1 00:00:12,241 --> 00:00:16,191 ♪ ("CRY ME A RIVER" BY JOE COCKER PLAYING) ♪ 2 00:00:21,181 --> 00:00:23,161 RAOUL PECK: A guy walks into a bar. 3 00:00:23,181 --> 00:00:25,110 "My name is Christopher Columbus," 4 00:00:25,130 --> 00:00:28,191 he yells, "and I now own this bar. 5 00:00:28,211 --> 00:00:32,231 From now on, I call it Hispaniola Lounge." 6 00:00:32,250 --> 00:00:36,060 Among the Black patrons, nobody says a word. 7 00:00:36,081 --> 00:00:38,111 Only the Black barman shakes his head. 8 00:00:39,021 --> 00:00:40,221 "White people." 9 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:44,091 ♪ Now you say That you're sorry ♪ 10 00:00:44,111 --> 00:00:46,231 ♪ Oh, for bein' so unkind ♪ 11 00:00:46,250 --> 00:00:49,060 -♪ I want you to cry ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 12 00:00:49,081 --> 00:00:51,130 -♪ Cry for me ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 13 00:00:51,151 --> 00:00:53,221 ♪ Cry me a river ♪ 14 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:55,250 -♪ Want you to cry ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 15 00:00:56,030 --> 00:00:57,240 -♪ Right on me, yeah ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 16 00:00:58,021 --> 00:01:00,161 ♪ Oh, I cried a river over you ♪ 17 00:01:02,051 --> 00:01:05,130 ♪ You drove me nearly drove me Out of my head ♪ 18 00:01:06,081 --> 00:01:08,161 ♪ Never shed a tear ♪ 19 00:01:09,180 --> 00:01:13,161 ♪ Remember, I remember All that you said ♪ 20 00:01:13,180 --> 00:01:15,150 ♪ Told me love Was too plebeian ♪ 21 00:01:15,171 --> 00:01:18,251 -♪ You were through with me ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 22 00:01:19,031 --> 00:01:20,240 -♪ Cry me a river ♪ -♪ Want you to cry ♪ 23 00:01:21,021 --> 00:01:22,240 -♪ Cry me a river ♪ -♪ Cry me a river ♪ 24 00:01:23,021 --> 00:01:25,070 -♪ Cry me a river ♪ -♪ Oh, cry ♪ 25 00:01:25,090 --> 00:01:27,060 -♪ Cry me a river ♪ -♪ Cry me ♪ 26 00:01:27,081 --> 00:01:30,031 ♪ Oh, I cried a river over you ♪ 27 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:44,180 (CROWD CHEERS) 28 00:02:00,031 --> 00:02:03,201 ♪ You drove me nearly drove me Out of my head ♪ 29 00:02:03,221 --> 00:02:07,090 ♪ Oh, never shed a tear ♪ 30 00:02:07,111 --> 00:02:11,030 ♪ Remember, I remember All that you said ♪ 31 00:02:11,051 --> 00:02:13,111 ♪ Told me love Was too plebeian ♪ 32 00:02:13,131 --> 00:02:15,030 ♪ You were through with me ♪ 33 00:02:15,051 --> 00:02:16,201 ♪ Cry me a river ♪ 34 00:02:16,220 --> 00:02:18,160 ♪ Cry me a river ♪ 35 00:02:18,180 --> 00:02:20,030 ♪ Cry me a river ♪ 36 00:02:20,051 --> 00:02:23,051 -♪ (MUSIC FADES) ♪ -(BIRDS CHIRPING) 37 00:02:36,081 --> 00:02:39,030 RAOUL: Land with no people does not exist. 38 00:02:40,150 --> 00:02:43,141 The idea that America was virgin land, 39 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:47,141 a wilderness inhabited by non-people called savages, 40 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:49,141 is a myth. 41 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:52,041 Only through killing and displacement 42 00:02:52,060 --> 00:02:54,030 does it become uninhabited. 43 00:02:55,021 --> 00:02:57,060 (HORSES NEIGHING) 44 00:02:58,131 --> 00:03:00,131 Before the arrival of the British, 45 00:03:00,150 --> 00:03:04,160 North America was a continent of villages, of nations, 46 00:03:04,180 --> 00:03:07,041 of federations of nations. 47 00:03:07,060 --> 00:03:11,111 Between 1814 and 1824, a big chunk of land 48 00:03:11,131 --> 00:03:13,231 between today's Florida and Kentucky 49 00:03:13,250 --> 00:03:17,191 became the private property of white settlers. 50 00:03:17,210 --> 00:03:20,100 The first permanent US colonial institution 51 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:24,171 was established, first named the Office of Indian Affairs 52 00:03:24,191 --> 00:03:27,150 and placed within the Department of War. 53 00:03:27,171 --> 00:03:30,071 NARRATOR: We are less than two centuries old, 54 00:03:30,090 --> 00:03:33,090 but no nation has ever been more strongly stirred 55 00:03:33,111 --> 00:03:35,150 by the knowledge of its own story. 56 00:03:36,171 --> 00:03:39,030 We are the product of many strains 57 00:03:39,051 --> 00:03:40,120 and many visions, 58 00:03:40,141 --> 00:03:42,081 and yet we see that story 59 00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:45,051 as essentially one heroic adventure. 60 00:03:45,071 --> 00:03:48,090 ♪ (SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 61 00:04:20,141 --> 00:04:22,021 RAOUL: The bid for independence 62 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:24,220 by what became the United States of America 63 00:04:24,241 --> 00:04:27,141 was nourished by the ideas of freedom, 64 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,141 democracy, and equality for all. 65 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:33,111 But these ideas were difficult to reconcile 66 00:04:33,131 --> 00:04:36,251 with the reality of dominance of one race over another, 67 00:04:37,030 --> 00:04:41,050 much less with genocide, settler colonialism, and empire. 68 00:04:42,100 --> 00:04:45,040 To reconcile rhetoric with reality, 69 00:04:45,061 --> 00:04:46,251 a new model had to emerge. 70 00:04:47,030 --> 00:04:48,251 The birth of something new, 71 00:04:49,030 --> 00:04:51,150 the birth of the US American race. 72 00:04:51,170 --> 00:04:56,100 A new people, born of the merger of the best of both worlds, 73 00:04:56,121 --> 00:04:58,191 the Native and the European. 74 00:04:58,210 --> 00:05:01,150 Not a biological merger, God forbid, 75 00:05:01,170 --> 00:05:03,110 but something more ephemeral, 76 00:05:03,131 --> 00:05:05,230 implying the dissolving of the Indian. 77 00:05:05,251 --> 00:05:08,181 A process that would exclude Native Americans 78 00:05:08,201 --> 00:05:11,110 and Afro-Americans from participating, 79 00:05:11,131 --> 00:05:12,181 unless as foils. 80 00:05:12,201 --> 00:05:14,021 ♪ ("WINTER IN AMERICA" BY GILL SCOTT-HERON PLAYING) ♪ 81 00:05:14,040 --> 00:05:17,170 ♪ From the Indians Who welcomed the Pilgrims ♪ 82 00:05:18,220 --> 00:05:23,071 ♪ And to the buffalos Who once ruled the plain ♪ 83 00:05:24,191 --> 00:05:29,241 ♪ Like the vultures circling Beneath the dark clouds ♪ 84 00:05:30,021 --> 00:05:32,230 ♪ Looking for the rain ♪ 85 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:39,071 RAOUL: "You have there the myth of the essential white America," 86 00:05:39,090 --> 00:05:42,131 wrote D.H. Lawrence about James Fenimore Cooper's 87 00:05:42,150 --> 00:05:45,201 frontiersman character, Deerslayer. 88 00:05:45,220 --> 00:05:49,061 "All the other stuff, the love, the democracy, 89 00:05:49,081 --> 00:05:51,021 the floundering into lust, 90 00:05:51,040 --> 00:05:54,050 is a sort of by-play," he writes. 91 00:05:54,071 --> 00:05:58,071 "The essential American soul is hard, isolate, 92 00:05:58,090 --> 00:06:00,110 stoic, and a killer. 93 00:06:00,131 --> 00:06:02,150 It has never yet melted." 94 00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:06,071 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 95 00:06:14,141 --> 00:06:17,061 RAOUL: The Navy SEAL team members who carried out 96 00:06:17,081 --> 00:06:19,121 the assassination of Osama bin Laden 97 00:06:19,141 --> 00:06:21,170 on May the 2nd, 2011, 98 00:06:21,191 --> 00:06:24,210 were reporting in real time to President Obama, 99 00:06:24,230 --> 00:06:26,230 Secretary of State Hilary Clinton, 100 00:06:26,251 --> 00:06:30,121 and other officials in their sealed Situation Room. 101 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:33,251 Following the operation, 102 00:06:34,030 --> 00:06:36,201 the New York Daily News commented, 103 00:06:36,220 --> 00:06:40,201 "Along with the unseen pictures of Osama Bin Laden's corpse, 104 00:06:40,220 --> 00:06:42,220 intelligence officials' reasons 105 00:06:42,241 --> 00:06:46,021 for dubbing the Al Qaeda boss ‘Geronimo' 106 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:48,081 remain one of the biggest mysteries 107 00:06:48,100 --> 00:06:50,241 of the Black Ops mission." 108 00:06:51,021 --> 00:06:53,230 But it was not a mystery to the US Navy SEALs, 109 00:06:53,251 --> 00:06:55,191 or to Obama or Clinton, 110 00:06:55,210 --> 00:06:58,241 and especially to any Native American who heard it. 111 00:07:00,021 --> 00:07:02,230 Geronimo, or by his real name, Goyathlay, 112 00:07:02,251 --> 00:07:05,061 was one of the greatest adversaries 113 00:07:05,081 --> 00:07:07,131 the colonizing army had confronted 114 00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,141 in their "kill anything that moves" march 115 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:12,181 across the continent. 116 00:07:12,201 --> 00:07:15,210 Geronimo is revered as a great freedom fighter 117 00:07:15,230 --> 00:07:20,021 by the Apache people and by most Native Americans. 118 00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:23,220 The choice of the code word "Geronimo" for a US enemy 119 00:07:23,241 --> 00:07:25,251 was not a mystery to the military, 120 00:07:26,030 --> 00:07:28,131 who also use the term "Indian country" 121 00:07:28,150 --> 00:07:31,030 to designate enemy territory. 122 00:07:31,050 --> 00:07:33,170 "Indian country" and "in-country" 123 00:07:33,191 --> 00:07:36,180 are military terms, like other euphemisms, 124 00:07:36,201 --> 00:07:40,081 such as "collateral damage" for killing civilians 125 00:07:40,100 --> 00:07:42,050 or "ordnance" for bombs, 126 00:07:42,071 --> 00:07:44,150 that appear in military training manuals 127 00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:46,090 and are used regularly. 128 00:07:48,251 --> 00:07:51,150 (EXPLOSION) 129 00:07:51,170 --> 00:07:54,210 "Indian country" and "in-country" 130 00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:56,201 mean "behind enemy lines." 131 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:00,201 (EXPLOSION) 132 00:08:06,100 --> 00:08:10,170 All US wars re-enact fundamentally the Indian Wars. 133 00:08:42,251 --> 00:08:47,021 Counterinsurgent warfare was the way of war. 134 00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:51,040 Military historian John Grenier states, 135 00:08:51,060 --> 00:08:53,170 "Successive generations of Americans, 136 00:08:53,190 --> 00:08:55,190 both soldiers and civilians, 137 00:08:55,211 --> 00:08:59,040 made the killing of Indian men, women, and children 138 00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:02,080 a defining element of their first military tradition 139 00:09:02,101 --> 00:09:06,111 and thereby part of a shared American identity." 140 00:09:06,131 --> 00:09:08,050 -(WHIZZING GUNFIRE) -(YELLING) 141 00:09:08,070 --> 00:09:10,251 The chief characteristic of irregular warfare 142 00:09:11,030 --> 00:09:15,091 is that of the extreme violence against civilians. 143 00:09:15,111 --> 00:09:19,030 In this case, the tendency to seek the utter annihilation 144 00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:21,030 of the Indigenous population. 145 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:22,080 (HORSE HOOVES THUDDING) 146 00:09:22,101 --> 00:09:26,160 Kill anything that moves, take no prisoners. 147 00:09:26,180 --> 00:09:31,211 In California, hunting Indians was both legal and profitable. 148 00:09:31,231 --> 00:09:35,021 Five dollars a head, fifty cents a scalp. 149 00:09:35,141 --> 00:09:37,070 In 1854 alone, 150 00:09:37,091 --> 00:09:40,121 the federal government paid more than a million dollars 151 00:09:40,141 --> 00:09:41,200 to Indian hunters. 152 00:09:49,241 --> 00:09:52,080 Many of the descendants of those settlers 153 00:09:52,101 --> 00:09:55,150 are at the forefront of the Second Amendment activists. 154 00:09:56,241 --> 00:09:59,211 They say that they represent "the people" 155 00:09:59,231 --> 00:10:01,231 and have the right to bear arms 156 00:10:01,251 --> 00:10:04,060 in order to overthrow any government 157 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:06,060 that does not, in their view, 158 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:10,021 adhere to the God-given covenant. 159 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:14,070 But it is a fact that the original mandate of the Second Amendment 160 00:10:14,091 --> 00:10:16,211 was to empower and authorize settlers 161 00:10:16,231 --> 00:10:19,021 to arm themselves to kill Indians 162 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:21,101 and to control enslaved Africans. 163 00:10:23,141 --> 00:10:25,101 ROXANNE DUNBAR-ORTIZ: Roughly three-fourths 164 00:10:25,121 --> 00:10:27,040 of gun owners are men, 165 00:10:27,060 --> 00:10:29,131 and 82 percent are white. 166 00:10:29,150 --> 00:10:32,241 Taken together, that's 61 percent 167 00:10:33,021 --> 00:10:35,200 of adults who own guns are white men. 168 00:10:35,221 --> 00:10:38,150 We cannot make sense of gun hoarding 169 00:10:38,170 --> 00:10:41,080 and the cult of the gun if we don't deal 170 00:10:41,101 --> 00:10:42,241 with white nationalism. 171 00:10:43,021 --> 00:10:45,040 And we can't deal with white nationalism 172 00:10:45,060 --> 00:10:47,241 without dealing with United States history. 173 00:10:48,241 --> 00:10:51,021 RAOUL: My friend Roxanne told me, 174 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:53,251 as men of their times, the founders created 175 00:10:54,030 --> 00:10:56,131 the most perfect document ever written 176 00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:59,040 for the most perfect country on Earth. 177 00:10:59,060 --> 00:11:02,231 But today we can see the warts. And they ruin the picture. 178 00:11:02,251 --> 00:11:06,121 ♪ ("THIS LAND IS YOUR LAND" BY SHARON JONES PLAYING) ♪ 179 00:11:08,121 --> 00:11:10,111 ♪ This land is my land ♪ 180 00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:16,101 ♪ From California ♪ 181 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:21,111 ♪ To the New York island ♪ 182 00:11:22,211 --> 00:11:26,050 ♪ From the redwood forest ♪ 183 00:11:27,221 --> 00:11:31,160 ♪ To the Gulf Stream waters ♪ 184 00:11:32,231 --> 00:11:40,101 ♪ I tell ya, this land was made For you and me ♪ 185 00:11:40,121 --> 00:11:43,190 RAOUL: "Make America great again," he said. 186 00:11:43,211 --> 00:11:46,170 ♪ As I went walking... ♪ 187 00:11:46,190 --> 00:11:48,180 RAOUL: When exactly was it great? 188 00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:51,040 I mean, really great? 189 00:11:52,211 --> 00:11:53,241 And for whom? 190 00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,251 Roxanne tells me, thanks to slavery, 191 00:12:01,030 --> 00:12:03,121 cotton became the fuel of the 19th century. 192 00:12:03,141 --> 00:12:06,211 ♪ ("COTTON CROP BLUES" BY JAMES COTTON PLAYING) ♪ 193 00:12:06,231 --> 00:12:10,231 RAOUL: Around 1831, US cotton made up almost half 194 00:12:10,251 --> 00:12:12,111 of the world's production. 195 00:12:14,021 --> 00:12:17,101 The elite in the South became extremely wealthy. 196 00:12:17,121 --> 00:12:21,101 The elite in the North became extremely wealthy as well, 197 00:12:21,121 --> 00:12:23,160 sparking the Industrial Revolution. 198 00:12:23,180 --> 00:12:27,070 ♪ I'll tell you The reason why I say so ♪ 199 00:12:27,091 --> 00:12:29,190 RAOUL: At the beginning, the slaves had to clean 200 00:12:29,211 --> 00:12:31,141 the cotton with their bare hands. 201 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:33,231 ♪ Ain't gonna raise No more cotton... ♪ 202 00:12:33,251 --> 00:12:36,241 RAOUL: The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney 203 00:12:37,021 --> 00:12:38,170 would change everything. 204 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:42,050 But cotton also destroyed the soil. 205 00:12:42,070 --> 00:12:46,180 So Southerners and Northerners plundered more Indian land, 206 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,141 while using slaves' bodies as a commodity 207 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:52,101 became the most lucrative enterprise around. 208 00:12:52,121 --> 00:12:56,070 More profitable than all land, banks, railroads, 209 00:12:56,091 --> 00:12:58,231 factories, and gold products put together. 210 00:12:58,251 --> 00:13:00,050 ♪ Well, like raising... ♪ 211 00:13:00,070 --> 00:13:03,131 RAOUL: Slaves were used as collateral for mortgage. 212 00:13:03,150 --> 00:13:06,021 A newly developed tool of commerce. 213 00:13:06,231 --> 00:13:08,121 ♪ (OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 214 00:13:08,141 --> 00:13:10,121 Thomas Jefferson mortgaged 215 00:13:10,141 --> 00:13:13,021 150 of his enslaved workers 216 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:14,231 to build Monticello, 217 00:13:14,251 --> 00:13:17,080 with a Dutch company putting up the money. 218 00:13:20,101 --> 00:13:23,221 Mortgaging people to buy more people. 219 00:13:23,241 --> 00:13:29,091 A large part of Europe had abolished slavery by 1848, 220 00:13:29,111 --> 00:13:32,121 but Europeans were still silently bankrolling 221 00:13:32,141 --> 00:13:35,030 the slave industry in the United States. 222 00:13:38,141 --> 00:13:40,221 Raphael Lemkin wrote, 223 00:13:40,241 --> 00:13:45,221 "Slavery may be called 'cultural genocide par excellence.' 224 00:13:45,241 --> 00:13:48,180 It is the most effective and thorough method 225 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:50,030 of destroying a culture 226 00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:52,190 and of de-socializing human beings." 227 00:13:52,211 --> 00:13:57,040 ♪ ("ARAPAHO GHOST DANCE SONG NO. 73" BY JAMES MOONEY PLAYING) ♪ 228 00:13:58,141 --> 00:14:02,211 RAOUL: By 1890, disarmed, held in concentration camps, 229 00:14:02,231 --> 00:14:05,180 their children taken away, half-starved, 230 00:14:06,170 --> 00:14:08,200 the Lakota and Dakota survivors 231 00:14:08,221 --> 00:14:10,231 found a new form of resistance: 232 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:12,180 Ghost Dancing. 233 00:14:16,150 --> 00:14:20,070 It was a simple dance performed by everyone in the open, 234 00:14:20,091 --> 00:14:24,060 requiring only a specific kind of handmade ribbon shirt 235 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:26,241 that might protect the dancers from gunfire. 236 00:14:28,251 --> 00:14:32,170 It spread like wildfire in all directions. 237 00:14:32,190 --> 00:14:35,091 Among the presumed sources of this dance 238 00:14:35,111 --> 00:14:39,070 is a Nevada Paiute holy man named Wovoka. 239 00:14:40,131 --> 00:14:43,101 Native pilgrims journeyed long distances 240 00:14:43,121 --> 00:14:46,251 to hear Wovoka's message and to receive directions 241 00:14:47,030 --> 00:14:49,060 on how to perform the Ghost Dance, 242 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:51,251 which promised to restore the Indigenous world 243 00:14:52,030 --> 00:14:56,211 as it was before colonialism, make the invaders disappear, 244 00:14:56,231 --> 00:14:59,131 and the dead warriors and buffalo return. 245 00:15:03,030 --> 00:15:05,080 They danced without rest. 246 00:15:05,101 --> 00:15:08,170 Occasionally, they collapsed unconscious. 247 00:15:08,190 --> 00:15:11,180 Quickly, those on each side of the fallen 248 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,190 closed the gap and continued dancing. 249 00:15:16,101 --> 00:15:19,231 When the dancing began among the Sioux in 1890, 250 00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:22,180 reservation officials falsely reported 251 00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:26,141 that Sioux leader Tatanka Yotanka, Sitting Bull, 252 00:15:26,160 --> 00:15:29,170 had ordered the people at Pine Ridge Reservation 253 00:15:29,190 --> 00:15:33,101 to perform the Ghost Dance day and night. 254 00:15:33,121 --> 00:15:36,101 Although Sitting Bull had learned the Ghost Dance, 255 00:15:36,121 --> 00:15:39,101 he lived in the Standing Rock Sioux reservation, 256 00:15:39,121 --> 00:15:42,251 miles away from the dancing, and was not giving orders. 257 00:15:43,241 --> 00:15:45,251 The dancing was spontaneous. 258 00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:50,021 JOURNALISTS: General Sherman! General Sherman! 259 00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:53,111 -(INDISTINCT CLAMORING) -(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKING) 260 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:58,180 JOURNALIST 1: General Sherman, question for you, sir. 261 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:00,080 General, here, sir. 262 00:16:00,101 --> 00:16:01,190 JOURNALIST 2: General Sherman, 263 00:16:01,211 --> 00:16:03,180 how do you see the end to this revolt? 264 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:04,241 Are there civilian casualties? 265 00:16:05,021 --> 00:16:06,221 How many savages have you killed? 266 00:16:11,150 --> 00:16:13,160 Lots of familiar faces. 267 00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:15,121 (CROWD CHUCKLING) 268 00:16:15,141 --> 00:16:16,190 JOURNALIST 3: General. 269 00:16:16,211 --> 00:16:21,080 How do you keep such vigor after such an exhausting battle? 270 00:16:21,101 --> 00:16:23,091 Well, riding horses and killing Indians 271 00:16:23,111 --> 00:16:25,101 does keep one crisp and fresh. 272 00:16:25,121 --> 00:16:27,021 (JOURNALISTS LAUGH) 273 00:16:31,180 --> 00:16:35,021 What lesson do you draw from this campaign? 274 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:37,080 Is there an end to these permanent revolts? 275 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,131 Indians must either work or starve. 276 00:16:41,150 --> 00:16:44,080 They never have worked, they won't work now, 277 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:47,050 and they never will work. 278 00:16:47,070 --> 00:16:49,030 JOURNALIST 4: But should not the government supply them 279 00:16:49,050 --> 00:16:51,101 with enough to keep them from starvation? 280 00:16:51,121 --> 00:16:52,211 Are you gonna pay for it? 281 00:16:56,091 --> 00:16:57,200 Who shot Sitting Bull? 282 00:16:58,211 --> 00:17:00,131 WILLIAM SHERMAN: How is that important? 283 00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:02,221 He resisted arrest, and he was shot. 284 00:17:03,141 --> 00:17:04,191 (GUN COCKS) 285 00:17:04,211 --> 00:17:06,211 (GUNSHOTS) 286 00:17:06,231 --> 00:17:08,050 What about Big Foot? 287 00:17:08,231 --> 00:17:10,040 What about him? 288 00:17:10,060 --> 00:17:12,090 It's said that they had him surrounded. 289 00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:16,140 -Huh. Huh. -(HORSE NEIGHS) 290 00:17:19,231 --> 00:17:22,181 Now, that's what the fake press wants us to believe. 291 00:17:26,221 --> 00:17:29,090 What about Custer's regiment? 292 00:17:29,110 --> 00:17:31,251 It's said that they wanted revenge. 293 00:17:32,030 --> 00:17:33,221 JOURNALIST 5: And what about the 25 soldiers 294 00:17:33,241 --> 00:17:35,221 killed in "friendly fire"? 295 00:17:35,241 --> 00:17:37,100 Shit happens. 296 00:17:38,070 --> 00:17:40,040 (MURMURING) 297 00:17:40,060 --> 00:17:41,171 And why is it you journalists 298 00:17:41,191 --> 00:17:45,060 are always trying to make things more complicated than they are? 299 00:17:46,171 --> 00:17:48,030 It was a search action. 300 00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:50,251 We told them to surrender and hand over their weapons. 301 00:17:52,021 --> 00:17:53,040 Which they did. 302 00:17:58,060 --> 00:17:59,241 Well, that's your version. 303 00:18:00,021 --> 00:18:03,140 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 304 00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:06,050 ♪ ("FOLLOW THE YELLOW BRICK ROAD" BY JUDY GARLAND PLAYING) ♪ 305 00:19:08,030 --> 00:19:10,090 RAOUL: Five days after the sickening events 306 00:19:10,110 --> 00:19:13,021 at Wounded Knee, Lyman Frank Baum, 307 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:14,221 a Dakota Territory settler 308 00:19:14,241 --> 00:19:17,100 who would become very famous years later 309 00:19:17,120 --> 00:19:20,021 for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 310 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:23,181 wrote in the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer newspaper, 311 00:19:23,201 --> 00:19:27,231 "The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety 312 00:19:28,021 --> 00:19:31,171 depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. 313 00:19:31,191 --> 00:19:34,221 Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, 314 00:19:34,241 --> 00:19:37,080 in order to protect our civilization, 315 00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:41,120 follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed 316 00:19:41,140 --> 00:19:44,110 and untamable creatures from the face of the earth." 317 00:19:44,130 --> 00:19:48,151 ♪ ("INDIAN BOYS FROM DESERT STORM" BY BLACK LODGE SINGERS PLAYING) ♪ 318 00:19:49,181 --> 00:19:50,221 RAOUL: The fact is 319 00:19:50,241 --> 00:19:53,151 the Native Americans are still here, 320 00:19:53,171 --> 00:19:55,120 and this is still their home. 321 00:19:55,140 --> 00:19:58,231 And despite some real individual accomplishments, 322 00:19:58,251 --> 00:20:00,221 the real fight remains the fight 323 00:20:00,241 --> 00:20:04,151 for self-determination and restitution. 324 00:20:04,171 --> 00:20:07,110 Anything less will not be acceptable. 325 00:20:09,191 --> 00:20:11,120 RUSSELL MEANS: "The American Indian individual 326 00:20:11,140 --> 00:20:15,030 shall have the right to choose his or her citizenship, 327 00:20:15,050 --> 00:20:18,181 and the American Indian nations have the right to choose 328 00:20:18,201 --> 00:20:21,211 their level of citizenship and autonomy 329 00:20:21,231 --> 00:20:23,231 up to absolute independence." 330 00:20:23,251 --> 00:20:26,201 ♪ ("LAST KIND WORDS" BY RHIANNON GIDDENS PLAYING) ♪ 331 00:20:28,140 --> 00:20:31,211 RAOUL: The same observation could be made about slavery. 332 00:20:31,231 --> 00:20:34,040 For slavery here is a ghost, 333 00:20:34,060 --> 00:20:37,080 both the past and a living presence. 334 00:20:37,100 --> 00:20:41,231 And after 400 years, the problem of historical representation 335 00:20:41,251 --> 00:20:44,211 is how to represent that ghost. 336 00:20:44,231 --> 00:20:47,191 Something that is, and yet is not. 337 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,030 The fact that US slavery has both officially ended 338 00:20:53,050 --> 00:20:55,191 and yet continues in many complex forms 339 00:20:55,211 --> 00:20:57,251 of institutionalized racism 340 00:20:58,030 --> 00:21:01,100 makes its representation particularly burdensome. 341 00:21:02,161 --> 00:21:04,231 As long as genocide, slavery, 342 00:21:04,251 --> 00:21:07,060 and the exploitation of human bodies 343 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:09,151 do not convert into reparation, 344 00:21:09,171 --> 00:21:12,231 whatever the form, there will never be any peace. 345 00:21:14,231 --> 00:21:16,251 As writer James Baldwin says, 346 00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:20,060 "There is scarcely any hope for the American dream 347 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:23,100 because people who are denied participation in it, 348 00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:25,251 by their very presence will wreck it." 349 00:21:33,110 --> 00:21:36,100 The facts are staring us in the face. 350 00:21:39,130 --> 00:21:42,241 "Time is not a chronological continuity," 351 00:21:43,021 --> 00:21:46,181 wrote Trouillot in his book, Silencing The Past. 352 00:21:47,221 --> 00:21:50,130 "It is the range of disjointed moments, 353 00:21:50,151 --> 00:21:52,130 practices and symbols, 354 00:21:52,151 --> 00:21:54,191 that thread the historical relations 355 00:21:54,211 --> 00:21:56,211 between events and narratives." 356 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:02,030 (CROWD CHANTING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE) 357 00:22:02,050 --> 00:22:04,060 RAOUL: No amount of historical debate 358 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:06,140 about any of these events 359 00:22:06,161 --> 00:22:09,221 and no amount of guilt can serve as a substitute 360 00:22:09,241 --> 00:22:11,241 for marching in the streets today. 361 00:22:14,060 --> 00:22:16,070 What must be denounced here 362 00:22:16,090 --> 00:22:20,070 is not so much the reality of the Native American genocide, 363 00:22:20,090 --> 00:22:24,070 or the reality of slavery, or the reality of the Holocaust. 364 00:22:25,130 --> 00:22:27,211 What needs to be denounced here 365 00:22:27,231 --> 00:22:30,120 are the consequences of these realities 366 00:22:30,140 --> 00:22:32,231 in our lives and in life today. 367 00:22:32,251 --> 00:22:35,241 ♪ (QUIET MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 368 00:22:57,060 --> 00:22:59,201 I witnessed death in Haiti. 369 00:22:59,221 --> 00:23:02,100 Of unknown people and of friends, 370 00:23:02,120 --> 00:23:05,161 like Antoine Izméry or Guy Malary, 371 00:23:05,181 --> 00:23:08,181 both slain by CIA-linked military. 372 00:23:09,231 --> 00:23:12,090 But not all deaths are violent. 373 00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:17,130 I accompanied my mother's passing 374 00:23:17,151 --> 00:23:20,181 in a hospital room in Voorhees, New Jersey. 375 00:23:20,201 --> 00:23:22,221 She, who was the first to tell me 376 00:23:22,241 --> 00:23:27,030 about Congo's assassinated Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba. 377 00:23:28,030 --> 00:23:29,221 I made a film about him too. 378 00:23:30,161 --> 00:23:32,130 And my mother is in it. 379 00:23:35,140 --> 00:23:37,151 I spent 15 years of my life 380 00:23:37,171 --> 00:23:40,090 in a city called Berlin in Germany. 381 00:23:42,161 --> 00:23:44,080 I went to film school there. 382 00:23:45,211 --> 00:23:49,201 My entry project was about the prison of Plötzensee, 383 00:23:49,221 --> 00:23:51,221 a Nazi torture compound. 384 00:23:57,181 --> 00:24:00,090 Not one single day when I lived there, 385 00:24:00,110 --> 00:24:02,070 did I forget that this country, 386 00:24:02,090 --> 00:24:05,211 which produced some of humanity's best philosophers, 387 00:24:05,231 --> 00:24:07,251 scientists, and artists, 388 00:24:08,030 --> 00:24:12,171 also operated one of the most devastating scientifically-run 389 00:24:12,191 --> 00:24:14,231 and engineered killing machines. 390 00:24:19,151 --> 00:24:21,030 Berlin. 391 00:24:21,050 --> 00:24:24,021 I know these streets by heart. 392 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:26,151 Every day, I walked under these arches 393 00:24:26,171 --> 00:24:29,120 to my classes at the Technical University. 394 00:24:30,251 --> 00:24:33,211 The superimposition of time and images. 395 00:24:37,241 --> 00:24:40,090 Auschwitz. I went there too. 396 00:24:41,211 --> 00:24:43,181 I wanted to see for myself. 397 00:24:43,201 --> 00:24:46,241 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 398 00:25:45,151 --> 00:25:48,181 RAOUL: More than anything else, it was these details 399 00:25:48,201 --> 00:25:51,181 which gave me the clearest sense of the horror. 400 00:25:53,151 --> 00:25:56,050 I have seen these images before. 401 00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,040 In Ntarama, Rwanda, in 2003, 402 00:26:00,060 --> 00:26:02,251 I took these exact same photos. 403 00:26:03,030 --> 00:26:05,040 A few hundred people had been slaughtered 404 00:26:05,060 --> 00:26:09,070 by Hutu militias and government soldiers in a church. 405 00:26:09,090 --> 00:26:12,211 A young man told me about what happened. 406 00:26:12,231 --> 00:26:16,021 He had been there and had escaped through a hole. 407 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:19,151 He showed me the hole. 408 00:26:19,171 --> 00:26:21,211 Still there after ten years. 409 00:26:24,140 --> 00:26:27,021 I knew I had seen this picture before. 410 00:26:44,090 --> 00:26:45,130 We're staying together. 411 00:26:47,021 --> 00:26:49,191 -(GUNSHOTS) -(GIRLS SCREAM) 412 00:27:04,021 --> 00:27:06,090 ALISON DES FORGES: Why didn't the world react? 413 00:27:06,110 --> 00:27:08,191 The argument that people didn't know, 414 00:27:08,211 --> 00:27:10,151 that's not true. They knew. 415 00:27:10,171 --> 00:27:13,080 We know now from intelligence records 416 00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:15,030 just how much they knew. 417 00:27:15,050 --> 00:27:17,191 That within hours, they were aware 418 00:27:17,211 --> 00:27:20,151 that the killing was being done on an ethnic basis, 419 00:27:20,171 --> 00:27:21,191 systematically, 420 00:27:21,211 --> 00:27:23,030 that there were lists, 421 00:27:23,050 --> 00:27:26,171 that the killers were going through the capital city 422 00:27:26,191 --> 00:27:28,251 choosing out people from certain households 423 00:27:29,030 --> 00:27:31,021 and executing them. They knew this. 424 00:27:32,040 --> 00:27:34,090 RAOUL: This is Alison Des Forges. 425 00:27:34,110 --> 00:27:37,140 She spent her life documenting the horror. 426 00:27:37,161 --> 00:27:41,060 She met world leaders, confronted assassins, 427 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:45,030 engaged doubters, and denounced world institutions 428 00:27:45,050 --> 00:27:46,241 hiding behind their silence. 429 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:49,110 She guided me 430 00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:52,070 and taught me how to decipher the language of death 431 00:27:52,090 --> 00:27:56,060 and see through the monster hiding behind a human mask. 432 00:27:57,120 --> 00:27:59,241 Alison died in an airplane accident 433 00:28:00,021 --> 00:28:02,120 on February 12th, 2009, 434 00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:05,050 on her way to visit her family in Buffalo. 435 00:28:06,161 --> 00:28:07,181 I miss her. 436 00:28:11,201 --> 00:28:13,191 DONALD TRUMP: I'm not putting anybody on a moral plane, 437 00:28:13,211 --> 00:28:16,110 what I'm saying is this, you had a group on one side 438 00:28:16,130 --> 00:28:18,040 and you had a group on the other, 439 00:28:18,060 --> 00:28:19,231 and they came at each other with clubs, 440 00:28:19,251 --> 00:28:21,201 and it was vicious, and it was horrible, 441 00:28:21,221 --> 00:28:23,161 and it was a horrible thing to watch. 442 00:28:23,181 --> 00:28:25,171 I think there's blame on both sides, 443 00:28:25,191 --> 00:28:27,211 you look at-- you look at both sides-- 444 00:28:27,231 --> 00:28:29,231 I think there's blame on both sides. 445 00:28:29,251 --> 00:28:31,241 George Washington was a slave owner. 446 00:28:32,021 --> 00:28:33,090 Are we gonna take down-- 447 00:28:33,110 --> 00:28:34,231 are we gonna take down the statues? 448 00:28:34,251 --> 00:28:36,130 How about Thomas Jefferson? 449 00:28:36,151 --> 00:28:39,100 What do you think of Thomas Jefferson? You like him? 450 00:28:42,241 --> 00:28:46,211 RAOUL: These images project a profound idea of self. 451 00:28:46,231 --> 00:28:48,181 Or of desperation. 452 00:28:50,070 --> 00:28:53,080 Lost souls on a pile of human confusion. 453 00:28:55,060 --> 00:28:57,140 The absence of any trace of empathy 454 00:28:57,161 --> 00:29:00,100 and genuine humanity is unbearable. 455 00:29:02,060 --> 00:29:05,151 The nightmare is buried deep in our consciousness. 456 00:29:05,171 --> 00:29:08,140 So deep that we do not recognize it at first. 457 00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:14,181 It says who you are, it says what you have become. 458 00:29:14,201 --> 00:29:19,181 The stubborn privilege of superiority and comedy. 459 00:29:19,201 --> 00:29:23,060 In times of despair, fear, and insecurity, 460 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:25,080 people are looking for saviors. 461 00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:26,221 Any kind will do. 462 00:29:26,241 --> 00:29:30,070 But possibly, one with easy-sounding solutions 463 00:29:30,090 --> 00:29:32,040 that others will pay for. 464 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,211 (CROWD CHANTING) 465 00:29:35,231 --> 00:29:39,070 But a complex world calls for complex responses 466 00:29:39,090 --> 00:29:41,201 with at least some minimal agreement 467 00:29:41,221 --> 00:29:43,070 over the diagnosis. 468 00:29:44,030 --> 00:29:45,231 We never listen to the poor. 469 00:29:45,251 --> 00:29:49,050 Those who are less poor fear the loss of what they have. 470 00:29:49,070 --> 00:29:51,050 And they are rebelling. 471 00:29:51,070 --> 00:29:52,201 MARION MARÉCHAL-LE PEN: (IN FRENCH) 472 00:29:55,231 --> 00:29:57,151 RAOUL: We have been there before, 473 00:29:57,171 --> 00:29:59,030 without learning much. 474 00:29:59,050 --> 00:30:02,080 For some reason, we thought that in modern days, 475 00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:05,130 fascism would be disguised in bright friendly colors, 476 00:30:05,151 --> 00:30:07,241 so that it would be difficult to recognize. 477 00:30:08,021 --> 00:30:09,140 (CROWD CHANTING) 478 00:30:09,161 --> 00:30:11,191 -RAOUL: But it is recognizable. -(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKING) 479 00:30:11,211 --> 00:30:14,221 The same roar when the leader speaks. 480 00:30:14,241 --> 00:30:17,110 The same hatred of aliens. 481 00:30:17,130 --> 00:30:18,211 The same violence. 482 00:30:18,231 --> 00:30:21,221 The same projection of wounded manhood. 483 00:30:23,060 --> 00:30:24,161 The frailty of power. 484 00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:28,110 (INDISTINCT CHANTING) 485 00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:33,120 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 486 00:30:34,201 --> 00:30:36,171 RAOUL: The Western world is panicking. 487 00:30:37,181 --> 00:30:40,201 A delirious, spiraling panic. 488 00:30:40,221 --> 00:30:43,161 Complaining about a clash of civilization, 489 00:30:44,211 --> 00:30:47,231 thus displaying the limits of superiority. 490 00:30:50,090 --> 00:30:52,161 Privilege makes you vulnerable. 491 00:30:52,181 --> 00:30:56,130 And panic, when blended with ignorance and bigotry, 492 00:30:56,151 --> 00:30:58,030 creates anger. 493 00:30:58,050 --> 00:30:59,241 Limitless and blinding anger. 494 00:31:01,130 --> 00:31:03,211 Everyone else becomes the enemy. 495 00:31:04,201 --> 00:31:06,120 The fortress becomes a prison. 496 00:31:07,070 --> 00:31:10,070 Everyone else looking in at you. 497 00:31:10,090 --> 00:31:14,130 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 498 00:31:43,201 --> 00:31:45,231 RAOUL: People die because they are hungry 499 00:31:45,251 --> 00:31:48,171 and can't protect their own existence. 500 00:31:48,191 --> 00:31:51,070 Others, because they are persecuted 501 00:31:51,090 --> 00:31:54,021 or because they can't feed, protect, or care 502 00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:55,161 for their own children. 503 00:31:57,060 --> 00:32:01,140 Meanwhile, the pornographic rich are the new moralists. 504 00:32:01,161 --> 00:32:04,050 ♪ ("YÈGELLÉ TEZETA" BY MULATU ASTATKE PLAYING) ♪ 505 00:32:04,070 --> 00:32:07,060 Most disturbing are not the images, 506 00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:10,021 or even the terrifying words. 507 00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:14,050 Most disturbing here is the absence of ridicule 508 00:32:14,070 --> 00:32:16,080 and the silence of complacency. 509 00:32:17,171 --> 00:32:18,241 Any hint of decency 510 00:32:19,021 --> 00:32:21,241 has definitely been lost in the picture. 511 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:28,221 We search for truth 512 00:32:28,241 --> 00:32:30,181 when we should search for meaning. 513 00:32:31,231 --> 00:32:34,241 The very existence of this film is a miracle. 514 00:32:39,070 --> 00:32:42,070 One day, an 18-year-old Palestinian girl 515 00:32:42,090 --> 00:32:44,251 strapped with explosives detonates herself 516 00:32:45,030 --> 00:32:47,130 in a crowded discotheque in Tel Aviv. 517 00:32:49,171 --> 00:32:53,140 When others think about revenge, I think of my daughter. 518 00:32:54,231 --> 00:32:58,110 What would have pushed her to commit such a horrific act? 519 00:32:59,171 --> 00:33:02,050 Would I call my child a monster? 520 00:33:05,191 --> 00:33:07,201 Yes, it is complicated. 521 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:13,171 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 522 00:33:18,151 --> 00:33:21,100 RAOUL: Today, I learned of Sven's death. 523 00:33:23,181 --> 00:33:24,231 It wasn't sudden. 524 00:33:25,201 --> 00:33:27,060 I knew it would happen soon. 525 00:33:28,060 --> 00:33:29,110 I had learned to cope. 526 00:33:30,251 --> 00:33:32,191 It's not pain that I feel, 527 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:35,221 but rage and sorrow. 528 00:33:35,241 --> 00:33:39,060 Sven gave me the original impulse for this story. 529 00:33:39,251 --> 00:33:41,161 And he washed away my doubts 530 00:33:41,181 --> 00:33:44,231 that such a film was even conceivable. 531 00:33:44,251 --> 00:33:48,050 Up until his last day, he wanted it to happen. 532 00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:52,231 Finishing this story is now vital. 533 00:34:03,171 --> 00:34:06,090 Nobody starts with a clean slate. 534 00:34:06,110 --> 00:34:08,231 But the human condition also requires 535 00:34:08,251 --> 00:34:12,151 that practices of power and domination be renewed. 536 00:34:15,111 --> 00:34:18,131 It is that renewal that should concern us most. 537 00:34:22,240 --> 00:34:25,071 Calling to account the so-called legacies 538 00:34:25,091 --> 00:34:30,080 of past horrors, slavery, colonialism, or the Holocaust, 539 00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:33,080 is only possible because of that renewal. 540 00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,191 And that renewal occurs only in the present. 541 00:34:37,231 --> 00:34:40,211 "Only in that present can we be true or false 542 00:34:40,231 --> 00:34:43,031 to the past we choose to acknowledge," 543 00:34:43,051 --> 00:34:44,111 said Trouillot. 544 00:34:45,131 --> 00:34:48,060 You know, I'm not an expert in religion. 545 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:50,060 (OVERLAPPING CHATTER) 546 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:53,040 This is a hardline issue for people who live in border states... 547 00:34:53,060 --> 00:34:56,071 The president is trying to protect our borders from an invasion... 548 00:34:56,091 --> 00:34:59,231 (OVERLAPPING CHATTER) 549 00:34:59,251 --> 00:35:01,100 Forty-five thousand people a year 550 00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:02,220 die from automobile accidents... 551 00:35:02,240 --> 00:35:05,091 RAOUL: American scholars have largely abandoned 552 00:35:05,111 --> 00:35:09,100 the role of public intellectuals to pundits and entertainers. 553 00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:13,171 No proof, no arguments are necessary. 554 00:35:13,191 --> 00:35:15,180 It is opinions against opinions. 555 00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:18,211 Shamelessly passing off impudence as reason. 556 00:35:20,071 --> 00:35:24,140 We now know that narratives are made of silences. 557 00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:28,180 While some of us debate what history is or was, 558 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:31,071 others take it into their own hands. 559 00:35:33,180 --> 00:35:37,071 In 1920, biologist Charles Davenport, 560 00:35:37,091 --> 00:35:40,111 leader of the American eugenics movement, 561 00:35:40,131 --> 00:35:42,160 asked his friend Madison Grant, 562 00:35:42,180 --> 00:35:45,231 author of The Passing of the Great Race, 563 00:35:45,251 --> 00:35:49,051 "Can we build a wall high enough around this country 564 00:35:49,071 --> 00:35:51,211 so as to keep out those cheaper races?" 565 00:35:54,151 --> 00:35:59,051 On May 26, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge 566 00:35:59,071 --> 00:36:02,021 signed the Restriction Act into law 567 00:36:02,040 --> 00:36:05,071 and shut down immigration by 97 percent. 568 00:36:06,111 --> 00:36:08,191 The door was shut for 40 years. 569 00:36:09,211 --> 00:36:11,060 People tend to forget. 570 00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:14,180 A political victory for eugenics. 571 00:36:19,191 --> 00:36:21,140 As one congressman said, 572 00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:25,111 "The nation would remain the home of a great people. 573 00:36:25,131 --> 00:36:28,120 Christian, English-speaking white people." 574 00:36:35,220 --> 00:36:40,231 The open arms of Ellis Island are now closed again. 575 00:36:40,251 --> 00:36:45,021 That law closed the door on Jews who were fleeing the Nazis. 576 00:36:46,180 --> 00:36:49,131 For lack of a visa, Anne Frank died 577 00:36:49,151 --> 00:36:52,060 in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. 578 00:37:05,051 --> 00:37:07,111 When Adolf Hitler entered politics, 579 00:37:07,131 --> 00:37:11,171 the opportunities for Germany to expand had been closed. 580 00:37:11,191 --> 00:37:14,180 He had to find an alternative closer to home. 581 00:37:15,180 --> 00:37:17,131 Hitler's campaign to the east 582 00:37:17,151 --> 00:37:20,171 became his very own colonial war. 583 00:37:20,191 --> 00:37:23,211 In the long term, he intended to incorporate 584 00:37:23,231 --> 00:37:25,111 these agricultural areas 585 00:37:25,131 --> 00:37:28,191 into the expanding German Lebensraum. 586 00:37:28,211 --> 00:37:32,091 The Lebensraum, meaning "living space." 587 00:37:32,111 --> 00:37:34,231 According to Hitler's imperial vision, 588 00:37:34,251 --> 00:37:37,160 the elimination of America's redskins, 589 00:37:38,060 --> 00:37:39,111 as he called them, 590 00:37:39,131 --> 00:37:42,211 was the perfect example of a successful colonization. 591 00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:45,060 Like the Americans had done, 592 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,021 he would proceed to send German settlers 593 00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:52,180 to replace all Jewish and Slavic populations in the East. 594 00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:56,200 The law of blood justified the needs and the deeds. 595 00:37:59,191 --> 00:38:02,211 Hitler was driven throughout his political career 596 00:38:02,231 --> 00:38:05,231 by a fanatical anti-Semitism that was rooted 597 00:38:05,251 --> 00:38:08,171 in a thousand-year-old tradition. 598 00:38:08,191 --> 00:38:11,191 But the step from mass murder to genocide 599 00:38:11,211 --> 00:38:14,220 was not taken until the anti-Semitic tradition 600 00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:17,031 met the tradition of genocide 601 00:38:17,051 --> 00:38:19,180 that arose during Europe's expansion 602 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,100 in America, Australia, Africa, and Asia. 603 00:38:23,120 --> 00:38:26,191 (GUNSHOTS) 604 00:38:26,211 --> 00:38:29,091 According to the Lebensraum theory, 605 00:38:29,111 --> 00:38:32,031 the Jews belonged to an even lower race 606 00:38:32,051 --> 00:38:34,071 than the Russians and Poles, 607 00:38:34,091 --> 00:38:37,111 a race which could not lay claim to the right to live. 608 00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:43,180 It was only natural that such lower races 609 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:47,111 should be exterminated if they were in the way. 610 00:38:47,131 --> 00:38:50,251 The other Western master races had done just that. 611 00:38:53,171 --> 00:38:55,040 Same procedures apply. 612 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:56,240 Different player. 613 00:39:00,060 --> 00:39:01,191 They died on their own 614 00:39:01,211 --> 00:39:03,160 when the food supply was cut off. 615 00:39:04,240 --> 00:39:07,251 The sad rule that so-called inferior people 616 00:39:08,031 --> 00:39:11,211 died out upon contact with highly cultivated people 617 00:39:11,231 --> 00:39:13,060 was at work again. 618 00:39:14,211 --> 00:39:16,160 If they did not die fast enough, 619 00:39:16,180 --> 00:39:19,151 then it was merciful to shorten their suffering. 620 00:39:35,091 --> 00:39:39,151 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 621 00:40:04,151 --> 00:40:07,080 ♪ (MUSIC CONTINUES) ♪ 622 00:40:15,091 --> 00:40:18,080 RAOUL: A Nazi officer took these pictures. 623 00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,021 Like the previous ones, they were found 624 00:40:21,040 --> 00:40:24,040 in what has been called the Auschwitz Album. 625 00:40:31,071 --> 00:40:32,200 The accounting of death. 626 00:40:37,131 --> 00:40:40,191 Beneath the numbers, there are faces, 627 00:40:40,211 --> 00:40:42,091 there are souls, 628 00:40:42,111 --> 00:40:46,151 caught for one small moment by the lens of their tormentors. 629 00:40:48,231 --> 00:40:51,231 And they know. They must have known. 630 00:40:59,131 --> 00:41:01,111 "Unfit to work." 631 00:41:01,131 --> 00:41:04,200 This is how they call those who are put aside... 632 00:41:05,171 --> 00:41:06,180 to die. 633 00:41:09,021 --> 00:41:10,151 This group is saved. 634 00:41:11,071 --> 00:41:12,100 Momentarily. 635 00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:16,160 The photographer and his prey. 636 00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:20,021 A last glimpse of humanity, in this woman's gaze. 637 00:41:21,171 --> 00:41:22,251 And there is no illusion. 638 00:41:25,131 --> 00:41:26,231 The children are thirsty. 639 00:41:27,251 --> 00:41:31,031 "Where can we have water?" they ask. 640 00:41:31,051 --> 00:41:35,051 "Walk all the way to the back. There is water, I promise," 641 00:41:35,220 --> 00:41:37,060 says the SS officer. 642 00:41:38,120 --> 00:41:39,200 And so they walk. 643 00:41:39,220 --> 00:41:44,191 The children, their mother, their aunt, their cousins... 644 00:41:44,211 --> 00:41:46,171 walking towards death. 645 00:41:48,021 --> 00:41:51,051 In less than 20 minutes, they will be dead. 646 00:41:52,021 --> 00:41:53,031 All of them. 647 00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:56,131 Twenty minutes. 648 00:41:56,151 --> 00:41:59,120 That's the time it takes to get from the dock, 649 00:41:59,140 --> 00:42:02,200 across the tracks, along the stony path 650 00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:04,200 all the way to the back of the camp, 651 00:42:04,220 --> 00:42:07,200 where crematoriums four and five are located. 652 00:42:10,091 --> 00:42:14,040 The SS blew them all up the day they fled. 653 00:42:14,060 --> 00:42:16,091 But enough remains to bear witness. 654 00:42:32,171 --> 00:42:36,100 It's time to own up to a basic truth. 655 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:39,211 The great planners and executors of the Final Solution 656 00:42:39,231 --> 00:42:41,240 were extremely well-educated. 657 00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:47,160 They had college degrees, and quite a few even PhDs. 658 00:42:48,231 --> 00:42:51,060 All German production capabilities 659 00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:54,071 were mobilized to create this racial paradise. 660 00:42:59,111 --> 00:43:03,231 From architects, manufacturers, plumbers, bankers, 661 00:43:03,251 --> 00:43:08,031 to landscapers, agronomists, and SS henchmen, 662 00:43:08,051 --> 00:43:12,100 their organizational creativeness was unparalleled. 663 00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:15,120 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 664 00:43:58,231 --> 00:44:01,220 ♪ ("KNOCKIN' ON HEAVEN'S DOOR" BY WYCLEF JEAN PLAYING) ♪ 665 00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:04,040 ♪ If I did it, y'all can do it ♪ 666 00:44:04,060 --> 00:44:06,240 ♪ Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah ♪ 667 00:44:07,021 --> 00:44:10,031 ♪ Mama take these guns Away from here ♪ 668 00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:16,131 ♪ Mama I can't shoot them anymore ♪ 669 00:44:17,240 --> 00:44:19,091 ♪ Ceasefire ♪ 670 00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:24,021 ♪ I feel a dark cloud Comin' over me ♪ 671 00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:26,091 ♪ So poor, so dark ♪ 672 00:44:27,180 --> 00:44:30,171 ♪ Feels like I'm Knocking on the heaven's door ♪ 673 00:44:30,191 --> 00:44:34,021 ♪ To Biggie Smalls and Tupac ♪ 674 00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:36,180 ♪ Knock, knock Knocking on the heaven's door ♪ 675 00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,031 ♪ Hip-Hop ♪ 676 00:44:38,051 --> 00:44:39,231 ♪ To Freaky Tah and Big Heavy ♪ 677 00:44:39,251 --> 00:44:41,021 ♪ Lost boy ♪ 678 00:44:41,040 --> 00:44:43,171 ♪ Knock, knock Knocking on the heaven's door ♪ 679 00:44:43,191 --> 00:44:46,191 ♪ Yeah And to the Princess Aaliyah ♪ 680 00:44:46,211 --> 00:44:51,111 ♪ We're knock, knock, Knocking on the heaven's door ♪ 681 00:44:51,131 --> 00:44:53,071 ♪ To my brother Big Pun ♪ 682 00:44:53,091 --> 00:44:54,131 ♪ Terror Squad ♪ 683 00:44:54,151 --> 00:44:58,051 ♪ We're knock, knock Knocking on the heaven's door ♪ 684 00:44:58,071 --> 00:45:01,131 ♪ Oh Lord, oh Lord ♪ 685 00:45:01,151 --> 00:45:04,180 ♪ Would someone take These guns away from here ♪ 686 00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:07,251 ♪ Take these guns From the street, Lord ♪ 687 00:45:08,031 --> 00:45:11,191 ♪ I can't shoot My brothers anymore ♪ 688 00:45:12,140 --> 00:45:15,091 ♪ I seen a thug cry ♪ 689 00:45:15,111 --> 00:45:19,040 ♪ I feel a dark cloud Coming over me ♪ 690 00:45:19,060 --> 00:45:20,091 ♪ Over me ♪ 691 00:45:20,111 --> 00:45:21,220 ♪ It feels like ♪ 692 00:45:21,240 --> 00:45:25,131 ♪ It feels like I'm knocking On the heaven's door ♪ 693 00:45:25,151 --> 00:45:28,120 ♪ So sing along Street children ♪ 694 00:45:28,140 --> 00:45:31,060 ♪ (SONG CONTINUES INDISTINCTLY) ♪ 695 00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:44,220 (PANTS) 696 00:45:46,171 --> 00:45:47,180 (GRUNTS) 697 00:45:57,111 --> 00:46:01,111 ♪ (SOLEMN MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 698 00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:06,080 RAOUL: It's not knowledge we lack. 699 00:46:16,191 --> 00:46:21,140 Just as educated Frenchmen in the 1950s and 1960s 700 00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:23,240 knew what their troops were up to 701 00:46:24,021 --> 00:46:26,171 in Vietnam and Algeria. 702 00:46:26,191 --> 00:46:30,040 Just as educated Russians in the 1980s 703 00:46:30,060 --> 00:46:33,060 knew what their troops did in Afghanistan. 704 00:46:34,080 --> 00:46:37,160 Just as educated South Africans and Americans, 705 00:46:37,180 --> 00:46:41,031 during the same period, knew what their "auxiliaries" 706 00:46:41,051 --> 00:46:44,071 were doing in Mozambique and Central America, 707 00:46:44,091 --> 00:46:45,171 respectively. 708 00:46:45,191 --> 00:46:50,071 So educated Europeans today know how children die 709 00:46:50,091 --> 00:46:53,080 when the whip of debt and bombs whistle 710 00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:54,171 over poor countries. 711 00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,120 It is not knowledge that is lacking. 712 00:47:00,140 --> 00:47:04,021 Auschwitz is just the modern industrial application 713 00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:07,160 of established extermination methods. 714 00:47:07,180 --> 00:47:11,180 The educated general public has always largely known 715 00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:13,220 what atrocities have been committed 716 00:47:13,240 --> 00:47:16,160 and are being committed in the name of progress, 717 00:47:16,180 --> 00:47:20,200 civilization, socialism, democracy, and the market. 718 00:47:21,191 --> 00:47:24,131 And this for the last thousand years, 719 00:47:24,151 --> 00:47:27,031 since the original Christian Crusades. 720 00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:31,191 No, it's not knowledge that is lacking. 721 00:47:32,220 --> 00:47:35,211 This knowledge could be expressed in general 722 00:47:35,231 --> 00:47:37,140 and in scholarly language. 723 00:47:38,180 --> 00:47:42,160 "Imperialism is a biologically necessary process 724 00:47:42,180 --> 00:47:45,071 that, according to the laws of nature, 725 00:47:45,091 --> 00:47:49,120 leads to the inevitable destruction of the lower races." 726 00:47:52,131 --> 00:47:54,111 Things of that kind could be said. 727 00:47:56,211 --> 00:47:59,251 At all times, it has also been profitable 728 00:48:00,031 --> 00:48:02,200 to deny or suppress such knowledge. 729 00:48:06,071 --> 00:48:09,091 Conrad would have been able to set his story 730 00:48:09,111 --> 00:48:12,080 using any of the peoples of European culture. 731 00:48:12,171 --> 00:48:14,091 (PANTS) 732 00:48:14,111 --> 00:48:15,140 RAOUL: In practice, 733 00:48:15,160 --> 00:48:18,171 the whole of Europe acted according to the maxim, 734 00:48:18,191 --> 00:48:21,140 "exterminate all the brutes." 735 00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:24,160 Officially, it was, of course, denied. 736 00:48:24,180 --> 00:48:27,120 But man to man, everyone knew. 737 00:48:27,140 --> 00:48:30,220 ♪ (DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 738 00:48:31,131 --> 00:48:36,220 (PANTS) 739 00:48:42,151 --> 00:48:43,231 (GRUNTS) 740 00:48:49,160 --> 00:48:53,091 (PANTING CONTINUES) 741 00:48:59,080 --> 00:49:03,031 (PANTS, GRUNTS) 742 00:49:14,131 --> 00:49:19,051 (GRUNTS, PANTS) 743 00:49:23,071 --> 00:49:24,071 No. 744 00:49:28,031 --> 00:49:29,220 (GRUNTS) 745 00:49:36,091 --> 00:49:37,091 (SHOUTS) 746 00:49:39,180 --> 00:49:41,200 (GUN CLICKING) 747 00:49:42,211 --> 00:49:45,021 (GRUNTS, PANTS) 748 00:49:51,160 --> 00:49:55,100 RAOUL: This knowledge is a fundamental prerequisite. 749 00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:58,100 That is why the narrator can tell his story 750 00:49:58,120 --> 00:50:02,111 as he does in Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness. 751 00:50:02,131 --> 00:50:06,120 He has no need to count the crimes Kurtz committed. 752 00:50:06,140 --> 00:50:08,231 He has no need to describe them. 753 00:50:08,251 --> 00:50:11,151 He has no need to produce evidence. 754 00:50:11,171 --> 00:50:13,091 For no one doubted it. 755 00:50:16,051 --> 00:50:17,251 But the way it actually happened, 756 00:50:18,031 --> 00:50:22,120 what it really did to the exterminators and the exterminated, 757 00:50:22,140 --> 00:50:25,111 that was, at most, only implied. 758 00:50:25,131 --> 00:50:27,200 (HELICOPTER BLADES WHIRRING) 759 00:50:30,180 --> 00:50:33,151 And when what had been done in the heart of darkness 760 00:50:33,171 --> 00:50:36,060 was repeated in the heart of Europe, 761 00:50:36,080 --> 00:50:38,111 no one recognized it. 762 00:50:38,131 --> 00:50:41,231 No one wished to admit what everyone knew. 763 00:50:43,211 --> 00:50:45,120 (GROANS) 764 00:50:46,160 --> 00:50:48,021 -(GUNSHOT) -(GROANS) 765 00:50:49,021 --> 00:50:50,100 -(GUNSHOT) -(GROANS) 766 00:50:51,191 --> 00:50:53,171 -(PANTS) -(GRUNTS) 767 00:50:53,191 --> 00:50:56,211 (BOTH GRUNT) 768 00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:04,071 (BOTH GRUNT) 769 00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:10,231 (GRUNTS, PANTS) 770 00:51:24,180 --> 00:51:28,031 (PANTING) 771 00:51:42,021 --> 00:51:45,071 (GASPS, PANTS) 772 00:52:05,180 --> 00:52:07,100 (GUN COCKS) 773 00:52:29,231 --> 00:52:34,220 ♪ ("THE SKY IS CRYING" BY ELMORE JAMES PLAYING) ♪ 774 00:52:38,060 --> 00:52:40,171 ♪ The sky is crying ♪ 775 00:52:42,051 --> 00:52:44,180 ♪ Look at the tears Roll down... ♪ 776 00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:46,171 RAOUL: Everywhere in the world 777 00:52:46,191 --> 00:52:48,220 where knowledge is being suppressed, 778 00:52:48,240 --> 00:52:52,031 knowledge that, if it were made known, 779 00:52:52,051 --> 00:52:54,171 would shatter our image of the world 780 00:52:54,191 --> 00:52:56,231 and force us to question ourselves, 781 00:52:57,160 --> 00:52:59,040 everywhere there, 782 00:52:59,060 --> 00:53:02,021 Heart of Darkness is being enacted. 783 00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:04,211 ♪ (MUSIC CONTINUES) ♪ 784 00:53:06,191 --> 00:53:10,240 ♪ I'm waiting in tears baby ♪ 785 00:53:11,021 --> 00:53:13,151 ♪ Looking for my baby And I wonder ♪ 786 00:53:13,171 --> 00:53:17,120 ♪ Wonder where can he be... ♪ 787 00:53:17,140 --> 00:53:21,220 RAOUL: Black Elk, holy man of the Oglala Lakota people, 788 00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:24,180 said after the Wounded Knee Massacre, 789 00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,200 "I didn't know then how much was ended. 790 00:53:27,220 --> 00:53:32,120 When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, 791 00:53:32,140 --> 00:53:35,131 I can still see the butchered women and children 792 00:53:35,151 --> 00:53:39,080 lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch, 793 00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:43,031 as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young." 794 00:53:43,051 --> 00:53:46,120 ♪ On down On down the street... ♪ 795 00:53:46,140 --> 00:53:49,111 RAOUL: "And I can see that something else died there 796 00:53:49,131 --> 00:53:52,200 in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. 797 00:53:55,080 --> 00:53:57,140 A people's dream died there. 798 00:53:58,180 --> 00:54:00,040 It was a beautiful dream. 799 00:54:01,071 --> 00:54:05,251 The nation's circle is broken and scattered. 800 00:54:06,031 --> 00:54:11,220 There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead." 801 00:54:14,131 --> 00:54:16,131 (GUNSHOTS) 802 00:54:16,151 --> 00:54:18,231 RAOUL: A people's dream died there. 803 00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:24,091 (GUNSHOTS) 804 00:54:42,191 --> 00:54:45,091 (DISTORTED BREATHS) 805 00:54:58,211 --> 00:55:02,051 (PANTS) 806 00:55:36,040 --> 00:55:39,080 (INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER) 807 00:55:39,220 --> 00:55:41,251 (BELL TOLLING) 808 00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:44,211 (LAUGHTER) 809 00:55:44,231 --> 00:55:48,021 ♪ (WOMAN SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE) ♪ 810 00:55:50,021 --> 00:55:53,051 ♪ (OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYING) ♪ 811 00:56:52,100 --> 00:56:55,180 (CROWD CHANTING) 812 00:56:57,080 --> 00:56:59,071 PROTESTOR 1: No justice, no peace! 813 00:57:00,180 --> 00:57:02,220 PROTESTERS: Do not let our planet die! 814 00:57:04,131 --> 00:57:05,220 Do not let our planet die! 815 00:57:05,240 --> 00:57:08,140 GRETA THUNBERG: We still haven't seen anything yet. 816 00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:11,140 This is only the beginning of the beginning. 817 00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:14,151 (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 818 00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:19,171 PROTESTERS: We are all together! We are all here! 819 00:57:21,151 --> 00:57:25,021 (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 820 00:57:26,111 --> 00:57:29,171 (CROWD CHEERING) 821 00:57:35,100 --> 00:57:37,220 RAOUL: No, it's not knowledge we lack. 822 00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:52,021 ♪ (SINGERS VOCALIZING) ♪