1 00:00:13,021 --> 00:00:15,161 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 2 00:00:26,071 --> 00:00:29,071 RAOUL PECK: Since its first appearance in East Africa, 3 00:00:29,091 --> 00:00:32,121 the human species has been on a long migration, 4 00:00:32,140 --> 00:00:35,191 first to Asia, and then to Central Europe. 5 00:00:38,021 --> 00:00:41,200 This process, lasting for multiple thousands of years, 6 00:00:41,221 --> 00:00:45,051 can be considered as the premise of globalization. 7 00:00:47,091 --> 00:00:48,140 On these roads, 8 00:00:48,161 --> 00:00:52,121 the circulation of the most vital and decisive commodities 9 00:00:52,140 --> 00:00:55,030 would permit the survival of the human race 10 00:00:55,051 --> 00:00:57,051 and its adaptation on the planet. 11 00:00:59,070 --> 00:01:02,060 And along these roads, for better or worse, 12 00:01:02,081 --> 00:01:04,090 silk, of course, would circulate, 13 00:01:04,111 --> 00:01:08,100 but also religion, language, refugees, artists, 14 00:01:08,120 --> 00:01:11,081 technology, and pandemics. 15 00:01:11,100 --> 00:01:13,060 (INSECTS CHIRPING) 16 00:01:13,081 --> 00:01:17,040 ♪ (TENSE MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 17 00:01:17,060 --> 00:01:21,100 RAOUL: People create families, tribes, nations. 18 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:24,060 Sometimes, they need to protect the family, 19 00:01:24,081 --> 00:01:28,090 defend the tribe, increase the nation's resources. 20 00:01:28,111 --> 00:01:31,111 Sometimes, it's just about surviving. 21 00:01:31,130 --> 00:01:34,210 Other times, it's for the wrong reasons. 22 00:01:34,231 --> 00:01:37,171 But whether for protection or conquest, 23 00:01:37,191 --> 00:01:39,191 for preservation or profit, 24 00:01:39,210 --> 00:01:43,060 these acts might require being armed. 25 00:01:43,081 --> 00:01:46,111 And over the centuries, we lost our purpose, 26 00:01:46,130 --> 00:01:47,231 and then our bearings. 27 00:01:47,250 --> 00:01:50,120 ♪ ("MASTERS OF WAR" BY BOB DYLAN PLAYING) ♪ 28 00:01:50,141 --> 00:01:52,231 ♪ Come you masters of war ♪ 29 00:01:54,231 --> 00:01:57,100 ♪ You that build the big guns ♪ 30 00:01:59,060 --> 00:02:02,031 ♪ You that build The death planes ♪ 31 00:02:03,150 --> 00:02:06,021 ♪ You that build all the bombs ♪ 32 00:02:07,230 --> 00:02:10,240 ♪ You that hide behind walls ♪ 33 00:02:12,090 --> 00:02:14,190 ♪ You that hide behind desks ♪ 34 00:02:16,090 --> 00:02:19,100 ♪ I just want you to know I can see... ♪ 35 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:22,231 -Fire! -(CANONS BLAST) 36 00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:25,090 ♪ You that never done nothin' ♪ 37 00:02:27,100 --> 00:02:29,220 ♪ But build to destroy ♪ 38 00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:34,141 ♪ You play with my world ♪ 39 00:02:35,201 --> 00:02:38,090 ♪ Like it's your little toy ♪ 40 00:02:38,111 --> 00:02:39,141 ♪ (TENSE MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 41 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:42,100 RAOUL: At the beginning, the very powerful Moguls, 42 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:46,100 whose empire was founded in 1526 in India, 43 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:49,090 were more developed than any European state. 44 00:02:50,201 --> 00:02:54,160 But they had no ships able to withstand artillery fire 45 00:02:54,180 --> 00:02:56,141 or carry heavy guns. 46 00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:59,030 Instead of building up their own fleet, 47 00:02:59,051 --> 00:03:02,041 the Moguls chose to purchase defense services 48 00:03:02,060 --> 00:03:03,240 from these European states. 49 00:03:05,250 --> 00:03:08,150 This extremely lucrative commerce 50 00:03:08,171 --> 00:03:09,210 would lead to the creation 51 00:03:09,231 --> 00:03:12,220 of the first multinational corporations ever, 52 00:03:13,210 --> 00:03:16,051 the British East India Company 53 00:03:16,071 --> 00:03:18,100 and The Dutch East India Company. 54 00:03:19,201 --> 00:03:22,021 Meanwhile, the Chinese had already 55 00:03:22,041 --> 00:03:23,120 discovered gunpowder 56 00:03:23,141 --> 00:03:25,201 and had already cast the first cannon 57 00:03:25,220 --> 00:03:27,171 in the mid-13th century. 58 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:32,191 But they felt so safe in their part of the world 59 00:03:32,210 --> 00:03:35,030 that they refrained from participating 60 00:03:35,051 --> 00:03:36,231 in the naval arms race. 61 00:03:39,111 --> 00:03:42,051 So the backward and poorly resourced Europe 62 00:03:42,071 --> 00:03:45,090 of the 16th century would acquire a monopoly 63 00:03:45,111 --> 00:03:48,150 on ocean-traveling ships, with guns capable 64 00:03:48,171 --> 00:03:50,171 of spreading death and destruction 65 00:03:50,191 --> 00:03:52,150 across huge distances. 66 00:03:52,171 --> 00:03:53,220 -(EXPLOSION) -(MEN CLAMORING) 67 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,081 RAOUL: Europeans became the masters of cannons 68 00:03:56,100 --> 00:03:58,120 that killed long before the weapons 69 00:03:58,141 --> 00:04:00,160 of their opponents could reach them. 70 00:04:00,180 --> 00:04:02,060 (EXPLOSION) 71 00:04:02,081 --> 00:04:03,201 (WATER SPLASHING) 72 00:04:03,220 --> 00:04:06,150 ♪ ("THE WAR REQUIEM, OP. 66" BY BENJAMIN BRITTEN PLAYING) ♪ 73 00:04:06,171 --> 00:04:08,240 RAOUL: The art of killing at a distance 74 00:04:09,021 --> 00:04:11,030 became a European specialty. 75 00:04:12,081 --> 00:04:15,051 Meanwhile, in the so-called Third World, 76 00:04:15,071 --> 00:04:17,201 small arms were still able to measure up 77 00:04:17,220 --> 00:04:19,220 -to those in Europe. -(WEAPONS CLINKING) 78 00:04:19,241 --> 00:04:22,160 RAOUL: The standard weapon was a muzzle-loaded, 79 00:04:22,181 --> 00:04:24,230 smooth-bored flintlock musket... 80 00:04:24,251 --> 00:04:26,181 -(GUNSHOTS) -...which was also manufactured 81 00:04:26,201 --> 00:04:29,061 by village blacksmiths in Africa. 82 00:04:29,081 --> 00:04:32,230 But these weapons were slow and difficult to handle. 83 00:04:32,251 --> 00:04:34,230 They emitted puffs of smoke 84 00:04:34,251 --> 00:04:37,150 that revealed where the marksman was. 85 00:04:37,170 --> 00:04:39,040 To say nothing of the fact 86 00:04:39,061 --> 00:04:42,071 that he also had to stand up while reloading. 87 00:04:42,090 --> 00:04:43,170 -(EXPLOSION) -(GUNSHOTS) 88 00:04:43,191 --> 00:04:45,111 RAOUL: The musket was a frightening weapon 89 00:04:45,131 --> 00:04:48,071 for those who heard it for the first time. 90 00:04:48,090 --> 00:04:50,201 But its range was only 100 yards. 91 00:04:50,220 --> 00:04:52,061 -(HORSE NEIGHING) -(HOOVES GALLOPING) 92 00:04:52,081 --> 00:04:53,241 RAOUL: So the colonial wars 93 00:04:54,021 --> 00:04:56,111 of the first half of the 19th century 94 00:04:56,131 --> 00:04:58,100 were lengthy and expensive. 95 00:04:58,121 --> 00:05:00,170 -(GUNSHOTS) -(MEN CLAMORING) 96 00:05:00,191 --> 00:05:03,071 RAOUL: Prussia replaced its muzzle loaders 97 00:05:03,090 --> 00:05:05,110 with a breech-loaded Dreyse rifle. 98 00:05:05,131 --> 00:05:06,150 (GUN RATTLES) 99 00:05:06,170 --> 00:05:09,230 RAOUL: This was tested for the first time in 1866 100 00:05:09,251 --> 00:05:13,241 in the Austro-Prussian war over hegemony in Germany. 101 00:05:14,021 --> 00:05:15,081 (GUNSHOTS) 102 00:05:15,100 --> 00:05:18,220 RAOUL: In 1884, Hiram Stevens Maxim 103 00:05:18,241 --> 00:05:21,050 who also invented the mousetrap, 104 00:05:21,071 --> 00:05:25,021 manufactured an automatic weapon that was light to carry 105 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:27,141 and fired nine rounds per second. 106 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,050 (GUNSHOTS) 107 00:05:29,071 --> 00:05:33,121 It was used by the Germans in East Africa in 1888, 108 00:05:33,141 --> 00:05:38,241 and by the British in 1893 during the First Matabele War. 109 00:05:39,021 --> 00:05:41,241 At the same time, steel had become so cheap, 110 00:05:42,021 --> 00:05:44,170 it could be used for the manufacture of arms 111 00:05:44,191 --> 00:05:46,030 on a large scale. 112 00:05:47,061 --> 00:05:48,191 In Africa and Asia, 113 00:05:48,210 --> 00:05:52,050 local smiths could no longer make copies of the new weapons 114 00:05:52,071 --> 00:05:56,141 as they did not have access to industrially manufactured steel. 115 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,111 -(GUNSHOTS) -At the end of the 1890s, 116 00:05:59,131 --> 00:06:02,071 the revolution of the rifle was complete. 117 00:06:02,090 --> 00:06:05,050 All European infantrymen could now fire 118 00:06:05,071 --> 00:06:07,040 lying down without being spotted, 119 00:06:07,061 --> 00:06:08,141 -in all weathers. -(GUNSHOTS) 120 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,191 Fifteen shots in as many seconds 121 00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:14,071 at targets up to a distance of 1,000 yards, 122 00:06:14,090 --> 00:06:15,160 confirming the myth 123 00:06:15,181 --> 00:06:17,210 of the white man's invincibility. 124 00:06:17,230 --> 00:06:20,160 -♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ -(EXCLAIMS) 125 00:06:22,251 --> 00:06:24,230 -(GUNSHOT) -(MEN CLAMORING) 126 00:06:24,251 --> 00:06:26,210 RAOUL: Unfortunately, their bullets 127 00:06:26,230 --> 00:06:29,100 were not totally efficient against "the savages 128 00:06:29,121 --> 00:06:32,210 and fanatical tribesmen," as they called them, 129 00:06:32,230 --> 00:06:35,121 for they often continued their charges 130 00:06:35,141 --> 00:06:38,121 even after being hit four or five times. 131 00:06:38,141 --> 00:06:39,230 (GUNSHOTS) 132 00:06:39,251 --> 00:06:42,081 RAOUL: The answer was the dumdum bullet, 133 00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:43,170 or expanding bullet, 134 00:06:43,191 --> 00:06:47,251 named after the factory in Dum Dum outside Calcutta. 135 00:06:48,030 --> 00:06:50,081 The lead core of the dumdum bullet 136 00:06:50,100 --> 00:06:51,220 explodes the casing, 137 00:06:51,241 --> 00:06:56,030 causing large, painful wounds that do not heal well. 138 00:06:56,050 --> 00:07:00,040 The use of dumdum bullets between civilized states 139 00:07:00,061 --> 00:07:02,141 would soon be prohibited. 140 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:05,081 They were to be reserved for big game hunting 141 00:07:05,100 --> 00:07:09,181 and non-white unarmed populations in colonial wars. 142 00:07:09,201 --> 00:07:12,090 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 143 00:07:13,181 --> 00:07:16,021 At Omdurman, in 1898, 144 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:18,201 the whole new European arsenal was tested 145 00:07:18,220 --> 00:07:22,220 against a numerically superior and very determined enemy. 146 00:07:23,090 --> 00:07:24,170 (MEN CLAMORING) 147 00:07:24,191 --> 00:07:27,141 RAOUL: One of the most cheerful depicters of war, 148 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:28,181 Winston Churchill, 149 00:07:28,201 --> 00:07:32,050 later winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, 150 00:07:32,071 --> 00:07:35,061 was the war correspondent of the Morning Post. 151 00:07:35,081 --> 00:07:37,170 ♪ ("LAWRENCE OF ARABIA MAIN THEME" PLAYING) ♪ 152 00:07:37,191 --> 00:07:39,241 -(GUNSHOTS) -(MEN CLAMORING) 153 00:07:40,021 --> 00:07:41,050 (HOOFBEATS) 154 00:07:41,071 --> 00:07:43,141 RAOUL: "Nothing like the Battle of Omdurman 155 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:47,111 will ever be seen again," wrote Churchill in a book 156 00:07:47,131 --> 00:07:49,081 published after the experience. 157 00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:53,141 "It was the last link in the long chain 158 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:55,201 of those spectacular conflicts 159 00:07:55,220 --> 00:07:58,030 whose vivid and majestic splendor 160 00:07:58,050 --> 00:08:02,141 has done so much to invest war with glamour. 161 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:06,170 This kind of war was full of fascinating thrills," 162 00:08:06,191 --> 00:08:07,210 he wrote. 163 00:08:09,061 --> 00:08:14,061 The morning of September 2nd, 1898, the following occurred. 164 00:08:15,210 --> 00:08:18,220 ♪ (MUSIC CRESCENDOS) ♪ 165 00:08:18,241 --> 00:08:22,110 RAOUL: "The White Flags were nearly over the crest. 166 00:08:22,131 --> 00:08:23,160 In another minute, 167 00:08:23,181 --> 00:08:25,220 they would become visible to the batteries." 168 00:08:25,241 --> 00:08:27,040 (SOLDIERS CLAMORING) 169 00:08:27,061 --> 00:08:30,071 RAOUL: "Did they realize what would come to meet them? 170 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:34,021 They were in a dense mass, 171 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:37,180 2,800 yards from the 32nd Field Battery 172 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,030 and the gunboats. 173 00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:44,030 The ranges were known. It was a matter of machinery. 174 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:49,030 The mind was fascinated by the impending horror. 175 00:08:49,050 --> 00:08:51,200 I could see it coming. In a few seconds, 176 00:08:51,221 --> 00:08:54,251 swift destruction would rush on these brave men. 177 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:00,111 They topped the crest 178 00:09:00,131 --> 00:09:03,150 and drew out into full view of the whole army. 179 00:09:03,170 --> 00:09:06,211 Their white banners made them conspicuous above all. 180 00:09:08,170 --> 00:09:10,200 As they saw the camp of their enemies, 181 00:09:10,221 --> 00:09:14,170 they discharged their rifles with a great roar of musketry 182 00:09:14,190 --> 00:09:16,131 and quickened their pace." 183 00:09:16,150 --> 00:09:18,021 (METAL CLATTERING) 184 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:19,180 RAOUL: "It was a terrible sight, 185 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,080 for as yet they had not hurt us at all, 186 00:09:22,101 --> 00:09:24,141 and it seemed an unfair advantage 187 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:27,221 to strike thus cruelly when they could not reply." 188 00:09:27,241 --> 00:09:31,050 -(SOLDIERS CLAMORING) -(EXPLOSIONS) 189 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:36,150 RAOUL: Churchill found the enemy's plan of attack 190 00:09:36,170 --> 00:09:41,180 wise and well-thought-out, except for one vital point. 191 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,131 It was based on a fatal underestimation 192 00:09:44,150 --> 00:09:47,131 of the effectiveness of modern weapons. 193 00:09:47,150 --> 00:09:49,040 -(GUN COCKS) -(GUNSHOT) 194 00:09:49,060 --> 00:09:50,221 RAOUL: "Within the space of five hours, 195 00:09:50,241 --> 00:09:53,170 the strongest and best-armed savage army 196 00:09:53,190 --> 00:09:56,221 yet arrayed against a modern European power 197 00:09:56,241 --> 00:09:58,221 had been destroyed and dispersed 198 00:09:58,241 --> 00:10:02,231 with hardly any difficulty, comparatively small risk, 199 00:10:02,251 --> 00:10:05,190 and insignificant loss to the victors. 200 00:10:06,241 --> 00:10:09,160 Thus ended the Battle of Omdurman, 201 00:10:09,180 --> 00:10:11,221 the most striking triumph ever gained 202 00:10:11,241 --> 00:10:15,021 by the arms of science over barbarians," 203 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:16,160 wrote Churchill. 204 00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:18,060 At Omdurman, 205 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:20,200 no British soldier expected to be killed, 206 00:10:20,221 --> 00:10:23,121 for this was only a sporting element 207 00:10:23,141 --> 00:10:25,021 in a splendid game. 208 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:29,211 The industrial development of firearms 209 00:10:29,231 --> 00:10:34,050 was playing an important role in U.S. colonization as well. 210 00:10:34,070 --> 00:10:36,141 As a war president, George Washington 211 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:40,150 thought it unreasonable to rely on foreign weapons. 212 00:10:40,170 --> 00:10:44,170 With generous start-up funds, lucrative long-term contracts, 213 00:10:44,190 --> 00:10:47,030 and heavy tariffs on foreign imports, 214 00:10:47,050 --> 00:10:50,101 he literally jumpstarted the U.S. arms industry 215 00:10:50,121 --> 00:10:54,030 into becoming the world's first arms manufacturer. 216 00:10:54,050 --> 00:10:57,241 -(HORSE NEIGHING) -(GUNSHOTS) 217 00:10:58,021 --> 00:10:59,141 RAOUL: The very first corporation 218 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:01,160 established by the United States 219 00:11:01,180 --> 00:11:04,200 was the Springfield Armory in Western Massachusetts, 220 00:11:04,221 --> 00:11:08,070 founded in 1777. 221 00:11:08,091 --> 00:11:12,060 It soon introduced standardized interchangeable parts 222 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,221 and assembly line production, key factors in the takeoff 223 00:11:15,241 --> 00:11:18,170 of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. 224 00:11:18,190 --> 00:11:19,241 and its establishment 225 00:11:20,021 --> 00:11:22,211 as a capitalist, imperialist state. 226 00:11:22,231 --> 00:11:24,241 (METAL CLANGING) 227 00:11:25,021 --> 00:11:28,160 And having more arms allows more expansion. 228 00:11:28,180 --> 00:11:31,160 More expansion means more wars, 229 00:11:31,180 --> 00:11:34,060 for which you then need more arms. 230 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:36,231 A profitable chicken-and-egg bonanza 231 00:11:36,251 --> 00:11:39,021 in a totally incestuous relationship 232 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:42,050 between military industry and governments. 233 00:11:43,211 --> 00:11:46,200 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 234 00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:25,131 (EXPLOSIONS) 235 00:12:25,150 --> 00:12:27,160 RAOUL: The so-called Monroe Doctrine 236 00:12:27,180 --> 00:12:29,160 became the order of the day. 237 00:12:29,180 --> 00:12:33,131 At its core, in 1850, it was a mere commitment 238 00:12:33,150 --> 00:12:36,030 to keep the Americas, North and South, 239 00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:38,190 safe from European colonizing ambitions. 240 00:12:40,131 --> 00:12:43,200 Over the years, from President Theodore Roosevelt 241 00:12:43,221 --> 00:12:46,030 to John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan, 242 00:12:46,050 --> 00:12:49,021 the doctrine came to cover any perceived threat 243 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:51,150 to U.S. interests around the world. 244 00:12:53,091 --> 00:12:56,040 Overseas domination became the goal. 245 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:05,141 As Reverend Josiah Strong argued in 1885 246 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:08,111 in his best-selling book Our Country, 247 00:13:09,030 --> 00:13:10,170 "As a superior race, 248 00:13:10,190 --> 00:13:13,150 the U.S. had a divine responsibility 249 00:13:13,170 --> 00:13:15,121 to control the world." 250 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:22,030 ♪ ("THE SKY IS CRYING" BY ELMORE JAMES PLAYING) ♪ 251 00:13:28,091 --> 00:13:31,021 RAOUL: There is something we need to talk about. 252 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:33,070 Something that keeps bothering me, 253 00:13:33,091 --> 00:13:36,091 and that we cannot leave out of the present story... 254 00:13:37,060 --> 00:13:39,060 especially because it represents, 255 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:42,251 in a troublesome way, the symbol of all evil. 256 00:13:43,030 --> 00:13:44,101 ♪ The sky is crying... ♪ 257 00:13:44,121 --> 00:13:48,180 RAOUL: It is something odd, hidden deep behind two words. 258 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,221 Hiroshima. Nagasaki. 259 00:13:51,241 --> 00:13:55,050 It was said that it was a war against fascism. 260 00:13:55,070 --> 00:13:59,150 It was said that it was to prevent further American death. 261 00:13:59,170 --> 00:14:02,111 But hundreds of thousands died. 262 00:14:02,131 --> 00:14:04,180 The accounting is irrefutable. 263 00:14:06,060 --> 00:14:09,080 In a chess game, the objective is to checkmate 264 00:14:09,101 --> 00:14:10,200 the opponent's king. 265 00:14:10,221 --> 00:14:14,050 All other pieces then become collateral. 266 00:14:14,070 --> 00:14:18,021 Their respective value depends on the strategic value 267 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:20,111 you assign to them. 268 00:14:20,131 --> 00:14:23,121 In the present case, the king is an emperor, 269 00:14:23,141 --> 00:14:27,141 and Japanese deaths will provide the collateral. 270 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:32,121 Shock and awe. A massacre determined by an algorithm. 271 00:14:33,221 --> 00:14:38,241 It came at eight o'clock on August 6th, 1945. 272 00:14:39,021 --> 00:14:40,251 Nobody was expecting it. 273 00:14:41,030 --> 00:14:44,111 They were pawns in a sordid game. 274 00:14:44,131 --> 00:14:48,231 "Killing at a distance" had just taken on a new meaning. 275 00:14:48,251 --> 00:14:50,251 No explanation required. 276 00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,040 No cries tolerated, nor pity. 277 00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:56,211 Surrender or death at best. 278 00:14:56,231 --> 00:14:59,180 (EXPLOSION) 279 00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:11,241 ♪ (SOMBER MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 280 00:15:14,221 --> 00:15:17,211 RAOUL: An endless wasteland of dead people. 281 00:15:19,141 --> 00:15:24,091 For it is a massacre, not a heroic act. 282 00:15:24,111 --> 00:15:28,070 Why wasn't it ever called a war crime? 283 00:15:28,091 --> 00:15:31,040 Is it because those who dropped the bombs 284 00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:33,160 are those who got to name the deed? 285 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:38,170 "Naming is power," said Trouillot. 286 00:15:48,141 --> 00:15:51,060 Two days after the bombing of Nagasaki, 287 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:53,170 President Truman said... 288 00:15:53,190 --> 00:15:56,251 "The only language they seem to understand 289 00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:59,080 is the one we used to bomb them. 290 00:16:00,121 --> 00:16:02,050 When dealing with an animal... 291 00:16:02,251 --> 00:16:05,131 treat it like an animal. 292 00:16:05,150 --> 00:16:09,160 It's totally unfortunate, but it's still the truth." 293 00:16:11,211 --> 00:16:14,121 Indeed, there is no more to say. 294 00:16:15,121 --> 00:16:18,150 We know now what the task truly is... 295 00:16:18,170 --> 00:16:22,021 for Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, 296 00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:24,211 as well as at the Battle of Omdurman. 297 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:27,211 Exterminate all the brutes. 298 00:16:29,060 --> 00:16:31,030 -PHOTOGRAPHER: Take the cup. -(CUP SCRAPING) 299 00:16:31,050 --> 00:16:32,211 PHOTOGRAPHER: Okay, great. 300 00:16:32,231 --> 00:16:35,180 Why don't you take off your shirt? 301 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:39,101 No, not you, Henry. The young man. 302 00:16:39,121 --> 00:16:41,221 Can you translate for him? 303 00:16:41,241 --> 00:16:44,080 Good. Make him look more natural. 304 00:16:44,101 --> 00:16:48,160 Yeah, native, blending in. You know what I mean? 305 00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:50,190 -(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) -PHOTOGRAPHER: Yeah, okay. 306 00:16:50,211 --> 00:16:52,241 Change position. 307 00:16:53,021 --> 00:16:56,121 Really? You want to just lay down like this? 308 00:16:56,141 --> 00:16:59,101 Well, at least take the cigar. 309 00:17:00,050 --> 00:17:01,241 Take the cigar! 310 00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:05,221 Okay, boy? Hey, you, boy! 311 00:17:05,241 --> 00:17:09,080 Look at him. (TALKING IN SPANISH) 312 00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:12,090 (IN ENGLISH) Of course, I know he doesn't speak Spanish. 313 00:17:12,110 --> 00:17:15,241 Put a hand on your hip like this. 314 00:17:16,021 --> 00:17:19,191 -Yeah, you see? Perfect! -(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) 315 00:17:19,211 --> 00:17:23,181 PHOTOGRAPHER: Change position. Both of you stand up. 316 00:17:23,201 --> 00:17:25,140 Okay. Pick up the rifles. 317 00:17:25,161 --> 00:17:27,151 -Him, too. Yeah. One each. -(GUN CLACKS) 318 00:17:27,171 --> 00:17:31,140 Okay. And put the gun on your shoulder. 319 00:17:31,161 --> 00:17:32,191 Well, help him with it. 320 00:17:32,211 --> 00:17:36,021 Henry-- Okay. Don't tell him, show him. 321 00:17:36,201 --> 00:17:37,251 No. You know what? 322 00:17:38,030 --> 00:17:39,211 -Put it on the other side. -(GUN CLACKS) 323 00:17:39,231 --> 00:17:43,211 Yeah. Now, Henry, look at the distance. 324 00:17:43,231 --> 00:17:48,080 You are looking at the Nile River over there. 325 00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,080 Be inspired. Show some passion. 326 00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:54,241 The whole world has been waiting for you. 327 00:17:55,021 --> 00:17:56,211 -That's it! -(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) 328 00:17:56,231 --> 00:17:58,030 PHOTOGRAPHER: Awesome! 329 00:18:00,060 --> 00:18:02,060 RAOUL: Yup. Classic Stanley. 330 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:06,110 He tends to overdramatize every so often. Can't help it. 331 00:18:06,130 --> 00:18:10,021 The man changed my name from Ndugu M'hali 332 00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:12,211 to Kalulu because it sounded better. 333 00:18:13,251 --> 00:18:15,070 I have never told him 334 00:18:15,090 --> 00:18:17,221 how I enjoy his company sometimes. 335 00:18:17,241 --> 00:18:20,241 But occasionally, he can be quite a bully too. 336 00:18:22,060 --> 00:18:25,021 He brought me with him to Europe and America, 337 00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:27,021 as his butler, officially. 338 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:29,181 But when alone, we were just friends. 339 00:18:29,201 --> 00:18:31,130 Go figure. 340 00:18:31,151 --> 00:18:35,120 The fearless explorer and the noble savage. 341 00:18:35,140 --> 00:18:39,030 That in the press, he called me his "infant cannibal" 342 00:18:39,050 --> 00:18:40,171 should have tipped me off. 343 00:18:40,191 --> 00:18:44,140 ♪ ("COLD BLOODED" BY GARY CLARK JR. PLAYING) ♪ 344 00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:52,090 RAOUL: I have been a good soldier all my life. 345 00:18:52,110 --> 00:18:54,241 The perfectly well-educated pupil 346 00:18:55,021 --> 00:18:58,140 of a Western humanistic civilization. 347 00:18:58,161 --> 00:19:02,060 I thought that to be mature was to be knowledgeable, 348 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:05,130 smart, sophisticated, and gracious. 349 00:19:05,151 --> 00:19:09,070 I was educated to believe that some types of behavior 350 00:19:09,090 --> 00:19:12,211 were acceptable, and others were not. 351 00:19:12,231 --> 00:19:14,171 And that when I had done wrong, 352 00:19:14,191 --> 00:19:16,241 I had to learn from that experience. 353 00:19:18,161 --> 00:19:21,130 My parents taught me that, as a Black person, 354 00:19:21,151 --> 00:19:25,060 I should never find myself on the wrong side of the tracks. 355 00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:28,050 I learned to behave. 356 00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:31,251 I learned to be sociable, presentable, congenial. 357 00:19:32,030 --> 00:19:36,080 I had to negotiate daily with an intimate, unnamed, 358 00:19:36,100 --> 00:19:40,251 and vulgar enemy, infatuated with a superiority complex. 359 00:19:41,030 --> 00:19:43,161 Let's say, like Frank T.J. Mackey. 360 00:19:43,181 --> 00:19:44,211 (CROWD CLAMORING) 361 00:19:44,231 --> 00:19:47,080 I will not apologize for what I need. 362 00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:49,231 RAOUL: Or Jordan Belfort. 363 00:19:49,251 --> 00:19:54,080 -♪ (CROWD HUMMING) ♪ -♪ (HUMMING, EXCLAIMS) ♪ 364 00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:55,201 RAOUL: I have been a good soldier 365 00:19:55,221 --> 00:19:57,030 and a good learner, 366 00:19:57,050 --> 00:20:00,151 but I could never really fathom what it actually means 367 00:20:00,171 --> 00:20:01,211 to be superior, 368 00:20:01,231 --> 00:20:06,040 logically degrading everybody else as inferior. 369 00:20:06,060 --> 00:20:09,080 A singular assumption, to say the least. 370 00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:10,181 (BIRDS CHIRPING) 371 00:20:10,201 --> 00:20:14,171 Visiting Europe, I discovered people who genuinely thought, 372 00:20:14,191 --> 00:20:18,171 and were naively convinced, that they embodied the world. 373 00:20:18,191 --> 00:20:21,140 The whole world. And in that world, 374 00:20:21,161 --> 00:20:23,241 I was assigned the role of a footnote. 375 00:20:24,021 --> 00:20:27,021 Or at best, like in most Hollywood movies, 376 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:29,211 a supporting role with guarantied death 377 00:20:29,231 --> 00:20:33,030 and careless disposal by some wild beast, 378 00:20:33,050 --> 00:20:34,241 sometimes before the third act. 379 00:20:35,021 --> 00:20:36,201 -(WHIMPERS) -(GROWLS) 380 00:20:36,221 --> 00:20:38,241 -Go back! -♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 381 00:20:39,021 --> 00:20:41,231 Back across the log! Get Jimmy outta here! 382 00:20:42,171 --> 00:20:43,171 (SCREAMS) 383 00:20:43,191 --> 00:20:45,100 -No! -Gotta run, Jimmy. 384 00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:48,191 -(GROWLS) -Run! (SCREAMS) 385 00:20:49,161 --> 00:20:52,211 (JIMMY SCREAMS) 386 00:20:52,231 --> 00:20:55,181 ♪ ("MONEY" BY MICHAEL KIWANUKA AND TOM MISCH PLAYING) ♪ 387 00:20:56,211 --> 00:21:00,211 ♪ Money Is it really love? ♪ 388 00:21:00,231 --> 00:21:02,090 ♪ Money... ♪ 389 00:21:03,161 --> 00:21:06,120 RAOUL: Joseph Conrad's book, Heart of Darkness, 390 00:21:06,140 --> 00:21:09,040 was influenced by the Battle of Omdurman. 391 00:21:09,060 --> 00:21:10,130 ♪ Money... ♪ 392 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:12,211 RAOUL: Conrad starts the novel 393 00:21:12,231 --> 00:21:16,090 with what has been called "the toolbox of imperialism," 394 00:21:16,110 --> 00:21:20,191 which involves the ship's guns that fire on a continent, 395 00:21:20,211 --> 00:21:25,021 the railway that facilitates the plundering of the continent, 396 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:28,211 the river steamer that carries Europeans and their weapons 397 00:21:28,231 --> 00:21:30,191 into the heart of the continent. 398 00:21:31,110 --> 00:21:33,100 ♪ (MUSIC CONTINUES) ♪ 399 00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:37,070 ♪ Can't you see My diamond ring? ♪ 400 00:21:37,090 --> 00:21:44,120 ♪ Twenty-thousand carat gold Girl, I wanna talk to you ♪ 401 00:21:45,201 --> 00:21:48,030 ♪ I can be your money tree ♪ 402 00:21:49,130 --> 00:21:52,140 ♪ One hundred million Maybe two... ♪ 403 00:21:52,161 --> 00:21:54,231 (SHIP HORN BLOWS) 404 00:21:54,251 --> 00:21:56,110 ♪ (SOMBER MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 405 00:21:56,130 --> 00:21:59,181 RAOUL: This new era in the history of imperialism 406 00:21:59,201 --> 00:22:04,110 also became a new era in the history of racism. 407 00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:08,060 Europeans started mistaking military superiority 408 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,040 for intellectual and even biological superiority. 409 00:22:14,151 --> 00:22:17,060 That's when things turned nasty. 410 00:22:18,021 --> 00:22:20,090 No one had to pretend anymore. 411 00:22:20,110 --> 00:22:22,241 -(INSECTS CHIRPING) -(INDISTINCT CHATTER) 412 00:22:24,181 --> 00:22:27,221 Okay. Please look over here. Mm. 413 00:22:28,151 --> 00:22:29,251 Please, you there! 414 00:22:30,030 --> 00:22:32,191 Could you move a bit to the right? 415 00:22:33,211 --> 00:22:35,241 And you! That's not you! Don't move. 416 00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:38,181 You, a little to the left. Yep. 417 00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:41,161 Now, you give him a hand. 418 00:22:42,251 --> 00:22:45,161 No! You give him a hand, I said. 419 00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:47,231 Well, then, you take another hand. 420 00:22:47,251 --> 00:22:51,211 And you, it's this one. It's a hand and hand. 421 00:22:54,021 --> 00:22:58,021 Excellent. Okay. So, the big guy, 422 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:02,050 with the towel head, if you can just move back a bit. 423 00:23:03,090 --> 00:23:04,090 Perfect. 424 00:23:05,070 --> 00:23:07,181 Excellent. I think that's it. 425 00:23:09,151 --> 00:23:10,161 I like that. 426 00:23:14,151 --> 00:23:17,100 Can you just uncross your arms, please? 427 00:23:17,120 --> 00:23:19,231 -JESUP: Why? -You wanna know why? 428 00:23:19,251 --> 00:23:23,030 It makes you look defiant, that's why. 429 00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:26,040 I'm just saying. 430 00:23:26,060 --> 00:23:28,241 Okay. Keep it that way, for all I care. 431 00:23:29,021 --> 00:23:30,040 (CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) 432 00:23:30,060 --> 00:23:32,211 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 433 00:23:51,241 --> 00:23:54,130 ♪ ("GOT TO GIVE UP" BY MARVIN GAYE PLAYING) ♪ 434 00:23:55,161 --> 00:23:56,241 (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 435 00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:04,040 RAOUL: "Does the West have the will to survive?" 436 00:24:04,060 --> 00:24:06,050 asked a U.S. president. 437 00:24:06,070 --> 00:24:07,191 ♪ I used to go out To parties... ♪ 438 00:24:07,211 --> 00:24:10,060 RAOUL: The question itself is perplexing. 439 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:14,171 Clearly, I am not included in his concept of the West. 440 00:24:14,191 --> 00:24:16,231 ♪ 'Cause I was too nervous... ♪ 441 00:24:16,251 --> 00:24:20,171 RAOUL: Unquestionably, to belong to the right civilization 442 00:24:20,191 --> 00:24:23,070 does bear some entitlements. 443 00:24:23,090 --> 00:24:24,221 ♪ But my body... ♪ 444 00:24:24,241 --> 00:24:28,070 RAOUL: I might be wary of white institutions in general 445 00:24:28,090 --> 00:24:30,251 and of the religious ones in particular, 446 00:24:31,030 --> 00:24:32,070 but for some reason, 447 00:24:32,090 --> 00:24:35,231 I was attracted to the idea of joining the Boy Scouts. 448 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,030 My best friend and neighbor in Leopoldville, 449 00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:44,140 the son of a French doctor, was a Boy Scout. 450 00:24:46,050 --> 00:24:49,021 Robert knew all the regulatory moves. 451 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:52,090 He even had a code name, Red Raven, 452 00:24:52,110 --> 00:24:54,040 because he had red hair. 453 00:24:54,060 --> 00:24:56,140 He taught me the signs, the knots, 454 00:24:56,161 --> 00:24:58,120 and even tightly kept secrets. 455 00:24:58,140 --> 00:25:02,191 The idea of a brotherhood of the like-minded captivated me, 456 00:25:02,211 --> 00:25:07,050 but not as much as the idea of owning a multi-task pocketknife 457 00:25:07,070 --> 00:25:11,040 and being allowed to dare make unsafe fires in the woods. 458 00:25:12,221 --> 00:25:16,090 Baden-Powell is the founder of the Boy Scouts. 459 00:25:16,110 --> 00:25:19,211 During the second Ashanti War in 1896, 460 00:25:19,231 --> 00:25:23,100 two days' march away from the capital, Kumasi, 461 00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:25,201 as the commander of the advance troop, 462 00:25:25,221 --> 00:25:30,030 he received an envoy offering unconditional surrender. 463 00:25:30,050 --> 00:25:33,110 To his disappointment, he did not have to fire 464 00:25:33,130 --> 00:25:35,191 a single shot at the natives. 465 00:25:35,211 --> 00:25:37,070 ♪ (SOMBER MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 466 00:25:37,090 --> 00:25:39,040 RAOUL: To get hostilities going, 467 00:25:39,060 --> 00:25:43,070 the British then planned extreme provocations. 468 00:25:43,090 --> 00:25:45,211 So they arrested the king of Ashanti, 469 00:25:45,231 --> 00:25:48,231 King Prempeh, together with his whole family. 470 00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:55,060 The king and his mother were forced to crawl on all fours 471 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,090 up to the British officers 472 00:25:57,110 --> 00:25:59,161 sitting on crates of biscuit tins, 473 00:25:59,181 --> 00:26:02,070 to demonstrate their subjugation. 474 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:08,030 But still, this time as well, the British unfortunately 475 00:26:08,050 --> 00:26:10,080 found no use for their weapons. 476 00:26:10,100 --> 00:26:13,060 Baden-Powell writes to his mother... 477 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:15,201 "I thoroughly enjoyed the outing, 478 00:26:15,221 --> 00:26:17,251 except for the want of a fight 479 00:26:18,030 --> 00:26:21,130 which I fear will preclude our getting any medals 480 00:26:21,151 --> 00:26:23,060 or decoration." 481 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:26,021 ♪ ("THE MAN I LOVE" BY BILLIE HOLIDAY PLAYING) ♪ 482 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:28,070 ♪ Someday he'll come along ♪ 483 00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,221 ♪ The man I love ♪ 484 00:26:31,241 --> 00:26:36,080 ♪ And he'll be big and strong ♪ 485 00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,040 ♪ The man I love... ♪ 486 00:26:39,060 --> 00:26:42,080 (PANTING) 487 00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:50,110 ♪ I'll do my best To make him stay ♪ 488 00:26:51,251 --> 00:26:53,070 (SIGHS) 489 00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:59,140 ♪ He'll look at me and smile ♪ 490 00:26:59,161 --> 00:27:03,050 ♪ I'll understand ♪ 491 00:27:03,070 --> 00:27:10,110 ♪ And in a little while He'll take my hand ♪ 492 00:27:10,130 --> 00:27:13,060 ♪ And though it seems absurd ♪ 493 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,050 (BREATHES HEAVILY) 494 00:27:15,070 --> 00:27:21,030 ♪ I know we both Won't say a word... ♪ 495 00:27:21,050 --> 00:27:22,130 (EXHALES DEEPLY) 496 00:27:24,140 --> 00:27:28,110 ♪ Maybe I shall meet him Sunday ♪ 497 00:27:28,130 --> 00:27:34,050 ♪ Maybe Monday, maybe not ♪ 498 00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:39,120 ♪ Still I'm sure to meet him One day ♪ 499 00:27:39,140 --> 00:27:43,181 ♪ Maybe Tuesday will be ♪ 500 00:27:43,201 --> 00:27:49,050 ♪ My good news day ♪ 501 00:27:49,070 --> 00:27:56,151 ♪ He'll build a little home That's meant for two ♪ 502 00:27:56,171 --> 00:28:00,221 ♪ From which I'll never roam ♪ 503 00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:03,241 ♪ (SONG FADES) ♪ 504 00:28:07,171 --> 00:28:08,191 (SIGHS) 505 00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:12,110 (GROANS SOFTLY) 506 00:28:13,171 --> 00:28:18,110 (WOMAN 1 SCREAMING, SOBBING) 507 00:28:27,201 --> 00:28:31,110 (WOMAN 1 SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE) 508 00:28:35,030 --> 00:28:41,161 (SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE, SOBBING) 509 00:28:41,181 --> 00:28:43,241 -(WATER SPLASHING) -(SIGHS) 510 00:28:59,050 --> 00:29:02,040 (WOMAN 1 SOBBING) 511 00:29:02,060 --> 00:29:08,251 ♪ (WOMAN 2 SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE) ♪ 512 00:29:16,070 --> 00:29:19,080 ♪ (SINGING CONTINUES) ♪ 513 00:29:20,030 --> 00:29:22,171 (SOBBING CONTINUES) 514 00:29:30,060 --> 00:29:31,211 (WATER SPLASHES) 515 00:29:40,231 --> 00:29:42,171 (WOMAN 1 CONTINUES SOBBING) 516 00:29:42,191 --> 00:29:45,021 ♪ (WOMAN 2 SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE) ♪ 517 00:29:47,070 --> 00:29:50,110 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 518 00:29:56,060 --> 00:29:59,060 (BIRDS CHIRPING) 519 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:19,080 RAOUL: This is young and ambitious Georges Cuvier. 520 00:30:20,201 --> 00:30:24,021 On January 27th, 1796, 521 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,100 Georges has just arrived in Paris 522 00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:29,021 to hold his first lecture at the newly opened 523 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:32,120 Institut National de France. He is 26. 524 00:30:36,110 --> 00:30:38,110 Cuvier was sensational. 525 00:30:38,130 --> 00:30:41,191 He spoke of the mammoth and the mastodon. 526 00:30:41,211 --> 00:30:44,241 Remnants of these huge elephantine animals 527 00:30:45,021 --> 00:30:49,021 had recently been found in Siberia and North America. 528 00:30:50,151 --> 00:30:53,040 Cuvier demonstrated that they did not belong 529 00:30:53,060 --> 00:30:54,130 to the same species 530 00:30:54,151 --> 00:30:57,100 as either the Indian or the African elephant, 531 00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:01,211 but constituted species of their own, now extinct. 532 00:31:03,221 --> 00:31:06,030 "Now extinct." 533 00:31:06,050 --> 00:31:10,070 Those were the two words that horrified the listeners. 534 00:31:10,090 --> 00:31:12,070 Because in the 18th century, 535 00:31:12,090 --> 00:31:15,070 people still believed in a ready-made universe 536 00:31:15,090 --> 00:31:17,090 to which nothing could be added. 537 00:31:17,110 --> 00:31:21,231 And perhaps, even more important to mankind's peace of mind, 538 00:31:21,251 --> 00:31:23,221 nothing could be subtracted from it. 539 00:31:23,241 --> 00:31:25,251 (BIRD SQUAWKING) 540 00:31:26,030 --> 00:31:29,030 RAUL: All of God's creatures, once created, 541 00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:31,110 could not disappear from His universe. 542 00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:36,181 "What then was the explanation for these gigantic bones 543 00:31:36,201 --> 00:31:40,191 and strange animal-like stones that had puzzled man 544 00:31:40,211 --> 00:31:43,080 since antiquity?" asked Cuvier. 545 00:31:45,030 --> 00:31:47,161 Cuvier's idea, that there could be species 546 00:31:47,181 --> 00:31:51,021 that had died out, gave rise to such resistance 547 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:55,060 that it took over 100 years to become accepted. 548 00:31:55,080 --> 00:32:00,070 But how they had died out and why, he did not explain. 549 00:32:00,090 --> 00:32:03,021 ♪ (WHIMSICAL MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 550 00:32:06,201 --> 00:32:07,241 RAOUL: In 1850, 551 00:32:08,021 --> 00:32:11,181 the great liberal philosopher Herbert Spencer-- 552 00:32:11,201 --> 00:32:13,221 yes, that Spencer-- 553 00:32:13,241 --> 00:32:17,221 wrote, "Imperialism has served civilization 554 00:32:17,241 --> 00:32:20,251 by clearing the inferior races off the Earth." 555 00:32:21,191 --> 00:32:23,050 (PIGEON COOS) 556 00:32:23,070 --> 00:32:25,060 RAOUL: "The forces which are working out 557 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:27,211 the great scheme of perfect happiness, 558 00:32:27,231 --> 00:32:31,021 taking no account of incidental suffering, 559 00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:33,211 exterminate such sections of mankind 560 00:32:33,231 --> 00:32:35,211 as stand in their way. 561 00:32:35,231 --> 00:32:38,021 Be he human or be he brute, 562 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:40,050 the hindrance must be got rid of." 563 00:32:40,070 --> 00:32:41,140 ♪ (TENSE MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 564 00:32:41,161 --> 00:32:44,181 RAOUL: Here, the human being was expressly placed 565 00:32:44,201 --> 00:32:47,021 on an equal footing with the animal 566 00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:48,231 as an object for extermination. 567 00:32:51,050 --> 00:32:54,231 One could take Spencer's fantasies of annihilation 568 00:32:54,251 --> 00:32:56,191 as personal eccentricities, 569 00:32:56,211 --> 00:33:01,021 explained perhaps by the fact that all Spencer's siblings 570 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:03,030 had died when he was a child. 571 00:33:12,050 --> 00:33:15,040 A calm and comforting conclusion. 572 00:33:17,231 --> 00:33:20,070 Enter Robert Knox. 573 00:33:20,090 --> 00:33:22,221 Knox had studied comparative anatomy 574 00:33:22,241 --> 00:33:24,201 with Cuvier in Paris. 575 00:33:24,221 --> 00:33:27,241 He was a Scot, had served as an army doctor 576 00:33:28,021 --> 00:33:30,100 in South Africa, and had founded 577 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,110 a school of anatomy in Edinburgh. 578 00:33:33,191 --> 00:33:36,161 "Can the dark races become civilized? 579 00:33:36,181 --> 00:33:38,241 I should say not," says Knox. 580 00:33:40,030 --> 00:33:41,021 All we know 581 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:43,080 is that since the beginning of history, 582 00:33:43,100 --> 00:33:45,120 the dark races have been the slaves 583 00:33:45,140 --> 00:33:47,070 of those lighter-skinned. 584 00:33:49,090 --> 00:33:52,221 Of course, what he meant exactly by "dark race" 585 00:33:52,241 --> 00:33:54,241 is not easy to answer. 586 00:33:55,021 --> 00:33:59,130 Are the Jews a dark race? The Gypsies? The Chinese? 587 00:33:59,151 --> 00:34:01,040 One could ask. 588 00:34:01,060 --> 00:34:03,130 ♪ (SINGER VOCALIZING) ♪ 589 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:34,080 RAOUL: "I feel disposed to think that there must be a physical 590 00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:36,151 and, consequently, a psychological 591 00:34:36,171 --> 00:34:39,021 inferiority in the dark races," 592 00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:40,091 asserted Knox. 593 00:34:40,111 --> 00:34:44,151 "The texture of the brain is, I think, generally darker, 594 00:34:44,171 --> 00:34:47,140 and the white part more strongly fibrous. 595 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:50,131 But I speak from extremely limited experience." 596 00:34:51,240 --> 00:34:55,140 Indeed, Knox says that he had done an autopsy 597 00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:57,180 on only one colored person, 598 00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,180 which somehow does demonstrate 599 00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,031 the limitations of his experiments. 600 00:35:02,051 --> 00:35:04,200 -♪ (TENSE MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ -(METAL CLANGING) 601 00:35:04,220 --> 00:35:07,171 RAOUL: Thomas Jefferson found it inconceivable 602 00:35:07,191 --> 00:35:11,140 that one single species could disappear from nature. 603 00:35:15,111 --> 00:35:16,131 (BIRDS SQUAWKING) 604 00:35:16,151 --> 00:35:19,060 RAOUL: But nevertheless, more than 99 percent 605 00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:22,091 of all species have already died out... 606 00:35:22,111 --> 00:35:23,231 (MONKEY HOWLING) 607 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,080 ...most of them in a few catastrophes 608 00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:31,171 that came close to wiping out all life. 609 00:35:31,191 --> 00:35:33,111 (BIRDS CHIRPING) 610 00:35:33,131 --> 00:35:36,231 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 611 00:35:36,251 --> 00:35:38,211 (ANIMALS CHATTERING, HOOTING) 612 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,220 ♪ (TENSE MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 613 00:36:18,251 --> 00:36:21,091 RAOUL: This is the scope of our story. 614 00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:33,171 -♪ (SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ -(EXCLAIMS) 615 00:36:33,191 --> 00:36:37,171 -(LIONS ROAR) -(HYENAS CACKLING) 616 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:42,160 (GROWLS) 617 00:36:42,180 --> 00:36:44,031 (BIRDS SCREECHING) 618 00:36:44,051 --> 00:36:46,151 RAOUL: As a young student, Charles Darwin, 619 00:36:46,171 --> 00:36:50,031 regarded as the father of evolutionary biology, 620 00:36:50,051 --> 00:36:53,160 heard Knox's controversial lectures. 621 00:36:53,180 --> 00:36:56,131 In his book On the Origins of the Species, 622 00:36:56,151 --> 00:36:59,200 published in 1859, he would demonstrate 623 00:36:59,220 --> 00:37:02,220 that all species adapt to their environment 624 00:37:02,240 --> 00:37:04,091 through natural selection. 625 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,200 Darwin argued in favor of a common origin 626 00:37:08,220 --> 00:37:11,060 of all human races. 627 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:15,060 Although his thesis as such neither confirmed nor denied 628 00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:19,021 Knox's and others' ideas regarding any hierarchy 629 00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:22,120 within mankind, his theory of evolution 630 00:37:22,140 --> 00:37:25,151 was clearly useful to the racists. 631 00:37:25,171 --> 00:37:29,180 After Darwin, race became the decisive explanation 632 00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,071 in far wider circles. 633 00:37:32,140 --> 00:37:36,021 Racism was accepted and became a central element 634 00:37:36,040 --> 00:37:38,240 in British imperial ideology. 635 00:37:39,021 --> 00:37:42,060 After Darwin, it also became accepted 636 00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:44,191 to shrug your shoulders at genocide. 637 00:37:45,220 --> 00:37:47,100 If you were upset, 638 00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:49,200 you were just showing your lack of education. 639 00:37:51,160 --> 00:37:53,191 Genocide began to be regarded 640 00:37:53,211 --> 00:37:56,180 as the inevitable byproduct of progress. 641 00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,021 And prejudice against alien peoples, 642 00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:03,051 which had always existed, was now given organized form 643 00:38:03,071 --> 00:38:05,160 and apparent scientific validation. 644 00:38:07,191 --> 00:38:12,091 "Meanwhile," added Darwin, "Regarding future life, 645 00:38:12,111 --> 00:38:15,140 each person will have to judge for himself." 646 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:18,131 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 647 00:38:28,151 --> 00:38:30,140 In just a few years, 648 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:33,071 the surface of the earth will be quite changed. 649 00:38:33,211 --> 00:38:36,060 A new era is dawning 650 00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:38,240 that will multiply the undertakings of man. 651 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:42,180 Light is consuming the darkness. 652 00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,031 (CROWD APPLAUDS) 653 00:38:47,240 --> 00:38:49,220 Let me introduce to you now, my dear colleague 654 00:38:49,240 --> 00:38:53,051 Dr. Frederic Farrar, who has been recently elected 655 00:38:53,071 --> 00:38:55,180 a fellow at the Royal Society. 656 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:57,211 (APPLAUSE) 657 00:39:06,251 --> 00:39:10,080 In his major book, Systema Naturae, 658 00:39:10,100 --> 00:39:13,200 the great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus discriminates, 659 00:39:14,240 --> 00:39:17,051 with his usual acuteness, 660 00:39:17,071 --> 00:39:20,071 the intellectual and moral characteristics 661 00:39:20,091 --> 00:39:22,071 of four great human families. 662 00:39:24,060 --> 00:39:27,200 The Homo americanus, the Homo europeus, 663 00:39:27,220 --> 00:39:31,111 the Homo asiaticus, the Homo afer. 664 00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:34,140 Yet we believe 665 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:38,120 that these and all other races 666 00:39:38,140 --> 00:39:42,211 may be reduced to three great classes or divisions. 667 00:39:45,031 --> 00:39:47,220 Savage... semicivilized... 668 00:39:49,111 --> 00:39:50,140 and civilized. 669 00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,231 Only two races, the Aryan and the Semitic, 670 00:39:55,251 --> 00:39:57,051 were civilized. 671 00:39:58,171 --> 00:40:01,111 The Chinese belonged to the semicivilized, 672 00:40:01,131 --> 00:40:03,111 as they had once been brilliant, 673 00:40:03,131 --> 00:40:07,060 but suffered from arrested development. 674 00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,220 The savage races have always lived in the same ignorance 675 00:40:11,240 --> 00:40:13,160 and wretchedness. 676 00:40:13,180 --> 00:40:17,040 They are without a past and without a future... 677 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:19,080 doomed, 678 00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:22,021 as races infinitely nobler have been before them, 679 00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:25,171 to a rapid and inevitable extinction. 680 00:40:26,131 --> 00:40:28,091 Out of all their teeming myriads, 681 00:40:28,111 --> 00:40:31,180 never have they produced one single man 682 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:33,220 whose name is of the slightest importance 683 00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:36,080 to the history of our race. 684 00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:40,251 History starts when man starts to write. 685 00:40:41,031 --> 00:40:44,151 Take a specimen from the 100 million of Africans, 686 00:40:44,171 --> 00:40:47,251 not one of the most degenerates, such as the Hottentot, 687 00:40:48,031 --> 00:40:51,071 but a real, pure-blooded Negro. 688 00:40:51,091 --> 00:40:53,060 (CROWD GASPS) 689 00:40:53,080 --> 00:40:56,160 What hope was there that he could be civilized? 690 00:40:56,180 --> 00:40:59,231 (SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE) 691 00:41:03,091 --> 00:41:06,171 FREDERIC FARRAR: (IN ENGLISH) The great majority of Negroes will go under in a decline 692 00:41:06,191 --> 00:41:08,140 from which only a few can be saved. 693 00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:10,031 Many races have already disappeared. 694 00:41:10,051 --> 00:41:11,151 (IN SPANISH) 695 00:41:11,171 --> 00:41:15,040 (IN ENGLISH) Please, gentlemen. Ladies, let's be civil. 696 00:41:15,060 --> 00:41:18,231 Show some respect. After all, it's just science. 697 00:41:18,251 --> 00:41:23,021 Fuck you! Fuck you. Two times. 698 00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:25,160 -(DOOR SLAMMING) -(INDISTINCT CHATTER) 699 00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:35,071 These races, the lowest types of humanity 700 00:41:35,091 --> 00:41:37,100 and presenting its most hideous features 701 00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:39,200 of moral and intellectual degradation, 702 00:41:39,220 --> 00:41:41,180 were doomed to go under. 703 00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,191 And I call them irreclaimable savages. 704 00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:48,251 -Irreclaimable savages! -(DOOR SLAMMING) 705 00:41:49,231 --> 00:41:52,191 FARRAR: Irreclaimable savages! 706 00:41:55,211 --> 00:41:57,120 RAOUL: What did actually happen 707 00:41:57,140 --> 00:42:00,080 when knowledge, industry, and enlightenment 708 00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:03,100 exterminated the inferior races? 709 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:05,251 Darwin, who had traveled to South America 710 00:42:06,031 --> 00:42:08,031 in his younger years, knew. 711 00:42:10,040 --> 00:42:13,031 He had seen General Rosas' men in Argentina, 712 00:42:13,051 --> 00:42:16,231 butchering Indians, smothered in blood and vomit. 713 00:42:16,251 --> 00:42:17,240 (JESUP COUGHS) 714 00:42:18,021 --> 00:42:20,151 RAOUL: He knew how eyes were gouged out 715 00:42:20,171 --> 00:42:23,240 when an Indian had sunk his teeth into a thumb 716 00:42:24,021 --> 00:42:25,171 and refused to let go. 717 00:42:27,071 --> 00:42:30,180 How women were killed, and prisoners made to talk. 718 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:34,051 He had a name for it. 719 00:42:34,071 --> 00:42:37,021 He called it "the struggle for life." 720 00:42:41,151 --> 00:42:43,040 (TOOLS CLATTERING) 721 00:42:44,171 --> 00:42:46,220 -Last name? -Trouillot. 722 00:42:51,131 --> 00:42:54,071 -First name? -Rolph-Michel. 723 00:43:22,191 --> 00:43:25,031 -Ready? -Sure. 724 00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:27,151 (DEVICE FIRES) 725 00:43:27,171 --> 00:43:30,111 ♪ (SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 726 00:43:43,191 --> 00:43:47,051 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 727 00:43:47,071 --> 00:43:51,021 RAOUL: Like Roxanne, Michel-Rolph, and Sven, 728 00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:53,080 I do have my nightmares as well. 729 00:44:06,091 --> 00:44:08,131 Churchill said after the war, 730 00:44:08,151 --> 00:44:12,200 "We are in the presence of a crime without a name." 731 00:44:12,220 --> 00:44:17,040 But Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent, 732 00:44:17,060 --> 00:44:21,051 had already created that name in 1943. 733 00:44:21,071 --> 00:44:24,021 Combining the ancient Greek "genos," 734 00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:26,220 which means "race, tribe, clan," 735 00:44:26,240 --> 00:44:28,151 and the Latin "cide," 736 00:44:28,171 --> 00:44:31,060 which expresses the notion of killing, 737 00:44:31,080 --> 00:44:34,080 Lemkin invented the word "genocide." 738 00:44:40,140 --> 00:44:42,131 At the New York Public Library, 739 00:44:42,151 --> 00:44:44,171 in the Raphael Lemkin Collection, 740 00:44:44,191 --> 00:44:48,251 in Reel 3, Box 2, Folder 1, 741 00:44:49,031 --> 00:44:53,191 there is a list of the world's genocides throughout history. 742 00:44:53,211 --> 00:44:56,040 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 743 00:44:56,060 --> 00:44:58,111 (TYPEWRITER KEYS CLACKING) 744 00:45:06,051 --> 00:45:09,080 ♪ (SOMBER MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 745 00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:58,091 (TYPEWRITER KEYS CLACKING) 746 00:46:13,180 --> 00:46:16,080 (WIND WHISTLING) 747 00:46:16,211 --> 00:46:19,091 (WOLF HOWLING) 748 00:46:26,151 --> 00:46:29,140 -(HOOFBEATS) -(CROWS CAWING) 749 00:46:33,151 --> 00:46:34,240 (HORSE SNORTS) 750 00:47:03,060 --> 00:47:05,180 (DISTANT HOOFBEATS) 751 00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:15,151 (HORSE NEIGHS) 752 00:47:49,171 --> 00:47:54,021 -(GUNSHOTS) -(BODIES FALL) 753 00:48:00,191 --> 00:48:03,171 (WOLVES HOWLING) 754 00:48:15,171 --> 00:48:19,100 ♪ (SOMBER MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 755 00:48:25,220 --> 00:48:27,240 RAOUL: "Some things are so evil 756 00:48:28,021 --> 00:48:30,160 that it's enough that they simply happened," 757 00:48:30,180 --> 00:48:31,251 said the man. 758 00:48:35,191 --> 00:48:38,100 "They don't need to be given a second existence 759 00:48:38,120 --> 00:48:40,021 by being retold." 760 00:48:40,231 --> 00:48:43,120 He took a drag on his cigarette. 761 00:48:43,140 --> 00:48:46,220 "That's what I think on some days, anyway," 762 00:48:46,240 --> 00:48:48,080 he went on. 763 00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,080 "Other days, I think the opposite." 764 00:48:53,191 --> 00:48:56,140 The past has a future we never expect. 765 00:49:21,180 --> 00:49:23,160 RAOUL: One of the fundamental ideas 766 00:49:23,180 --> 00:49:25,040 of the 19th century 767 00:49:25,060 --> 00:49:29,171 was that there are races, peoples, nations, and tribes 768 00:49:29,191 --> 00:49:32,211 that are in the process of dying out. 769 00:49:32,231 --> 00:49:36,051 Or, as the Prime Minister of England, Lord Salisbury, 770 00:49:36,071 --> 00:49:38,111 expressed it in his famous speech 771 00:49:38,131 --> 00:49:42,180 in Albert Hall on May 4th, 1898... 772 00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:46,100 "One can roughly divide the nations of the world 773 00:49:46,120 --> 00:49:48,140 into the living and the dying. 774 00:49:48,160 --> 00:49:51,231 The weak nations become increasingly weaker 775 00:49:51,251 --> 00:49:54,051 and the strong, stronger." 776 00:49:54,071 --> 00:49:57,091 It was in the nature of things that the living nations 777 00:49:57,111 --> 00:50:01,160 would fraudulently "encroach on the territory of the dying." 778 00:50:04,031 --> 00:50:05,160 He spoke the truth. 779 00:50:05,180 --> 00:50:09,071 During the 19th century, Europeans had encroached 780 00:50:09,091 --> 00:50:11,211 on vast territories around the world. 781 00:50:12,231 --> 00:50:16,071 The word "genocide" had not yet been invented, 782 00:50:16,091 --> 00:50:18,131 but the matter existed. 783 00:50:18,151 --> 00:50:22,220 Joseph Conrad may not have heard Lord Salisbury's speech. 784 00:50:23,151 --> 00:50:25,100 He had no need to. 785 00:50:25,120 --> 00:50:27,120 Conrad could no more avoid hearing 786 00:50:27,140 --> 00:50:31,080 of the ceaseless genocide that marked his century 787 00:50:31,100 --> 00:50:34,111 than any of his contemporaries could. 788 00:50:34,131 --> 00:50:36,200 It is we who have suppressed it. 789 00:50:37,160 --> 00:50:39,091 We do not want to remember. 790 00:50:40,091 --> 00:50:41,231 We would prefer for genocide 791 00:50:41,251 --> 00:50:45,060 to have begun and ended with Nazism. 792 00:50:45,080 --> 00:50:49,031 This would indeed be most comforting. 793 00:50:49,051 --> 00:50:52,051 For sure, the nine-year-old Adolf Hitler 794 00:50:52,071 --> 00:50:53,231 was not in Albert Hall either 795 00:50:53,251 --> 00:50:56,051 when Lord Salisbury was speaking. 796 00:50:56,231 --> 00:50:58,071 He had no need to. 797 00:50:59,060 --> 00:51:00,120 He knew it already. 798 00:51:00,140 --> 00:51:03,111 ♪ ("LAND OF HOPE AND GLORY" BY EDWARD ELGAR PLAYING) ♪ 799 00:51:03,131 --> 00:51:09,060 ♪ Land of hope and glory ♪ 800 00:51:09,080 --> 00:51:15,091 ♪ Mother of the free ♪ 801 00:51:15,111 --> 00:51:21,021 ♪ How shall we extol thee... ♪ 802 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:24,131 RAOUL: The air Hitler and all other Western people 803 00:51:24,151 --> 00:51:26,080 in his childhood breathed 804 00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:27,220 was soaked in the conviction 805 00:51:27,240 --> 00:51:32,021 that imperialism is a biologically necessary process 806 00:51:32,040 --> 00:51:34,140 which, according to the laws of nature, 807 00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:38,151 leads to the inevitable destruction of the lower races. 808 00:51:40,240 --> 00:51:43,051 It was a conviction that had already cost 809 00:51:43,071 --> 00:51:44,220 millions of human lives 810 00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:48,171 before Hitler provided his highly personal application. 811 00:51:50,051 --> 00:51:52,071 But in the mid-19th century, 812 00:51:52,091 --> 00:51:55,251 the Germans had still not exterminated any people. 813 00:51:56,031 --> 00:51:57,051 So they were able 814 00:51:57,071 --> 00:51:59,100 to look more critically on the phenomenon 815 00:51:59,120 --> 00:52:01,211 than other Europeans did. 816 00:52:01,231 --> 00:52:04,251 In South West Africa, in 1904, 817 00:52:05,031 --> 00:52:09,140 the Germans demonstrated that they, too, could master an art 818 00:52:09,160 --> 00:52:12,231 that Americans, British, and other Europeans 819 00:52:12,251 --> 00:52:16,140 had exercised all through the 19th century. 820 00:52:17,151 --> 00:52:20,031 The art of hastening the extermination 821 00:52:20,051 --> 00:52:22,131 of a people of inferior culture. 822 00:52:25,231 --> 00:52:28,071 Following the North American example, 823 00:52:28,091 --> 00:52:32,021 the Herero people were banished to reservations 824 00:52:32,040 --> 00:52:34,100 and their grazing lands were handed over 825 00:52:34,120 --> 00:52:37,151 to German immigrants and colonial companies. 826 00:52:44,120 --> 00:52:47,040 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 827 00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:54,091 RAOUL: For over two decades, their leader, Samuel Maharero, 828 00:52:54,111 --> 00:52:57,200 had signed one treaty after another with the Germans, 829 00:52:57,220 --> 00:53:02,120 and ceded large areas of land to avoid war. 830 00:53:02,140 --> 00:53:05,120 But just as the Americans did not feel bound 831 00:53:05,140 --> 00:53:07,240 by their treaties with the Indians, 832 00:53:08,021 --> 00:53:11,051 the Germans did not think that, as a higher race, 833 00:53:11,071 --> 00:53:13,191 they had any need to abide by treaties 834 00:53:13,211 --> 00:53:16,140 they made with the natives. 835 00:53:16,160 --> 00:53:20,151 As in North America, the German plans for immigration 836 00:53:20,171 --> 00:53:23,231 presupposed that the natives were to be relieved 837 00:53:23,251 --> 00:53:26,021 of all land of any value. 838 00:53:28,151 --> 00:53:30,171 When the Hereros resisted, 839 00:53:30,191 --> 00:53:33,091 General Adolf Lebrecht von Trotha 840 00:53:33,111 --> 00:53:35,091 ordered their extermination. 841 00:53:35,111 --> 00:53:38,171 Every Herero found within the German borders, 842 00:53:38,191 --> 00:53:41,191 with or without weapons, was to be shot. 843 00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:46,211 But most of them died without direct violence. 844 00:53:46,231 --> 00:53:49,240 The Germans simply drove them into the desert 845 00:53:50,021 --> 00:53:51,160 and sealed off the border. 846 00:53:53,031 --> 00:53:56,100 One didn't yet talk about the final solution, 847 00:53:56,120 --> 00:54:00,021 but that was what one had in mind. 848 00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,111 In the official account of the war, 849 00:54:02,131 --> 00:54:04,160 the German officers wrote, 850 00:54:04,180 --> 00:54:08,211 "The army earned the gratitude of the whole fatherland. 851 00:54:08,231 --> 00:54:10,251 The sentence had been carried out, 852 00:54:11,031 --> 00:54:15,100 and the Hereros had ceased to be an independent people." 853 00:54:17,160 --> 00:54:21,160 Eighty thousand human beings died in the desert. 854 00:54:21,180 --> 00:54:25,060 The few thousand left were sentenced to hard labor 855 00:54:25,080 --> 00:54:26,231 in concentration camps. 856 00:54:27,160 --> 00:54:29,140 A new concept of incarceration, 857 00:54:29,160 --> 00:54:33,171 invented in 1896 by the Spaniards in Cuba, 858 00:54:33,191 --> 00:54:35,251 anglicized by the Americans, 859 00:54:36,031 --> 00:54:38,180 entered German language and politics. 860 00:54:43,021 --> 00:54:45,180 ♪ ("SONGS OF THE JU'HOANSI BUSHMEN, TCOQ'UNGO TZISI" PLAYING) ♪ 861 00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:48,171 RAOUL: Paul Rohrbach wrote in his best seller, 862 00:54:48,191 --> 00:54:52,211 German Thought in the World, published in 1912, 863 00:54:52,231 --> 00:54:56,040 that "existences, be they of peoples 864 00:54:56,060 --> 00:54:59,180 or individuals who do not produce anything of value, 865 00:54:59,200 --> 00:55:02,151 cannot make any claim to the right to exist." 866 00:55:02,171 --> 00:55:05,171 ♪ (MUSIC CONTINUES) ♪ 867 00:55:06,251 --> 00:55:08,251 MARGARET SANGER: We believe that married people 868 00:55:09,031 --> 00:55:15,220 who have transmissible diseases should not have children. 869 00:55:15,240 --> 00:55:20,151 No couple who has the disease of feeble-mindedness, 870 00:55:20,171 --> 00:55:22,040 or insanity, 871 00:55:22,060 --> 00:55:24,120 or epilepsy should have children. 872 00:55:24,140 --> 00:55:27,191 ♪ ("TREAT ME RIGHT" BY B.B. KING PLAYING) ♪ 873 00:55:32,051 --> 00:55:33,251 ♪ Oh, baby ♪ 874 00:55:35,040 --> 00:55:38,120 ♪ Why can't you Treat me right? ♪ 875 00:55:40,140 --> 00:55:44,200 ♪ Oh, baby ♪ 876 00:55:44,220 --> 00:55:48,140 ♪ Why can't you Treat me right? ♪ 877 00:55:48,160 --> 00:55:53,180 ♪ Hey, you took all my money And you done me wrong ♪ 878 00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:57,111 ♪ Staying out all night, baby And you won't come home ♪ 879 00:55:57,131 --> 00:56:00,051 ♪ Oh, baby ♪ 880 00:56:00,071 --> 00:56:03,160 ♪ Why can't you Treat me right? ♪ 881 00:56:05,060 --> 00:56:11,071 ♪ Oh, baby You know my love is true... ♪ 882 00:56:11,091 --> 00:56:15,111 RAOUL: The over-infatuation with genetic purity. 883 00:56:15,131 --> 00:56:17,140 An impressive amount of energy 884 00:56:17,160 --> 00:56:20,051 put into the classification of people. 885 00:56:21,151 --> 00:56:25,171 A pathological obsession for the concept of race 886 00:56:25,191 --> 00:56:28,171 that scientifically does not exist. 887 00:56:30,180 --> 00:56:33,080 ♪ Oh baby ♪ 888 00:56:33,100 --> 00:56:36,240 ♪ Babe, you know You ought to treat me right... ♪ 889 00:56:45,091 --> 00:56:48,080 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 890 00:56:55,021 --> 00:56:57,120 RAOUL: Despite the careful staging, 891 00:56:57,140 --> 00:57:01,180 one gesture, an unexpected gesture of irritation, 892 00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:05,140 not foreseen by the director of this strange display, 893 00:57:05,160 --> 00:57:09,100 will betray the masquerade and restore dignity. 894 00:57:11,171 --> 00:57:13,091 (WAVES CRASHING) 895 00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,071 (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 896 00:57:28,080 --> 00:57:29,171 RAOUL: What is sure 897 00:57:29,191 --> 00:57:32,131 is that their way of life is threatened. 898 00:57:33,140 --> 00:57:35,091 ♪ ("FEELING GOOD" BY NINA SIMONE PLAYING) ♪ 899 00:57:35,111 --> 00:57:38,051 ♪ Birds flying high You know how I feel... ♪ 900 00:57:38,071 --> 00:57:40,180 RAOUL: Has he, indeed, any right to exist? 901 00:57:42,231 --> 00:57:44,021 Does she? 902 00:57:46,040 --> 00:57:49,220 -Do they? -(INDISTINCT CHATTER) 903 00:57:49,240 --> 00:57:52,060 RAOUL: But after all we know now, 904 00:57:52,080 --> 00:57:54,251 indeed, who is to judge? 905 00:57:55,031 --> 00:57:58,151 ♪ It's a new dawn It's a new day ♪ 906 00:58:00,040 --> 00:58:02,240 ♪ It's a new life for me, yeah ♪ 907 00:58:03,021 --> 00:58:05,231 ♪ It's a new dawn It's a new day ♪ 908 00:58:05,251 --> 00:58:08,080 ♪ It's a new life for me... ♪ 909 00:58:09,091 --> 00:58:12,051 ♪ Ooh ♪ 910 00:58:13,051 --> 00:58:15,200 ♪ And I'm feeling good ♪ 911 00:58:21,240 --> 00:58:26,200 ♪ Fish in the sea You know how I feel ♪ 912 00:58:28,171 --> 00:58:33,071 ♪ River running free You know how I feel ♪ 913 00:58:34,220 --> 00:58:39,171 ♪ Blossom on a tree You know how I feel ♪ 914 00:58:39,191 --> 00:58:43,060 ♪ It's a new dawn It's a new day ♪ 915 00:58:43,080 --> 00:58:47,211 ♪ It's a new life for me ♪ 916 00:58:48,171 --> 00:58:52,140 ♪ And I'm feeling good ♪ 917 00:58:56,120 --> 00:58:58,211 ♪ Dragonfly out in the sun ♪ 918 00:58:58,231 --> 00:59:01,131 ♪ You know what I mean Don't you know? ♪ 919 00:59:03,051 --> 00:59:08,031 ♪ Butterflies all havin' fun You know what I mean ♪ 920 00:59:09,151 --> 00:59:12,151 ♪ Sleep in peace When day is done ♪ 921 00:59:12,171 --> 00:59:14,200 ♪ That's what I mean ♪ 922 00:59:14,220 --> 00:59:18,100 ♪ And this old world Is a new world ♪ 923 00:59:18,120 --> 00:59:24,100 ♪ And a bold world for me Yeah, yeah ♪ 924 00:59:28,060 --> 00:59:29,220 ♪ (SONG CONCLUDES) ♪