00:43:37,248 --> 00:43:38,883
a crook and a flail.

436
00:43:38,983 --> 00:43:41,719
(dramatic music)

437
00:43:59,103 --> 00:44:02,807
He was once believed to be the
eldest son of the earth god

438
00:44:02,907 --> 00:44:08,313
Geb or the son god Ra and
the earth Goddess Nut.

439
00:44:08,346 --> 00:44:11,148
(dramatic music)

440
00:44:29,434 --> 00:44:32,670
He was the brother
and husband of Isis,

441
00:44:40,678 --> 00:44:42,480
and his son was Horus.

442
00:44:49,820 --> 00:44:51,522
Because he ruled over the dead

443
00:44:51,622 --> 00:44:53,758
and because the dead were
considered to be the ones

444
00:44:53,858 --> 00:44:57,862
truly living he as called
the King of the living.

445
00:45:04,569 --> 00:45:07,137
He was the judge of the
dead in the afterlife

446
00:45:07,238 --> 00:45:09,073
and from his place
in the underworld

447
00:45:09,173 --> 00:45:11,409
he granted life to
all those things

448
00:45:11,509 --> 00:45:14,211
such as vegetation
rising upwards.

449
00:45:14,312 --> 00:45:17,047
(dramatic music)

450
00:45:24,789 --> 00:45:28,493
He was the lord of love,
permanently youthful,

451
00:45:28,593 --> 00:45:34,231
lord of silence, and when a
Pharaoh died he became Osiris

452
00:45:34,265 --> 00:45:36,801
who rose from the dead himself.

453
00:45:39,937 --> 00:45:43,240
In this way they
inherited eternal life.

454
00:45:51,516 --> 00:45:55,386
This was later mirrored
in the Christian myths.

455
00:46:00,591 --> 00:46:05,763
Eternal life through the slain
god who rose from the dead

456
00:46:05,863 --> 00:46:08,299
who was the son of Mary or Isis.

457
00:46:08,399 --> 00:46:11,135
(dramatic music)

458
00:46:19,477 --> 00:46:23,013
The three aspects of Isis are
clearly laid out in the Bible

459
00:46:23,113 --> 00:46:26,751
as the three Mary's and this
is why she is the mother

460
00:46:26,851 --> 00:46:28,453
and lover of Jesus.

461
00:46:28,553 --> 00:46:31,288
(dramatic music)

462
00:46:42,166 --> 00:46:46,103
His name probably means
powerful one or God almighty

463
00:46:46,203 --> 00:46:48,406
although nobody is certain.

464
00:46:48,506 --> 00:46:51,241
(dramatic music)

465
00:46:57,281 --> 00:47:00,785
His crook signifies his
role as the shepherd god,

466
00:47:00,885 --> 00:47:04,855
the flail is unknown but
maybe a shepherd's whip,

467
00:47:04,955 --> 00:47:06,256
pull and push.

468
00:47:06,357 --> 00:47:09,059
(dramatic music)

469
00:47:16,667 --> 00:47:19,537
His green color
symbolizes rebirth.

470
00:47:26,043 --> 00:47:29,814
The soul or ba of Osiris
was sometimes worshiped as a

471
00:47:29,914 --> 00:47:33,350
separate deity and was known
as the soul of the lord

472
00:47:33,451 --> 00:47:35,686
of the pillar of continuity.

473
00:47:41,959 --> 00:47:46,564
This was the backbone of
Osiris and the Nile itself

474
00:47:46,664 --> 00:47:48,833
the backbone of Egypt.

475
00:47:48,933 --> 00:47:51,669
(dramatic music)

476
00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:04,682
It therefore supplied
the water, fertile silt

477
00:48:04,782 --> 00:48:07,017
and vegetation for survival.

478
00:48:15,259 --> 00:48:19,163
He died only to be
resurrected again each year.

479
00:48:25,470 --> 00:48:30,207
This ba of Osiris was power
and also part of the word

480
00:48:30,307 --> 00:48:34,845
for ram and so he is
depicted as a ram headed god.

481
00:48:34,945 --> 00:48:37,682
(dramatic music)

482
00:48:43,921 --> 00:48:47,792
The living sacred ram
was in fact worshiped

483
00:48:47,892 --> 00:48:49,627
and mummified as holy.

484
00:48:54,799 --> 00:48:57,301
With the fall of
Egypt to the Greeks

485
00:48:57,401 --> 00:49:00,237
Osiris was merged
with the Apis bull

486
00:49:00,337 --> 00:49:04,642
and became Serapis and depicted
as a standard Greek god.

487
00:49:04,742 --> 00:49:07,478
(dramatic music)

488
00:49:17,488 --> 00:49:21,559
His cult continued on the
island of Philae in upper Egypt

489
00:49:21,659 --> 00:49:25,429
until the sixth century AD
until the Romans destroyed

490
00:49:25,530 --> 00:49:28,232
the sanctuaries,
arrested the priests

491
00:49:28,332 --> 00:49:30,635
and seized the divine images.

492
00:49:30,735 --> 00:49:33,470
(dramatic music)

493
00:49:46,450 --> 00:49:50,454
And now for the deity
who slew Osiris, Set.

494
00:49:50,555 --> 00:49:53,257
(dramatic music)

495
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:08,505
He is the god of the desert,
storms, disaster, violence,

496
00:50:08,606 --> 00:50:11,008
chaos and foreigners.

497
00:50:11,108 --> 00:50:13,844
(dramatic music)

498
00:50:22,953 --> 00:50:26,423
Ra employs Set on his
solar boat to repel

499
00:50:26,523 --> 00:50:29,426
the serpent of chaos, Apep.

500
00:50:35,666 --> 00:50:39,269
He was a balance to Horus as
the lord of the Red Desert,

501
00:50:39,369 --> 00:50:40,738
where as Horus was the lord

502
00:50:40,838 --> 00:50:43,574
of the black land
or fertile soil.

503
00:50:43,674 --> 00:50:46,410
(dramatic music)

504
00:50:52,750 --> 00:50:55,886
The opposites of
barren and fertility.

505
00:51:02,927 --> 00:51:06,831
He killed and mutilated
his brother Osiris

506
00:51:06,931 --> 00:51:10,968
Isis put him back together
and had Horus as a child.

507
00:51:11,068 --> 00:51:13,704
Horus and Set did
battle many times.

508
00:51:13,804 --> 00:51:16,540
(dramatic music)

509
00:51:23,781 --> 00:51:27,351
Set is the father of Anubis
and the meaning of his name

510
00:51:27,451 --> 00:51:31,789
is unknown, it is likely
that it gave rise to Satan

511
00:51:31,889 --> 00:51:33,758
in later Christian myth.

512
00:51:42,066 --> 00:51:46,203
He's often depicted as a
strange and unknown beast.

513
00:51:51,175 --> 00:51:54,078
In human form he has
a distinctive head

514
00:51:54,178 --> 00:51:57,414
and sometimes with
the head of a donkey.

515
00:52:03,788 --> 00:52:08,025
In the mythology of Heliopolis
like Osiris and Isis

516
00:52:08,125 --> 00:52:12,196
Set was born of the sky Goddess
Nut and the earth god Geb.

517
00:52:18,803 --> 00:52:22,339
Myths show Osiris
was as wise and happy

518
00:52:22,439 --> 00:52:24,608
Set as the jealous brother.

519
00:52:31,115 --> 00:52:33,483
His cult continued for sometime

520
00:52:33,583 --> 00:52:37,221
and influenced Christian
and other religions.

521
00:52:42,793 --> 00:52:45,595
We turn now to the
wise god Thoth.

522
00:52:51,535 --> 00:52:55,672
He is depicted with the head
of an Ibis bird or a baboon.

523
00:53:03,547 --> 00:53:07,684
He maintained the universe and
stood beside the boat of Ra.

524
00:53:12,156 --> 00:53:16,293
He would later arbitrate between
the disputes of the gods.

525
00:53:22,733 --> 00:53:24,869
He is associated with art,

526
00:53:27,004 --> 00:53:27,805
writing,

527
00:53:30,841 --> 00:53:31,641
magic,

528
00:53:33,811 --> 00:53:34,611
science,

529
00:53:37,281 --> 00:53:39,750
and the judgement of the dead.

530
00:53:45,089 --> 00:53:48,893
His name simply means
he who is like the Ibis.

531
00:53:56,333 --> 00:54:00,204
In Greece Thoth was seen
as their own god Hermes

532
00:54:00,304 --> 00:54:03,874
and later his title became
the thrice great Hermes

533
00:54:03,974 --> 00:54:05,810
or Hermes Trismegistus.

534
00:54:10,747 --> 00:54:14,618
For hundreds of years he was
the wisest and greatest of gods

535
00:54:14,718 --> 00:54:17,054
for magicians and alchemists.

536
00:54:24,261 --> 00:54:27,697
As the Ibis headed
human form he represents

537
00:54:27,798 --> 00:54:30,367
the reckoner of time and season.

538
00:54:37,942 --> 00:54:42,079
He did however have a great
many roles in Egyptian society.

539
00:54:45,916 --> 00:54:49,954
He was the mediator between
the powers of good and evil

540
00:54:50,054 --> 00:54:51,621
and ensured balance.

541
00:54:57,794 --> 00:55:00,697
He was the scribe of the
gods and is credited with

542
00:55:00,797 --> 00:55:03,367
inventing writing and alphabets.

543
00:55:08,906 --> 00:55:13,043
He reported on the weighing of
the scales in the underworld.

544
00:55:18,315 --> 00:55:22,452
He was self created and master
of physical and moral law.

545
00:55:30,427 --> 00:55:32,930
He calculated the
mathematics for the structure

546
00:55:33,030 --> 00:55:34,965
of the motions of the heavens.

547
00:55:35,065 --> 00:55:37,801
(dramatic music)

548
00:55:45,442 --> 00:55:48,745
The Egyptians believed
that without his words

549
00:55:48,845 --> 00:55:52,349
the gods themselves
could not have existed.

550
00:56:00,157 --> 00:56:03,627
Indeed, in the underworld
his power was equal

551
00:56:03,727 --> 00:56:05,695
to that of Ra and Osiris.

552
00:56:14,371 --> 00:56:17,241
He was the author of
all science, religion,

553
00:56:17,341 --> 00:56:18,976
philosophy and magic.

554
00:56:23,313 --> 00:56:26,683
And the Greeks said he
invented astronomy, astrology,

555
00:56:26,783 --> 00:56:30,620
mathematics, geometry,
medicine, theology,

556
00:56:30,720 --> 00:56:32,656
government and much more.

557
00:56:32,756 --> 00:56:35,492
(dramatic music)

558
00:56:45,669 --> 00:56:48,272
In fact to them
he was the author

559
00:56:48,372 --> 00:56:50,340
of all works of knowledge.

560
00:56:50,440 --> 00:56:53,177
(dramatic music)

561
00:56:59,816 --> 00:57:02,819
Originally Thoth was a
moon god providing light

562
00:57:02,919 --> 00:57:06,991
in the darkness and standing
beside Ra the sun god.

563
00:57:13,763 --> 00:57:16,933
The myths of Egypt serve
to explain and justify

564
00:57:17,034 --> 00:57:20,104
the observable world
and its many cycles,

565
00:57:20,204 --> 00:57:21,938
patterns and mysteries.

566
00:57:22,039 --> 00:57:24,774
(dramatic music)

567
00:57:34,318 --> 00:57:36,786
The nature of order and chaos.

568
00:57:41,058 --> 00:57:44,528
The cycles of life
and death or fertility

569
00:57:44,628 --> 00:57:48,732
seasons, light in the sky,
life under water,

570
00:57:48,832 --> 00:57:51,235
the fate of the universe itself.

571
00:57:51,335 --> 00:57:54,071
(dramatic music)

572
00:58:00,077 --> 00:58:03,247
All of this and more was
explained through the lives,

573
00:58:03,347 --> 00:58:06,250
actions and statements
of the gods.

574
00:58:13,057 --> 00:58:15,192
From the Earth to the Sun.

575
00:58:18,762 --> 00:58:21,231
From knowledge to imagination.

576
00:58:25,269 --> 00:58:28,738
The actions of the
gods governed them all.

577
00:58:33,410 --> 00:58:37,214
All forces had divine
inspiration behind them.

578
00:58:41,685 --> 00:58:44,988
They did not believe their
gods had animal heads

579
00:58:45,089 --> 00:58:49,025
they simply used symbolism to
explain aspects of the power

580
00:58:49,126 --> 00:58:50,960
and nature of the gods.

581
00:58:57,867 --> 00:59:01,471
As their own writing system
of hieroglyphics was symbolic

582
00:59:01,571 --> 00:59:03,740
and held multiple meanings

583
00:59:03,840 --> 00:59:06,643
so did their
concepts of the gods.

584
00:59:13,483 --> 00:59:15,752
They did not think
the sky was a cow

585
00:59:15,852 --> 00:59:19,123
called Hathor supported
by other gods,

586
00:59:19,223 --> 00:59:22,292
this simply explained
the power of that Goddess

587
00:59:22,392 --> 00:59:26,029
and merged several ideas
about existence together.

588
00:59:26,130 --> 00:59:28,865
(dramatic music)

589
00:59:35,239 --> 00:59:37,574
Even though there were
temples and statues

590
00:59:37,674 --> 00:59:39,309
depicting the gods,

591
00:59:39,409 --> 00:59:43,480
the real realm of the gods
cannot be known or imagined.

592
00:59:49,286 --> 00:59:51,755
It is not accessible to humans.

593
00:59:51,855 --> 00:59:54,558
(dramatic music)

594
01:00:00,864 --> 01:00:04,334
The myths create stories
to explain in human terms

595
01:00:04,434 --> 01:00:05,835
what it all means.

596
01:00:13,743 --> 01:00:17,181
It was in fact a
very clever devise

597
01:00:17,281 --> 01:00:21,218
and one used by later
religions such as Christianity.

598
01:00:21,318 --> 01:00:24,053
(dramatic music)

599
01:00:32,196 --> 01:00:35,565
The myths are in fact
never fully developed

600
01:00:35,665 --> 01:00:38,101
we have to fill in
many missing blanks.

601
01:00:38,202 --> 01:00:40,937
(dramatic music)

602
01:00:49,713 --> 01:00:54,083
There was a reason behind
this, a philosophical statement

603
01:00:54,184 --> 01:00:57,854
saying that we simply
cannot know, as humans.

604
01:01:05,529 --> 01:01:09,499
They only had general
outlines and fragments

605
01:01:09,599 --> 01:01:12,736
and the gods themselves would
not pass the script test

606
01:01:12,836 --> 01:01:15,505
for a Hollywood movie
because their characters

607
01:01:15,605 --> 01:01:17,507
are never fully developed.

608
01:01:17,607 --> 01:01:20,344
(dramatic music)

609
01:01:27,517 --> 01:01:30,687
The truth is that the
meaning is the most important

610
01:01:30,787 --> 01:01:33,457
part of the myth,
not the detail.

611
01:01:33,557 --> 01:01:36,293
(dramatic music)

612
01:01:45,535 --> 01:01:47,704
As long as the meaning remained

613
01:01:47,804 --> 01:01:51,241
what did it matter that a
mere detail was altered?

614
01:01:51,341 --> 01:01:54,077
(dramatic music)

615
01:02:01,585 --> 01:02:04,120
Many of the myths came
from earlier times

616
01:02:04,220 --> 01:02:05,922
and other cultures,

617
01:02:06,022 --> 01:02:09,926
they were adapted for their
own environment and people.

618
01:02:10,026 --> 01:02:12,996
The same thing would
happen to the Egyptian gods

619
01:02:13,096 --> 01:02:17,066
as Greece and Rome
and then Christianity

620
01:02:17,166 --> 01:02:20,270
stole the ideas
and changed them.

621
01:02:20,370 --> 01:02:23,106
(dramatic music)