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Leonardo DiCaprio:
Over the last 250 years
we have, in effect,

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conducted the largest
science experiment in history.

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Since the advent of
the Industrial Revolution,

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we have burned over
1.4 trillion tons of carbon

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into the atmosphere.

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It has changed life on earth
as we know it,

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especially in the Arctic.

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The melting of the world's
snow and ice

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has now triggered multiple
climate tipping points,

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threatening the very existence
of life on earth.

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Yet this disturbing future
need not be set in stone.

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We have long had alternatives
to fossil fuels.

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But more recently,
we have actually discovered

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how to pull carbon
out of the atmosphere,

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giving us a chance at reversing
climate disruption.

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If we are able to reverse
climate change in time,

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it would be an unprecedented
achievement in human history.

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But the clock is ticking.

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Scientists say we must
implement these solutions
immediately.

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At this critical turning point,
we must give a voice

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to the impartial experts
who have presented us

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with the facts they have spent
a lifetime to uncover.

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It is their time to be heard.

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They are the scientists,
researchers and innovators

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who have found the solutions

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to preserve the very life
of our shared world.

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Jennifer Frances Morse:
There is a couple
different projects

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that require manual sampling.

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So one of them
is the long-term CO2 record.

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And the way it's set up,
you still need a person

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to come physically take
the sample every Tuesday.

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I'm the person
that gets to go in the Sno-Cat

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to take the measurements.

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We want to keep that
long-term record going

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the way
it's always been taken.

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DiCaprio:
Monitoring and tracking what
we're doing to our atmosphere

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is a serious
and difficult endeavor.

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For the last 50 years,

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dedicated researchers
from around the world

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travel weekly
to the same locations,

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taking samples
of greenhouse gases

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that cause climate disruption.

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So we're at about 11 and a half
thousand feet at Niwot Ridge

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in the front range
of the Rocky Mountains
in Colorado.

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And this is NOAA's long-term
CO2 sampling site here.

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It's the third longest
in the world.

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So, these are the flasks
that we're gonna use

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to collect our sample,
made out of glass.

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And after we're done today
filling them with air, we'll
ski 'em down to our office,

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and then we'll take them down
to NOAA's office in Boulder
where they get analyzed

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along with similar flasks
from all over the world.

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The reason we do it up here

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and a lot of the sampling sites
are high up in the atmosphere

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is the air up here
is well mixed

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so you're getting a good sample
of the whole atmosphere.

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There's the little inlet
on the roof.

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When I turn on the pump,

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it's gonna suck the air
into these flasks.

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This is actually the whole...

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carbon cycle
and greenhouse gases,

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and CO2 and methane
are the big ones.

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When they took the first sample
in 1968,

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it measured
322 parts per million.

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And now we don't know what
this sample's gonna measure yet,

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but it's probably
gonna be around 408.

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So, it's a little bit
of an increase.

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And now I'm just
putting everything away

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and getting it ready
for next week's sample.

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Patricia Lang:
One of NOAA's missions
since its inception

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was to measure carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere

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and other gases
that affect the carbon cycle.

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Two samples
are collected every week

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from around the globe.

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So we're looking to see how
these gases change with time.

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And the way to do that is
to continuously collect samples.

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Currently, we have
about 60 locations.

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Most of the samples
are collected in remote areas

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away from population centers.

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And we measure them
on this set of instruments

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for six gases
that affect the carbon cycle.

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Those gases are carbon dioxide,
methane, carbon monoxide,

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molecular hydrogen,
nitrous oxide

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and sulfur hexafluoride.

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This system runs five days
and five nights a week,

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24 hours a day.

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So what I'm doing right now

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is putting the air samples
on the manifold

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and start the measurements.

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And then I can walk away.

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Pieter Tans:
I lead NOAA's Global Greenhouse
Gas Reference Network.

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The aim of the Global
Greenhouse Gas Reference Network

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is to provide data
that are fully calibrated,

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carefully quality controlled
and documented.

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Data that will still be
fully credible

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a hundred years from now
and longer,

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so that as climate change
is happening now

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and in the future
over the earth,

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there will be information
for scientists

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that they
can really trust

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so that they can diagnose
what actually happened

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and how climate change
actually happens, how it works.

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So modern CO2 measurements

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were initiated by Dave Keeling,

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a description situation
of oceanography.

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Around 1956, he started
measuring along the west coast.

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He saw that during
mid-afternoon wherever he was,

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he found pretty much the same
concentration everywhere.

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And so it got into his head
the idea that maybe

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there's something
that we can call

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a background concentration.

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He started
continuous measurements then

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at Mauna Loa Island
of Hawaii

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and on the coast of Antarctica.

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The last ice age
at the end of that glaciation

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from 20,000
to 11,000 years ago,

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CO2 increased by about 80 ppm

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from 200 to 280, roughly.

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It was very slow.

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It took 6,000 years for CO2
to climb the 80 ppm.

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Six thousand years!

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In pre-industrial times,

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so before 1850,

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CO2 was close to 280 ppm.

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And now of course
we see 2 ppm per year.

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That increase was due 100%
to human activities.

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The spike that we now see,

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compared to most
geologic history,

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I call it an explosion.

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( sighs ) It's...

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It's like instantaneous
in geologic time scale.

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DiCaprio:
Carbon has increased
dramatically

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since
the Industrial Revolution.

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But what does that
actually mean for all of us?

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What we have learned
is that excess carbon

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creates climate disruption.

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It changes the weather patterns
and life support systems

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upon which society
depends to survive.

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Thom Hartmann:
We have always known

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that there's a toxicity
associated with fossil fuels,

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but we'd always thought that
it was basically a toxicity

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that would affect humans,

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you know,
or other individual life forms.

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It's really only in the--

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within my lifetime certainly

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that it has become
frighteningly apparent

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that the accumulation
of carbon in the atmosphere

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has caused it to warm up.

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This greenhouse effect,
this toxicity,

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impacts the life systems
of the planet as a whole.

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And, you know, once I got that
back in the mid-90s,

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I had to start talking about it

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and we've been
talking about it ever since.

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Dr. Michael Mann:
When we talk about
dangerous planetary warming,

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we're referring to something
akin to a two degree Celsius,

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that's about three and a half
degree Fahrenheit

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warming of the planet relative
to pre-industrial times.

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That is where we start to see
some of the worst

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and potentially irreversible
impacts of climate change:

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substantial melting
of the ice sheets

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and associated substantial rise
in sea level,

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permanent droughts
in mid-latitudes,

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and the list goes on.

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Well, catastrophic would be
we melt the major ice sheets,

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the Greenland ice sheet
and the West Antarctic ice sheet

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as all the major coastal cities
of the world are flooded.

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You've got less land.

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You've got
environmental refugees,

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some people
leaving those regions.

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People leaving the tropics
because it's getting too hot

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for human habitation.

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It's getting too hot
for agriculture.

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Crops in the tropics
will decrease dramatically

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in their productivity.

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In short, you're looking
at a world with less land,

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less food, less water
and more people.

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And that's a recipe for
a national security disaster.

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Jim White:
I work on the carbon cycle,

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tasks that I've taken on
for more than 30 years

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and truth be told,
I figured

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we would have done something
about this 20 years ago

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and I could be off
doing something else,

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but I'm still doing
what I'm doing.

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If you think about
the relationship

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between carbon dioxide
and sea level,

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there's a couple of interesting
points in that relationship.

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One of them is when CO2
goes up to roughly
400 parts per million.

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That is warm enough that we
melt off chunks of Antarctica,

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chunks of Greenland.

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And those chunks
are the chunks that are

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what we call marine base.

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So the base of the ice sheet
in West Antarctica

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is below sea level because
it's pinned to the sediments.

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And once it starts to melt,

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it's one of these
freight trains.

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We don't know how this thing
is gonna stop.

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And we're dangerously
at that point right now.

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The other threshold
is somewhere around

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six to seven hundred
parts per million CO2.

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That's warm enough
that there is no more ice,

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land ice on the planet.

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And you have about
80 meters higher sea level.

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We are on our way

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to six, seven hundred
parts per million.

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But I think that's one of those
interesting threshold moments

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in our relationship
with the planet where,

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are we gonna push
the climate system

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so far out of balance

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that we threaten the melting
of all land ice?

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Guomundur Ingi Guobrandsson:
Yeah, it has changed.

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Icelandic nature
is experiencing change

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because of climate change.

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This is quite visible in
the south coast, for example.

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Our largest glacier,
Glacier Vatnajokull

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or Water Glacier
if you translate it directly,

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has also retreated quite a lot.

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There is one
very interesting observation

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that everybody noticed when
they drive the south coast now

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and that is that they drive over
the longest bridge in Iceland,

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almost one kilometer in length,

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and there is
almost no water under it.

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So you think, OK,
why building such a big bridge

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for almost no water?

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Well, this is
just climate change.

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The river changed its course

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is because of the retreat
of the glacier.

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So now we have
this sort of monument,

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a symbolic thing of the past.

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DiCaprio:
The Arctic is a profoundly
different place right now.

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In the Arctic,
the impacts of climate change

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are the most extreme.

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What scientists are finding is
that what happens in the Arctic

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has major impacts
for the rest of the planet.

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Catherine Lund Myhre:
I am working with measuring
greenhouse gases

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at the Arctic location

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and understanding how
the greenhouse gases

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are changing over time.

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I am concerned about
the increase of temperature
in the Arctic

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and the impact this might have
on all the Arctic systems.

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But what I think is extremely
important to be aware of

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is that with the
sea ice reduction we have now

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and all the other changes,

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you might change
the whole weather system,

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and this has global impact.

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We know that the changes
that we see in Arctic

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does not only stay
in the Arctic.

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Peter Wadhams:
Yeah, I've been
working on sea ice

249
00:15:32,669 --> 00:15:34,377
the last 50 years
pretty much.

250
00:15:34,460 --> 00:15:39,001
And the whole Arctic has changed
so much in that time.

251
00:15:39,085 --> 00:15:43,418
Loss of ice, loss of not only
a loss of area of ice,

252
00:15:43,502 --> 00:15:45,043
but the loss of the appearance

253
00:15:45,126 --> 00:15:47,919
of the great ice fields
of the past

254
00:15:48,001 --> 00:15:51,377
with huge pressure ridges
and very, very thick ice.

255
00:15:51,460 --> 00:15:55,794
Really dramatic ice scenery
has all gone.

256
00:15:58,168 --> 00:16:01,043
Last month I was up
in the Barents Sea

257
00:16:01,126 --> 00:16:03,377
on a research cruise
in a region where

258
00:16:03,460 --> 00:16:06,335
normally you would have
quite a lot of multiyear ice.

259
00:16:06,418 --> 00:16:08,210
We couldn't find
any multiyear ice.

260
00:16:15,210 --> 00:16:19,460
So the ice was all very thin,
30 centimeters thick.

261
00:16:19,543 --> 00:16:22,794
The Arctic Ocean is no longer
a continent of ice

262
00:16:22,877 --> 00:16:25,627
but something that becomes
just water in summer.

263
00:16:25,710 --> 00:16:31,043
There is a real, a huge loss
as far as beauty is concerned,

264
00:16:31,126 --> 00:16:36,085
but also as far as the physics
of how the planet operates.

265
00:16:36,168 --> 00:16:38,960
The ice is disappearing
because the climate's warming,

266
00:16:39,043 --> 00:16:41,293
that's pretty obvious
that will happen,

267
00:16:41,377 --> 00:16:43,669
but there's much more to it
than that,

268
00:16:43,752 --> 00:16:45,585
because in fact
you have

269
00:16:45,669 --> 00:16:48,001
many other
feedback mechanisms going on

270
00:16:48,085 --> 00:16:50,126
which cause the effects
on the planet

271
00:16:50,210 --> 00:16:53,585
to be far worse than just
the retreat of the ice.

272
00:16:56,377 --> 00:16:57,877
So the Arctic's warming up

273
00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,919
three times faster
than the rest of the world

274
00:17:00,001 --> 00:17:01,418
and the temperature difference

275
00:17:01,502 --> 00:17:03,877
between the Arctic
and lower latitudes

276
00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:06,210
is getting less,
and that means

277
00:17:06,293 --> 00:17:09,335
that the jet stream
is getting to be weaker.

278
00:17:09,418 --> 00:17:10,877
And as it gets weaker,

279
00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:13,335
it goes from being
almost a straight line

280
00:17:13,418 --> 00:17:19,085
to becoming big lobes
reaching up north and south.

281
00:17:19,168 --> 00:17:20,919
And with it,
when you have a lobe like that,

282
00:17:21,001 --> 00:17:23,251
it means that polar air
can come down

283
00:17:23,335 --> 00:17:27,543
to lower latitudes than it
normally reaches in one sector,

284
00:17:27,627 --> 00:17:30,085
and then in the sector
to the east or west of it,

285
00:17:30,168 --> 00:17:32,669
you've got warm air
going up north

286
00:17:32,752 --> 00:17:34,293
further than it should do.

287
00:17:34,377 --> 00:17:36,710
So you're getting
bizarre weather extremes

288
00:17:36,794 --> 00:17:39,043
which of course everybody's
been commenting on.

289
00:17:39,126 --> 00:17:40,835
The trouble is where
these air masses

290
00:17:40,919 --> 00:17:43,877
are causing
such extreme changes

291
00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:45,669
happens to be the latitudes

292
00:17:45,752 --> 00:17:48,835
at which you have
the maximum food production.

293
00:17:48,919 --> 00:17:50,919
Suddenly our ability
to feed everyone

294
00:17:51,001 --> 00:17:54,835
is being affected
by these polar changes.

295
00:17:56,710 --> 00:17:58,710
You can't take
that amount of ice away

296
00:17:58,794 --> 00:18:01,460
without affecting
so many other things.

297
00:18:13,085 --> 00:18:17,126
DiCaprio:
The impact of our actions
are starting to hit home.

298
00:18:17,210 --> 00:18:19,919
Scientists' predictions
are now coming true

299
00:18:20,001 --> 00:18:21,669
sooner than expected.

300
00:18:21,752 --> 00:18:25,251
We are tragically suffering
through severe storms,

301
00:18:25,335 --> 00:18:28,001
droughts, floods and fires

302
00:18:28,085 --> 00:18:31,043
that are progressively becoming
more intense

303
00:18:31,126 --> 00:18:32,502
and more unpredictable.

304
00:19:16,627 --> 00:19:19,752
Elizabeth Brown:
Fires started
almost simultaneously

305
00:19:19,835 --> 00:19:21,669
in multiple places.

306
00:19:23,502 --> 00:19:27,168
Over 7,000 structures
were destroyed

307
00:19:27,251 --> 00:19:29,293
and about 3,000 homes.

308
00:19:29,377 --> 00:19:32,418
I think at the height
in the early days of the fire,

309
00:19:32,502 --> 00:19:37,919
maybe about 100,000 people
were evacuated.

310
00:19:38,001 --> 00:19:41,418
It's a collective trauma.

311
00:19:43,627 --> 00:19:46,585
Fire Chief Tony Gossner:
Sounded like a war zone,
looked like a war zone.

312
00:19:46,669 --> 00:19:49,460
They talk about
the Hanley Fire,
it took a day to get here.

313
00:19:49,543 --> 00:19:52,335
It burned about
the same footprint,
but it took about a day.

314
00:19:52,418 --> 00:19:54,794
It burned less than
200 structures.

315
00:19:54,877 --> 00:19:56,460
This fire started at night,

316
00:19:56,543 --> 00:19:59,251
made it to Santa Rosa in four,
four and a half hours,

317
00:19:59,335 --> 00:20:02,126
and there's no comparison
other than the footprint.

318
00:20:02,210 --> 00:20:03,585
Cal Fire
Incident Management Team

319
00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:06,251
came here
to help run this incident

320
00:20:06,335 --> 00:20:07,960
and he just shook his head
and said,

321
00:20:08,043 --> 00:20:09,627
"Man, I've never seen
anything like this.

322
00:20:09,710 --> 00:20:11,835
I've been doing this
a long time."

323
00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:14,919
So that's not
terribly comforting,

324
00:20:15,001 --> 00:20:18,877
but that's where we're at
right now.

325
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:20,460
If we keep having
these wind events,

326
00:20:20,543 --> 00:20:21,960
how do we protect our citizens?

327
00:20:22,043 --> 00:20:23,877
How do we protect
our infrastructure?

328
00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:25,627
What are the things
that we can do

329
00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:28,543
to make it as good as possible?

330
00:20:28,627 --> 00:20:31,877
We've been through four,
five years of drought.

331
00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:35,001
That drought stresses
all the brush, all the trees.

332
00:20:35,085 --> 00:20:39,377
And the winds at Geyser Peak
on one of the weather station

333
00:20:39,460 --> 00:20:42,710
was clocked at
108 miles an hour.

334
00:20:42,794 --> 00:20:44,543
And I don't know what you do
with those kinds of winds.

335
00:20:44,627 --> 00:20:47,043
When something catches on fire,

336
00:20:47,126 --> 00:20:50,043
it's all you can do to try
to figure out where it's going

337
00:20:50,126 --> 00:20:51,752
and how fast
it's gonna get there.

338
00:20:55,168 --> 00:20:56,835
I never would have thought
a fire

339
00:20:56,919 --> 00:21:00,085
would come out of the hills
and run the flats in Santa Rosa.

340
00:21:00,168 --> 00:21:01,168
I really didn't.

341
00:21:03,168 --> 00:21:04,710
Cars were being flipped over.

342
00:21:04,794 --> 00:21:09,377
There were shoebox chunks
of, you know, embers

343
00:21:09,460 --> 00:21:12,794
that were being carried
well ahead of the fire.

344
00:21:12,877 --> 00:21:14,627
You'll see there's some trees

345
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:16,669
where all the limbs are just,
they're snapped off.

346
00:21:16,752 --> 00:21:18,960
They're not burned off,
they're snapped off.

347
00:21:21,502 --> 00:21:24,794
Brown:
These natural disasters
are so common now

348
00:21:24,877 --> 00:21:28,251
that people know it's gonna
happen to their community.

349
00:21:28,335 --> 00:21:32,752
It's not like a matter of if,
but when.

350
00:21:32,835 --> 00:21:36,043
It is a wake-up call
to everyone

351
00:21:36,126 --> 00:21:38,627
that climate change is here

352
00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:41,418
and that you need
to plan for it.

353
00:21:47,251 --> 00:21:52,418
DiCaprio:
Climate disruption is causing
a rise in extinctions today,

354
00:21:52,502 --> 00:21:55,710
but this isn't the first time.

355
00:21:55,794 --> 00:21:59,543
Scientists studying
geological records have shown

356
00:21:59,627 --> 00:22:03,168
there is a connection
between spikes in carbon

357
00:22:03,251 --> 00:22:06,335
and the past five
mass extinctions.

358
00:22:08,335 --> 00:22:10,251
There is a natural law

359
00:22:10,335 --> 00:22:15,126
that the carbon cycle
affects the fabric of life.

360
00:22:15,210 --> 00:22:18,752
Every time there has been
a massive increase in carbon,

361
00:22:18,835 --> 00:22:24,251
the web of life weakens
and sometimes collapses.

362
00:22:30,001 --> 00:22:34,752
Daniel Rothman:
I've been working on the way
in which the carbon cycle

363
00:22:34,835 --> 00:22:38,168
is associated with the
occurrence of mass extinctions

364
00:22:38,251 --> 00:22:42,919
and whether the carbon cycle
can undergo instabilities
associated with them.

365
00:22:44,585 --> 00:22:47,502
So the carbon cycle
is where life

366
00:22:47,585 --> 00:22:49,710
and the environment interact.

367
00:22:49,794 --> 00:22:53,335
You can think of it
as one grand loop
between photosynthesis,

368
00:22:53,418 --> 00:22:57,335
which is a process
that takes carbon dioxide
out of the atmosphere

369
00:22:57,418 --> 00:23:02,710
and converts it to oxygen
and plant matter
or organic carbon.

370
00:23:02,794 --> 00:23:05,752
And then the back reaction
of the loop we call respiration

371
00:23:05,835 --> 00:23:11,126
which is the process via which
we convert that plant matter
to carbon dioxide.

372
00:23:13,126 --> 00:23:15,877
The grand loop of
the carbon cycle takes about

373
00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:19,960
a hundred gigaton of carbon
out of the atmosphere
and oceans every year

374
00:23:20,043 --> 00:23:21,877
and it returns it each year.

375
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:23,710
So this is
a hundred gigatons out

376
00:23:23,794 --> 00:23:26,210
and a hundred gigatons back in.

377
00:23:26,293 --> 00:23:30,835
But what we're contributing
is on the order of about 8%
from fossil fuel burning.

378
00:23:30,919 --> 00:23:36,085
It's an 8% increase
compared to what is normally
going back and forth in a year.

379
00:23:36,168 --> 00:23:40,502
It turns out to be
more than what volcanoes
are putting into the system.

380
00:23:52,752 --> 00:23:56,752
Janine Benyus:
The planet is constantly
in the process

381
00:23:56,835 --> 00:24:00,210
of rebalancing its cycles,
like its water cycle

382
00:24:00,293 --> 00:24:02,418
and its nitrogen cycle
and its carbon cycle.

383
00:24:02,502 --> 00:24:06,001
You've gotta think of it
as it's in constant flow.

384
00:24:06,085 --> 00:24:09,168
And part of the planet's
doing that, you know,

385
00:24:09,251 --> 00:24:14,710
was to take all the carbon
that was in the dinosaurs
and land plants

386
00:24:14,794 --> 00:24:20,585
and press that into
eventually oil and fossil fuels.

387
00:24:20,669 --> 00:24:23,585
Over long periods of time
it was sequestered

388
00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:26,794
and we're a young species.

389
00:24:26,877 --> 00:24:31,126
And we were curious
and we dug up the carbon

390
00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,710
that had been sequestered
by the earth.

391
00:24:34,794 --> 00:24:38,460
And we burned it,
not knowing it was like

392
00:24:38,543 --> 00:24:43,001
burning furniture in a house
with its windows closed.

393
00:24:44,210 --> 00:24:45,627
So what's happened

394
00:24:45,710 --> 00:24:48,543
is that the planet
is reeling from that.

395
00:24:48,627 --> 00:24:52,960
There's an excess of carbon
up in the atmosphere.

396
00:24:53,043 --> 00:24:58,043
What it's doing is causing
the living conditions

397
00:24:58,126 --> 00:25:01,835
here on earth
to go out of balance.

398
00:25:01,919 --> 00:25:05,877
So as a biologist,
when I look at climate change,

399
00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:11,210
yes, I look at rising seas
and melting polar caps.

400
00:25:11,293 --> 00:25:13,335
Those are evidence for me.

401
00:25:13,418 --> 00:25:18,752
But when we begin to look at
what's happening

402
00:25:18,835 --> 00:25:24,168
to the biological organisms in
response to the warming trends,

403
00:25:24,251 --> 00:25:26,460
they are already on the move.

404
00:25:26,543 --> 00:25:31,001
They're moving towards
the poles to get cooler.

405
00:25:31,085 --> 00:25:35,168
They're moving from
the lower mountains
up in elevation,

406
00:25:35,251 --> 00:25:38,835
meaning their ranges
are moving.

407
00:25:38,919 --> 00:25:43,001
They also sometimes move
without their helpers.

408
00:25:43,085 --> 00:25:46,126
A plant will move north and its
pollinator won't make it.

409
00:25:46,210 --> 00:25:49,210
This is called in our
bloodless language of science,

410
00:25:49,293 --> 00:25:52,835
it's called
ecological disruptions.

411
00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,126
So for me, if we change
the very conditions

412
00:25:58,210 --> 00:26:01,210
that gave rise to all of this,

413
00:26:01,293 --> 00:26:05,794
and to us, we--

414
00:26:06,835 --> 00:26:08,460
It's gonna get crazy.

415
00:26:11,627 --> 00:26:13,710
Rothman:
When the carbon cycle
is unstable,

416
00:26:13,794 --> 00:26:18,293
it moves into a realm
that we don't understand.

417
00:26:18,377 --> 00:26:21,210
Going back to geologic time
is that occasionally

418
00:26:21,293 --> 00:26:25,043
there are these essentially
bursts within the carbon cycle

419
00:26:25,126 --> 00:26:26,960
in which things change.

420
00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:31,418
One of them
which is widely known

421
00:26:31,502 --> 00:26:34,251
as the Paleocene Eocene
Thermal Maxima

422
00:26:34,335 --> 00:26:36,168
55 million years ago.

423
00:26:38,293 --> 00:26:41,335
And others
which are decidedly worse.

424
00:26:41,418 --> 00:26:43,085
They're destructive
or catastrophic events.

425
00:26:43,168 --> 00:26:44,710
They're mass extinctions.

426
00:26:44,794 --> 00:26:47,377
The worst of them known as
the Permian Extinction.

427
00:26:50,794 --> 00:26:52,293
So that's the historical record

428
00:26:52,377 --> 00:26:54,210
but what we're doing
to the carbon cycle now

429
00:26:54,293 --> 00:26:55,919
is another kind of problem

430
00:26:56,001 --> 00:26:58,168
because now we know
what's going on.

431
00:26:58,251 --> 00:27:02,543
We know that we have been adding
carbon dioxide

432
00:27:02,627 --> 00:27:04,418
as a consequence
of fossil fuels.

433
00:27:04,502 --> 00:27:06,752
And then the question is,
does that risk

434
00:27:06,835 --> 00:27:09,794
engendering the kind of bursts
that we've seen in the past

435
00:27:09,877 --> 00:27:11,293
that could create
what I would call

436
00:27:11,377 --> 00:27:14,085
an instability
in the carbon cycle?

437
00:27:14,168 --> 00:27:16,877
That is one
in which small changes

438
00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:18,794
become bigger changes.

439
00:27:18,877 --> 00:27:22,543
That's a precise scientists'
definition of catastrophe.

440
00:27:24,043 --> 00:27:26,293
When you get down
to the individual level,

441
00:27:26,377 --> 00:27:29,085
losing one's home to a flood
is a catastrophe.

442
00:28:50,293 --> 00:28:52,168
Mann:
We can still avoid

443
00:28:52,251 --> 00:28:54,710
breaching that dangerous limit
of two degrees,

444
00:28:54,794 --> 00:28:56,210
but if you do the math,

445
00:28:56,293 --> 00:28:58,919
with each passing year
of relative inaction,

446
00:28:59,001 --> 00:29:01,001
it's getting
more and more difficult

447
00:29:01,085 --> 00:29:03,126
to limit our carbon emissions

448
00:29:03,210 --> 00:29:06,752
and remain under
two degrees Celsius warming.

449
00:30:16,752 --> 00:30:20,502
DiCaprio:
We know we have put too much
carbon into the atmosphere.

450
00:30:20,585 --> 00:30:23,210
But how much is too much?

451
00:30:23,293 --> 00:30:26,293
Scientists have figured out
what that amount is

452
00:30:26,377 --> 00:30:28,460
and have created
a carbon budget

453
00:30:28,543 --> 00:30:32,293
that will create
a margin for life.

454
00:30:32,377 --> 00:30:35,126
This budget tells us
where we are now,

455
00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:37,377
how much more carbon
we can burn

456
00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:39,669
and how much
needs to be removed

457
00:30:39,752 --> 00:30:44,085
in order to sustain life
on earth as we know it.

458
00:30:47,752 --> 00:30:49,460
Ottmar Edenhofer:
I would say the major challenge

459
00:30:49,543 --> 00:30:52,543
is indeed
dangerous climate change.

460
00:30:52,627 --> 00:30:56,752
And if we want to avoid
dangerous climate change,

461
00:30:56,835 --> 00:31:00,001
well, then we have to accept
that the atmosphere

462
00:31:00,085 --> 00:31:03,293
is for humankind
a limiting disposal space.

463
00:31:03,377 --> 00:31:08,335
So roughly we can emit
800 gigatons CO2

464
00:31:08,418 --> 00:31:11,710
into the atmosphere in this
limiting disposal space.

465
00:31:11,794 --> 00:31:15,502
And if you take into account
that over the last five years

466
00:31:15,585 --> 00:31:18,377
we have already used
200 gigatons,

467
00:31:18,460 --> 00:31:22,335
so this basically means
that over the next two decades

468
00:31:22,418 --> 00:31:26,543
we have exhausted
the limiting disposal space.

469
00:31:26,627 --> 00:31:29,543
So in Paris
it was very important

470
00:31:29,627 --> 00:31:32,377
that the whole world
and the whole world leaders

471
00:31:32,460 --> 00:31:36,043
agreed on limiting
temperature increase

472
00:31:36,126 --> 00:31:37,877
to well below two degrees.

473
00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:40,210
So that's
the kind of safeguard line

474
00:31:40,293 --> 00:31:41,669
and it's very important that

475
00:31:41,752 --> 00:31:44,460
more than a hundred nations
stand behind it.

476
00:31:44,543 --> 00:31:47,251
So imagine the volume
that is in this ball.

477
00:31:47,335 --> 00:31:49,960
That's a kind of symbol
for the CO2

478
00:31:50,043 --> 00:31:54,251
that is still in the ground
in terms of coal

479
00:31:54,335 --> 00:31:56,877
or in the form of oil and gas.

480
00:31:56,960 --> 00:31:59,835
So this is the amount of carbon.

481
00:31:59,919 --> 00:32:03,126
And if we want
to limit the temperature

482
00:32:03,210 --> 00:32:06,335
to two degrees globally,
we may only emit

483
00:32:06,418 --> 00:32:10,293
this little amount of carbon
into the atmosphere.

484
00:32:10,377 --> 00:32:13,627
And to see that we have
a lot more of carbon

485
00:32:13,710 --> 00:32:17,502
still stored in the ground that
we can emit in the atmosphere

486
00:32:17,585 --> 00:32:20,585
when we want to limit
the temperature to two degrees.

487
00:32:20,669 --> 00:32:23,377
So therefore the question is,
how does it fit together?

488
00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:26,126
So, now for the next 20 years,

489
00:32:26,210 --> 00:32:28,585
this is an enormous
important time span

490
00:32:28,669 --> 00:32:30,627
to transform our economies,

491
00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:34,168
to decouple economic growth
from emission growth.

492
00:32:34,251 --> 00:32:38,377
And by middle of the century,
we need zero emissions,

493
00:32:38,460 --> 00:32:43,460
and after 2050 you need
even negative emissions.

494
00:32:43,543 --> 00:32:46,960
The carbon clock
is just informing people
where we are now.

495
00:32:47,043 --> 00:32:50,251
What is the pathway
how we exhaust

496
00:32:50,335 --> 00:32:53,794
the limiting disposal space
of the atmosphere.

497
00:32:53,877 --> 00:32:56,585
And this is a huge challenge
for humankind.

498
00:33:08,001 --> 00:33:11,293
DiCaprio:
Science tells us that
our current climate crisis

499
00:33:11,377 --> 00:33:14,001
is a problem we've created.

500
00:33:14,085 --> 00:33:17,085
But it is also a problem
we can fix.

501
00:33:17,168 --> 00:33:20,960
Not only do we need
to stop emitting carbon
at the current levels

502
00:33:21,043 --> 00:33:23,377
by switching
to renewable energy,

503
00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:28,627
but it is also critical to pull
carbon out of the atmosphere.

504
00:33:28,710 --> 00:33:34,168
Climate change can be reversed
if we act now.

505
00:33:34,251 --> 00:33:37,335
Recently researchers have
figured out what solutions

506
00:33:37,418 --> 00:33:42,460
can draw carbon down,
getting us back to
pre-industrial levels.

507
00:33:45,585 --> 00:33:48,710
Paul Hawken:
There's only two things you
can do about the atmosphere.

508
00:33:48,794 --> 00:33:51,543
You can either stop putting
greenhouse gases up there

509
00:33:51,627 --> 00:33:54,543
or you can bring CO2 back down.
That's it.

510
00:33:54,627 --> 00:33:56,835
And you can do the first one
by conservation,

511
00:33:56,919 --> 00:33:59,460
energy efficiency
and clean energy.

512
00:33:59,543 --> 00:34:02,085
And the second one through
photosynthesis,

513
00:34:02,168 --> 00:34:06,919
whether it's on land, on farms,
on forests, phytoplankton,

514
00:34:07,001 --> 00:34:09,710
kelp in the oceans; there's only
two things you can do.

515
00:34:09,794 --> 00:34:12,752
So that actually
sorts it pretty simply.

516
00:34:12,835 --> 00:34:17,043
And in the past what has
been done in terms of solutions

517
00:34:17,126 --> 00:34:19,377
is that it's focused on energy.

518
00:34:19,460 --> 00:34:21,335
Energy, energy, energy.

519
00:34:21,418 --> 00:34:23,377
And the reason for that
is understandable.

520
00:34:23,460 --> 00:34:25,168
So it makes perfect sense
to say,

521
00:34:25,251 --> 00:34:28,460
"Well, let's stop putting
that CO2 up there,"

522
00:34:28,543 --> 00:34:32,043
excepting that in the process
of emphasizing clean energy,

523
00:34:32,126 --> 00:34:34,669
renewable energy, solar,
wind, et cetera,

524
00:34:34,752 --> 00:34:39,293
it's sort of occluded
the rest of the solutions.

525
00:34:48,335 --> 00:34:50,335
The purpose of Drawdown
is to see

526
00:34:50,418 --> 00:34:54,085
if the 80 solutions
that we had modeled

527
00:34:54,168 --> 00:34:58,043
would scale to the point where
we could reverse global warming

528
00:34:58,126 --> 00:34:59,877
within 30 years,

529
00:34:59,960 --> 00:35:02,669
going from reduce to reverse.

530
00:35:02,752 --> 00:35:04,335
The bend the carbon curve,

531
00:35:04,418 --> 00:35:07,377
what Drawdown shows,
is that we have choices.

532
00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:12,669
And that if we increase
the rate that we're scaling
some of the solutions,

533
00:35:12,752 --> 00:35:15,794
then we could achieve Drawdown
at 2050.

534
00:35:17,585 --> 00:35:20,585
And if you say
the odds are long,

535
00:35:20,669 --> 00:35:22,960
I agree, they're long odds.

536
00:35:23,043 --> 00:35:24,960
I'll take 'em.

537
00:35:53,502 --> 00:35:55,293
Linwood Gill:
My name is Linwood Gill.

538
00:35:55,377 --> 00:35:58,877
I'm the Chief Forester for the
Usal Redwood Forest Company.

539
00:36:00,210 --> 00:36:03,627
Usal Redwood Forest
is a community forest,

540
00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:07,210
it's owned by a non-profit,
the Redwood Forest Foundation.

541
00:36:07,293 --> 00:36:09,418
It's a 50,000 acre forest

542
00:36:09,502 --> 00:36:13,460
which is dedicated
to managing the forest

543
00:36:13,543 --> 00:36:15,043
on a long-term basis

544
00:36:15,126 --> 00:36:17,502
for the economic stability
of the community,

545
00:36:17,585 --> 00:36:20,752
as well as restoring
the forest habitat,

546
00:36:20,835 --> 00:36:23,335
restoring the fish habitat,

547
00:36:23,418 --> 00:36:25,669
and also for
sequestering carbon.

548
00:36:25,752 --> 00:36:31,669
And carbon sequestration
is a main part of our
operations right now.

549
00:36:31,752 --> 00:36:34,335
Carbon sequestration
is an important part

550
00:36:34,418 --> 00:36:37,001
of combatting climate change.

551
00:36:37,085 --> 00:36:41,168
The Usal Redwood Forest is
a very young redwood forest.

552
00:36:41,251 --> 00:36:44,919
and redwoods can absorb
more carbon

553
00:36:45,001 --> 00:36:47,251
than any other forest type
on the planet.

554
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:50,460
Redwoods store carbon

555
00:36:50,543 --> 00:36:54,251
by absorbing carbon
from carbon dioxide

556
00:36:54,335 --> 00:36:56,502
out of the air into its needles

557
00:36:56,585 --> 00:36:58,794
and stores it into
the bowl of the tree,

558
00:36:58,877 --> 00:37:02,126
the trunk or the roots,
the branches.

559
00:37:02,210 --> 00:37:03,960
To my knowledge,

560
00:37:04,043 --> 00:37:05,960
this is one of
the largest carbon projects

561
00:37:06,043 --> 00:37:08,001
in the country, yes.

562
00:37:15,460 --> 00:37:18,377
I am the Biochar
Project Manager

563
00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,752
for the Redwood Forest
Foundation.

564
00:37:20,835 --> 00:37:24,460
We're sort of at a perfect
storm right now in California

565
00:37:24,543 --> 00:37:28,752
where we have over
a hundred million dead trees
in the Sierra.

566
00:37:28,835 --> 00:37:31,627
And we need to do something
with that.

567
00:37:33,543 --> 00:37:36,210
We have what is called
the western pine bark beetle,

568
00:37:36,293 --> 00:37:41,293
which makes its living by
feeding on ponderosa pine,
and other trees as well.

569
00:37:43,043 --> 00:37:45,794
And these beetles have been
around for thousands of years

570
00:37:45,877 --> 00:37:49,460
and have lived in harmony
and balance with the trees.

571
00:37:49,543 --> 00:37:51,877
But unfortunately,
because of climate change

572
00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:53,877
and because of
the long drought,

573
00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:56,001
millions of trees are very weak

574
00:37:56,085 --> 00:38:00,251
and have difficulty defending
themselves against the beetles.

575
00:38:00,335 --> 00:38:05,126
Biochar can definitely be
one of the ways that we address
the beetle damage

576
00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:07,752
in the dead and dying trees
of the Sierras.

577
00:38:07,835 --> 00:38:12,835
Biochar is essentially the form
of charcoal that is suitable

578
00:38:12,919 --> 00:38:14,460
for use in agriculture

579
00:38:14,543 --> 00:38:18,001
and in helping to build
more healthy soil.

580
00:38:21,043 --> 00:38:24,126
When you pyrolize woody biomass
particularly,

581
00:38:24,210 --> 00:38:28,293
about half of the carbon
that is in that woody biomass

582
00:38:28,377 --> 00:38:32,085
can be saved,
is a residual charcoal.

583
00:38:32,168 --> 00:38:35,835
And biochar is very much
like coral for the soil

584
00:38:35,919 --> 00:38:38,877
in that it can hold nutrients,
it can hold water.

585
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:41,043
It's more of an architecture.

586
00:38:41,126 --> 00:38:42,960
It incubates life.

587
00:38:43,043 --> 00:38:46,293
You're saving about half of
the carbon that's in that plant

588
00:38:46,377 --> 00:38:49,752
and then can put it to better
use and sequestering it in soil

589
00:38:49,835 --> 00:38:52,710
for great benefit
to agriculture.

590
00:38:52,794 --> 00:38:56,085
We have all this biomass that
we have to do something with.

591
00:38:56,168 --> 00:38:58,794
They are a fire hazard and,
as you know,

592
00:38:58,877 --> 00:39:02,585
right now we have something
like ten fires in California.

593
00:39:02,669 --> 00:39:07,502
And by producing biochar
we can return some of that
material back into the forest

594
00:39:07,585 --> 00:39:11,168
in a safe manner,
or we can take some
of that biochar

595
00:39:11,251 --> 00:39:13,293
and take it down into
the Central Valley,

596
00:39:13,377 --> 00:39:16,293
which desperately needs
water savings.

597
00:39:16,377 --> 00:39:19,001
And one of the prime benefits
of biochar

598
00:39:19,085 --> 00:39:22,835
is that it can help
to retain water in soils.

599
00:39:22,919 --> 00:39:27,877
If we put biochar in
just 10% of the world's soil,

600
00:39:27,960 --> 00:39:32,835
we'll actually sequester
29 billion tons of CO2.

601
00:39:32,919 --> 00:39:35,794
29 billion tons.
That's on 10%.

602
00:39:35,877 --> 00:39:38,835
And that's using only--
quote-unquote--

603
00:39:38,919 --> 00:39:42,835
"surplus waste material,"
so that's significant.

604
00:39:44,794 --> 00:39:48,335
Gill:
And then we have
the carbon offset credits.

605
00:39:48,418 --> 00:39:50,210
And to keep those carbon
credits coming,

606
00:39:50,293 --> 00:39:53,377
we have to employ workers
to do our forest inventories,

607
00:39:53,460 --> 00:39:55,710
to work with
the carbon verifiers

608
00:39:55,794 --> 00:39:58,502
to make sure the carbon
that we say is on the property

609
00:39:58,585 --> 00:40:00,043
is on the property,

610
00:40:00,126 --> 00:40:02,460
and then is maintained
into the future.

611
00:40:02,543 --> 00:40:05,585
I'd like to think
that we're a model
that others can join in

612
00:40:05,669 --> 00:40:08,377
and do the same thing
that we're doing out here.

613
00:40:08,460 --> 00:40:10,043
This isn't rocket science.

614
00:40:10,126 --> 00:40:14,627
The carbon storage, as we move
into the future, is huge.

615
00:40:14,710 --> 00:40:17,919
And we need more larger,

616
00:40:18,001 --> 00:40:20,251
older forests, intact forests,

617
00:40:20,335 --> 00:40:22,543
that we know
will never be developed

618
00:40:22,627 --> 00:40:25,210
and can continue
into perpetuity.

619
00:40:41,835 --> 00:40:43,835
Kate Scow:
I'm Kate Scow,
and I'm a professor

620
00:40:43,919 --> 00:40:45,669
in Land,
Air and Water Resources

621
00:40:45,752 --> 00:40:47,752
at University of California,
Davis.

622
00:40:47,835 --> 00:40:50,794
And I'm a soil microbial
ecologist.

623
00:40:50,877 --> 00:40:54,251
So the carbon cycle
on a global scale

624
00:40:54,335 --> 00:40:58,085
involves aquatic systems
and terrestrial systems.

625
00:40:58,168 --> 00:41:02,293
So soil is a very
important part of the
terrestrial systems.

626
00:41:04,585 --> 00:41:07,710
Soil actually contains
two to three times

627
00:41:07,794 --> 00:41:10,001
the amount of carbon
that is in the atmosphere.

628
00:41:10,085 --> 00:41:14,835
Soil is the place where primary
productivity is supported.

629
00:41:14,919 --> 00:41:18,001
That means all the vegetation
that grows,

630
00:41:18,085 --> 00:41:22,001
that fixes CO2
through photosynthesis

631
00:41:22,085 --> 00:41:23,460
from the atmosphere,

632
00:41:23,543 --> 00:41:24,877
what miraculous, like,

633
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:26,669
creating mass here
on the ground

634
00:41:26,752 --> 00:41:28,293
out of what? Air?

635
00:41:28,377 --> 00:41:30,669
It's, like, still amazing to me.

636
00:41:30,752 --> 00:41:33,794
That productivity brings
all this carbon in.

637
00:41:33,877 --> 00:41:36,752
The plant fixes the CO2,
it dies,

638
00:41:36,835 --> 00:41:39,043
it falls onto the ground,

639
00:41:39,126 --> 00:41:40,460
and all that plant residue

640
00:41:40,543 --> 00:41:43,126
now enters into
the soil carbon cycle.

641
00:41:43,210 --> 00:41:45,502
It's way bigger than
the atmosphere,

642
00:41:45,585 --> 00:41:48,418
what is residing in soil.

643
00:41:49,835 --> 00:41:53,794
So organic farms
obtain their nutrients

644
00:41:53,877 --> 00:41:56,293
not from synthetic fertilizers.

645
00:41:56,377 --> 00:42:00,919
The fertilizer is in the form
of organic material.

646
00:42:01,001 --> 00:42:03,919
That could be cover crops,
or it could be compost

647
00:42:04,001 --> 00:42:08,210
that's made of food wastes
or yard wastes or animal waste

648
00:42:08,293 --> 00:42:09,960
that you put in the soil.

649
00:42:10,043 --> 00:42:12,293
So in organic systems,
you may be putting

650
00:42:12,377 --> 00:42:16,335
up to eight times as much
carbon into the soil

651
00:42:16,418 --> 00:42:19,168
compared to
a conventional system.

652
00:42:19,251 --> 00:42:22,752
So it's like part of it
is really basic.

653
00:42:25,752 --> 00:42:29,877
Benyus:
Climate change
gives us an opportunity

654
00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:34,335
to really behave differently
on this planet.

655
00:42:34,418 --> 00:42:37,377
We see what we can do
at our worst,

656
00:42:37,460 --> 00:42:39,627
and now the question is,

657
00:42:39,710 --> 00:42:45,543
if we were to consciously...

658
00:42:45,627 --> 00:42:49,335
be a part of the healing...

659
00:42:49,418 --> 00:42:53,251
it'll unleash,
I think, our creativity.

660
00:42:55,335 --> 00:42:58,460
You realize, "Oh my gosh,
I have a back yard.

661
00:42:58,543 --> 00:43:02,502
Oh my gosh,
I have a park near me."

662
00:43:04,418 --> 00:43:07,669
If we were to see ourselves
as helpers

663
00:43:07,752 --> 00:43:10,460
who could help the helpers
heal this planet...

664
00:43:13,085 --> 00:43:15,418
that is so much better
than seeing ourselves

665
00:43:15,502 --> 00:43:17,919
as disruptive toddlers
with matches.

666
00:43:18,001 --> 00:43:23,335
You begin to realize that all
of us are somehow connected

667
00:43:23,418 --> 00:43:25,919
to little bits of the solution.

668
00:43:26,001 --> 00:43:29,710
Ietef Vida:
Right now we live and direct
at my mentor's house,

669
00:43:29,794 --> 00:43:33,085
the OG, the organic gardener,
Ron Finley.

670
00:43:33,168 --> 00:43:35,168
I'm more inspired to always
come here

671
00:43:35,251 --> 00:43:37,001
and learn and figure out
different ways

672
00:43:37,085 --> 00:43:39,752
to how I can actually utilize
a small plot of land

673
00:43:39,835 --> 00:43:42,418
to grow the most that I can.

674
00:43:42,502 --> 00:43:45,585
Culinary climate action is
basically what I like to see,

675
00:43:45,669 --> 00:43:50,293
when I'm growing the food
and it's basically taking all
that carbon out the atmosphere,

676
00:43:50,377 --> 00:43:51,794
it's pulling it in.

677
00:43:51,877 --> 00:43:53,335
And we also can see the fact

678
00:43:53,418 --> 00:43:55,877
that we can put it back
into the soil.

679
00:43:58,210 --> 00:44:01,210
Now only at the same time
it's creating green jobs,

680
00:44:01,293 --> 00:44:04,835
you know, and also addressing
things like diabetes and obesity

681
00:44:04,919 --> 00:44:06,502
in my community,
where I come from.

682
00:44:06,585 --> 00:44:08,460
You know, there's
a lot of plots,

683
00:44:08,543 --> 00:44:10,210
there's a lot of city access,

684
00:44:10,293 --> 00:44:12,126
there's a lot of water
that's available.

685
00:44:12,210 --> 00:44:14,919
This is really just
a beautiful cause and effect.

686
00:44:15,001 --> 00:44:19,919
We're literally pulling out
all the harmful poisons

687
00:44:20,001 --> 00:44:22,794
that we, like, literally just
emit into our atmosphere.

688
00:44:22,877 --> 00:44:26,835
And the best way
that you want to transform that
is by growing some food.

689
00:44:26,919 --> 00:44:29,251
Put it on the roof.
Put it in your window sill.

690
00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:32,835
But we feel the heat rising.

691
00:44:32,919 --> 00:44:35,251
You know, being a farmer
is being futuristic.

692
00:44:35,335 --> 00:44:36,877
There is no doomsday mentality.

693
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:38,669
You have to actually
plant water

694
00:44:38,752 --> 00:44:40,919
and think that you're going
to reap what you sow.

695
00:44:41,001 --> 00:44:43,210
So that's the conversation
that I'd like to see

696
00:44:43,293 --> 00:44:45,835
when we're talking about
transforming the climate.

697
00:44:45,919 --> 00:44:47,335
It's not gonna happen overnight.

698
00:44:47,418 --> 00:44:50,877
But you do have to start now.
Now is the time.

699
00:45:12,502 --> 00:45:14,251
Bren Smith:
My name is Bren Smith.

700
00:45:14,335 --> 00:45:16,585
I'm the owner
of Thimble Island Ocean Farm.

701
00:45:16,669 --> 00:45:21,251
And we're here in the Thimble
Islands in Long Island Sound.

702
00:45:21,335 --> 00:45:24,377
And I was, I'm born and raised
in Newfoundland, Canada,

703
00:45:24,460 --> 00:45:27,210
high school dropout, and have
fished all over the globe.

704
00:45:27,293 --> 00:45:29,710
I fished in Gloucester
up in Newfoundland,

705
00:45:29,794 --> 00:45:32,210
and then I was in the Bering Sea
for a bunch of years.

706
00:45:32,293 --> 00:45:35,627
And, you know,
that was the height of
industrialized fishing.

707
00:45:35,710 --> 00:45:38,543
We were tearing up entire
eco-systems with our trawls,

708
00:45:38,627 --> 00:45:41,543
chasing fewer and fewer fish
further and further out to sea.

709
00:45:41,627 --> 00:45:43,502
So it was completely
unsustainable.

710
00:45:43,585 --> 00:45:45,251
In fact, a lot of the fish
I was catching

711
00:45:45,335 --> 00:45:48,585
was going to McDonald's
for their Fishwich sandwich.

712
00:45:50,794 --> 00:45:52,710
It really caused a wake-up call

713
00:45:52,794 --> 00:45:54,877
for a lot of folks
in my generation.

714
00:45:55,001 --> 00:45:56,960
I was actually out
in the Bering Sea,

715
00:45:57,043 --> 00:45:58,669
and the cod stocks crashed.

716
00:45:58,752 --> 00:46:01,418
And, you know, thousands
of people thrown out of work,

717
00:46:01,502 --> 00:46:03,752
canneries shuttered,
and it really taught me

718
00:46:03,835 --> 00:46:07,502
that you can build up an
economy and a culture over
hundreds of years

719
00:46:07,585 --> 00:46:09,502
and if you don't protect
the resources,

720
00:46:09,585 --> 00:46:12,710
eco-system collapse can wipe it
out in a matter of years.

721
00:46:15,210 --> 00:46:17,710
And that's when
we really begin to realize

722
00:46:17,794 --> 00:46:21,585
that issues like overfishing,
like climate change,

723
00:46:21,669 --> 00:46:23,335
that they're not
environmental issues

724
00:46:23,418 --> 00:46:25,251
for a lot of us
that work on the ocean,

725
00:46:25,335 --> 00:46:26,919
they're economic issues. I mean,

726
00:46:27,001 --> 00:46:29,502
there's gonna be no food,
no jobs, on a dead planet.

727
00:46:31,919 --> 00:46:33,794
When I realized
this wasn't sustainable,

728
00:46:33,877 --> 00:46:36,794
I went on this search
for sustainability.

729
00:46:36,877 --> 00:46:39,502
I remade myself
as an oysterman.

730
00:46:39,585 --> 00:46:42,460
And what oysters taught me
was that Mother Nature

731
00:46:42,543 --> 00:46:45,168
created these technologies
millions of years ago

732
00:46:45,251 --> 00:46:46,877
designed to mitigate our harm.

733
00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:48,960
We don't need advanced
technologies.

734
00:46:49,043 --> 00:46:51,794
Mother Nature has seaweeds
and shellfish

735
00:46:51,877 --> 00:46:55,085
which sequester five times more
carbon than land-based plants,

736
00:46:55,168 --> 00:46:58,460
filter 50 gallons of water
a day per oyster

737
00:46:58,543 --> 00:47:00,126
pulling nitrogen
out of our system.

738
00:47:00,210 --> 00:47:02,627
I mean, my job as
a steward of the ocean

739
00:47:02,710 --> 00:47:06,126
is to take Mother Nature's
technologies and grow them.

740
00:47:06,210 --> 00:47:08,210
And it's pretty simple.

741
00:47:08,293 --> 00:47:12,960
So the beautiful thing
about if you grow just
restorative species,

742
00:47:13,043 --> 00:47:14,835
is there's zero inputs.

743
00:47:14,919 --> 00:47:17,335
We don't need fresh water,
we don't need animal feed,

744
00:47:17,418 --> 00:47:19,835
we don't need fertilizer
and we don't need land,

745
00:47:19,919 --> 00:47:23,168
making it hands down
the most sustainable form
of food production

746
00:47:23,251 --> 00:47:25,377
on the planet.

747
00:47:25,460 --> 00:47:28,794
So kelp is
this beautiful seaweed.

748
00:47:28,877 --> 00:47:31,794
It's like the gateway drug
to a new cuisine.

749
00:47:31,877 --> 00:47:34,043
It's one of the fastest-growing
plants on earth.

750
00:47:34,126 --> 00:47:37,377
It soaks up five times more
carbon than land-based plants.

751
00:47:37,460 --> 00:47:39,210
It's called the Sequoia
of the Sea.

752
00:47:39,293 --> 00:47:41,001
But it's just the beginning.

753
00:47:41,085 --> 00:47:42,669
I mean, we're starting
with kelp,

754
00:47:42,752 --> 00:47:46,502
but there are 10,000 edible
plants in the ocean.

755
00:47:46,585 --> 00:47:49,585
Part of the plant we can turn
into kelp noodles,

756
00:47:49,669 --> 00:47:54,168
but then this is just biofuel
we turn into fertilizer

757
00:47:54,251 --> 00:47:56,293
and we can turn
into animal feed.

758
00:47:56,377 --> 00:47:59,377
If you provide a seaweed diet
to cows,

759
00:47:59,460 --> 00:48:02,627
you get a 90% reduction
in methane output.

760
00:48:02,710 --> 00:48:04,710
It's stunning.
And cows have been eating--

761
00:48:04,794 --> 00:48:08,001
cows, sheep, goats,
have been eating kelp
for hundreds of years.

762
00:48:08,085 --> 00:48:10,377
Hebrides Islands, Maine,
all sorts of places.

763
00:48:10,460 --> 00:48:11,877
You know, the volume's
stunning.

764
00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:15,377
We can do 10 to 20 tons
of kelp per acre,

765
00:48:15,460 --> 00:48:17,335
150,000 shellfish.

766
00:48:17,418 --> 00:48:18,794
And you scale this up,

767
00:48:18,877 --> 00:48:20,543
if you were to take
a network of our farms

768
00:48:20,627 --> 00:48:22,377
totaling the size
of Washington State,

769
00:48:22,460 --> 00:48:24,418
technically you could
feed the world.

770
00:48:24,502 --> 00:48:27,418
If you took five percent
of U.S. territorial waters

771
00:48:27,502 --> 00:48:29,335
and farmed in our style,

772
00:48:29,418 --> 00:48:31,210
you could create
50 million direct jobs

773
00:48:31,293 --> 00:48:35,627
and sequester the equivalent
carbon of 20 million cars.

774
00:48:37,877 --> 00:48:41,001
Our farms also help mitigate
acidification.

775
00:48:41,085 --> 00:48:44,126
The kelp creates something
called a Halo Effect

776
00:48:44,210 --> 00:48:47,752
which reduces the acidity
in the oceans,

777
00:48:47,835 --> 00:48:50,377
which then allow our oysters
and other shellfish

778
00:48:50,460 --> 00:48:52,418
to grow thicker shells

779
00:48:52,502 --> 00:48:57,085
and not be as susceptible
to acidification.

780
00:48:57,168 --> 00:48:59,877
So, I mean, climate change
was supposed to be

781
00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:03,418
this 100-year
sort of slow lobster boil.

782
00:49:03,502 --> 00:49:05,043
And instead it's here and now.

783
00:49:05,126 --> 00:49:06,752
Luckily, as fishermen,

784
00:49:06,835 --> 00:49:09,126
we can transition to something
that keeps that (indistinct)

785
00:49:09,210 --> 00:49:11,335
and have the pride of helping
feed my country,

786
00:49:11,418 --> 00:49:12,585
and that's just so exciting.

787
00:49:12,669 --> 00:49:14,460
I can be part of, you know,

788
00:49:14,543 --> 00:49:15,919
the army that's going to help,

789
00:49:16,001 --> 00:49:17,960
hopefully, save the planet.

790
00:49:30,293 --> 00:49:33,460
If we put 10 units of CO2
in the atmosphere,

791
00:49:33,543 --> 00:49:35,960
ten very large units of CO2
in the atmosphere,

792
00:49:36,043 --> 00:49:38,168
about five stay in
the atmosphere

793
00:49:38,251 --> 00:49:40,168
and about two and a half
go into plants

794
00:49:40,251 --> 00:49:42,960
and about two and a half
goes into the ocean.

795
00:49:43,043 --> 00:49:46,543
So you've got an acidic ocean.
So how do you deal with that?

796
00:49:46,627 --> 00:49:50,210
Nature handles this problem
by making more shells,

797
00:49:50,293 --> 00:49:54,001
which is the marine snow idea,

798
00:49:54,085 --> 00:49:56,168
that little beasties
grow in the water,

799
00:49:56,251 --> 00:49:59,543
they make calcium carbonate
shells, so shells fall.

800
00:49:59,627 --> 00:50:02,835
The problem with that is,
the planet loves to operate

801
00:50:02,919 --> 00:50:05,502
on time scales
of millions of years.

802
00:50:05,585 --> 00:50:08,001
And we don't.

803
00:50:08,085 --> 00:50:12,418
So, question becomes, can you
speed that process up?

804
00:50:17,126 --> 00:50:20,627
DiCaprio:
We have to investigate
all our options.

805
00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:22,960
There are more experimental
hypotheses

806
00:50:23,043 --> 00:50:25,210
that still need to be tested.

807
00:50:25,293 --> 00:50:31,543
One solution may lie
in a microscopic community
of life called marine snow.

808
00:50:33,960 --> 00:50:37,043
Stasa Puskaric:
So, fundamentally,
what do we need?

809
00:50:37,126 --> 00:50:40,669
Well, we need this planet
as it was,

810
00:50:40,752 --> 00:50:45,001
we have to bring it
in the state that
it was 200 years ago.

811
00:50:45,085 --> 00:50:48,335
Higher concentrations
of carbon dioxide,

812
00:50:48,418 --> 00:50:51,085
they increase acidity
of the ocean.

813
00:50:51,168 --> 00:50:53,877
The oceans are losing
their ability

814
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:56,710
to capture carbon
from the atmosphere.

815
00:50:56,794 --> 00:50:59,543
And we have
to do something about it.

816
00:50:59,627 --> 00:51:02,669
We have to help these systems

817
00:51:02,752 --> 00:51:06,919
which cycle carbon
between the atmosphere,

818
00:51:07,001 --> 00:51:09,835
between the plants on the land,

819
00:51:09,919 --> 00:51:12,585
and between the oceans.

820
00:51:12,669 --> 00:51:14,960
And with marine snow,

821
00:51:15,043 --> 00:51:19,043
it just needs a little help
from us.

822
00:51:19,126 --> 00:51:23,043
The main products will be
removal of carbon dioxide

823
00:51:23,126 --> 00:51:26,085
and the production of oxygen.

824
00:51:26,168 --> 00:51:27,794
What we can do is

825
00:51:27,877 --> 00:51:31,001
insert into the ocean
very small,

826
00:51:31,085 --> 00:51:34,960
minute amounts of iron,

827
00:51:35,043 --> 00:51:36,752
but very, very little,

828
00:51:36,835 --> 00:51:38,585
so it doesn't have
anything to do

829
00:51:38,669 --> 00:51:41,251
with that term "fertilization."

830
00:51:41,335 --> 00:51:44,251
To give you a measure,
we need altogether

831
00:51:44,335 --> 00:51:47,960
about 6 kilograms of iron
for initiating this process

832
00:51:48,043 --> 00:51:52,210
on 100,000 square kilometers
of the southern oceans.

833
00:51:52,293 --> 00:51:55,835
The cells form organic matrix,

834
00:51:55,919 --> 00:51:57,794
which is the foundation

835
00:51:57,877 --> 00:52:01,168
for the formation
of the marine snow.

836
00:52:01,251 --> 00:52:05,001
It is then,
when the matrix appears,

837
00:52:05,085 --> 00:52:08,335
it becomes very attractive
for cyanobacteria

838
00:52:08,418 --> 00:52:10,627
and heterotrophic bacteria,

839
00:52:10,710 --> 00:52:14,835
which colonize these particles,
and then actively grow.

840
00:52:14,919 --> 00:52:18,251
And then we just
let them do their job,

841
00:52:18,335 --> 00:52:21,669
because they can stay suspended

842
00:52:21,752 --> 00:52:24,502
for a very long period of time.

843
00:52:24,585 --> 00:52:27,460
We tracked these
marine snow particles

844
00:52:27,543 --> 00:52:29,960
for more than four months...

845
00:52:30,043 --> 00:52:34,585
so they can float around
and sequester organic matter,

846
00:52:34,669 --> 00:52:36,293
and when they become heavy,

847
00:52:36,377 --> 00:52:39,835
they simply sink down
to the sea floor.

848
00:52:42,460 --> 00:52:45,251
The speed of this change,

849
00:52:45,335 --> 00:52:48,460
and increase
in the concentrations
and temperature--

850
00:52:48,543 --> 00:52:50,418
we  must  act.

851
00:52:50,502 --> 00:52:51,752
And we can.

852
00:52:51,835 --> 00:52:55,919
I'm 100% positive
that we can achieve

853
00:52:56,001 --> 00:53:00,794
um...reorganization
of human activities

854
00:53:00,877 --> 00:53:04,752
to work together with nature,
and not against it.

855
00:53:14,043 --> 00:53:18,001
DiCaprio:
Science has long proven
we have existing technologies

856
00:53:18,085 --> 00:53:21,794
that work, and they are
already being implemented.

857
00:53:21,877 --> 00:53:25,710
It's just become a matter
of political will and scale.

858
00:53:25,794 --> 00:53:30,585
We need a multitude of
solutions moving forward
simultaneously.

859
00:53:30,669 --> 00:53:33,335
In order to solve this crisis,

860
00:53:33,418 --> 00:53:38,627
it is critical we move
to 100% renewable energy now.

861
00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:40,710
Hawken:
So, the top five solutions,

862
00:53:40,794 --> 00:53:44,960
number two was onshore wind,
and that wasn't a surprise.

863
00:53:52,627 --> 00:53:56,585
Onshore wind, though,
being much greater than solar,

864
00:53:56,669 --> 00:53:59,085
was a surprise to us.

865
00:54:03,293 --> 00:54:06,835
Solar was number eight in ten,
actually.

866
00:54:11,293 --> 00:54:14,543
Martin Hermann: The sun is
the largest resource we have.

867
00:54:14,627 --> 00:54:17,251
All the other resources pale
compared to the sun.

868
00:54:17,335 --> 00:54:19,085
We have known that
for a long time,

869
00:54:19,168 --> 00:54:22,418
we just never understood how to
harvest it in an economic way.

870
00:54:22,502 --> 00:54:24,627
That's what's different now.

871
00:54:24,710 --> 00:54:28,001
Solar PV is in a stage
where we're already lower
than fossil fuel.

872
00:54:28,085 --> 00:54:30,293
Well, solar has come a long way.

873
00:54:30,377 --> 00:54:33,585
Carter in the '80s
already installed solar
in the White House.

874
00:54:33,669 --> 00:54:35,752
Reagan tore it down later on.

875
00:54:35,835 --> 00:54:38,460
And only in 2001,

876
00:54:38,543 --> 00:54:42,085
when Germany started to deploy
solar on a large scale,

877
00:54:42,168 --> 00:54:45,752
we have been getting the benefit
of economy of scale.

878
00:54:45,835 --> 00:54:48,794
Eventually we will be able
to power

879
00:54:48,877 --> 00:54:52,585
the entire electrical grids
with solar and wind,

880
00:54:52,669 --> 00:54:56,460
and all we need
is wind and storage,
and solar and storage.

881
00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:02,919
So, if you want to power
the entire United States
with photovoltaic,

882
00:55:03,001 --> 00:55:06,377
we would need about
30,000 square miles in area.

883
00:55:06,460 --> 00:55:08,460
That would give us
enough to power

884
00:55:08,543 --> 00:55:12,043
all the power grids in every
state of the United States.

885
00:55:15,210 --> 00:55:20,126
Mount Signal is a project
that powers about 70,000 homes
in San Diego.

886
00:55:20,210 --> 00:55:24,752
The second phase, the power
is going to be wheeled
to Southern California.

887
00:55:26,877 --> 00:55:30,543
The price of electricity that
we produce at Mount Signal

888
00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:33,126
is already lower
than fossil fuels.

889
00:55:33,210 --> 00:55:37,377
It's also a price that delivers
fuel price certainty
to the utility.

890
00:55:39,251 --> 00:55:42,502
The price is flat
over the next 25 years,

891
00:55:42,585 --> 00:55:48,377
not something that you get from
any other fossil fuel energies.

892
00:55:48,460 --> 00:55:51,960
We have integrated so much
solar in California already.

893
00:55:52,043 --> 00:55:55,001
Ten years ago,
people would've said, "No,
that's not really possible."

894
00:55:55,085 --> 00:55:58,251
Well, here we are,
solar is covering already

895
00:55:58,335 --> 00:56:00,627
up to 25% of California.

896
00:56:00,710 --> 00:56:03,877
The rate payer had no
material increase in pricing,

897
00:56:03,960 --> 00:56:06,335
and we're still alive,
it all works.

898
00:56:06,418 --> 00:56:10,085
And we have been able to reduce
carbon on the way there.

899
00:56:15,043 --> 00:56:17,502
Over the last years we saw now

900
00:56:17,585 --> 00:56:20,418
utilities volunteering
to buy solar.

901
00:56:20,502 --> 00:56:23,377
We see this mindset shifting.

902
00:56:23,460 --> 00:56:26,877
We still under-appreciate
the value that PV brings.

903
00:56:26,960 --> 00:56:30,585
People do not comprehend
that in five years,

904
00:56:30,669 --> 00:56:32,794
we will have PV
at much lower price.

905
00:56:32,877 --> 00:56:35,335
We will be able
to dispatch it at night,

906
00:56:35,418 --> 00:56:37,960
and you combine that with wind,
you get this paradigm

907
00:56:38,043 --> 00:56:41,543
where we are truly living
in a hundred percent
renewable environment.

908
00:56:41,627 --> 00:56:43,710
And this is feasible.

909
00:56:43,794 --> 00:56:46,752
We don't need
any new invention for that,

910
00:56:46,835 --> 00:56:48,418
we know all the technology.

911
00:56:48,502 --> 00:56:52,710
We just need to make sure that
the people responsible

912
00:56:52,794 --> 00:56:57,001
for the planning of resources,
for the infrastructure planning,

913
00:56:57,085 --> 00:57:00,669
understand that this
is a different technology,

914
00:57:00,752 --> 00:57:03,710
and it will get cheaper
over time.

915
00:57:08,001 --> 00:57:09,627
Donald Trump:
Coal is coming back.

916
00:57:09,710 --> 00:57:11,210
- Clean coal is coming back.

917
00:57:11,293 --> 00:57:13,293
A hundred percent.

918
00:57:13,377 --> 00:57:18,001
My administration is putting
an end to the war on coal.

919
00:57:18,085 --> 00:57:21,794
Gonna have clean coal,
really clean coal.

920
00:57:50,877 --> 00:57:52,794
Mann:
It's difficult enough,
sometimes,

921
00:57:52,877 --> 00:57:54,585
to communicate science
to the public.

922
00:57:54,669 --> 00:57:57,460
Now, you take that challenge,

923
00:57:57,543 --> 00:57:59,877
and you add to it

924
00:57:59,960 --> 00:58:04,919
a concerted effort
by fossil fuel interests

925
00:58:05,001 --> 00:58:06,794
and the front groups
that they fund

926
00:58:06,877 --> 00:58:09,669
to pollute the discourse
over climate change,

927
00:58:09,752 --> 00:58:13,126
to confuse the public,
to confuse policymakers.

928
00:58:13,210 --> 00:58:15,585
We need to transform
our energy sector,

929
00:58:15,669 --> 00:58:17,543
move away from
fossil fuel energy,

930
00:58:17,627 --> 00:58:19,043
towards renewable energy.

931
00:58:19,126 --> 00:58:21,126
Well, that's
rather inconvenient

932
00:58:21,210 --> 00:58:23,251
for the powerful
fossil fuel interests

933
00:58:23,335 --> 00:58:26,502
who have many millions
of dollars invested

934
00:58:26,585 --> 00:58:29,251
in our continued addiction
to fossil fuels.

935
00:58:29,335 --> 00:58:31,001
And they've fought
tooth and nail

936
00:58:31,085 --> 00:58:32,710
to maintain that addiction,

937
00:58:32,794 --> 00:58:34,627
in part by attacking the science

938
00:58:34,710 --> 00:58:38,752
linking climate change
to that behavior,

939
00:58:38,835 --> 00:58:41,251
the burning of fossil fuels.

940
00:58:45,251 --> 00:58:47,126
A question that
we get asked a lot is,

941
00:58:47,210 --> 00:58:50,418
how do we know that
the CO2 rise in the atmosphere

942
00:58:50,502 --> 00:58:52,085
is because of human activity.

943
00:58:52,168 --> 00:58:55,043
And the answer is that
we leave fingerprints

944
00:58:55,126 --> 00:58:57,919
all over the atmosphere.

945
00:58:58,001 --> 00:59:01,710
And one of the fingerprints
that we leave in the atmosphere

946
00:59:01,794 --> 00:59:06,001
is via what we call Carbon-14,
or radioactive carbon.

947
00:59:06,085 --> 00:59:08,460
So when we burn coal, oil,
and natural gas,

948
00:59:08,543 --> 00:59:10,919
we leave an imprint
on the atmosphere

949
00:59:11,001 --> 00:59:15,502
of what we call negative
Carbon-14, or less Carbon-14.

950
00:59:15,585 --> 00:59:17,710
Because fossil fuels
are so old,

951
00:59:17,794 --> 00:59:20,293
there's no Carbon-14 left,
it's all decayed away.

952
00:59:20,377 --> 00:59:23,043
We can actually measure,
very accurately,

953
00:59:23,126 --> 00:59:25,335
how much fossil fuels we burn

954
00:59:25,418 --> 00:59:27,835
by measuring C-14
in the atmosphere.

955
00:59:27,919 --> 00:59:33,085
It is nature's verification
system that we have.

956
00:59:36,293 --> 00:59:38,335
Wadhams:
They've persuaded enough people

957
00:59:38,418 --> 00:59:40,585
and sowed enough doubt

958
00:59:40,669 --> 00:59:44,585
that it's making it more
difficult than in the past

959
00:59:44,669 --> 00:59:47,168
to actually get anything done
about climate change,

960
00:59:47,251 --> 00:59:49,126
and that's really depressing.

961
00:59:49,210 --> 00:59:51,168
Mann:
And the fact is
that the agenda

962
00:59:51,251 --> 00:59:53,502
that many of these
fossil fuel corporations,

963
00:59:53,585 --> 00:59:57,210
and those who are running them
are engaged in, is malicious

964
00:59:57,293 --> 00:59:58,794
in the danger it's creating

965
00:59:58,877 --> 01:00:00,877
and the havoc that it is
wreaking on our planet.

966
01:00:00,960 --> 01:00:02,752
Hartmann:
So we've got a bunch of people

967
01:00:02,835 --> 01:00:07,418
who are literally profiting
off the death of life on Earth.

968
01:00:07,502 --> 01:00:10,460
I think that
some climate denial,

969
01:00:10,543 --> 01:00:12,669
particularly the well-funded
climate denial,

970
01:00:12,752 --> 01:00:15,460
that is being done by people
who know better,

971
01:00:15,543 --> 01:00:17,877
rises to the level of a crime
against humanity

972
01:00:17,960 --> 01:00:20,502
that probably should be
prosecuted in the Hague.

973
01:00:28,669 --> 01:00:32,752
DiCaprio:
While climate deniers have
succeeded in delaying action,

974
01:00:32,835 --> 01:00:36,168
a much more ominous problem
has emerged.

975
01:00:36,251 --> 01:00:38,960
Very recently,
scientists have recorded

976
01:00:39,043 --> 01:00:43,085
increasing levels of
methane gas in the atmosphere.

977
01:00:43,168 --> 01:00:46,502
Methane, a powerful
greenhouse gas,

978
01:00:46,585 --> 01:00:50,835
has the potential to increase
temperatures even further.

979
01:00:50,919 --> 01:00:52,835
Increased methane is a sign

980
01:00:52,919 --> 01:00:56,001
that we are reaching a critical
tipping point.

981
01:00:56,085 --> 01:00:58,001
But where is it coming from?

982
01:00:58,085 --> 01:01:02,335
And how much will it accelerate
climate disruption?

983
01:01:02,418 --> 01:01:05,085
Scientists are racing
to find out.

984
01:01:11,085 --> 01:01:13,293
Gabrielle Petron:
So, we are in front of

985
01:01:13,377 --> 01:01:15,627
the University of Wyoming
Mobile Laboratory.

986
01:01:15,710 --> 01:01:18,251
We have different
instruments inside

987
01:01:18,335 --> 01:01:21,752
that measure what's in the air
that we are breathing right now.

988
01:01:21,835 --> 01:01:23,669
It's doing that in real time.

989
01:01:23,752 --> 01:01:25,251
And we are able, like that,

990
01:01:25,335 --> 01:01:27,710
to chase emission sources
and plumes,

991
01:01:27,794 --> 01:01:31,502
and understand where
sources of pollutions
are located,

992
01:01:31,585 --> 01:01:35,418
what activities are
going on that lead
to enhanced methane.

993
01:01:38,001 --> 01:01:40,251
Inside of our lab,
we have a couple instruments.

994
01:01:40,335 --> 01:01:44,168
We have
a proton-transfer-reaction
time-of-flight mass spec

995
01:01:44,251 --> 01:01:48,085
to measure volatile organics
like benzene, toluene.

996
01:01:48,168 --> 01:01:51,168
And then we also have
a Picarro cavity ring-down

997
01:01:51,251 --> 01:01:53,502
to measure methane
concentrations.

998
01:01:53,585 --> 01:01:57,210
We can see data from these
instruments in real time

999
01:01:57,293 --> 01:02:00,710
due to an inlet we have
up on our mast above the van,

1000
01:02:00,794 --> 01:02:04,043
which pulls air in and feeds
into our instruments.

1001
01:02:04,126 --> 01:02:08,251
Petron:
So, we found with
aerial and road mapping

1002
01:02:08,335 --> 01:02:11,543
that we have more sources
of methane in areas

1003
01:02:11,627 --> 01:02:14,251
where we extract the gas
than we expected.

1004
01:02:14,335 --> 01:02:17,794
And to really pinpoint where
there are leaks of methane,

1005
01:02:17,877 --> 01:02:20,043
you need to be very close
to the sources.

1006
01:02:20,126 --> 01:02:23,085
And the mobile lab
gives us the flexibility

1007
01:02:23,168 --> 01:02:27,210
to pinpoint where we see
the largest leaks.

1008
01:02:27,293 --> 01:02:30,960
The company has drilled
brand-new megapad,

1009
01:02:31,043 --> 01:02:35,377
22 wells in the middle
of renewed urban development

1010
01:02:35,460 --> 01:02:37,085
in western Greeley.

1011
01:02:37,168 --> 01:02:39,377
This is a site
that had a lot of contention,

1012
01:02:39,460 --> 01:02:42,210
given its size
and its location.

1013
01:02:45,877 --> 01:02:48,418
So the local community,
from what I've heard,

1014
01:02:48,502 --> 01:02:50,919
is not really
kept up to breadth

1015
01:02:51,001 --> 01:02:52,710
on what's going on
at the site.

1016
01:02:52,794 --> 01:02:55,168
There's a huge sound wall
around the operation,

1017
01:02:55,251 --> 01:02:58,919
and the state is not really
maybe doing its best

1018
01:02:59,001 --> 01:03:01,293
at facilitating
the communication.

1019
01:03:01,377 --> 01:03:03,919
We saw operations going on
with a lot of flaring.

1020
01:03:04,001 --> 01:03:05,835
It seems very large volume
of gas.

1021
01:03:05,919 --> 01:03:08,293
The yellow color of the flame

1022
01:03:08,377 --> 01:03:11,251
tells you it's not
complete combustion.

1023
01:03:11,335 --> 01:03:13,001
So, we are going to continue

1024
01:03:13,085 --> 01:03:15,210
doing those drives to
understand those sources,

1025
01:03:15,293 --> 01:03:19,877
but also to track
what the local population
may be exposed to.

1026
01:03:19,960 --> 01:03:22,418
So some oil-
and gas-producing regions

1027
01:03:22,502 --> 01:03:25,293
have such a large
concentration of methane

1028
01:03:25,377 --> 01:03:28,627
in the atmosphere above them
that you can see it from space,

1029
01:03:28,710 --> 01:03:32,126
and that's something that was
described a few years back

1030
01:03:32,210 --> 01:03:34,043
for the Four Corners region,

1031
01:03:34,126 --> 01:03:37,293
and that's really the key
for us to be like detectives

1032
01:03:37,377 --> 01:03:41,377
and map where we see the
largest sources of emissions.

1033
01:03:53,293 --> 01:03:56,293
Don Schreiber:
So in 2014,

1034
01:03:56,377 --> 01:03:59,835
NASA scientists in cooperation
with NOAA,

1035
01:03:59,919 --> 01:04:03,085
University of Michigan,
and other scientists,

1036
01:04:03,168 --> 01:04:06,293
identified a methane hotspot
the size of Delaware

1037
01:04:06,377 --> 01:04:08,085
in the Four Corners region.

1038
01:04:08,168 --> 01:04:09,585
That methane hotspot

1039
01:04:09,669 --> 01:04:12,001
is the largest accumulation
of methane gases

1040
01:04:12,085 --> 01:04:14,168
in the United States.

1041
01:04:14,251 --> 01:04:17,877
This ranch,
this spot that we're on,

1042
01:04:17,960 --> 01:04:20,210
is approximately ground zero.

1043
01:04:20,293 --> 01:04:22,835
If you were able
to identify a middle

1044
01:04:22,919 --> 01:04:25,377
for that Delaware-shaped cloud,

1045
01:04:25,460 --> 01:04:28,335
it might very well be right here
where we're standing.

1046
01:04:28,418 --> 01:04:30,502
And it's closely identified

1047
01:04:30,585 --> 01:04:32,877
the cause of
that methane hotspot

1048
01:04:32,960 --> 01:04:37,377
to be predominantly
the emissions from drilling,

1049
01:04:37,460 --> 01:04:38,835
such as this site,

1050
01:04:38,919 --> 01:04:42,460
as well as coal and other
fossil fuels.

1051
01:04:45,293 --> 01:04:47,877
So the methane hotspot
is identified

1052
01:04:47,960 --> 01:04:50,085
basically because
of the technology

1053
01:04:50,168 --> 01:04:51,960
that NOAA and NASA had

1054
01:04:52,043 --> 01:04:54,752
following the advent
of the FLIR cameras,

1055
01:04:54,835 --> 01:04:56,585
which are the infrared cameras

1056
01:04:56,669 --> 01:05:00,210
that let us identify the leaks
and vents and flares

1057
01:05:00,293 --> 01:05:03,752
that cause the methane hotspot
to accumulate.

1058
01:05:03,835 --> 01:05:06,960
You have to think of it
in its full sense,

1059
01:05:07,043 --> 01:05:09,960
and that is 60 years and more

1060
01:05:10,043 --> 01:05:13,669
of leaking, venting, flaring,

1061
01:05:13,752 --> 01:05:16,627
and careless practices
here in the San Juan basin,

1062
01:05:16,710 --> 01:05:20,543
over a million acres,
in total 30,000 wells,

1063
01:05:20,627 --> 01:05:23,126
that have caused
that methane hotspot

1064
01:05:23,210 --> 01:05:25,210
to finally accumulate

1065
01:05:25,293 --> 01:05:27,710
and stand as evidence

1066
01:05:27,794 --> 01:05:30,669
of what natural gas drilling

1067
01:05:30,752 --> 01:05:32,919
ultimately results in.

1068
01:05:33,001 --> 01:05:34,752
People lose sight of the fact

1069
01:05:34,835 --> 01:05:38,085
that the conventional wells
created the methane hotspot,

1070
01:05:38,168 --> 01:05:41,794
and that they are
a daily culprit.

1071
01:05:46,335 --> 01:05:49,919
So, this is a conventional
natural gas well.

1072
01:05:50,001 --> 01:05:53,126
This is very typical equipment
throughout the San Juan basin

1073
01:05:53,210 --> 01:05:55,251
and many gas fields
across America.

1074
01:05:55,335 --> 01:05:57,627
This one is leaking pretty badly

1075
01:05:57,710 --> 01:06:00,251
from some of the standard
equipment that's on it.

1076
01:06:00,335 --> 01:06:02,502
This just requires, honestly,

1077
01:06:02,585 --> 01:06:06,585
a crescent wrench,
a little bit of Teflon tape--

1078
01:06:06,669 --> 01:06:09,377
some attention
will fix this leak.

1079
01:06:09,460 --> 01:06:11,126
If I had a single wish,

1080
01:06:11,210 --> 01:06:16,627
my wish would be to pull
an investor in oil and gas here

1081
01:06:16,710 --> 01:06:20,168
and stand them
where I'm standing,
let them see that leak.

1082
01:06:20,251 --> 01:06:24,001
Let them see that times 18,000
in the San Juan basin,

1083
01:06:24,085 --> 01:06:27,377
and get them to stop obstructing
a federal rule

1084
01:06:27,460 --> 01:06:29,835
that stays in place
to protect my family,

1085
01:06:29,919 --> 01:06:32,335
to protect taxpayers
across New Mexico,

1086
01:06:32,418 --> 01:06:36,001
and provide federal
fair and equal protection

1087
01:06:36,085 --> 01:06:37,960
across the western states.

1088
01:06:38,043 --> 01:06:40,210
Let's get those guys
out of the boardroom,

1089
01:06:40,293 --> 01:06:42,001
right here on
this well location,

1090
01:06:42,085 --> 01:06:45,043
let 'em look at that leak
that can be easily fixed.

1091
01:06:45,126 --> 01:06:50,126
And when I found out
that the EPA administrator,
Scott Pruitt,

1092
01:06:50,210 --> 01:06:53,460
knew that the data had come in

1093
01:06:53,543 --> 01:06:57,585
that methane leaks
and the chemicals
that come with them

1094
01:06:57,669 --> 01:07:01,710
harm children to a greater
degree than they did to me,

1095
01:07:01,794 --> 01:07:05,543
I was just outraged
that he would try again

1096
01:07:05,627 --> 01:07:08,251
to roll back the federal
protections for us.

1097
01:07:08,335 --> 01:07:11,335
You know, if someone
came onto my ranch

1098
01:07:11,418 --> 01:07:14,960
with the stated objective
of harming my children,

1099
01:07:15,043 --> 01:07:17,585
it would be over my dead body.

1100
01:07:31,210 --> 01:07:33,669
Hartmann:
250 million years ago,

1101
01:07:33,752 --> 01:07:35,585
sudden releases of methane

1102
01:07:35,669 --> 01:07:38,085
produced kind of
a secondary effect

1103
01:07:38,168 --> 01:07:42,001
that finished off large chunks
of life on Earth.

1104
01:07:42,085 --> 01:07:44,001
And one of the debates right now

1105
01:07:44,085 --> 01:07:46,251
is whether the methane
that is buried in the Arctic,

1106
01:07:46,335 --> 01:07:48,543
whether the methane that is,
you know, in the permafrost,

1107
01:07:48,627 --> 01:07:50,210
in the seas all over the world,

1108
01:07:50,293 --> 01:07:53,877
how rapidly
that will be mobilized,

1109
01:07:53,960 --> 01:07:56,627
and how destructive
that mobilization will be.

1110
01:07:58,418 --> 01:08:00,710
DiCaprio:
The release
of this ancient methane

1111
01:08:00,794 --> 01:08:04,502
may lead to exponentially
more warming.

1112
01:08:04,585 --> 01:08:08,168
Will this methane create
an apocalyptic scenario?

1113
01:08:08,251 --> 01:08:12,794
This is a question
scientists are desperately
trying to answer.

1114
01:08:12,877 --> 01:08:14,960
Jurgen Mienert:
I'm the director of the Center

1115
01:08:15,043 --> 01:08:18,251
for Gas Hydrate, Environment,
and Climate.

1116
01:08:18,335 --> 01:08:21,627
Here we have a team
of 50 to 60 scientists

1117
01:08:21,710 --> 01:08:24,460
working on understanding
the impact of methane

1118
01:08:24,543 --> 01:08:26,502
on the global climate system.

1119
01:08:26,585 --> 01:08:31,001
This methane is stored
beneath the Arctic Ocean floor

1120
01:08:31,085 --> 01:08:33,794
in huge reservoirs,

1121
01:08:33,877 --> 01:08:36,168
at locations we sometimes know,

1122
01:08:36,251 --> 01:08:38,585
but we often do not know
very much about it.

1123
01:08:38,669 --> 01:08:42,001
So, we are applying here
geophysical methods

1124
01:08:42,085 --> 01:08:45,919
to quantify the methane hydrate
reservoirs,

1125
01:08:46,001 --> 01:08:47,919
and also to see how stable

1126
01:08:48,001 --> 01:08:51,585
those methane hydrates are
today, but also in the future.

1127
01:08:53,627 --> 01:08:57,752
Methane is one of the most
aggressive greenhouse gases.

1128
01:08:57,835 --> 01:09:01,210
Methane has, fortunately,
a shorter lifetime.

1129
01:09:01,293 --> 01:09:07,085
The Earth has a natural system
for regulating input of methane

1130
01:09:07,168 --> 01:09:10,251
from the ocean
into the atmosphere.

1131
01:09:10,335 --> 01:09:12,794
And this system
is working quite efficiently.

1132
01:09:12,877 --> 01:09:17,335
But this system is also
changing, because the ocean
current system is changing,

1133
01:09:17,418 --> 01:09:19,460
the ocean temperature
is changing,

1134
01:09:19,543 --> 01:09:22,502
the ocean chemistry
is changing.

1135
01:09:22,585 --> 01:09:26,543
So, methane was in
a kind of equilibrium
for some time,

1136
01:09:26,627 --> 01:09:31,960
and during the last
couple of years, we see quite
a distinct increase in methane.

1137
01:09:32,043 --> 01:09:35,126
Do not know where this signal
is coming from,

1138
01:09:35,210 --> 01:09:37,835
and at the present time,
that, of course,

1139
01:09:37,919 --> 01:09:40,502
is putting a pressure
on the scientific community

1140
01:09:40,585 --> 01:09:42,877
to give an answer
to the politicians:

1141
01:09:42,960 --> 01:09:45,794
what is going on with the
methane in the atmosphere?

1142
01:09:45,877 --> 01:09:47,752
Where is the methane
coming from?

1143
01:09:47,835 --> 01:09:51,627
What is presently
becoming more unstable?

1144
01:09:51,710 --> 01:09:54,168
Lund Myhre:
We have done some
very comprehensive

1145
01:09:54,251 --> 01:09:56,293
measurement campaigns
where we have measured

1146
01:09:56,377 --> 01:09:59,210
at the sea floor, in the ocean,

1147
01:09:59,293 --> 01:10:02,460
at the sea surface,
and in the air at the same time

1148
01:10:02,543 --> 01:10:08,168
to understand how methane is
regulated in this whole system.

1149
01:10:08,251 --> 01:10:11,168
There is a lot of methane
stored at the sea floor,

1150
01:10:11,251 --> 01:10:14,543
and this is so much
that only a small change

1151
01:10:14,627 --> 01:10:18,960
might impact the ocean,
or the atmosphere.

1152
01:10:22,377 --> 01:10:25,335
The balance here
needs a lot more focus,

1153
01:10:25,418 --> 01:10:28,752
a lot more observations,
and combining atmosphere,

1154
01:10:28,835 --> 01:10:32,293
ocean, climate, different kind
of components together.

1155
01:10:34,752 --> 01:10:36,543
Pavel Serov:
In my profession,

1156
01:10:36,627 --> 01:10:40,669
I'm interested in studying
methane cold seeps in the ocean,

1157
01:10:40,752 --> 01:10:43,752
in the Russian Arctic,
and also in the Barents Sea.

1158
01:10:43,835 --> 01:10:45,335
It's, well, basically,

1159
01:10:45,418 --> 01:10:47,543
streams of gas bubbles
rising from the sea floor,

1160
01:10:47,627 --> 01:10:52,043
and those gas bubbles are
mostly composed of methane gas.

1161
01:10:52,126 --> 01:10:54,835
First, it's gas hydrates,
that's solid form.

1162
01:10:54,919 --> 01:10:57,710
It's basically ice-like
structures.

1163
01:10:59,710 --> 01:11:03,919
Also, the gas can be present as
free gas, which is gas bubbles.

1164
01:11:04,001 --> 01:11:07,502
Plumes of methane bubbles
can vary.

1165
01:11:07,585 --> 01:11:09,168
In some areas in the Arctic,

1166
01:11:09,251 --> 01:11:13,293
we find gas seeps as tall as
800, 900 meters.

1167
01:11:15,335 --> 01:11:16,794
And the water depth
in these areas,

1168
01:11:16,877 --> 01:11:19,418
a little more
than 1,200 meters.

1169
01:11:19,502 --> 01:11:22,293
In shallower areas, we often
find gas seeps

1170
01:11:22,377 --> 01:11:24,710
that are almost reaching
the sea surface.

1171
01:11:24,794 --> 01:11:29,210
East Siberian Sea is definitely
an area of concern for guys
studying methane,

1172
01:11:29,293 --> 01:11:31,585
in particular
because it's so shallow there.

1173
01:11:31,669 --> 01:11:36,960
So, those methane bubbles have
really high potential to get
to the sea surface.

1174
01:11:37,043 --> 01:11:39,126
Some areas, Spitzbergen,

1175
01:11:39,210 --> 01:11:43,251
we find the methane flares
that are almost reaching
the sea surface.

1176
01:11:50,418 --> 01:11:53,794
DiCaprio:
We have warmed the atmosphere
to such a degree

1177
01:11:53,877 --> 01:11:57,126
that we have hit the tipping
point of a melting Arctic.

1178
01:11:57,210 --> 01:12:00,085
We now face the potential

1179
01:12:00,168 --> 01:12:02,960
for an abrupt
climate change scenario.

1180
01:12:03,043 --> 01:12:07,335
Current models predict
we will shoot way past
the Paris Agreement,

1181
01:12:07,418 --> 01:12:10,377
to five degrees and more,

1182
01:12:10,460 --> 01:12:16,043
causing even more catastrophic
tipping points to be activated.

1183
01:12:16,126 --> 01:12:17,960
Rothman:
Warming might lead

1184
01:12:18,043 --> 01:12:21,460
to large
injections of methane
into the atmosphere.

1185
01:12:21,543 --> 01:12:24,168
It's something
we need to be concerned about.

1186
01:12:24,251 --> 01:12:29,168
I would only add that it's one
of many possible stressors.

1187
01:12:29,251 --> 01:12:31,835
We move into
a high-risk situation

1188
01:12:31,919 --> 01:12:35,085
where we don't really
have any experience

1189
01:12:35,168 --> 01:12:38,877
and we don't know how
to deal with it.

1190
01:12:59,752 --> 01:13:02,669
Guobrandsson:
The permafrost,
and methane in general,

1191
01:13:02,752 --> 01:13:04,710
is of a great concern.

1192
01:13:04,794 --> 01:13:08,710
And I think that
this is something

1193
01:13:08,794 --> 01:13:13,126
perhaps we need to pay more
attention to methane in general,

1194
01:13:13,210 --> 01:13:16,001
in relation to
the climate issue.

1195
01:13:16,085 --> 01:13:18,794
My concerns are that

1196
01:13:18,877 --> 01:13:23,085
there are great reservoirs
of methane in the world,

1197
01:13:23,168 --> 01:13:24,877
in particular in the Arctic.

1198
01:13:24,960 --> 01:13:27,919
It is the risk of going
beyond the tipping point

1199
01:13:28,001 --> 01:13:30,293
where it will be
difficult to go back

1200
01:13:30,377 --> 01:13:33,168
and reverse the problem.

1201
01:13:42,251 --> 01:13:47,543
Tans:
It's a very plausible feedback
mechanism that in Arctic soils,

1202
01:13:47,627 --> 01:13:49,293
permafrost soils,

1203
01:13:49,377 --> 01:13:52,335
there's an enormous amount
of organic material frozen.

1204
01:13:52,418 --> 01:13:55,794
And the amount that is
available there, potentially,

1205
01:13:55,877 --> 01:14:00,251
to turn into CO2 and methane is
maybe three times, four times

1206
01:14:00,335 --> 01:14:04,001
all of the fossil fuels
that we have burned.

1207
01:14:10,919 --> 01:14:15,919
If we take all this material
out of the deep freeze...

1208
01:14:16,001 --> 01:14:20,293
you very likely get large CO2
and methane emissions

1209
01:14:20,377 --> 01:14:22,794
on a huge scale,

1210
01:14:22,877 --> 01:14:25,585
over which we have no control.

1211
01:14:29,251 --> 01:14:32,794
Katey Walter Anthony:
I study methane emissions
from lakes.

1212
01:14:32,877 --> 01:14:35,043
We are in interior Alaska,

1213
01:14:35,126 --> 01:14:38,502
and we are in
discontinuous permafrost.

1214
01:14:40,043 --> 01:14:41,418
The thing that we're looking at

1215
01:14:41,502 --> 01:14:43,126
is microbial methane.

1216
01:14:43,210 --> 01:14:45,502
This methane
bubbling here behind me,

1217
01:14:45,585 --> 01:14:48,085
it's dead plant
and animal remains

1218
01:14:48,168 --> 01:14:49,835
that were locked up
in permafrost

1219
01:14:49,919 --> 01:14:51,794
for tens of thousands of years.

1220
01:14:51,877 --> 01:14:53,794
And as that permafrost
is thawing,

1221
01:14:53,877 --> 01:14:57,293
the microbes eat
that soil carbon,

1222
01:14:57,377 --> 01:14:59,335
and they turn it into methane.

1223
01:15:00,877 --> 01:15:03,460
This process
of permafrost thawing,

1224
01:15:03,543 --> 01:15:07,502
and that thawing permafrost
fueling methane production,

1225
01:15:07,585 --> 01:15:10,460
and then methane
escapes into the atmosphere,

1226
01:15:10,543 --> 01:15:12,627
causes climate warming,

1227
01:15:12,710 --> 01:15:14,710
which causes
more permafrost to thaw,

1228
01:15:14,794 --> 01:15:16,877
we call that
a permafrost carbon feedback.

1229
01:15:16,960 --> 01:15:18,502
It is a natural process.

1230
01:15:18,585 --> 01:15:20,335
Our concern, though,

1231
01:15:20,418 --> 01:15:22,752
is that as climate warms

1232
01:15:22,835 --> 01:15:26,627
at a faster rate than it has
in the last 10,000 years,

1233
01:15:26,710 --> 01:15:29,043
that permafrost
is going to respond

1234
01:15:29,126 --> 01:15:30,835
by thawing a lot more quickly

1235
01:15:30,919 --> 01:15:33,585
and releasing,
at a faster rate, methane gas.

1236
01:15:33,669 --> 01:15:36,335
Now every time
I go to a new lake,

1237
01:15:36,418 --> 01:15:38,585
I attempt to light
these gas pockets.

1238
01:15:38,669 --> 01:15:40,502
Because it's a very high
concentration of methane,

1239
01:15:40,585 --> 01:15:42,168
it's highly flammable,

1240
01:15:42,251 --> 01:15:44,835
we see a positive flame test
when they contain methane.

1241
01:15:44,919 --> 01:15:47,335
So it's a quick gas
chromatograph on the lake

1242
01:15:47,418 --> 01:15:49,043
to tell us do we have
a methane lake,

1243
01:15:49,126 --> 01:15:52,210
or are we dealing with
a different kind of lake?

1244
01:15:52,293 --> 01:15:55,168
There are many new lakes
forming that were not here

1245
01:15:55,251 --> 01:15:57,877
30 or 60 years ago...

1246
01:15:57,960 --> 01:16:03,335
and those lakes have 10 to 100
to 1,000 times more methane
than the rest of the lakes.

1247
01:16:05,585 --> 01:16:08,418
They are a picture of the type
of methane emissions

1248
01:16:08,502 --> 01:16:13,001
we expect to see
in the next 10 to 50 years

1249
01:16:13,085 --> 01:16:16,418
as permafrost warms and thaws,

1250
01:16:16,502 --> 01:16:18,877
and that permafrost feedback
cycle kicks in

1251
01:16:18,960 --> 01:16:20,502
and really accelerates.

1252
01:16:23,460 --> 01:16:26,543
Rothman:
Now, is it methane,
is it permafrost,

1253
01:16:26,627 --> 01:16:31,627
is it the dissolved
organic carbon in the ocean
which is suddenly remobilized?

1254
01:16:31,710 --> 01:16:35,418
These things are all
intertwined with each other.

1255
01:16:35,502 --> 01:16:39,043
So, really what one
needs to ask is:

1256
01:16:39,126 --> 01:16:41,877
are there positive feedbacks
within the system?

1257
01:16:41,960 --> 01:16:43,585
The answer is yes.

1258
01:16:43,669 --> 01:16:47,251
So, it just stands to reason,
purely by common sense,

1259
01:16:47,335 --> 01:16:51,502
the less you disturb it,
the better off things will be.

1260
01:17:03,502 --> 01:17:09,085
DiCaprio:
We have the solutions at hand,
but the question still remains.

1261
01:17:09,168 --> 01:17:14,960
Can we mobilize
and take collective action
before it's too late?

1262
01:17:15,043 --> 01:17:18,126
Wadhams:
There isn't the oomph
in the world to do this.

1263
01:17:18,210 --> 01:17:21,585
They talk about,
with the Paris Agreement,

1264
01:17:21,669 --> 01:17:24,877
how we must reduce
our carbon emissions

1265
01:17:24,960 --> 01:17:28,460
and to keep temperature rise
at some low level,

1266
01:17:28,543 --> 01:17:31,877
but in fact, of course,
we won't be able to do that.

1267
01:17:33,794 --> 01:17:35,877
The technology that can save us
is something

1268
01:17:35,960 --> 01:17:39,210
that would take carbon dioxide
out of the atmosphere.

1269
01:17:41,418 --> 01:17:43,293
So it ought to be obvious

1270
01:17:43,377 --> 01:17:46,710
that the biggest research
effort that man is involved in

1271
01:17:46,794 --> 01:17:50,877
should be to develop
direct air capture methods
that work.

1272
01:17:52,960 --> 01:17:55,335
If we do that,
then we can save the world,

1273
01:17:55,418 --> 01:17:57,794
and so why don't we do it?

1274
01:18:08,960 --> 01:18:11,460
Christof Gebald:
Direct air capture is machines

1275
01:18:11,543 --> 01:18:15,168
which take in ambient air and
extract the CO2 from this air.

1276
01:18:15,251 --> 01:18:18,669
For the last ten years,
we have been working on
direct air capture,

1277
01:18:18,752 --> 01:18:22,794
with the goal of making it
with the least possible
energy impact,

1278
01:18:22,877 --> 01:18:24,960
and ultimately
with the best economics.

1279
01:18:25,043 --> 01:18:28,835
This machine consists of four
40-foot shipping containers,

1280
01:18:28,919 --> 01:18:31,543
and can be any size,
there is no limit to it.

1281
01:18:31,627 --> 01:18:33,543
So we take in the ambient air
here.

1282
01:18:33,627 --> 01:18:37,126
And inside,
we have our filter structure.

1283
01:18:39,335 --> 01:18:41,960
We get the waste heat
of the waste incinerated

1284
01:18:42,043 --> 01:18:43,293
to drive this plant.

1285
01:18:44,335 --> 01:18:46,043
Once the CO2 is captured,

1286
01:18:46,126 --> 01:18:48,710
this gas is then going
to a greenhouse,

1287
01:18:48,794 --> 01:18:51,043
and this greenhouse
is using the CO2

1288
01:18:51,126 --> 01:18:53,085
to increase
the CO2 concentration

1289
01:18:53,168 --> 01:18:55,418
in the atmosphere
of the greenhouse.

1290
01:18:55,502 --> 01:18:58,543
Which is done already nowadays,
but with fossil CO2,

1291
01:18:58,627 --> 01:19:01,960
and from tomorrow on, they're
going to use atmospheric CO2.

1292
01:19:05,919 --> 01:19:08,710
This plant will allow
to close a carbon cycle.

1293
01:19:08,794 --> 01:19:11,710
So, of course, the CO2
goes into the greenhouse,

1294
01:19:11,794 --> 01:19:14,460
and goes to the tomatoes
and cucumbers,

1295
01:19:14,543 --> 01:19:17,502
and once we eat them, the CO2
goes back to the atmosphere.

1296
01:19:17,585 --> 01:19:20,418
But since we recapture the CO2
from the atmosphere,

1297
01:19:20,502 --> 01:19:21,877
it's a closed cycle.

1298
01:19:21,960 --> 01:19:25,418
So, this can be a missing piece
of the pie

1299
01:19:25,502 --> 01:19:28,919
in order to close
a global carbon cycle

1300
01:19:29,001 --> 01:19:31,502
in the energy
or transportation sector.

1301
01:19:34,627 --> 01:19:37,794
So, besides using CO2
in a greenhouse like this,

1302
01:19:37,877 --> 01:19:40,919
we can take CO2,
we can take water,

1303
01:19:41,001 --> 01:19:42,627
and we can take
renewable energy.

1304
01:19:42,710 --> 01:19:46,835
We can again produce fuels--
for example, jet fuel.

1305
01:19:46,919 --> 01:19:51,627
In order to capture
1% of global CO2 emissions,

1306
01:19:51,710 --> 01:19:55,543
we would need roughly 300,000
of the plants behind me,

1307
01:19:55,627 --> 01:19:57,585
which is of course
a very high number.

1308
01:19:57,669 --> 01:20:00,627
But if you compare this
to existing infrastructures,

1309
01:20:00,710 --> 01:20:03,126
it's a scale
which humanity can handle.

1310
01:20:03,210 --> 01:20:07,001
So, it's definitely
an achievable goal.

1311
01:20:12,085 --> 01:20:15,835
The next project is to bring
a plant to Iceland

1312
01:20:15,919 --> 01:20:18,043
to capture CO2 from the air

1313
01:20:18,126 --> 01:20:22,418
and sequester
the CO2 underground.

1314
01:20:22,502 --> 01:20:26,460
And in two hours, you literally
turn CO2 into a stone,

1315
01:20:26,543 --> 01:20:30,085
which stores it in a permanent
and safe manner.

1316
01:20:32,835 --> 01:20:36,710
In order to run the plant,
we would use geothermal heat.

1317
01:20:38,502 --> 01:20:40,669
There's an abundance of it
on Iceland,

1318
01:20:40,752 --> 01:20:43,752
therefore we would have
low carbon footprint energy

1319
01:20:43,835 --> 01:20:46,168
available to drive the machine.

1320
01:20:46,251 --> 01:20:48,085
Jan Wurzbacher:
So, today
is a very special day.

1321
01:20:48,168 --> 01:20:52,168
We have brought CO2 capture
plant up here to Iceland.

1322
01:20:52,251 --> 01:20:54,669
And we are taking CO2
out of the air,

1323
01:20:54,752 --> 01:20:56,960
and then pumping it underground,

1324
01:20:57,043 --> 01:20:59,752
storing it in
the basalt rock formation

1325
01:20:59,835 --> 01:21:01,293
within the CarbFix project.

1326
01:21:01,377 --> 01:21:03,043
So, we extract CO2 from the air

1327
01:21:03,126 --> 01:21:06,377
and permanently remove it
by turning it into rock.

1328
01:21:06,460 --> 01:21:08,669
And yesterday night
was the first time

1329
01:21:08,752 --> 01:21:12,377
that atmospheric CO2
was injected into the ground.

1330
01:21:12,460 --> 01:21:14,835
We can go up to thousands,
ten thousands,

1331
01:21:14,919 --> 01:21:18,293
hundred thousands, and even up
to millions of tons of CO2

1332
01:21:18,377 --> 01:21:21,585
per year that can be extracted
from the atmosphere.

1333
01:21:21,669 --> 01:21:23,210
That is actually,
to our knowledge,

1334
01:21:23,293 --> 01:21:25,001
the first time ever
in the world

1335
01:21:25,085 --> 01:21:26,835
that direct air capture of CO2

1336
01:21:26,919 --> 01:21:29,919
has been combined
with underground safe

1337
01:21:30,001 --> 01:21:32,085
and permanent storage of CO2.

1338
01:21:35,335 --> 01:21:38,710
Benyus:
Yeah, it's a new relationship
with carbon.

1339
01:21:38,794 --> 01:21:40,210
Why can't we find a way

1340
01:21:40,293 --> 01:21:42,001
to make it an ingredient
for something?

1341
01:21:42,085 --> 01:21:43,877
Why can't we put it
in our plastics

1342
01:21:43,960 --> 01:21:45,418
or in our building materials?

1343
01:21:45,502 --> 01:21:48,043
Or through the help
of carbon dioxide chemistry,

1344
01:21:48,126 --> 01:21:51,502
turning carbon dioxide into the
things that we need every day?

1345
01:22:07,168 --> 01:22:12,418
I'm Daniel Nocera,
the Patterson-Rockwood professor
of energy at Harvard University.

1346
01:22:12,502 --> 01:22:16,418
These are my labs,
the labs where we invented

1347
01:22:16,502 --> 01:22:18,835
the artificial leaf
and the bionic leaf.

1348
01:22:18,919 --> 01:22:23,835
And what they do
is a complete photosynthesis.

1349
01:22:23,919 --> 01:22:28,835
Sunlight, air and water,
to fuels and food.

1350
01:22:30,335 --> 01:22:32,377
Think about photosynthesis.

1351
01:22:32,460 --> 01:22:35,585
If you think about
what it really does,

1352
01:22:35,669 --> 01:22:38,001
it's the building block
of life,

1353
01:22:38,085 --> 01:22:40,085
and its building blocks,
literally,

1354
01:22:40,168 --> 01:22:44,627
are CO2, water, and sunlight.

1355
01:22:44,710 --> 01:22:47,877
And we build all of this,
like this,

1356
01:22:47,960 --> 01:22:53,210
wood and food,
and starch, and biomass.

1357
01:22:53,293 --> 01:22:56,335
That's a remarkable
transformation.

1358
01:22:56,418 --> 01:23:00,502
This photosynthetic process,
it's very complex,

1359
01:23:00,585 --> 01:23:02,794
but we really listen to nature.

1360
01:23:02,877 --> 01:23:05,627
And that, we finally ended up
doing in 30 years.

1361
01:23:05,710 --> 01:23:08,335
And something that makes us
really happy,

1362
01:23:08,418 --> 01:23:11,835
not only can I say yes,
we can do it artificially,

1363
01:23:11,919 --> 01:23:15,794
I can do it ten times better
than photosynthesis.

1364
01:23:15,877 --> 01:23:19,919
We made special catalysts that
coated the artificial leaf,

1365
01:23:20,001 --> 01:23:23,752
and then they would split water
to hydrogen and oxygen.

1366
01:23:23,835 --> 01:23:27,502
The second part of the
invention is the bionic leaf.

1367
01:23:27,585 --> 01:23:30,835
It takes the hydrogen
from the bacteria

1368
01:23:30,919 --> 01:23:32,669
and then it makes fuels.

1369
01:23:32,752 --> 01:23:36,210
And so, depending on what genes
I put into the bacteria,

1370
01:23:36,293 --> 01:23:39,585
I could have the bacteria
make materials,

1371
01:23:39,669 --> 01:23:41,335
they could make drugs.

1372
01:23:41,418 --> 01:23:44,460
We've shown
they can make fertilizer.

1373
01:23:44,543 --> 01:23:47,669
We can work
out of any water source,

1374
01:23:47,752 --> 01:23:51,460
including natural waters,
sea water.

1375
01:23:51,543 --> 01:23:53,460
As long as you have
my artificial leaf,

1376
01:23:53,543 --> 01:23:55,835
you can do it in your backyard.

1377
01:23:55,919 --> 01:24:00,919
We don't need to dig what's been
down there and release more CO2.

1378
01:24:01,001 --> 01:24:03,960
The artificial leaf,
working with the bionic leaf,

1379
01:24:04,043 --> 01:24:06,418
takes the CO2
out of the atmosphere,

1380
01:24:06,502 --> 01:24:08,877
uses sunlight and water,
and we make fuel.

1381
01:24:09,001 --> 01:24:14,293
So, we don't add any more
to the atmosphere, any more CO2.

1382
01:24:14,377 --> 01:24:18,543
And it's another issue, because
the cost I'm up against,

1383
01:24:18,627 --> 01:24:22,919
the developed world has spent
tens of trillions of dollars

1384
01:24:23,001 --> 01:24:24,418
to build what they now use.

1385
01:24:24,502 --> 01:24:26,168
It's kind of hard
to walk away from

1386
01:24:26,251 --> 01:24:28,627
a multi-trillion dollar
investment

1387
01:24:28,710 --> 01:24:29,877
that you've paid off.

1388
01:24:29,960 --> 01:24:31,752
So, that's what it's all about.

1389
01:24:31,835 --> 01:24:37,001
Therefore, you need policy
and you need good partnership.

1390
01:24:37,085 --> 01:24:42,460
And the public informing them
that they have options,

1391
01:24:42,543 --> 01:24:46,293
and that there can be
this different world.

1392
01:24:50,335 --> 01:24:53,043
DiCaprio:
This new world
can be sustainable,

1393
01:24:53,126 --> 01:24:55,335
innovative, and profitable.

1394
01:24:55,418 --> 01:24:58,877
The green economy
is creating millions of jobs,

1395
01:24:58,960 --> 01:25:01,085
and will create millions more.

1396
01:25:01,168 --> 01:25:03,210
It matches and will surpass

1397
01:25:03,293 --> 01:25:06,460
the economy of
the fossil fuel industry.

1398
01:25:06,543 --> 01:25:09,418
The challenge
to reverse climate disruption

1399
01:25:09,502 --> 01:25:12,585
opens up opportunity
for everyone.

1400
01:25:12,669 --> 01:25:17,293
It is now more profitable
than ever to be green.

1401
01:25:21,293 --> 01:25:22,919
Hawken:
Up until recently,

1402
01:25:23,001 --> 01:25:27,251
the profit you could make
from creating the problem

1403
01:25:27,335 --> 01:25:30,210
was greater
than the profit

1404
01:25:30,293 --> 01:25:31,835
you could make
from the solutions.

1405
01:25:31,960 --> 01:25:34,377
So, the solutions
had to be done with subsidies,

1406
01:25:34,460 --> 01:25:36,752
which were rare
and non-existent,

1407
01:25:36,835 --> 01:25:40,085
or altruism, or faith.

1408
01:25:40,168 --> 01:25:42,627
But people who are making
the problems were raking it in,

1409
01:25:42,710 --> 01:25:44,293
raking it in, raking it in.

1410
01:25:44,377 --> 01:25:46,418
And I think we're at a crossover

1411
01:25:46,502 --> 01:25:49,710
where actually the profit
you can make from the solutions

1412
01:25:49,794 --> 01:25:52,210
is greater than the profit
from the problems.

1413
01:25:52,293 --> 01:25:54,543
And that is not well understood.

1414
01:25:54,627 --> 01:25:57,085
So it's not that altruism
need not apply,

1415
01:25:57,168 --> 01:25:58,460
it's a great thing.

1416
01:25:58,543 --> 01:26:01,251
But actually,
altruism will not be needed

1417
01:26:01,335 --> 01:26:04,835
in order to move towards a world
where we reverse global warming,

1418
01:26:04,919 --> 01:26:07,877
because in fact,
it's less expensive.

1419
01:26:07,960 --> 01:26:12,168
It's more profitable,
more beneficial, more jobs.

1420
01:26:12,251 --> 01:26:14,794
It's the most amazing thing
that's happened

1421
01:26:14,877 --> 01:26:16,460
in the last few years,

1422
01:26:16,543 --> 01:26:19,001
and it's going to do
nothing but increase

1423
01:26:19,085 --> 01:26:20,335
as the years go by,

1424
01:26:20,418 --> 01:26:22,710
because engineers
and designers,

1425
01:26:22,794 --> 01:26:25,043
and basically
who are unknown and unnamed,

1426
01:26:25,126 --> 01:26:28,168
have been working diligently,
and are working diligently

1427
01:26:28,251 --> 01:26:32,168
to reinvent a new way
of being a human being

1428
01:26:32,251 --> 01:26:34,085
relating to this planet.

1429
01:26:53,126 --> 01:26:56,794
James Murray:
In Orkney, we have a really
strong maritime tradition.

1430
01:26:56,877 --> 01:27:01,043
And since the '70s, the oil
and gas industry in Aberdeen

1431
01:27:01,126 --> 01:27:03,377
has been a major contributor
to the local economy,

1432
01:27:03,460 --> 01:27:05,627
providing tens
and thousands of jobs.

1433
01:27:05,710 --> 01:27:07,293
But really,
in the last few years,

1434
01:27:07,377 --> 01:27:08,627
we've seen quite a big downturn

1435
01:27:08,710 --> 01:27:10,543
in terms of
the oil and gas industry

1436
01:27:10,627 --> 01:27:12,085
and the price of oil.

1437
01:27:12,168 --> 01:27:14,752
But we've got lots
of really experienced people

1438
01:27:14,835 --> 01:27:17,210
in offshore operations
on our doorstep,

1439
01:27:17,293 --> 01:27:20,126
and they're finding new jobs
in offshore renewables

1440
01:27:20,210 --> 01:27:22,001
and companies such as ourselves.

1441
01:27:25,293 --> 01:27:29,043
Tidal energy is almost
an entirely untapped resource.

1442
01:27:29,126 --> 01:27:31,043
We think we have the potential
around the world

1443
01:27:31,126 --> 01:27:34,669
for about 100 gigawatts
of capacity, perhaps more.

1444
01:27:34,752 --> 01:27:37,835
And what that equates to
is a low-carbon energy

1445
01:27:37,919 --> 01:27:40,669
for millions
and millions of homes.

1446
01:27:43,001 --> 01:27:45,460
What we've got here
is the world's most powerful

1447
01:27:45,543 --> 01:27:48,085
floating
tidal energy generator.

1448
01:27:48,168 --> 01:27:49,919
We've got a floating platform

1449
01:27:50,001 --> 01:27:52,168
to which two rotors
are mounted.

1450
01:27:57,043 --> 01:27:59,085
Worker:
We start with
the rotors turning,

1451
01:27:59,168 --> 01:28:00,669
which produces electricity,

1452
01:28:00,752 --> 01:28:02,377
which comes back up
into the machine

1453
01:28:02,460 --> 01:28:03,752
where it's conditioned,

1454
01:28:03,835 --> 01:28:08,335
and then it gets transformed,
and stepped up,

1455
01:28:08,418 --> 01:28:11,001
and fed back into the grid.

1456
01:28:11,085 --> 01:28:13,001
Murray:
It's like a wind turbine
on its side

1457
01:28:13,085 --> 01:28:15,418
with two rotors instead of one.

1458
01:28:15,502 --> 01:28:19,418
Chris Milne:
Two weeks ago,
we had great success.

1459
01:28:19,502 --> 01:28:23,418
First period of 24-hour
continuous generation
from the device.

1460
01:28:23,502 --> 01:28:27,126
It actually operated
beyond expectations.

1461
01:28:27,210 --> 01:28:30,794
The device itself generated
over 18 megawatt-hours of power

1462
01:28:30,877 --> 01:28:33,085
in that 24-hour period.

1463
01:28:33,168 --> 01:28:36,460
We're converging on
more traditional methods

1464
01:28:36,543 --> 01:28:37,960
of renewable generation,

1465
01:28:38,043 --> 01:28:40,794
and really putting
tidal out there

1466
01:28:40,877 --> 01:28:43,460
as a real competitive technology
across the world

1467
01:28:43,543 --> 01:28:45,335
and the world's
generation needs.

1468
01:28:47,377 --> 01:28:50,919
The tidal turbine is,
it's 63 meters long in total.

1469
01:28:51,001 --> 01:28:53,627
We do all the power conversion
within the device itself,

1470
01:28:53,710 --> 01:28:55,627
and it's ready,
then, for export

1471
01:28:55,710 --> 01:28:57,794
right into
the UK electricity grid.

1472
01:28:57,877 --> 01:29:01,835
So, you know, we're aiming
for tens of thousands

1473
01:29:01,919 --> 01:29:03,919
of these tidal turbines,

1474
01:29:04,001 --> 01:29:05,669
but this, you know,
fully integrated system

1475
01:29:05,752 --> 01:29:08,752
for producing low carbon energy,
so we're very excited about it.

1476
01:29:11,919 --> 01:29:14,627
Neil Kermode:
So, EMEC was set up
as a testing laboratory,

1477
01:29:14,710 --> 01:29:17,168
because we know that
there's a huge amount of energy

1478
01:29:17,251 --> 01:29:20,043
in the oceans
all around the world,

1479
01:29:20,126 --> 01:29:22,669
and we're trying to find a way
to harvest it.

1480
01:29:22,752 --> 01:29:25,835
And so, we realized that one
of the most important things

1481
01:29:25,919 --> 01:29:28,251
was to have a test center
which would allow us

1482
01:29:28,335 --> 01:29:30,335
to find out
how to do this properly.

1483
01:29:30,418 --> 01:29:32,752
So, what we've got
is a site here

1484
01:29:32,835 --> 01:29:34,835
where we've got cables
that are out in the sea

1485
01:29:34,919 --> 01:29:37,669
that allow developers
of these machines

1486
01:29:37,752 --> 01:29:39,877
to put these machines
on to our cables,

1487
01:29:39,960 --> 01:29:43,377
and the electricity
is then brought on to shore.

1488
01:29:43,460 --> 01:29:45,585
And that then feeds
into our national grid.

1489
01:29:45,669 --> 01:29:47,085
So, this is real.

1490
01:29:47,168 --> 01:29:49,794
This is making electricity
out of seawater.

1491
01:29:51,710 --> 01:29:54,126
So, at the moment, we've got
a device called the Penguin,

1492
01:29:54,210 --> 01:29:56,335
and that's by a company
called Wello Oy,

1493
01:29:56,418 --> 01:29:57,960
and their machine
is effectively

1494
01:29:58,043 --> 01:30:01,293
a large pendulum
inside a ship.

1495
01:30:01,377 --> 01:30:02,710
And as the ship moves,

1496
01:30:02,794 --> 01:30:04,543
this pendulum
turns horizontally,

1497
01:30:04,627 --> 01:30:06,710
and that then
generates electricity.

1498
01:30:06,794 --> 01:30:08,210
The sea is unrelenting,

1499
01:30:08,293 --> 01:30:10,377
and it will really try
and damage equipment.

1500
01:30:10,460 --> 01:30:13,043
So, making the equipment
as reliable, robust,

1501
01:30:13,126 --> 01:30:15,752
efficient, cost-effective,
all these things

1502
01:30:15,835 --> 01:30:17,502
are the things that people
are grappling with.

1503
01:30:17,585 --> 01:30:19,043
But the really clever thing is,

1504
01:30:19,126 --> 01:30:20,710
we have done
that piece of alchemy.

1505
01:30:20,794 --> 01:30:22,960
We've actually turned seawater
into electricity.

1506
01:30:23,043 --> 01:30:26,460
And that really is huge,
because people are worried about

1507
01:30:26,543 --> 01:30:28,126
whether you can do this or not
for years,

1508
01:30:28,210 --> 01:30:29,418
and we've just shown you can.

1509
01:30:29,502 --> 01:30:31,543
And that's a big step forward.

1510
01:30:55,585 --> 01:30:58,460
Lund Myhre:
No one can say that
the scientist has not warned,

1511
01:30:58,543 --> 01:31:03,085
has not told that we have
to reduce the emissions
of greenhouse gases.

1512
01:31:03,168 --> 01:31:04,835
That should be clear to many.

1513
01:31:04,919 --> 01:31:06,210
How much farther can we go?

1514
01:31:06,293 --> 01:31:07,752
How many more tipping points
can we go

1515
01:31:07,835 --> 01:31:09,335
before we hit a tipping point

1516
01:31:09,418 --> 01:31:12,752
from which our civilization
cannot recover,

1517
01:31:12,835 --> 01:31:15,418
or from which the life
of this planet,

1518
01:31:15,502 --> 01:31:18,335
or a large portion of the life
on this planet cannot recover?

1519
01:31:18,418 --> 01:31:21,460
We cannot allow ourselves
to reach those points.

1520
01:31:21,543 --> 01:31:23,043
And we're so damn close to it.

1521
01:31:23,126 --> 01:31:24,960
Smith:
We're at a turning point.

1522
01:31:25,043 --> 01:31:28,460
Either we can stay the course
and drown, burn,

1523
01:31:28,543 --> 01:31:30,293
and starve ourselves to death

1524
01:31:30,377 --> 01:31:32,293
in the face
of the climate crisis,

1525
01:31:32,377 --> 01:31:35,543
or we can come together,
we can innovate.

1526
01:31:37,001 --> 01:31:38,251
Hawken:
Where do we stand?

1527
01:31:38,335 --> 01:31:40,794
Is it possible?
Is it game over?

1528
01:31:40,877 --> 01:31:42,418
Or is it, in fact, game on,

1529
01:31:42,502 --> 01:31:44,627
which is that we have at hand

1530
01:31:44,710 --> 01:31:47,627
the ability, capacity,
and solutions

1531
01:31:47,710 --> 01:31:49,418
that can reverse
global warming,

1532
01:31:49,502 --> 01:31:52,293
not mitigate, not reduce,
not stabilize,

1533
01:31:52,377 --> 01:31:54,168
but reverse?

1534
01:31:54,251 --> 01:31:55,835
When you make
your goals bigger,

1535
01:31:55,919 --> 01:31:57,335
it opens up possibility.

1536
01:31:57,418 --> 01:31:59,377
It opens up imagination.

1537
01:31:59,460 --> 01:32:02,502
It opens up innovation.
It doesn't foreclose.

1538
01:32:02,585 --> 01:32:04,502
It actually does the opposite.

1539
01:32:04,585 --> 01:32:07,794
And so, it's not that
there's one solution,

1540
01:32:07,877 --> 01:32:11,710
but together,
you can achieve drawdown

1541
01:32:11,794 --> 01:32:14,585
by doing 80% of the solutions.

1542
01:32:14,669 --> 01:32:18,502
Every one of them
has so many cascading benefits,

1543
01:32:18,585 --> 01:32:20,502
makes a better world
for everybody.

1544
01:32:20,585 --> 01:32:25,085
So, we don't lose
by understanding

1545
01:32:25,168 --> 01:32:26,835
that climate change
is happening

1546
01:32:26,919 --> 01:32:30,251
and responding to it,
so what's the problem?

1547
01:32:37,460 --> 01:32:39,210
DiCaprio:
We are the first generation

1548
01:32:39,293 --> 01:32:41,960
to see the advance
of climate disruption,

1549
01:32:42,043 --> 01:32:45,460
and the last
with a chance to fix it.

1550
01:32:45,543 --> 01:32:47,585
In spite of all this evidence,

1551
01:32:47,669 --> 01:32:50,126
we are currently
burning fossil fuels

1552
01:32:50,210 --> 01:32:52,710
at an ever-increasing rate.

1553
01:32:52,794 --> 01:32:54,543
We have heard
from the scientists

1554
01:32:54,627 --> 01:32:59,210
who have told us the truth
based on actual research.

1555
01:32:59,293 --> 01:33:02,919
It is time to end the delay,
to listen,

1556
01:33:03,001 --> 01:33:06,377
and to implement
the solutions at hand.

1557
01:33:06,460 --> 01:33:11,043
Time is running out.
The ice is melting.

1558
01:33:11,126 --> 01:33:14,919
Decisive action
must be taken now.

1559
01:33:15,001 --> 01:33:17,460
There is no other option.

1560
01:33:17,543 --> 01:33:21,001
This moment
is within our reach.

1561
01:33:21,085 --> 01:33:23,126
Let us grasp it.

1562
01:33:23,210 --> 01:33:26,627
It is up to us,
each one of us,

1563
01:33:26,710 --> 01:33:31,960
to save this unique blue planet
for generations to come.

1564
01:34:02,377 --> 01:34:07,043
♪ Lord, if you're
not listening ♪

1565
01:34:07,126 --> 01:34:09,210
♪ I'll stop praying ♪

1566
01:34:11,377 --> 01:34:13,418
♪ If you're not watching ♪

1567
01:34:13,502 --> 01:34:17,835
♪ Will you see me fall
to my knees? ♪

1568
01:34:20,085 --> 01:34:23,377
♪ Lose it all ♪

1569
01:34:26,835 --> 01:34:31,502
♪ Lord, if I can't see it ♪

1570
01:34:31,585 --> 01:34:34,085
♪ I can't feel it ♪

1571
01:34:35,919 --> 01:34:37,710
♪ If I can't feel it ♪

1572
01:34:37,794 --> 01:34:40,418
♪ It's not happening ♪

1573
01:34:42,418 --> 01:34:46,251
♪ Love is light
but ice keeps burning ♪

1574
01:34:48,418 --> 01:34:52,794
♪ Love and hope
are just a fall ♪

1575
01:34:52,877 --> 01:34:55,669
♪ From your hill ♪

1576
01:34:55,752 --> 01:35:00,585
♪ Can you hear us
calling again? ♪

1577
01:35:03,794 --> 01:35:08,293
♪ Lord, we're all lost ♪

1578
01:35:08,377 --> 01:35:10,877
♪ Is life worth living? ♪

1579
01:35:13,043 --> 01:35:17,293
♪ If you're not watching
I'm not doing wrong ♪

1580
01:35:19,085 --> 01:35:23,126
♪ Hope and rain
and ice is burning ♪

1581
01:35:26,627 --> 01:35:31,293
♪ Then you see us
turn on a friend ♪

1582
01:35:32,919 --> 01:35:37,627
♪ Will you hear them
calling again? ♪

1583
01:35:41,210 --> 01:35:45,210
♪ Lord, the world went dark ♪

1584
01:35:45,293 --> 01:35:47,669
♪ The wave came crashing ♪

1585
01:35:49,585 --> 01:35:54,085
♪ If we're all gone
will you still carry on? ♪

1586
01:35:55,877 --> 01:36:00,210
♪ Love is light
but ice keeps burning ♪

1587
01:36:03,877 --> 01:36:08,877
♪ Will you see us
ride to the edge? ♪

1588
01:36:10,752 --> 01:36:14,335
♪ One last fall from the hill ♪

1589
01:36:17,585 --> 01:36:20,418
♪ Dear Lord ♪

1590
01:36:20,502 --> 01:36:24,835
♪ If you don't want me
I'm not staying ♪

1591
01:36:26,669 --> 01:36:30,669
♪ Love is light
light keeps burning ♪

1592
01:36:33,085 --> 01:36:37,168
♪ Let me know
if I'm worth saving ♪

1593
01:36:38,960 --> 01:36:41,377
♪ We're almost gone ♪

1594
01:36:41,460 --> 01:36:45,502
♪ So if we fall again ♪

1595
01:36:48,251 --> 01:36:51,085
♪ Will you carry on? ♪

1596
01:36:53,418 --> 01:36:58,377
♪ If we're falling in ♪

1597
01:36:58,460 --> 01:37:04,502
♪ Will you catch us all? ♪

1598
01:37:19,377 --> 01:37:25,585
♪ Lord, just let me know
if I'm worth saving ♪