1
00:01:49,978 --> 00:01:52,412
71 Ruysdaelstraat.

2
00:01:53,047 --> 00:01:57,351
Office of Keesing, printer
and publisher of magazines.

3
00:01:59,219 --> 00:02:01,421
Jacob Keesing,
his wife Esperance

4
00:02:01,522 --> 00:02:03,725
and sisters Suzanne and Marianne

5
00:02:03,825 --> 00:02:08,462
took their own lives in IJmuiden
harbour on the 15th of May 1940,

6
00:02:08,563 --> 00:02:10,832
the day the Dutch
army surrendered.

7
00:02:10,932 --> 00:02:13,668
Many Jews had hoped to escape
to England from there

8
00:02:13,768 --> 00:02:16,704
but most could not find a boat
willing to take them.

9
00:02:16,804 --> 00:02:20,407
The director of the company,
Jacob's brother Isaac Keesing,

10
00:02:20,508 --> 00:02:24,579
managed to escape
to the United States in 1942.

11
00:02:24,679 --> 00:02:29,550
He transferred the company
to his employee Peter Diesveld.

12
00:02:29,651 --> 00:02:31,653
He had to work
under a "Verwalter",

13
00:02:31,753 --> 00:02:33,955
a supervisor
the Germans installed

14
00:02:34,055 --> 00:02:36,423
at all Jewish owned businesses.

15
00:02:37,692 --> 00:02:41,294
Diesveld secretly continued
to pay fired Jewish staff.

16
00:02:41,395 --> 00:02:43,296
He moved into
Isaac Keesing's home

17
00:02:43,397 --> 00:02:46,366
and let people hide
both there and at the office.

18
00:02:46,466 --> 00:02:49,771
One man hid for days
on top of the elevator.

19
00:03:04,384 --> 00:03:06,721
Prins Bernhardplein.

20
00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:09,691
The German authorities
forbade the naming of streets

21
00:03:09,791 --> 00:03:12,960
after living members
of the Dutch Royal family.

22
00:03:13,061 --> 00:03:15,295
This square was
renamed Gooiplein,

23
00:03:15,395 --> 00:03:17,699
after a rural
area near Amsterdam.

24
00:03:29,677 --> 00:03:31,612
7 Schagerlaan.

25
00:03:32,245 --> 00:03:34,148
In December 1942,

26
00:03:34,247 --> 00:03:36,150
the Bergsma
family told the police

27
00:03:36,249 --> 00:03:39,887
that a four-month-old baby was
left in front of their house.

28
00:03:40,253 --> 00:03:44,992
Throughout 1942, newspapers
reported a "flood of
foundlings".

29
00:03:45,292 --> 00:03:49,463
In this way, Jewish children
could be taken in legally by
helpers,

30
00:03:49,564 --> 00:03:52,265
while their real identity
remained concealed.

31
00:03:52,365 --> 00:03:53,501
To stop this practice,

32
00:03:53,601 --> 00:03:56,504
the Germans announced
in January 1943

33
00:03:56,604 --> 00:03:59,941
that all foundlings
would be regarded as Jewish.

34
00:04:00,041 --> 00:04:01,809
Baby David Kurk survived the war

35
00:04:01,909 --> 00:04:04,045
as Rudolf Bergsma.

36
00:04:04,145 --> 00:04:06,514
His mother Carolina Kurk-à Cohen

37
00:04:06,614 --> 00:04:10,151
was murdered in Auschwitz
killing centre in 1944,

38
00:04:10,250 --> 00:04:15,690
his father Jacob Kurk in
Mauthausen concentration camp
in 1945.

39
00:04:16,824 --> 00:04:18,391
Demolished.

40
00:04:31,105 --> 00:04:32,974
Rembrandtplein.

41
00:04:33,074 --> 00:04:37,111
Many bars and cafés around this
square close to the old
Jewish Quarter

42
00:04:37,211 --> 00:04:38,679
were frequented by Germans

43
00:04:38,780 --> 00:04:41,849
and members of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB

44
00:04:41,949 --> 00:04:45,520
and their paramilitary unit,
the WA Blackshirts.

45
00:04:45,620 --> 00:04:48,589
In June 1940,
these anti-Semitic thugs,

46
00:04:48,689 --> 00:04:50,792
smashed up
the interior of De Kroon

47
00:04:50,892 --> 00:04:53,861
and other places
perceived as Jewish.

48
00:04:53,961 --> 00:04:56,564
Half a year later,
they smashed the windows of bars

49
00:04:56,664 --> 00:04:59,167
that did not hang
"Jews prohibited" signs

50
00:04:59,267 --> 00:05:03,037
and trashed a bar that still
let Jewish artists perform.

51
00:05:03,137 --> 00:05:07,575
In February 1941, numerous
street fights broke out on
this square

52
00:05:07,675 --> 00:05:10,678
between Dutch Nazis,
helped by German Order Police,

53
00:05:10,778 --> 00:05:13,514
and Jews, who started
to organise their defence

54
00:05:13,614 --> 00:05:15,750
against the brutal attacks.

55
00:05:15,850 --> 00:05:18,619
The Dutch police
were not allowed to interfere.

56
00:05:18,719 --> 00:05:21,789
From the 15th of September 1941,

57
00:05:21,889 --> 00:05:26,627
Jews were officially banned from
visiting cafés,
bars and restaurants.

58
00:05:26,727 --> 00:05:28,229
One city councillor commented

59
00:05:28,328 --> 00:05:33,134
that lost revenues were "at
least made up for" by German
soldiers.

60
00:05:33,568 --> 00:05:37,839
Later in the war, the square
became a centre for black market
activities.

61
00:07:06,127 --> 00:07:07,929
Zeedijk.

62
00:07:08,029 --> 00:07:10,531
The red-light district
was officially off-limits

63
00:07:10,631 --> 00:07:13,000
to the Wehrmacht,
the German army.

64
00:07:13,100 --> 00:07:16,804
Later in the war, it became
a centre for the black market.

65
00:07:25,913 --> 00:07:30,051
74 Oudezijds Achterburgwal,
ground floor.

66
00:07:30,151 --> 00:07:32,153
Home of Betje Fuld.

67
00:07:32,253 --> 00:07:36,123
According to her arrest report
from the Police Department for
Jewish Affairs,

68
00:07:36,223 --> 00:07:38,759
dated the 10th of July 1942,

69
00:07:38,859 --> 00:07:42,296
she was "formerly a seamstress,
now a prostitute.

70
00:07:42,396 --> 00:07:44,365
She was outdoors
without a Jewish star

71
00:07:44,464 --> 00:07:46,968
and she prostituted herself.

72
00:07:47,068 --> 00:07:50,071
She also stated that she charged
for carnal intercourse

73
00:07:50,171 --> 00:07:51,739
with Aryan persons."

74
00:07:51,839 --> 00:07:55,876
Fuld was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

75
00:08:05,152 --> 00:08:07,054
Kalverstraat.

76
00:08:10,324 --> 00:08:15,262
A fight broke out in this street
on the 31st of August 1941,

77
00:08:15,363 --> 00:08:17,665
the birthday of
Queen Wilhelmina.

78
00:08:17,765 --> 00:08:20,835
The Dutch Queen rallied
against the Germans from London.

79
00:08:20,935 --> 00:08:24,572
Resistance worker Cor Snijders
recalled after the war:

80
00:08:24,672 --> 00:08:26,841
"We celebrated by walking
along Kalverstraat

81
00:08:26,941 --> 00:08:28,843
with flowers in our buttonholes.

82
00:08:29,143 --> 00:08:31,379
Dutch Nazi thugs
started pulling them off,

83
00:08:31,479 --> 00:08:35,449
so we decided to attach razor
blades behind the corsages.

84
00:08:35,549 --> 00:08:38,452
The next time one of
the blackshirts tried to rip out
a flower,

85
00:08:38,586 --> 00:08:40,154
it got very bloody.

86
00:08:40,254 --> 00:08:41,689
This caused quite a scrap,

87
00:08:41,789 --> 00:08:43,891
and in the end they cordoned
off part of the street.

88
00:08:43,991 --> 00:08:46,727
Everyone wearing a flower
was arrested."

89
00:08:54,035 --> 00:08:58,406
62, Max Euw Square,
then Leidsekade.

90
00:08:58,507 --> 00:09:00,608
Lido Restaurant.

91
00:09:00,708 --> 00:09:02,576
"Leidseplein
completely cleansed,"

92
00:09:02,676 --> 00:09:06,447
was the headline of an article
in the newspaper of
the Dutch Nazi party,

93
00:09:06,547 --> 00:09:09,116
in January 1941.

94
00:09:09,216 --> 00:09:13,287
It continued: "One can scarcely
believe one's own eyes.

95
00:09:13,921 --> 00:09:16,957
No Jews allowed at
the prestigious Américain hotel,

96
00:09:17,058 --> 00:09:19,794
no Jews allowed at the Lido,
which until recently

97
00:09:19,894 --> 00:09:22,596
was the gathering place
for Jews on Leidseplein,

98
00:09:22,696 --> 00:09:27,301
no Jews allowed at Amsterdam's
largest picture house,
the City cinema.

99
00:09:27,401 --> 00:09:30,404
In short, no
Jews allowed anywhere!

100
00:09:30,505 --> 00:09:33,140
It is almost too wonderful
to be true:

101
00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,343
there are no Jews to disturb
Christians in
their leisure time."

102
00:09:41,182 --> 00:09:42,817
In March 1943,

103
00:09:42,917 --> 00:09:45,286
after losing the battle
of Stalingrad,

104
00:09:45,386 --> 00:09:48,789
the Germans closed all
luxury restaurants and stores.

105
00:09:48,889 --> 00:09:51,392
The staff were sent to work
in Germany.

106
00:09:51,492 --> 00:09:54,595
After liberation, in May 1945,

107
00:09:54,695 --> 00:09:56,931
the Lido became
a Canadian officer's club.

108
00:09:57,031 --> 00:09:58,732
One of the resident musicians

109
00:09:58,833 --> 00:10:02,236
was the Surinamese saxophone
player Kid Dynamite.

110
00:10:04,171 --> 00:10:05,739
Demolished.

111
00:10:20,187 --> 00:10:22,656
123 Apollolaan.

112
00:10:22,756 --> 00:10:24,492
Apollo House.

113
00:10:24,593 --> 00:10:26,894
Guesthouse,
owned by the Josephs family,

114
00:10:26,994 --> 00:10:30,264
who were all murdered
in Auschwitz in 1942,

115
00:10:30,364 --> 00:10:32,199
as were many of their guests.

116
00:10:32,299 --> 00:10:35,803
It subsequently became
a guesthouse for Germans.

117
00:10:35,903 --> 00:10:39,373
The German security service,
the SD, requisitioned the hotel

118
00:10:39,473 --> 00:10:44,011
following the bombing of its
headquarters in November 1944.

119
00:10:44,111 --> 00:10:45,679
The house was partly furnished

120
00:10:45,779 --> 00:10:48,749
with items taken from the home
of the Ruys family.

121
00:10:48,849 --> 00:10:50,918
Resistance worker Gerrit Ruys

122
00:10:51,018 --> 00:10:53,754
was a solicitor
with offices on Keizersgracht,

123
00:10:53,854 --> 00:10:56,625
where he was arrested
in January 1945

124
00:10:56,724 --> 00:10:58,826
after his son Hugo was picked up

125
00:10:58,926 --> 00:11:02,263
while distributing
the underground newspaper
The Parole.

126
00:11:04,465 --> 00:11:06,635
Gerrit Ruys's other son Herman

127
00:11:06,734 --> 00:11:09,703
had already been arrested
two years earlier.

128
00:11:09,803 --> 00:11:12,541
Both sons were executed.

129
00:11:12,907 --> 00:11:16,343
Gerrit Ruys died at
Sandbostel concentration camp.

130
00:11:16,443 --> 00:11:19,614
His wife, Johanna Ruys-Bavinck,
was also arrested

131
00:11:19,713 --> 00:11:23,217
and released from prison
in April 1945.

132
00:11:36,830 --> 00:11:40,669
Amsterdam, the 15th of May 1940.

133
00:11:41,168 --> 00:11:43,605
German troops approached
Amsterdam from the east

134
00:11:43,704 --> 00:11:47,775
and drove further into town over
the Berlage bridge on
Amstel River,

135
00:11:47,875 --> 00:11:50,077
where German citizens
and Dutch sympathisers

136
00:11:50,177 --> 00:11:53,080
were orchestrated
to welcome them.

137
00:11:53,914 --> 00:11:57,818
The Dutch army had capitulated
after the Germans bombarded
Rotterdam

138
00:11:57,918 --> 00:12:00,754
and threatened
to destroy more cities.

139
00:12:00,854 --> 00:12:03,224
The Netherlands initially
had tried to stay neutral,

140
00:12:03,324 --> 00:12:05,694
like it was
during the First World War,

141
00:12:05,793 --> 00:12:07,728
but the country was attacked
by the German army

142
00:12:07,828 --> 00:12:10,599
at the same time
as Belgium and France.

143
00:12:10,699 --> 00:12:14,902
The Dutch queen, Wilhelmina,
and her cabinet fled to London.

144
00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:20,307
In 1940 around 800,000 people
lived in Amsterdam,

145
00:12:20,407 --> 00:12:24,311
not much less than now.
10% of them were Jewish.

146
00:12:24,411 --> 00:12:26,814
The Nazis considered
most other Dutch people

147
00:12:26,914 --> 00:12:28,882
fellow members
of the Aryan race

148
00:12:28,983 --> 00:12:31,185
and some hoped to eventually
incorporate the Netherlands

149
00:12:31,285 --> 00:12:33,954
into
the Greater Germanic Empire.

150
00:12:34,054 --> 00:12:37,091
They found a substantial group
of supporters in the capital.

151
00:12:37,191 --> 00:12:40,995
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,
got almost 30,000 votes

152
00:12:41,095 --> 00:12:42,930
in the municipal elections
in Amsterdam

153
00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:45,032
a year before the war.

154
00:12:45,399 --> 00:12:47,368
One of the first measures
the Germans took

155
00:12:47,468 --> 00:12:50,471
was putting the clock
an hour and 40 minutes forward,

156
00:12:50,572 --> 00:12:53,874
so it was the same time
in Amsterdam as in Berlin.

157
00:12:54,308 --> 00:12:57,211
The weather report disappeared
from the newspapers.

158
00:12:57,311 --> 00:13:00,180
The weather was considered
a military secret.

159
00:13:03,551 --> 00:13:04,952
From the Berlage bridge

160
00:13:05,052 --> 00:13:08,222
a part of the German troops
made their way to City Hall.

161
00:13:08,322 --> 00:13:10,924
The city had to provide housing
for all Germans,

162
00:13:11,025 --> 00:13:12,761
starting with the soldiers.

163
00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:16,397
Soon a civic administration was
installed in the Netherlands.

164
00:13:16,497 --> 00:13:19,466
The Germans began to replace
all Dutch organisations

165
00:13:19,567 --> 00:13:22,136
like worker's unions
and charity organisations

166
00:13:22,236 --> 00:13:24,639
with national socialist ones.

167
00:13:25,039 --> 00:13:27,107
he press was brought
under German control

168
00:13:27,207 --> 00:13:30,210
and even the boy scouts
would be nazified.

169
00:13:30,311 --> 00:13:32,980
On that first day of
the occupation of Amsterdam,

170
00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:34,214
an alderman informed

171
00:13:34,315 --> 00:13:36,984
the German lieutenant-general
Karl von Tiedemann

172
00:13:37,084 --> 00:13:39,554
in the name of the city council
that he hoped the Germans

173
00:13:39,654 --> 00:13:43,123
would leave the Jewish citizens
of Amsterdam undisturbed.

174
00:13:43,991 --> 00:13:45,959
Tiedemann answered cryptically:

175
00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:47,828
"If the Jews
don't want to see us,

176
00:13:47,928 --> 00:13:49,930
we will not see the Jews."

177
00:14:28,402 --> 00:14:32,373
Museumplein, then called the
grounds of the Ice-Skating Club.

178
00:14:32,473 --> 00:14:34,375
Venue for major events.

179
00:14:34,475 --> 00:14:37,344
This was where
the NSB blackshirts marched,

180
00:14:37,444 --> 00:14:41,148
where the head of the SS,
Heinrich Himmler,
inspected troops,

181
00:14:41,248 --> 00:14:43,951
and where the Dutch Nazi leader
Anton Mussert

182
00:14:44,051 --> 00:14:46,521
and Reich Commissioner
Arthur Seyss-Inquart

183
00:14:46,621 --> 00:14:48,523
spoke at large rallies.

184
00:14:50,658 --> 00:14:53,561
The villas on the east side of
the square became
the headquarters

185
00:14:53,661 --> 00:14:57,030
of the German military
and civil administration.

186
00:14:57,131 --> 00:14:58,566
Next to the Concertgebouw

187
00:14:58,666 --> 00:15:02,002
were the headquarters of
the Dutch Nazi Party, the NSB.

188
00:15:04,238 --> 00:15:05,472
In 1943,

189
00:15:05,573 --> 00:15:08,676
the Germans started building
defence works on the square,

190
00:15:08,777 --> 00:15:10,344
including barbed wire fencing

191
00:15:10,444 --> 00:15:14,148
and bunkers known popularly
as the "three peaks".

192
00:15:14,248 --> 00:15:16,917
A few streets
were also cordoned off.

193
00:15:18,419 --> 00:15:22,824
After D-Day, the allied invasion
in Normandy in June 1944,

194
00:15:22,923 --> 00:15:26,994
Adolf Hitler gave orders to
defend "the Rotterdam and
Amsterdam area

195
00:15:27,094 --> 00:15:29,163
for as long as possible."

196
00:15:29,597 --> 00:15:31,932
This square became one
of the Stützpunkte,

197
00:15:32,032 --> 00:15:35,135
or "bastions", for
the German defence of Amsterdam.

198
00:15:36,871 --> 00:15:41,341
It wasn't until 1953 that the
German bunkers were blown up.

199
00:15:52,186 --> 00:15:57,124
1 Museumstraat,
then 42 Stadhouderskade.

200
00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:00,427
The Rijksmuseum.

201
00:16:15,209 --> 00:16:18,479
In 1939,
prior to the German invasion,

202
00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:21,816
the museum transferred the most
important artworks in
its collection

203
00:16:21,916 --> 00:16:25,252
to churches and other buildings
in North Holland province,

204
00:16:25,352 --> 00:16:27,689
while construction work
on state storage bunkers

205
00:16:27,789 --> 00:16:31,291
in the coastal dunes
near Castricum was completed.

206
00:16:32,259 --> 00:16:33,828
Rembrandt's "The Night Watch"

207
00:16:33,928 --> 00:16:35,630
was stored in a castle
in North Holland,

208
00:16:35,730 --> 00:16:38,165
before being transferred
to the underground vaults

209
00:16:38,265 --> 00:16:41,503
in Mount St Peter
near Maastricht.

210
00:16:42,169 --> 00:16:45,172
During the occupation, the Nazis
tried to turn Rembrandt

211
00:16:45,272 --> 00:16:47,107
into a Germanic Hero,

212
00:16:47,207 --> 00:16:50,612
with big celebrations
on his birthday, July the 15th,

213
00:16:50,712 --> 00:16:53,013
now called Rembrandt Day.

214
00:16:53,447 --> 00:16:55,917
German Nazi
director Hans Steinhoff

215
00:16:56,016 --> 00:17:00,020
shot a feature film about
the painter in a studio in
Amsterdam.

216
00:17:00,722 --> 00:17:04,526
Members of the German Army could
enter the museum free of charge.

217
00:17:04,626 --> 00:17:08,963
The occupying authorities banned
the display of works by
Jewish artists,

218
00:17:09,062 --> 00:17:11,633
or that depicted Jewish people.

219
00:17:13,333 --> 00:17:18,405
The museum expanded its holdings
in and after the war with Jewish
owned art works.

220
00:17:20,508 --> 00:17:25,112
The museum had dealings with
the Liro Bank which looted
Jewish assets.

221
00:17:25,647 --> 00:17:29,449
Some artworks were only
returned recently to
their rightful owners.

222
00:17:31,586 --> 00:17:35,023
The Rijksmuseum had to house
several propaganda exhibitions,

223
00:17:35,122 --> 00:17:37,357
including
"The Art of the War Front",

224
00:17:37,457 --> 00:17:41,029
and "Amber: Blond Gold
of the Germanic People".

225
00:17:41,128 --> 00:17:43,598
Children's toys made
by the German Order Police

226
00:17:43,698 --> 00:17:45,499
were also put on display.

227
00:17:47,569 --> 00:17:50,605
The Rijksmuseum mounted
its own exhibitions as well.

228
00:17:50,705 --> 00:17:54,042
The exhibition Spirit of Christ
was closed down

229
00:17:54,141 --> 00:17:56,544
because it included
too many abstract works,

230
00:17:56,644 --> 00:17:59,446
which the Nazis
saw as degenerate.

231
00:17:59,547 --> 00:18:02,449
In 1944, the museum
staged an exhibition

232
00:18:02,550 --> 00:18:04,919
of wrought iron
and cast-iron objects,

233
00:18:05,019 --> 00:18:08,656
primarily because of the
material's bombproof qualities.

234
00:18:10,457 --> 00:18:13,995
The museum closed after
Dolle Dinsdag, or Mad Tuesday,

235
00:18:14,094 --> 00:18:16,196
the Tuesday in September 1944

236
00:18:16,296 --> 00:18:17,999
when public celebrations erupted

237
00:18:18,098 --> 00:18:22,570
after rumours
that the Netherlands was about
to be liberated.

238
00:18:24,072 --> 00:18:25,740
Shortly after liberation,

239
00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:29,376
the "Night Watch" was returned
to the Rijksmuseum by
inland barge.

240
00:18:33,246 --> 00:18:37,417
In October 1945,
the first 26 looted paintings

241
00:18:37,518 --> 00:18:41,522
to be returned from Germany were
welcomed in the Rijksmuseum.

242
00:20:03,538 --> 00:20:06,641
4 and
6 Concertgebouwplein,

243
00:20:06,741 --> 00:20:10,945
formerly Jan Willem
Brouwersplein,
The Concertgebouw.

244
00:20:11,478 --> 00:20:15,149
Many national-socialist events
were held in this building.

245
00:20:15,248 --> 00:20:17,618
In 1942, for example,

246
00:20:17,719 --> 00:20:20,454
it was here
that Dutch nazi Anton Mussert

247
00:20:20,555 --> 00:20:23,223
was declared leader
of the Dutch people.

248
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:28,696
Shows were often performed
for the German army,

249
00:20:28,796 --> 00:20:32,633
ranging from operas to
"Eleven Maidens dance and sing".

250
00:20:32,734 --> 00:20:34,635
Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquart,

251
00:20:34,736 --> 00:20:37,205
the highest German authority
in the Netherlands,

252
00:20:37,304 --> 00:20:39,272
enjoyed visiting
the Concertgebouw.

253
00:20:39,372 --> 00:20:43,177
He planned the building of
a private box for himself in
the theatre.

254
00:20:43,276 --> 00:20:46,714
The conductor of
the Concertgebouw Orchestra,
Willem Mengelberg,

255
00:20:46,814 --> 00:20:49,751
performed for German
organisations in
the Netherlands,

256
00:20:49,851 --> 00:20:53,788
and travelled with the orchestra
for concerts in Germany
and Austria.

257
00:20:53,888 --> 00:20:57,357
The last time that Jewish
members of the Concertgebouw
Orchestra played

258
00:20:57,457 --> 00:20:59,827
was in June 1941.

259
00:20:59,927 --> 00:21:03,097
The programme included
Beethoven's "Ninth Symphony",

260
00:21:03,197 --> 00:21:05,332
the "Ode to Joy"
with the famous line

261
00:21:05,432 --> 00:21:07,235
"Alle Menschen werden Brüder",

262
00:21:07,334 --> 00:21:09,604
or "all people become brothers".

263
00:21:09,704 --> 00:21:11,939
The audience applauded
and waved their handkerchiefs

264
00:21:12,039 --> 00:21:13,775
to the fired musicians.

265
00:21:13,875 --> 00:21:17,477
Music by Jewish composers
could no longer be played.

266
00:21:17,578 --> 00:21:21,516
In 1942, sheets of fabric
were used to hide the cartouches

267
00:21:21,616 --> 00:21:24,152
containing the names
of the Jewish composers

268
00:21:24,252 --> 00:21:27,487
Mahler, Rubinstein
and Mendelssohn.

269
00:21:27,588 --> 00:21:29,056
Conductor Willem Mengelberg

270
00:21:29,157 --> 00:21:32,260
appealed to keep the Jewish
members of the orchestra.

271
00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,695
Many musicians ended up
in Barneveld,

272
00:21:34,796 --> 00:21:37,430
an internment camp
set up for privileged Jews

273
00:21:37,532 --> 00:21:40,400
who initially
weren't to be deported.

274
00:21:41,869 --> 00:21:46,306
Ultimately, most were sent to
Theresienstadt
concentration camp.

275
00:21:49,677 --> 00:21:52,345
Mengelberg continued to advocate
for Jewish artists,

276
00:21:52,445 --> 00:21:57,151
to such an extent
that the leader of the German
Culture Department said:

277
00:21:57,251 --> 00:22:00,555
"A declaration from Mengelberg
has lost its meaning for us.

278
00:22:00,655 --> 00:22:03,057
He has already helped
too many Jews."

279
00:22:06,694 --> 00:22:10,031
During the last winter of the
war, known as the Hunger Winter,

280
00:22:10,131 --> 00:22:14,836
the cold and lack of electricity
led to the cancellation of many
concerts.

281
00:22:15,870 --> 00:22:19,674
A Christmas concert
did take place in 1944:

282
00:22:19,774 --> 00:22:22,109
"Candles were only lit
at the music stands,

283
00:22:22,210 --> 00:22:25,680
and the atmosphere this created
was less fairy-tale than
ghostly,"

284
00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:28,381
wrote Nel Bakker in her memoirs.

285
00:22:28,481 --> 00:22:31,418
"We sat, cold,
deep in our coats.

286
00:22:31,519 --> 00:22:34,322
The customary murmur of voices
was absent.

287
00:22:34,421 --> 00:22:37,225
The musicians who remained
played like angels.

288
00:22:37,325 --> 00:22:40,127
So, this other
world did still exist.

289
00:22:40,228 --> 00:22:41,562
Scattered around the audience

290
00:22:41,662 --> 00:22:44,565
were German officers,
they too were alone.

291
00:22:44,665 --> 00:22:48,502
Afterwards, everyone left
silently and invisibly in
the dark,

292
00:22:48,603 --> 00:22:51,806
as if we had attended a secret,
forbidden sermon.

293
00:22:51,906 --> 00:22:54,709
Now I was able to face
the remainder of the winter.

294
00:22:54,809 --> 00:22:57,044
The worst time
was still to come."

295
00:23:00,548 --> 00:23:03,517
At the orchestra's first
performance after liberation,

296
00:23:03,618 --> 00:23:05,086
the Dutch Military Authority

297
00:23:05,186 --> 00:23:08,723
forbade the playing of the Dutch
national anthem, the Wilhelmus,

298
00:23:08,823 --> 00:23:13,527
"due to the dubious attitude of
the orchestra during
the occupation".

299
00:23:14,161 --> 00:23:16,797
Mengelberg was banned
from conducting for life,

300
00:23:16,898 --> 00:23:20,134
a punishment that was
later commuted to six years.

301
00:24:01,208 --> 00:24:04,178
<i>Anti-riot squad, go on.</i>

302
00:26:29,290 --> 00:26:33,327
28 P.C.
Hoofstraat. Vineta Bar.

303
00:26:35,129 --> 00:26:38,732
In 1940, this café was one
of the first in Amsterdam

304
00:26:38,833 --> 00:26:41,769
to hang up signs saying,
"Jews not welcome"

305
00:26:41,869 --> 00:26:44,271
or "No Jews allowed".

306
00:26:44,672 --> 00:26:47,241
Portraits of Adolf Hitler,
Herman Göring

307
00:26:47,341 --> 00:26:50,277
and Anton Mussert,
the Dutch Nazi party leader,

308
00:26:50,377 --> 00:26:52,379
decorated the walls.

309
00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:56,083
The German police often
organised parties in the bar.

310
00:27:07,962 --> 00:27:11,765
39 and 41 P.C. Hoofstraat.

311
00:27:12,266 --> 00:27:16,770
Simons, a shop selling
office supplies and souvenirs.

312
00:27:16,871 --> 00:27:19,974
The partly Jewish family
running the shop lived upstairs,

313
00:27:20,074 --> 00:27:22,643
where they sheltered
three people in hiding.

314
00:27:22,743 --> 00:27:25,079
When roundups of Jews
were taking place,

315
00:27:25,179 --> 00:27:28,682
Eva Broessler-Weissman
would hide in the cellar.

316
00:27:28,782 --> 00:27:30,050
In her memoirs she tells

317
00:27:30,151 --> 00:27:32,653
that a heavy table
was placed on the hatch.

318
00:27:32,753 --> 00:27:37,191
Eva was afraid that if
the Simons family were taken by
the Germans,

319
00:27:37,291 --> 00:27:39,260
she would be stuck there.

320
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:43,898
The shopkeeper's daughter,
Eka Simons,
was arrested at a deserted house

321
00:27:43,998 --> 00:27:48,603
where she wanted to pick up
valuables belonging to people
who had gone into hiding.

322
00:27:48,903 --> 00:27:51,272
When a senior German officer
visited the shop,

323
00:27:51,372 --> 00:27:55,510
Eka's mother came up with a ploy
for getting Eka out of prison.

324
00:27:55,610 --> 00:28:01,315
The officer in question had
his eye on a large doll in
the shop window.

325
00:28:01,415 --> 00:28:05,352
She claimed that it was for
display only,
and wasn't for sale.

326
00:28:05,452 --> 00:28:08,889
The officer persisted
that he wanted the doll for
his little daughter,

327
00:28:08,989 --> 00:28:10,858
whereupon Eka's mother told him

328
00:28:10,958 --> 00:28:13,694
that her own daughter
had been wrongly imprisoned.

329
00:28:13,794 --> 00:28:18,065
"If she is released, I'll take
the doll from the display,"
she promised.

330
00:28:18,165 --> 00:28:20,868
Eka returned the following day.

331
00:28:42,890 --> 00:28:46,927
157 Churchilllaan, third floor.

332
00:28:47,027 --> 00:28:50,532
Photo studio run by Helmuth
and Annemie Wolff-Koller,

333
00:28:50,632 --> 00:28:53,234
who fled Germany in 1933.

334
00:28:53,334 --> 00:28:55,236
Helmuth was Jewish.

335
00:28:55,336 --> 00:28:57,572
The couple attempted
to take their own life together

336
00:28:57,672 --> 00:28:59,641
on the day of
the Dutch capitulation.

337
00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:03,777
Helmuth succeeded, but Annemie
was alive when the housekeeper
arrived,

338
00:29:03,877 --> 00:29:05,446
and she survived.

339
00:29:05,746 --> 00:29:08,683
In 2008, a box was found
containing portraits

340
00:29:08,782 --> 00:29:11,318
shot by Annemie in 1943.

341
00:29:11,418 --> 00:29:14,255
In most cases, the photos appear
to have been made

342
00:29:14,355 --> 00:29:15,823
for fake IDs.

343
00:29:15,923 --> 00:29:20,127
Many people in the photos are
wearing a yellow star badge on
their clothing.

344
00:29:20,227 --> 00:29:22,997
Families also had portraits made
as a keepsake

345
00:29:23,097 --> 00:29:25,432
for in case they were separated
from each other,

346
00:29:25,533 --> 00:29:28,435
in hiding or after deportation.

347
00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:51,586
89 Linnaeusstraat.

348
00:30:51,686 --> 00:30:53,354
Hospital.

349
00:30:55,422 --> 00:30:57,057
Dutch soldiers
wounded in battle

350
00:30:57,157 --> 00:31:00,127
were treated here in May 1940.

351
00:31:00,829 --> 00:31:03,964
On the 14th of
May, Jewish sergeant
Helmut Hirschfeld

352
00:31:04,064 --> 00:31:06,500
shot himself in the head
and died.

353
00:31:09,036 --> 00:31:12,239
In 1943, nurse Esmée van Eeghen

354
00:31:12,339 --> 00:31:15,275
met physician Henk Kluvers here.

355
00:31:15,643 --> 00:31:18,011
She started to help him
smuggle Jewish children

356
00:31:18,112 --> 00:31:20,414
to the northern province
of Friesland.

357
00:31:20,515 --> 00:31:23,050
In 1944 she was betrayed.

358
00:31:23,150 --> 00:31:26,387
The Germans shot her
and threw her body in a canal.

359
00:31:50,612 --> 00:31:52,346
1 Victorieplein.

360
00:31:52,946 --> 00:31:58,553
In 1941 ice cream parlour Delphi
was designated as a "Jewish
premises".

361
00:31:58,986 --> 00:32:01,589
Jews could only enter shops
bearing this sign,

362
00:32:01,689 --> 00:32:05,325
as Anne Frank often did,
according to her diary.

363
00:32:05,426 --> 00:32:08,295
A reader's letter published
in June 1942

364
00:32:08,395 --> 00:32:12,232
in the anti-Semitic magazine
The Foghorn, read,

365
00:32:12,332 --> 00:32:15,235
"As if the sight of all
those stars slurping ice cream

366
00:32:15,335 --> 00:32:17,371
wasn't already
unpleasant enough,

367
00:32:17,471 --> 00:32:20,542
the most scandalous thing is
that all the wrappers and spoons

368
00:32:20,642 --> 00:32:22,242
get thrown onto the street.

369
00:32:22,342 --> 00:32:24,111
I know this is a Jewish habit,

370
00:32:24,211 --> 00:32:26,581
and that they would feel at home
in any pigsty,

371
00:32:26,681 --> 00:32:30,518
but there is still
the occasional Goy living in
the South District."

372
00:32:35,557 --> 00:32:37,525
32 Dijkstraat.

373
00:32:37,625 --> 00:32:42,062
Home of Friedrich Steinbach
and family since 1943,

374
00:32:42,162 --> 00:32:45,132
when living in caravans
was forbidden by the Germans,

375
00:32:45,232 --> 00:32:48,570
who persecuted all people
they called gypsies.

376
00:32:48,670 --> 00:32:52,640
Some Sinti people moved into
deserted houses in the Jewish
quarter.

377
00:32:52,740 --> 00:32:56,176
The Sinti registered here
were captured in May 1944

378
00:32:56,276 --> 00:32:59,279
during the nationwide
roundup of "gypsies".

379
00:32:59,379 --> 00:33:01,850
They were deported
to transit camp Westerbork

380
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:05,319
and from there to Auschwitz,
where they were all murdered.

381
00:33:05,419 --> 00:33:06,955
Demolished.

382
00:33:11,626 --> 00:33:13,695
6 Havenstraat.

383
00:33:13,795 --> 00:33:18,633
Detention Centre II, better
known as Amstelveenseweg Prison.

384
00:33:18,733 --> 00:33:20,735
Jewish prisoners were forced to
clean the corridors with
toothbrushes.

385
00:33:22,537 --> 00:33:24,839
The women's section
held resistance fighters

386
00:33:24,939 --> 00:33:29,176
such as students Reina Prinsen
Geerligs and Hannie Schaft,

387
00:33:29,276 --> 00:33:32,714
who both carried out attacks
on Dutch collaborators.

388
00:33:32,814 --> 00:33:36,784
Prinsen Geerligs was executed in
Sachsenhausen concentration camp

389
00:33:36,885 --> 00:33:39,521
near Berlin in 1943.

390
00:33:39,621 --> 00:33:41,823
Schaft was shot in the dunes
near Amsterdam

391
00:33:41,923 --> 00:33:44,358
a few weeks
before the war ended.

392
00:33:44,458 --> 00:33:48,462
Other people held here included
Johannes Kleiman and
Victor Kugler,

393
00:33:48,563 --> 00:33:52,600
who helped the Frank family
hiding in the "secret annex".

394
00:33:53,166 --> 00:33:57,337
In 1943 resistance worker
Johan Benders, a teacher,

395
00:33:57,437 --> 00:33:59,541
leapt to his death from
the third floor of the prison

396
00:33:59,641 --> 00:34:02,342
out of fear that
when he was interrogated,

397
00:34:02,442 --> 00:34:05,613
he would reveal the addresses
of people in hiding.

398
00:34:07,180 --> 00:34:09,082
Immediately after liberation,

399
00:34:09,182 --> 00:34:13,021
the Canadian army requisitioned
the prison to lock up war
criminals.

400
00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:16,223
A newspaper wrote in May 1945:

401
00:34:16,323 --> 00:34:21,563
"It is reassuring that all
leadership of the German
security service in Amsterdam

402
00:34:21,663 --> 00:34:22,864
was arrested.

403
00:34:22,964 --> 00:34:24,899
They wore German army uniforms,

404
00:34:24,999 --> 00:34:29,571
hoping they wouldn't be noticed
among the troops being sent
to camps."

405
00:34:32,105 --> 00:34:34,042
A few weeks later one of them,

406
00:34:34,141 --> 00:34:36,343
head of the Gestapo,
Julius Dettmann,

407
00:34:36,443 --> 00:34:39,379
died by hanging himself
in the prison.

408
00:34:49,323 --> 00:34:53,126
151 Koninginneweg,
or Queen's Road,

409
00:34:53,226 --> 00:34:55,063
ground floor.

410
00:34:55,162 --> 00:34:57,497
Home of writer Ed. de Nève.

411
00:34:57,599 --> 00:35:00,568
He set up an escape route
for downed British pilots.

412
00:35:00,668 --> 00:35:03,771
Members of the British Royal Air
Force received instructions

413
00:35:03,871 --> 00:35:08,676
that if they crashed in
the Netherlands they should go
to the "Queen's Road".

414
00:35:08,776 --> 00:35:12,412
The house number, 151,
was sewn into their collar,

415
00:35:12,513 --> 00:35:14,716
to resemble a laundry number.

416
00:35:14,816 --> 00:35:17,752
De Nève, who had contact with
British military intelligence

417
00:35:17,852 --> 00:35:18,987
before the war,

418
00:35:19,087 --> 00:35:22,122
managed to get 13 pilots
across the border.

419
00:35:22,222 --> 00:35:24,626
He also helped Dutch people
escape the country,

420
00:35:24,726 --> 00:35:27,595
like the Jewish
writer Jacques Gans.

421
00:35:27,695 --> 00:35:31,733
De Nève took over the illegal
newspaper Vrij Nederland

422
00:35:31,833 --> 00:35:32,767
or Free Netherlands

423
00:35:32,867 --> 00:35:36,436
after almost all
staff were arrested in 1941.

424
00:35:37,605 --> 00:35:40,675
He was himself caught
a few months later.

425
00:35:40,775 --> 00:35:44,812
Using insanity as a defence at
his trial,
he was not sentenced to death

426
00:35:44,912 --> 00:35:48,983
but imprisoned at
Eickelborn mental institution.

427
00:35:49,651 --> 00:35:53,220
He returned to Amsterdam
shortly after liberation.

428
00:35:59,894 --> 00:36:02,462
Cornelis Krusemanstraat.

429
00:36:04,331 --> 00:36:06,934
In her memoir
"The Year of Hunger",

430
00:36:07,035 --> 00:36:08,503
Nel Bakker wrote:

431
00:36:08,603 --> 00:36:11,238
"In the middle of Krusemanstraat
in Amsterdam,

432
00:36:11,338 --> 00:36:13,273
I suddenly saw a potato...

433
00:36:13,373 --> 00:36:15,576
I picked it up
and carried on walking,

434
00:36:15,677 --> 00:36:19,013
stooped over,
there was no traffic anyway.

435
00:36:19,446 --> 00:36:21,916
There was another one
five metres further along,

436
00:36:22,016 --> 00:36:23,283
and then another.

437
00:36:23,383 --> 00:36:26,854
All in all, I picked up
seven potatoes in the street.

438
00:36:26,954 --> 00:36:29,757
In a state of euphoria,
we carefully chose a book

439
00:36:29,857 --> 00:36:33,594
that would burn long
and well enough to boil them."

440
00:36:34,028 --> 00:36:35,863
The famine known
as the Hunger Winter

441
00:36:35,963 --> 00:36:39,299
started in the autumn of 1944.

442
00:36:39,399 --> 00:36:42,170
The south of the Netherlands
had just been liberated

443
00:36:42,269 --> 00:36:45,506
and neither food nor fuel
could reach Amsterdam,

444
00:36:45,606 --> 00:36:48,976
even less so after Dutch railway
personnel went on strike

445
00:36:49,077 --> 00:36:51,713
to help the allied war effort.

446
00:36:51,979 --> 00:36:55,750
The Germans responded with
a blockade of transport by boat.

447
00:36:55,850 --> 00:36:58,485
The famine was worsened
by the harsh winter.

448
00:36:58,586 --> 00:37:00,755
All public life shut down.

449
00:37:00,855 --> 00:37:04,058
The trams stopped, gas
and electricity were cut off,

450
00:37:04,158 --> 00:37:07,962
garbage was not collected,
the telephones did not work,

451
00:37:08,062 --> 00:37:11,733
children hardly went to school
and women stopped menstruating.

452
00:37:11,833 --> 00:37:15,268
There was a shortage
of food, coal, petrol,

453
00:37:15,368 --> 00:37:18,338
soap, medicine, even coffins.

454
00:37:18,438 --> 00:37:20,541
Many people went to farms
in the countryside

455
00:37:20,641 --> 00:37:23,544
to trade their belongings
for food.

456
00:37:31,085 --> 00:37:33,755
399 Singel.

457
00:37:33,855 --> 00:37:35,890
Local offices of the LO,

458
00:37:35,990 --> 00:37:41,394
one of the largest national
organisations of resistance,
in 1945.

459
00:37:41,829 --> 00:37:46,266
This protestant group assisted
those hiding from the Nazis.

460
00:37:46,366 --> 00:37:49,871
In Amsterdam, they managed
to help 25,000 people.

461
00:37:50,337 --> 00:37:54,776
The group printed a list
of 10 commandments.

462
00:37:54,876 --> 00:37:58,212
"1: You are a guest.
Behave as such,

463
00:37:58,311 --> 00:38:00,480
and fulfil
your responsibilities,

464
00:38:00,581 --> 00:38:03,851
not only in the first week
but at all times.

465
00:38:05,219 --> 00:38:08,122
2: Your presence means that,

466
00:38:08,222 --> 00:38:12,325
to some degree at least,
you will be a burden to
your host family.

467
00:38:12,425 --> 00:38:14,061
Act accordingly."

468
00:38:22,136 --> 00:38:26,707
"3: Always try to be
of service to your host
and hostess.

469
00:38:26,808 --> 00:38:29,811
Take heavy household chores
off their hands.

470
00:38:29,911 --> 00:38:34,582
Having an additional member is
a major imposition for
the housewife.

471
00:38:34,682 --> 00:38:38,820
Lighten her load by helping the
children with their homework.

472
00:38:40,755 --> 00:38:45,993
4: Always adapt to the ways and
routines of the household
you're in,

473
00:38:46,093 --> 00:38:48,896
particularly when it comes
to eating and sleeping.

474
00:38:48,996 --> 00:38:53,067
You must say goodbye to your
personal domestic routines.

475
00:38:53,901 --> 00:38:58,206
5: Do not disrupt
the established patterns of
family life,

476
00:38:58,306 --> 00:39:00,708
do not try to become part
of the family.

477
00:39:00,808 --> 00:39:04,812
This would cause too great
a strain,
certainly in the long term.

478
00:39:04,912 --> 00:39:08,115
Behave as a lodger would.
Retreat to your private area,

479
00:39:08,216 --> 00:39:10,218
to your own
room if you have one.

480
00:39:10,318 --> 00:39:15,623
Be sure to do this when
the family gathers in
the evening or weekend.

481
00:39:16,057 --> 00:39:20,027
6: Do not hang around
the living room or kitchen.

482
00:39:20,127 --> 00:39:24,765
Even if the host and the hostess
repeatedly invite you.

483
00:39:25,365 --> 00:39:26,968
Be firm.

484
00:39:27,134 --> 00:39:32,006
Only ever stay on very rare
occasions or on specific
evenings or afternoons.

485
00:39:32,106 --> 00:39:35,209
Being in close personal contact
for long periods

486
00:39:35,309 --> 00:39:39,446
generally causes annoyance to
one of the two parties involved.

487
00:39:41,115 --> 00:39:47,321
7: Living in hiding requires
strength of character and
self-discipline.

488
00:39:47,420 --> 00:39:49,857
It demands
willpower, understanding

489
00:39:49,957 --> 00:39:53,027
and the ability to adapt
to your surroundings.

490
00:39:56,297 --> 00:40:00,334
8: You will not get along well
without regular pursuits

491
00:40:00,433 --> 00:40:01,802
and a daily routine.

492
00:40:01,903 --> 00:40:04,906
As well as carrying out
your tasks around the house,

493
00:40:05,006 --> 00:40:09,043
you should either learn
additional household skills or
start studying,

494
00:40:09,143 --> 00:40:13,413
preferably a correspondence
course in your own
professional field.

495
00:40:13,514 --> 00:40:16,449
Or else commit
to a long-term hobby.

496
00:40:19,353 --> 00:40:23,658
9: When it comes to going
outdoors, receiving visitors,

497
00:40:23,758 --> 00:40:26,827
sending letters
and any related matters,

498
00:40:26,928 --> 00:40:30,331
always consult your host
and hostess first.

499
00:40:30,430 --> 00:40:33,267
They have the final say.

500
00:40:33,935 --> 00:40:38,706
10: Even if the authorities are
not actively searching for you,

501
00:40:38,806 --> 00:40:42,176
if for example you are hiding to
avoid forced labour in Germany,

502
00:40:42,276 --> 00:40:45,980
do your best to keep
the neighbours unaware of
your presence.

503
00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:49,350
Learn these ten commands
by heart and live by them.

504
00:40:49,449 --> 00:40:52,520
Apply them in
practice every day!"

505
00:40:53,453 --> 00:40:55,056
The LO mostly helped men

506
00:40:55,156 --> 00:40:57,758
who tried to evade forced labour
in Germany.

507
00:40:57,858 --> 00:41:00,728
Only a few percent of the people
they helped were Jewish.

508
00:41:02,997 --> 00:41:05,465
"It was very
difficult to find places
for Jews",

509
00:41:05,566 --> 00:41:07,835
said a member of the group
after the war.

510
00:41:07,935 --> 00:41:10,338
"Almost nobody
wanted to take them."

511
00:41:10,438 --> 00:41:14,675
It is estimated that 12,000
Jewish Amsterdammers went
into hiding,

512
00:41:14,775 --> 00:41:16,177
mostly outside of the city.

513
00:41:16,277 --> 00:41:19,246
A third of them were caught
before the war ended.

514
00:41:50,211 --> 00:41:51,779
Koenenkade.

515
00:41:51,879 --> 00:41:54,849
Amsterdam's
forest, or "Forest Plan",

516
00:41:54,949 --> 00:41:58,152
a park started during
the economic crisis in the '30s

517
00:41:58,252 --> 00:42:00,021
to fight unemployment.

518
00:42:01,355 --> 00:42:03,224
In August 1941,

519
00:42:03,324 --> 00:42:06,060
German air defence brought down
an RAF plane,

520
00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:10,164
which crashed in the park.
Three crew members died.

521
00:42:12,533 --> 00:42:14,001
The Germans set up work camps

522
00:42:14,101 --> 00:42:16,270
at various
places in the new park,

523
00:42:16,370 --> 00:42:20,107
often making use of
existing job creation projects.

524
00:42:26,313 --> 00:42:30,751
In early 1942, a camp was set up
next to the Ringvaart canal

525
00:42:30,851 --> 00:42:33,421
for non-Jewish
political prisoners.

526
00:42:33,522 --> 00:42:37,725
There was a camp for Jewish
prisoners near the Bosbaan
rowing course.

527
00:42:37,825 --> 00:42:43,064
In 1944, there was an additional
work camp for Jewish men over 45

528
00:42:43,164 --> 00:42:44,732
in "mixed marriages",

529
00:42:44,832 --> 00:42:46,834
meaning they were protected
from deportation

530
00:42:46,934 --> 00:42:49,336
by their marriage
to a non-Jewish spouse.

531
00:42:49,437 --> 00:42:51,639
Two hundred people worked there.

532
00:42:51,739 --> 00:42:54,108
It was a so-called
"to and fro camp",

533
00:42:54,208 --> 00:42:57,311
with workers being allowed
to return home in the evening.

534
00:42:57,411 --> 00:43:01,516
Every morning a special tram
would take them to
their workplace.

535
00:43:01,916 --> 00:43:03,751
"We are digging there
on the rowing course,"

536
00:43:03,851 --> 00:43:06,153
Sal Santen wrote in his memoirs.

537
00:43:06,253 --> 00:43:10,591
A pond they had to dig was
locally known as the "Jew Pit".

538
00:43:11,158 --> 00:43:15,196
As a child, Philo Bregstein once
went to the site to visit
his father

539
00:43:15,296 --> 00:43:20,101
Marcel Bregstein, fired as
professor of law at Amsterdam
university

540
00:43:20,201 --> 00:43:21,769
for being Jewish.

541
00:43:21,869 --> 00:43:27,007
Philo wrote of his pride at
his father "wearing boots and
working trousers,

542
00:43:27,108 --> 00:43:30,478
pushing wheelbarrows
like a real labourer."

543
00:43:30,911 --> 00:43:34,315
The violinist Paul Godwin and
other musicians from the camp

544
00:43:34,415 --> 00:43:36,250
formed the Forest Plan Quartet,

545
00:43:36,350 --> 00:43:39,820
which gave house concerts
on Sunday afternoons.

546
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:44,792
On Dolle Dinsdag, Mad Tuesday,
the 5th of September 1944,

547
00:43:44,892 --> 00:43:46,894
when many people
mistakenly believed

548
00:43:46,994 --> 00:43:50,231
that Amsterdam was about
to be liberated by the Allies,

549
00:43:50,331 --> 00:43:54,268
the German supervisors set fire
to all workers accommodation,

550
00:43:54,368 --> 00:43:56,137
and vanished.

551
00:44:09,518 --> 00:44:12,353
48 Van Spilbergenstraat.

552
00:44:12,453 --> 00:44:15,789
Laundry business and
home of the Vermeulen family.

553
00:44:15,890 --> 00:44:19,827
In 1943,
there were 21 Jews hiding here,

554
00:44:19,927 --> 00:44:23,664
each of them paying 45 guilders
for their expenses.

555
00:44:23,764 --> 00:44:26,568
They earned this money
in various ways, including

556
00:44:26,667 --> 00:44:28,836
making woodcarvings
of Jesus Christ,

557
00:44:28,936 --> 00:44:31,705
the Westerkerk church
and other views of the city.

558
00:44:35,544 --> 00:44:39,780
After the war,
Sjaak de Wolf, who sheltered,
remembered,

559
00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:42,416
"There was no
question of privacy, of course.

560
00:44:42,517 --> 00:44:46,687
We slept on the bare floor,
side-by-side on a threadbare
blanket.

561
00:44:46,787 --> 00:44:49,256
We were young
and not sexually inactive.

562
00:44:49,356 --> 00:44:52,226
Even simply sharing
this kind of intimate moment

563
00:44:52,326 --> 00:44:55,462
could often lead to situations
that upset people.

564
00:44:55,564 --> 00:44:58,032
But necessity knows no law."

565
00:44:58,365 --> 00:45:01,035
One of the people hiding here
became pregnant.

566
00:45:01,135 --> 00:45:03,971
When there was nothing to eat
anymore in the Hunger Winter,

567
00:45:04,071 --> 00:45:07,474
the resistance
found other hiding places.

568
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,536
321 Prinsengracht.

569
00:46:08,637 --> 00:46:10,771
Medicinal rationing office.

570
00:46:10,871 --> 00:46:12,741
After the liberation
of the Netherlands,

571
00:46:12,840 --> 00:46:14,975
people suffering
from famine oedema

572
00:46:15,075 --> 00:46:18,045
could exchange their coupons
for rations here.

573
00:46:18,145 --> 00:46:21,115
One coupon entitled the holder
to a two-week ration

574
00:46:21,215 --> 00:46:24,918
of four tins of condensed milk,
500 grams of sugar,

575
00:46:25,019 --> 00:46:27,488
and 600 grams of biscuits.

576
00:46:30,858 --> 00:46:33,294
384 Prinsengracht,

577
00:46:33,394 --> 00:46:34,629
first floor.

578
00:46:34,729 --> 00:46:38,499
Home of Johanna van
Hal-Veltstra,
or "Auntie Hallie".

579
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:42,537
She offered shelter to people
in her guest house.

580
00:46:43,103 --> 00:46:46,340
Resistance fighters stayed for
short periods in the front room,

581
00:46:46,440 --> 00:46:50,277
and more long-term Jewish
residents lived in
the rear annex.

582
00:46:50,578 --> 00:46:52,079
Van Hal installed an alarm,

583
00:46:52,246 --> 00:46:55,983
and if she spotted a possible
threat through one of the
peeping mirrors in the window,

584
00:46:56,083 --> 00:46:57,885
she would set it off.

585
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,505
385 to 395 Prinsengracht.

586
00:47:17,605 --> 00:47:19,273
The new Suykerhofje,

587
00:47:19,373 --> 00:47:22,510
known to its residents
as the "Princes' Cloister".

588
00:47:22,610 --> 00:47:25,879
Many of the occupants around
the courtyard were students,

589
00:47:25,979 --> 00:47:28,982
several of whom were members
of resistance groups.

590
00:47:29,083 --> 00:47:32,252
They helped people living
in hiding, here and elsewhere,

591
00:47:32,353 --> 00:47:35,122
and set up an escape route
to Switzerland.

592
00:47:35,889 --> 00:47:37,925
In April 1943,

593
00:47:38,025 --> 00:47:42,697
the German security service
raided the building and arrested
15 people.

594
00:47:42,797 --> 00:47:44,566
One of them was Bram Kuiper,

595
00:47:44,666 --> 00:47:48,902
a biology student and member
of the CS6 resistance group.

596
00:47:49,002 --> 00:47:50,538
He was released after a month,

597
00:47:50,638 --> 00:47:53,207
but rearrested in Belgium
the following summer

598
00:47:53,307 --> 00:47:55,376
while checking an escape route.

599
00:47:55,476 --> 00:47:59,748
In October 1943 Bram
was executed in the dunes,

600
00:47:59,848 --> 00:48:04,652
three weeks after his brother
Sape, a fellow CS6 member.

601
00:48:04,985 --> 00:48:08,889
The Jewish artist Bob Hanf
lived in hiding here.

602
00:48:08,989 --> 00:48:11,826
He was also
arrested in April '44.

603
00:48:11,925 --> 00:48:13,795
Hanf died in September that year

604
00:48:13,894 --> 00:48:16,664
in or on the way to Auschwitz.

605
00:51:36,096 --> 00:51:39,499
763 Keizersgracht.

606
00:51:41,301 --> 00:51:43,738
Jewish artist and writer
Eduard Veterman

607
00:51:43,838 --> 00:51:45,640
ran the "Falsification Bureau"

608
00:51:45,740 --> 00:51:47,240
from this address.

609
00:51:48,442 --> 00:51:51,478
In 1942 he became head
of the drama department

610
00:51:51,579 --> 00:51:54,448
of the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,

611
00:51:54,549 --> 00:51:58,218
when only Jews were allowed to
perform and visit the theatre.

612
00:51:58,853 --> 00:52:02,624
One of the last plays
to be performed, in June 1942,

613
00:52:02,724 --> 00:52:04,391
was written by Veterman.

614
00:52:04,491 --> 00:52:08,663
Its title was "Things Won't Turn
out the Way You Expect".

615
00:52:11,231 --> 00:52:13,801
Veterman forged
around 2,000 blank ID cards

616
00:52:13,901 --> 00:52:15,435
for resistance groups.

617
00:52:15,536 --> 00:52:19,007
He also made his own versions
of unknown documents.

618
00:52:19,574 --> 00:52:23,077
Resistance worker Guusje Rübsaam
said after the war:

619
00:52:23,176 --> 00:52:25,412
"Veterman made
Brazilian birth certificates

620
00:52:25,513 --> 00:52:27,615
even though
he'd never seen a real one.

621
00:52:27,715 --> 00:52:30,852
Nobody knew what a Brazilian
birth certificate looked like!"

622
00:52:33,655 --> 00:52:36,490
Some of these "unknown
documents" were used by people

623
00:52:36,591 --> 00:52:39,560
in their contact with the German
lawyer Hans Calmeyer,

624
00:52:39,661 --> 00:52:41,796
who processed petitions
from Dutch people

625
00:52:41,896 --> 00:52:44,832
who contested
their registration as "Jewish".

626
00:52:44,932 --> 00:52:48,102
Veterman himself was exempt
from deportation for a time

627
00:52:48,201 --> 00:52:50,838
because he worked
for the Jewish Council.

628
00:52:50,938 --> 00:52:55,342
In October 1943, Veterman
was betrayed and arrested.

629
00:52:55,442 --> 00:52:58,211
He was sentenced to death
in 1944,

630
00:52:58,311 --> 00:53:01,949
but survived the war
in various German prisons.

631
00:53:02,583 --> 00:53:06,386
In 1946, Veterman
and his wife Katy van Witsen

632
00:53:06,486 --> 00:53:08,388
were killed in a car accident,

633
00:53:08,488 --> 00:53:12,060
in what some people believed
were suspicious circumstances.

634
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:16,564
Veterman was vocal about
the corruption and collaboration
of people in high places,

635
00:53:16,664 --> 00:53:19,266
and exasperated
by the amateurish performance

636
00:53:19,366 --> 00:53:22,870
of the Dutch secret services
in London during the war.

637
00:53:45,492 --> 00:53:48,162
470 Sarphatistraat.

638
00:53:48,261 --> 00:53:50,263
Cavalry barracks.

639
00:53:52,567 --> 00:53:54,669
During the German invasion
of the Netherlands,

640
00:53:54,769 --> 00:53:57,705
the Dutch army used these
barracks to lock up German
nationals

641
00:53:57,805 --> 00:54:00,775
and members
of the Dutch Nazi party.

642
00:54:00,875 --> 00:54:02,342
During the occupation,

643
00:54:02,442 --> 00:54:04,545
it was requisitioned
by the German army

644
00:54:04,645 --> 00:54:08,850
where they prepared
for "Operation Sea Lion",

645
00:54:08,950 --> 00:54:13,721
the codename for the planned
invasion of the United Kingdom
in 1940.

646
00:54:18,391 --> 00:54:20,260
The Commander Felix Steiner

647
00:54:20,360 --> 00:54:22,663
was also tasked with forming
a Waffen SS division

648
00:54:22,764 --> 00:54:25,700
made up of Western European
volunteers.

649
00:54:28,435 --> 00:54:30,270
This later became the "Wiking",

650
00:54:30,370 --> 00:54:32,573
an SS Panzer Division
that was first deployed

651
00:54:32,673 --> 00:54:34,675
during Operation Barbarossa,

652
00:54:34,776 --> 00:54:38,579
the German invasion
of the Soviet Union in 1941.

653
00:56:13,107 --> 00:56:17,044
45
Rapenburgerstraat, third floor.

654
00:56:17,144 --> 00:56:19,146
Home of the Tak family.

655
00:56:20,681 --> 00:56:25,452
In February 1941, the Germans
arrested Isaac Tak, a coalman,

656
00:56:25,553 --> 00:56:27,088
during the first raid on Jews

657
00:56:27,188 --> 00:56:30,524
and detained him in
Camp Schoorl in the Netherlands.

658
00:56:30,625 --> 00:56:35,162
From there he was deported to
Mauthausen,
where he died in September.

659
00:56:35,596 --> 00:56:39,967
A German official mockingly
recorded the cause of death as
ulcus molle,

660
00:56:40,067 --> 00:56:44,171
a venereal disease primarily
encountered in the tropics.

661
00:57:03,858 --> 00:57:07,662
Isaac Tak's wife
Bloeme Tak-Philips and
their four children

662
00:57:07,762 --> 00:57:12,233
were transported to Westerbork
in May 1943.

663
00:57:12,733 --> 00:57:15,937
The Germans allowed one of the
boys, Nico, to leave the camp

664
00:57:16,037 --> 00:57:20,408
because he was Bloeme's son from
a marriage to a non-Jewish man,

665
00:57:20,508 --> 00:57:23,511
and was therefore regarded
as half-Jewish.

666
00:57:26,714 --> 00:57:30,450
Nico went back to Amsterdam
to live with an uncle.

667
00:57:31,118 --> 00:57:35,122
Bloeme, Nathan, Suzanna and
Mozes Tak were murdered in
Auschwitz

668
00:57:35,222 --> 00:57:37,892
in August 1943.

669
00:57:45,299 --> 00:57:46,934
Demolished.

670
00:58:06,887 --> 00:58:09,090
25 Amstel.

671
00:58:09,190 --> 00:58:13,761
Department of the Jewish Council
for Travel and
Relocation Permits.

672
00:58:13,861 --> 00:58:17,765
In the spring of 1942
this was one of the 14 locations

673
00:58:17,865 --> 00:58:19,867
where Jews had to buy
yellow badges

674
00:58:19,967 --> 00:58:24,071
in the shape of a star of David
with the word "Jew"
printed on it.

675
00:58:24,171 --> 00:58:28,009
For non-Jews, wearing this badge
was a punishable offence.

676
00:58:28,976 --> 00:58:30,678
Demolished.

677
00:59:07,715 --> 00:59:11,185
In front of 170
Nieuwe Achtergracht.

678
00:59:12,720 --> 00:59:15,423
Dutch Nazi party member
Gerrit Kaldenberg

679
00:59:15,524 --> 00:59:18,359
had been arrested
after the liberation.

680
00:59:18,459 --> 00:59:20,961
On the 9th of November 1945,

681
00:59:21,062 --> 00:59:23,831
just released from prison
and now free on parole,

682
00:59:23,931 --> 00:59:26,867
he was hit by a bullet
in the larynx here.

683
00:59:26,967 --> 00:59:29,570
During the war, Kaldenberg
had ran a guesthouse

684
00:59:29,670 --> 00:59:31,639
where he lured Jews
to come live in hiding

685
00:59:31,739 --> 00:59:33,874
and then betrayed them.

686
00:59:56,831 --> 01:00:00,535
Corner of Weesperstraat
and Nieuwe Keizersgracht.

687
01:00:01,168 --> 01:00:05,439
On the 13th of July 1942,
just before the first train

688
01:00:05,540 --> 01:00:07,842
to transit camp Westerbork
would depart,

689
01:00:07,942 --> 01:00:10,512
fish and fruit
trader Eliazar Moffie

690
01:00:10,611 --> 01:00:14,949
was arrested, standing in
the queue for the headquarters
of the Jewish Council,

691
01:00:15,049 --> 01:00:17,751
for inciting
an anti-German rally.

692
01:00:17,852 --> 01:00:20,589
A Dutch police report
recorded Moffie's words:

693
01:00:20,688 --> 01:00:22,656
"We must refuse
to go to Germany.

694
01:00:22,756 --> 01:00:24,892
They pick up our women
and children at night

695
01:00:24,992 --> 01:00:27,328
because they don't dare to do so
in the daytime.

696
01:00:27,428 --> 01:00:31,632
There will be a revolt.
I hope it starts today."

697
01:00:32,066 --> 01:00:34,802
Moffie was handed over
to the German security police

698
01:00:34,902 --> 01:00:39,173
and murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

699
01:00:39,541 --> 01:00:43,277
His wife and daughters were
murdered there a year later.

700
01:01:14,909 --> 01:01:17,077
Weesperstraat.

701
01:01:17,745 --> 01:01:21,048
Before the war,
the Weesperstraat was a narrow
shopping street

702
01:01:21,148 --> 01:01:23,784
with the nickname
"Jewish Street".

703
01:01:23,884 --> 01:01:26,754
70% of the people in
this neighbourhood were Jewish,

704
01:01:26,854 --> 01:01:29,056
the highest percentage
in Amsterdam.

705
01:01:29,156 --> 01:01:31,192
In February 1941

706
01:01:31,292 --> 01:01:36,197
this area, together with
the old Jewish Quarter,
was cordoned off.

707
01:01:36,297 --> 01:01:38,799
The Germans wanted to create
a sealed ghetto,

708
01:01:38,899 --> 01:01:41,468
like they had done
in Eastern Europe.

709
01:01:41,570 --> 01:01:45,607
The plan was not carried out
after the city administration
objected.

710
01:01:45,706 --> 01:01:47,041
According to the mayor,

711
01:01:47,274 --> 01:01:50,444
a ghetto would be too
disruptive to the infrastructure
of the city.

712
01:01:50,545 --> 01:01:55,015
Moreover, a lot of "Christian
families" would have to
relocate.

713
01:02:09,863 --> 01:02:15,002
In May 1941
the Germans did establish
a so-called "optical ghetto"

714
01:02:15,102 --> 01:02:18,839
by placing signs with the words
"Jewish area", "Jewish Street"

715
01:02:18,939 --> 01:02:21,610
and "Jewish canal" around it.

716
01:02:21,710 --> 01:02:23,177
In 1942

717
01:02:23,277 --> 01:02:26,380
this area became one of
the three areas of Amsterdam

718
01:02:26,480 --> 01:02:30,150
and the rest of the country
where Jews were still permitted
to live.

719
01:02:30,251 --> 01:02:33,854
There were five butchers,
five hairdressers and two cafés

720
01:02:33,954 --> 01:02:37,124
designated here
as "Jewish premises".

721
01:02:37,224 --> 01:02:40,595
The street signs were removed
at the end of 1943,

722
01:02:40,695 --> 01:02:42,296
when the deportations had ended,

723
01:02:42,396 --> 01:02:45,165
and the Germans
declared Amsterdam "Judenrein",

724
01:02:45,266 --> 01:02:46,701
or "free of Jews".

725
01:02:46,800 --> 01:02:48,035
During the Hunger Winter,

726
01:02:48,135 --> 01:02:50,070
Amsterdammers stripped
all vacant houses

727
01:02:50,170 --> 01:02:52,473
of wood and other materials.

728
01:02:52,574 --> 01:02:57,278
After the war, the city
authorities decided not to
rebuild the area.

729
01:02:57,378 --> 01:03:01,683
They said there were already too
many social and
traffic-related issues

730
01:03:01,782 --> 01:03:03,150
before the war.

731
01:03:03,317 --> 01:03:07,021
All the buildings were
demolished,
and the street was widened.

732
01:05:09,276 --> 01:05:12,614
In 1950 a monument
was erected at this spot,

733
01:05:12,714 --> 01:05:14,649
the monument of
Jewish gratitude.

734
01:05:14,749 --> 01:05:19,788
It was founded by Jewish
survivors and dedicated to
non-Jewish helpers.

735
01:05:19,888 --> 01:05:23,357
Over the years, this monument
was more and more seen as wry,

736
01:05:23,457 --> 01:05:26,260
especially because there was
no monument that commemorated

737
01:05:26,360 --> 01:05:30,097
Jewish, Sinti and Roma victims
individually.

738
01:05:31,265 --> 01:05:34,935
In 2021
the monument of Jewish gratitude

739
01:05:35,035 --> 01:05:38,372
made way for the National
Holocaust Names Memorial.

740
01:05:38,472 --> 01:05:42,009
The Gratitude monument
was moved to a spot nearby.

741
01:07:20,808 --> 01:07:22,577
Ceintuurbaan.

742
01:07:23,477 --> 01:07:25,580
On the day Germany capitulated,

743
01:07:25,680 --> 01:07:28,081
the 4th of May 1945,

744
01:07:28,181 --> 01:07:32,119
a German patrol started shooting
at people celebrating out on
the streets

745
01:07:32,219 --> 01:07:35,222
after the start
of curfew at 7pm.

746
01:07:35,322 --> 01:07:37,324
A bullet struck Sigi Mendels,

747
01:07:37,424 --> 01:07:40,127
a Jewish boy who had ventured
outside for the first time

748
01:07:40,227 --> 01:07:42,162
after hiding for years.

749
01:07:42,262 --> 01:07:45,132
Eight months later
he died of his injuries.

750
01:07:48,502 --> 01:07:51,739
The Germans had imposed a curfew
at the start of the occupation.

751
01:07:51,839 --> 01:07:54,909
No one could be out
between midnight and 4am.

752
01:07:55,009 --> 01:07:58,846
Only members of the air raid
service were allowed outside.

753
01:07:58,947 --> 01:08:00,882
From September 1944

754
01:08:00,982 --> 01:08:05,520
the curfew started at 8pm,
sometimes 7pm as a punishment.

755
01:08:06,286 --> 01:08:07,655
The Germans hung up placards

756
01:08:07,755 --> 01:08:11,291
stating that anybody
out in the street could be shot.

757
01:13:16,364 --> 01:13:21,434
9 Pijnackerstraat.
Vredeskerk, or 'Peace Church'.

758
01:13:25,940 --> 01:13:29,476
In 1940, young parishioners
set up a resistance group

759
01:13:29,577 --> 01:13:32,113
known as
the 'Dutch Orange Army'.

760
01:13:32,613 --> 01:13:36,150
They planned acts of sabotage,
and an escape to England.

761
01:13:39,820 --> 01:13:43,991
Someone betrayed them, however,
and several members were
arrested.

762
01:13:44,091 --> 01:13:47,595
Frank and Jan Fontaine,
Jan Kootwijk and Jaap Besters

763
01:13:47,695 --> 01:13:50,497
did not return
from the concentration camps.

764
01:13:51,866 --> 01:13:54,602
Catholic priests were not
allowed to perform
the sacraments

765
01:13:54,702 --> 01:13:58,072
for members of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB.

766
01:13:58,172 --> 01:14:00,841
In July 1942 in all Catholic

767
01:14:00,942 --> 01:14:03,311
and most protestant churches
in the Netherlands

768
01:14:03,411 --> 01:14:04,845
a letter was read out loud

769
01:14:04,946 --> 01:14:08,448
condemning forced labour
and the deportation of Jews.

770
01:14:08,549 --> 01:14:13,154
The Nazi's retaliated by
arresting and deporting more
than 200 Jews

771
01:14:13,254 --> 01:14:15,556
who had
converted to Catholicism.

772
01:14:30,338 --> 01:14:33,374
The church bell was removed
in 1942.

773
01:14:33,473 --> 01:14:35,076
Prior to the German invasion,

774
01:14:35,176 --> 01:14:38,346
the Dutch authorities registered
all church bells in
the Netherlands

775
01:14:38,446 --> 01:14:42,717
with an eye to melting them
down if necessary in
the event of war.

776
01:14:42,817 --> 01:14:44,685
It was partly
thanks to this register

777
01:14:44,785 --> 01:14:47,355
that in just six months
the Germans were able to remove

778
01:14:47,455 --> 01:14:52,460
almost 7,000 of the country's
9,000 bells from church towers.

779
01:14:53,995 --> 01:14:57,965
Two thirds of those bells were
melted down and turned into
armaments.

780
01:14:58,065 --> 01:15:02,370
There was a saying that 'When
the bells are gone,
the war is done',

781
01:15:02,470 --> 01:15:05,906
meaning that if the Germans
needed to melt down church bells
for metal,

782
01:15:06,007 --> 01:15:09,043
their chances of winning the war
couldn't be good.

783
01:15:35,136 --> 01:15:36,771
Hekelveld.

784
01:15:37,972 --> 01:15:41,008
On the night of
the 4th of May 1945,

785
01:15:41,108 --> 01:15:45,713
a patrol of
the German Order Police shot
dead nurse Annick van Hardeveld.

786
01:15:45,813 --> 01:15:50,151
Van Hardeveld, 21, was
a messenger for the resistance.

787
01:15:50,251 --> 01:15:53,522
She was cycling to the north of
Amsterdam to pass on a message

788
01:15:53,621 --> 01:15:56,557
about the impending surrender
of the Germans.

789
01:15:56,657 --> 01:15:58,959
Van Hardeveld was wearing
a Red Cross uniform

790
01:15:59,060 --> 01:16:01,629
so she could be outside
during curfew.

791
01:16:01,729 --> 01:16:04,965
Over her uniform,
she had thrown a Dutch flag.

792
01:16:21,282 --> 01:16:23,951
56 Stadhouderskade.

793
01:16:24,318 --> 01:16:28,789
Headquarters of the 2000
resistance group in 1945,

794
01:16:28,889 --> 01:16:31,592
in the home of
the Verwoerd family.

795
01:16:31,692 --> 01:16:35,930
After the couple's son Leo was
caught with forged identity
documents,

796
01:16:36,030 --> 01:16:38,666
the German security service,
the SD,

797
01:16:38,766 --> 01:16:42,002
raided the building
on the 9th of March 1945.

798
01:16:43,237 --> 01:16:46,307
The Verwoerds quickly took
Rob Waaker, a young Jewish boy

799
01:16:46,407 --> 01:16:49,343
living in hiding with them
to their neighbours.

800
01:16:49,443 --> 01:16:52,547
Each member of the 2000 group
had their own code number

801
01:16:52,646 --> 01:16:54,248
recorded in a register.

802
01:16:54,348 --> 01:16:58,452
The "key" for the register was
hidden beneath the entrance to
the office.

803
01:16:58,553 --> 01:17:02,656
It was imperative that this key
didn't fall into the hands
of the SD,

804
01:17:02,756 --> 01:17:04,225
so on the 10th of March

805
01:17:04,325 --> 01:17:08,129
several members of the group
forced their way into
the building.

806
01:17:08,929 --> 01:17:13,334
In the ensuing gunfight, SS
Hauptscharführer Ernst Wehner,

807
01:17:13,434 --> 01:17:17,138
a criminal investigator
with the SD, was killed.

808
01:17:17,238 --> 01:17:20,474
The SD retaliated
by executing 30 prisoners

809
01:17:20,575 --> 01:17:24,745
from Weteringschans prison
in the Eerste Weteringplantsoen.

810
01:17:24,845 --> 01:17:27,681
They included
Leo and Henk Verwoerd.

811
01:17:27,781 --> 01:17:31,752
The Germans gathered passers-by
and people who lived around
the park

812
01:17:31,852 --> 01:17:34,455
and forced them
to watch the executions.

813
01:17:34,556 --> 01:17:36,123
Anyone who averted their eyes

814
01:17:36,223 --> 01:17:38,425
was "kicked into
the right direction,

815
01:17:38,527 --> 01:17:40,895
or worked over
with a rifle butt".

816
01:17:41,228 --> 01:17:43,397
The bodies fell onto
the mountain of rubbish

817
01:17:43,497 --> 01:17:46,967
that had built up in front of
an air raid shelter in
the preceding weeks

818
01:17:47,067 --> 01:17:49,571
because
it wasn't being collected.

819
01:17:49,670 --> 01:17:50,971
A few days later,

820
01:17:51,071 --> 01:17:53,774
unknown people draped
a Dutch flag over this spot.

821
01:18:11,660 --> 01:18:14,862
Jacoba van Tongeren,
the leader of the 2000 group,

822
01:18:14,962 --> 01:18:17,198
watched the executions
from her hiding place

823
01:18:17,298 --> 01:18:20,301
in a first-aid post
beneath a nearby bridge.

824
01:18:22,136 --> 01:18:24,639
"I cry like I've
never cried before,"

825
01:18:24,738 --> 01:18:26,541
she wrote in her memoirs.

826
01:18:26,641 --> 01:18:30,978
After, she entered
the headquarters via
a neighbouring building

827
01:18:31,078 --> 01:18:33,948
and took away the key
to the code register.

828
01:19:04,945 --> 01:19:08,382
5 Spinozastraat. Ground floor.

829
01:19:08,482 --> 01:19:12,353
Home of the renowned cancer
researcher Nathaniël Waterman.

830
01:19:12,453 --> 01:19:17,057
The Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek Hospital had to fire
him in 1941.

831
01:19:20,629 --> 01:19:22,631
In September 1943,

832
01:19:22,731 --> 01:19:26,400
Waterman was part of the last
large-scale deportation of Jews

833
01:19:26,500 --> 01:19:28,235
to Westerbork.

834
01:19:30,337 --> 01:19:33,841
In November, however,
the Germans sent him back to
Amsterdam

835
01:19:33,941 --> 01:19:35,510
to set up a laboratory
in his home

836
01:19:35,610 --> 01:19:40,247
to pursue his research into the
carcinogenic effects of dyes.

837
01:19:40,347 --> 01:19:44,485
He kept his laboratory mice in a
special enclosure in the garden.

838
01:19:44,985 --> 01:19:47,821
Waterman's wife
Mien Waterman-Rippe

839
01:19:47,921 --> 01:19:50,625
had to remain in
the transit camp as a hostage.

840
01:19:50,725 --> 01:19:53,260
Both she and her husband
survived the war.

841
01:19:53,360 --> 01:19:55,362
Two of their children
were murdered,

842
01:19:55,462 --> 01:19:59,833
Elizabeth Fischer-Waterman
in September 1942 in Auschwitz,

843
01:19:59,933 --> 01:20:04,104
Dolf Waterman
in November 1942 in Mauthausen.

844
01:20:06,407 --> 01:20:10,512
Their son Léon Waterman,
an architect, survived.

845
01:20:10,612 --> 01:20:14,214
In 1962 he designed
the first Holocaust memorial

846
01:20:14,315 --> 01:20:16,984
in the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,

847
01:20:17,084 --> 01:20:20,120
the main deportation centre
in Amsterdam.

848
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:35,035
Nieuwmarkt.

849
01:20:35,637 --> 01:20:39,406
This square became a hub
for black market activities.

850
01:20:41,041 --> 01:20:44,512
In August 1942 a man
was arrested here

851
01:20:44,612 --> 01:20:46,313
for selling ration coupons,

852
01:20:46,413 --> 01:20:48,449
necessary for
buying food staples

853
01:20:48,550 --> 01:20:50,184
like bread and milk.

854
01:20:50,284 --> 01:20:54,288
A police officer recognised him
as Jan Catoen,
a notorious burglar

855
01:20:54,388 --> 01:20:57,592
who had escaped from Amersfoort
concentration camp.

856
01:20:57,692 --> 01:20:59,059
After a show trial,

857
01:20:59,159 --> 01:21:02,196
a German court sentenced Catoen
and two accomplices to death

858
01:21:02,296 --> 01:21:04,733
for robbing a rationing office.

859
01:21:04,833 --> 01:21:08,235
They were executed
in September 1942.

860
01:21:11,305 --> 01:21:13,240
Over the course
of the occupation,

861
01:21:13,340 --> 01:21:16,276
four children were shot dead
on Nieuwmarkt.

862
01:21:16,377 --> 01:21:19,146
Four-year-old Annie Meijer
was gunned down during a raid

863
01:21:19,246 --> 01:21:23,350
by the German Order Police
in September 1944.

864
01:21:23,450 --> 01:21:28,523
Teenagers Bari Baars and Israël
Deegen died in March 1945,

865
01:21:28,623 --> 01:21:32,059
when Germans started shooting
dumdum bullets at black
marketeers.

866
01:21:32,960 --> 01:21:35,597
On the 12th of April 1945,

867
01:21:35,697 --> 01:21:40,334
16-year-old Alex Evers was
walking across Nieuwmarkt on
his way home.

868
01:21:40,434 --> 01:21:44,438
It was two minutes past 8pm,
two minutes past curfew.

869
01:21:44,539 --> 01:21:46,940
The German Order Police
started shooting.

870
01:21:47,040 --> 01:21:48,843
A bullet hit Alex in the hand,

871
01:21:48,942 --> 01:21:52,781
and he made his way into the air
raid shelter in the middle of
the square.

872
01:21:52,881 --> 01:21:57,151
When he came out on the other
side, the Order Police shot at
him again.

873
01:21:57,451 --> 01:22:01,488
Alex died in an ambulance cart
on the way to the hospital.

874
01:22:34,054 --> 01:22:37,725
Europaplein,
formerly Westerscheldeplein.

875
01:22:40,327 --> 01:22:43,163
On the 11th of November 1940,

876
01:22:43,263 --> 01:22:45,132
a small Italian Air Force plane

877
01:22:45,232 --> 01:22:47,334
that had been part
of an air raid over England

878
01:22:47,434 --> 01:22:50,370
landed on this square
with engine trouble.

879
01:22:50,471 --> 01:22:52,306
From July 1942,

880
01:22:52,406 --> 01:22:54,609
the square was used
as an assembly point

881
01:22:54,709 --> 01:22:56,477
during roundups of Jews.

882
01:22:56,578 --> 01:23:00,582
People were transported by tram
from here to
Amsterdam's Central Station,

883
01:23:00,682 --> 01:23:04,151
from where the train to transit
camp Westerbork departed.

884
01:23:04,251 --> 01:23:07,589
Young people aged 16 and over
had to walk.

885
01:25:38,640 --> 01:25:41,009
- 8
- to 10 Haarlemmerweg.

886
01:25:41,109 --> 01:25:43,377
Wester Gas Factory.

887
01:25:44,444 --> 01:25:46,981
This gasworks was one
of the three locations

888
01:25:47,081 --> 01:25:52,319
where Amsterdammers had to hand
in their bicycles in July 1942.

889
01:25:52,987 --> 01:25:57,190
Before the war there were around
300,000 bicycles in Amsterdam.

890
01:25:57,290 --> 01:26:00,460
After, there were 160,000.

891
01:26:01,896 --> 01:26:03,196
During the Hunger Winter

892
01:26:03,296 --> 01:26:05,933
people tried to steal coal
from the factory.

893
01:26:06,034 --> 01:26:10,437
Police would shoot at
the thieves, sometimes with
fatal consequences.

894
01:28:08,790 --> 01:28:13,426
<i>♪ no more fascism now ♪</i>

895
01:28:13,528 --> 01:28:21,702
<i>♪ no more fascism now</i>
<i>no more fascism now ♪</i>

896
01:28:46,561 --> 01:28:49,096
<i>Next stop,</i>
<i>Amsterdam Muiderpoort.</i>

897
01:28:51,732 --> 01:28:53,400
Oosterspoorplein.

898
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:55,603
Muiderpoort train station.

899
01:28:56,336 --> 01:28:58,973
Starting in October 1942,

900
01:28:59,073 --> 01:29:02,510
at least 11,000 people
were deported from this station,

901
01:29:02,610 --> 01:29:04,411
mostly to
transit camp Westerbork

902
01:29:04,512 --> 01:29:06,180
in the north-east
of the Netherlands

903
01:29:06,280 --> 01:29:09,482
and from there to the killing
centres Auschwitz and Sobibor

904
01:29:09,584 --> 01:29:11,652
in occupied Poland.

905
01:29:15,189 --> 01:29:18,425
Staff from the Jewish Council
were posted in the hall of
the station

906
01:29:18,526 --> 01:29:20,460
to register the "departers",

907
01:29:20,561 --> 01:29:23,698
who were required to hand over
the keys to their homes.

908
01:29:23,798 --> 01:29:25,533
Their houses would be sealed

909
01:29:25,633 --> 01:29:28,368
until the furniture and other
belongings were registered,

910
01:29:28,468 --> 01:29:31,939
taken away and often
transported to Germany.

911
01:30:04,272 --> 01:30:05,673
Wibaustraat.

912
01:30:05,773 --> 01:30:08,175
Renamed Weesperpoortstraat.

913
01:30:08,276 --> 01:30:12,346
In 1942 the Germans
changed the names of 18 streets

914
01:30:12,445 --> 01:30:14,081
named after Jews.

915
01:30:14,181 --> 01:30:17,618
They also changed the name of a
street named after a socialist,

916
01:30:17,718 --> 01:30:20,621
alderman of
Amsterdam Floor Wibaut.

917
01:30:20,721 --> 01:30:24,191
He had been a prominent member
of the Dutch Labour Party.

918
01:31:24,986 --> 01:31:28,522
36 and
38 Plantage Kerklaan.

919
01:31:28,622 --> 01:31:31,325
Civil Registry Office.

920
01:31:31,692 --> 01:31:34,195
The German occupiers
decreed that all citizens

921
01:31:34,295 --> 01:31:38,199
had to carry their identity card
with them at all times.

922
01:31:38,299 --> 01:31:42,837
Cards of Jewish citizens were
marked with a large black
letter J.

923
01:31:42,937 --> 01:31:46,607
This new Dutch-made card, with
a photo and two fingerprints,

924
01:31:46,707 --> 01:31:48,476
was extremely hard to forge

925
01:31:48,576 --> 01:31:52,079
and it could always be compared
against the records in
the Registry.

926
01:31:53,114 --> 01:31:55,883
In 1942, the PBC,

927
01:31:55,983 --> 01:31:59,053
a group of artists who
specialised in forged documents,

928
01:31:59,153 --> 01:32:02,356
started to plan an attack
on the Registry Office.

929
01:32:02,456 --> 01:32:05,526
On the 27th of March 1943,

930
01:32:05,626 --> 01:32:08,562
resistance fighters
disguised as police officers

931
01:32:08,662 --> 01:32:10,798
entered the office
and "neutralised" eight guards

932
01:32:10,898 --> 01:32:13,401
from
the Amsterdam Police Battalion.

933
01:32:13,501 --> 01:32:15,469
They injected
them with a sedative

934
01:32:15,569 --> 01:32:18,572
and laid them out
in the garden of Artis Zoo.

935
01:32:18,672 --> 01:32:21,175
The attackers doused
the filing cards with benzene

936
01:32:21,275 --> 01:32:23,411
and set TNT charges.

937
01:32:23,512 --> 01:32:27,915
At 11pm, loud explosions were
heard, and a fire broke out.

938
01:32:28,015 --> 01:32:30,051
"Amsterdam enjoyed the bonfire",

939
01:32:30,151 --> 01:32:33,354
wrote the underground paper
The Parole.

940
01:32:34,121 --> 01:32:36,724
The attack became one of the
best-known acts of resistance

941
01:32:36,824 --> 01:32:38,492
and boosted morale.

942
01:32:38,592 --> 01:32:40,594
"One good little piece of news",

943
01:32:40,694 --> 01:32:44,065
Anne Frank wrote in her diary
in the secret annex.

944
01:32:46,834 --> 01:32:49,970
The fire however did not destroy
all the cards,

945
01:32:50,071 --> 01:32:53,574
neither did the overzealous
actions of the fire brigade.

946
01:32:55,309 --> 01:32:59,980
Ultimately, only 15% of
the records were permanently
destroyed.

947
01:33:00,081 --> 01:33:04,285
Moreover, the Germans kept
separate sets of records
elsewhere.

948
01:33:06,387 --> 01:33:09,690
Willy Lages, the head of
the German security services,

949
01:33:09,790 --> 01:33:12,059
offered a reward
of 10,000 guilders

950
01:33:12,159 --> 01:33:15,830
for information leading
to the capture of the attackers.

951
01:33:25,739 --> 01:33:29,810
24 Vondelstraat, ground floor.

952
01:33:31,245 --> 01:33:34,815
In a telex message
to SS leader Heinrich Himmler

953
01:33:34,915 --> 01:33:37,952
dated the 2nd of April 1943,

954
01:33:38,052 --> 01:33:42,823
Hanns Albin Rauter, the SS and
police leader in
the Netherlands, stated:

955
01:33:42,923 --> 01:33:44,325
"Over the course of the night,

956
01:33:44,425 --> 01:33:47,461
several arrests were made
in Amsterdam and Utrecht.

957
01:33:47,562 --> 01:33:49,363
As a result, it is certain

958
01:33:49,463 --> 01:33:52,099
that three perpetrators
of the sabotage arson attack

959
01:33:52,199 --> 01:33:55,669
on the Civil Registry
of Amsterdam are in custody."

960
01:33:57,705 --> 01:33:59,874
One of those arrested
was Sjoerd Bakker,

961
01:33:59,974 --> 01:34:02,676
a fashion designer and tailor.

962
01:34:02,776 --> 01:34:04,879
He made the replica
Dutch police uniforms

963
01:34:04,979 --> 01:34:07,982
worn by the attackers
here in his studio.

964
01:34:08,082 --> 01:34:11,452
He and 11 others involved
in the attack were executed

965
01:34:11,553 --> 01:34:14,623
in the dunes
on the 1st of July 1943

966
01:34:14,722 --> 01:34:17,324
and thrown into a mass grave.

967
01:34:17,424 --> 01:34:22,129
At his own request, Bakker wore
a pink shirt for his execution.

968
01:34:22,229 --> 01:34:24,633
When the grave was discovered
after the war,

969
01:34:24,732 --> 01:34:27,735
the pink shirt
helped identify the group.

970
01:34:47,955 --> 01:34:51,560
225 Kerkstraat, ground floor.

971
01:34:51,660 --> 01:34:56,631
Home of Henry van Adelsbergen,
a Jewish man in a "mixed"
marriage.

972
01:34:56,730 --> 01:34:58,533
While being held
at camp Westerbork,

973
01:34:58,633 --> 01:35:02,803
he was forced to choose between
being deported or being
sterilised.

974
01:35:02,903 --> 01:35:06,740
He opted for sterilisation
and returned to Amsterdam.

975
01:35:06,840 --> 01:35:10,579
In March 1943, Van Adelsbergen
divorced his wife

976
01:35:10,679 --> 01:35:12,713
and moved elsewhere.

977
01:35:13,280 --> 01:35:18,587
In 1944, he was summoned to
the headquarters of
the German police.

978
01:35:18,687 --> 01:35:20,854
There he accidently ran
into the occupant

979
01:35:20,955 --> 01:35:23,057
of the apartment above him
on Kerkstraat,

980
01:35:23,157 --> 01:35:25,660
Branca Simons, a Jewish informer

981
01:35:25,759 --> 01:35:28,563
who betrayed people
to save herself.

982
01:35:28,663 --> 01:35:32,601
Simons reported that since her
former neighbour was divorced,

983
01:35:32,701 --> 01:35:35,570
he was no longer exempt
from deportation.

984
01:35:35,670 --> 01:35:38,239
Van Adelsbergen was arrested
at once.

985
01:35:38,339 --> 01:35:40,307
He died in March 1945

986
01:35:40,407 --> 01:35:43,712
in Vaihingen concentration camp
in Germany.

987
01:35:43,811 --> 01:35:46,280
After the war Simons
was sentenced to death

988
01:35:46,380 --> 01:35:49,049
but was freed in 1959.

989
01:35:49,483 --> 01:35:50,451
Demolished.

990
01:35:54,989 --> 01:35:58,926
26 Vegastraat, ground floor.

991
01:35:59,493 --> 01:36:02,029
Dina Gobitz-Wagenaar
and four of her children

992
01:36:02,129 --> 01:36:04,633
lived in hiding here
in their own home

993
01:36:04,733 --> 01:36:08,737
following their escape from
the Dutch theatre
deportation centre.

994
01:36:08,836 --> 01:36:13,575
After the war, Dina's daughter
Carla Kaplan-Gobitz remembered:

995
01:36:13,675 --> 01:36:17,712
"Resistance people had created
all sorts of hiding places in
our house,

996
01:36:17,811 --> 01:36:19,113
and they worked so well

997
01:36:19,213 --> 01:36:21,382
that more and more people
came there to hide.

998
01:36:21,482 --> 01:36:24,586
Some of them had been previously
hiding in a sewage pipe.

999
01:36:24,686 --> 01:36:26,453
I found living in hiding awful.

1000
01:36:26,554 --> 01:36:29,658
Everyone was scared,
and I wasn't able to play.

1001
01:36:29,758 --> 01:36:31,760
You weren't allowed
to open the curtains.

1002
01:36:31,859 --> 01:36:33,260
We had to be really quiet,

1003
01:36:33,360 --> 01:36:36,765
because it had to look like
nobody was living in the house."

1004
01:36:45,005 --> 01:36:47,074
Kaplan-Gobitz
and her sister claimed

1005
01:36:47,174 --> 01:36:49,843
that a German guard
named Alfons Zündler

1006
01:36:49,943 --> 01:36:52,714
had helped them escape
from the deportation centre.

1007
01:36:52,813 --> 01:36:54,516
But when they and several others

1008
01:36:54,616 --> 01:36:58,653
put Zündler forward
for a Yad Vashem award in 1993,

1009
01:36:58,753 --> 01:37:00,254
which would have him honoured
in Israel

1010
01:37:00,354 --> 01:37:02,489
as "Righteous
among the Nations",

1011
01:37:02,590 --> 01:37:04,958
it sparked a storm of protest.

1012
01:37:14,602 --> 01:37:17,137
The opponents said that
this member of the SS

1013
01:37:17,237 --> 01:37:21,108
only helped others in exchange
for alcohol or sex.

1014
01:37:21,208 --> 01:37:23,778
It did turn out that Zündler
and two other guards

1015
01:37:23,877 --> 01:37:26,113
had been arrested in 1943

1016
01:37:26,213 --> 01:37:28,415
for having sexual relations
with Jewish women,

1017
01:37:28,516 --> 01:37:32,086
and given a ten-year
jail sentence by a German court.

1018
01:37:37,726 --> 01:37:42,129
In a 2012 interview,
resistance worker Harry Cohen,

1019
01:37:42,229 --> 01:37:45,933
a courier for the Jewish
council, said about Zündler,

1020
01:37:46,033 --> 01:37:48,202
"Yes, he did save people,

1021
01:37:48,302 --> 01:37:51,205
but when he was up for being
honoured with
the Yad Vashem award,

1022
01:37:51,305 --> 01:37:52,373
I protested.

1023
01:37:52,473 --> 01:37:54,208
That was a step too far.

1024
01:37:54,308 --> 01:37:55,677
Come off it,

1025
01:37:55,777 --> 01:37:59,179
I mean he was in the SS and
he got to make life and death
decisions!"

1026
01:38:38,553 --> 01:38:42,791
201 and
203 Van Ostadestraat.

1027
01:38:42,891 --> 01:38:45,025
Herman Elte School.

1028
01:38:45,125 --> 01:38:48,095
In September 1941
the Germans decreed

1029
01:38:48,195 --> 01:38:51,331
Jewish children had to go
to separate schools.

1030
01:38:51,432 --> 01:38:53,868
The Amsterdam city
administration obliged

1031
01:38:53,967 --> 01:38:56,437
by creating
more than 40 new schools,

1032
01:38:56,538 --> 01:38:58,840
mostly in
existing school buildings,

1033
01:38:58,939 --> 01:39:02,409
for around 7,500 pupils.

1034
01:39:02,510 --> 01:39:05,279
Jewish schools that existed
already before the war,

1035
01:39:05,379 --> 01:39:07,682
also became part of the system.

1036
01:39:07,782 --> 01:39:12,085
After the deportations began,
the classes got smaller
each day.

1037
01:39:12,186 --> 01:39:16,457
In September 1943,
all Jewish schools had closed.

1038
01:39:47,522 --> 01:39:51,559
44 Albrecht
Dürerstraat, first floor.

1039
01:39:52,259 --> 01:39:55,062
In 1943, Sonja van Hesteren

1040
01:39:55,162 --> 01:39:58,165
moved into what she described
as a "luxurious room"

1041
01:39:58,265 --> 01:40:02,269
in an apartment formerly
occupied by a Jewish family.

1042
01:40:02,369 --> 01:40:05,038
She worked
at the Hausraterfassungstelle,

1043
01:40:05,138 --> 01:40:06,908
the department that registered
the contents

1044
01:40:07,007 --> 01:40:09,644
of the homes of deported Jews.

1045
01:40:09,744 --> 01:40:13,347
After the war, Van Hesteren
claimed that to keep on
living there,

1046
01:40:13,447 --> 01:40:17,251
she had to join the staff
of the German security police.

1047
01:40:17,351 --> 01:40:20,187
There she helped to entrap
resistance workers.

1048
01:40:20,287 --> 01:40:24,224
In April 1944 she made
a phone call to Henk Dienske,

1049
01:40:24,324 --> 01:40:26,728
a leader
of the LO resistance group,

1050
01:40:26,828 --> 01:40:30,197
pretending to be the daughter
of a communist leader.

1051
01:40:30,632 --> 01:40:33,735
She said she had a message
for him from her father.

1052
01:40:33,835 --> 01:40:37,906
Dienske agreed to meet her
and was immediately arrested.

1053
01:40:38,272 --> 01:40:41,141
Dienske died in
1945 in Beendorf,

1054
01:40:41,241 --> 01:40:44,746
a subcamp of Neuengamme
concentration camp in Germany.

1055
01:40:44,846 --> 01:40:49,249
After the war, Van Hesteren was
sentenced to 12 years in prison.

1056
01:40:57,157 --> 01:41:01,261
154 Beethovenstraat,
third floor.

1057
01:41:01,361 --> 01:41:04,197
Home of physician Johan Strak.

1058
01:41:05,432 --> 01:41:09,102
He was a member of
the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,

1059
01:41:09,202 --> 01:41:14,141
and of the SS, and a confidant
of SD chief Willy Lages.

1060
01:41:14,241 --> 01:41:17,110
In 1942 he became
Amsterdam's alderman

1061
01:41:17,210 --> 01:41:19,313
for public health.

1062
01:41:19,413 --> 01:41:22,082
As a physician,
Strak carried out assessments

1063
01:41:22,182 --> 01:41:24,886
of women who wanted
to marry members of the SS,

1064
01:41:24,986 --> 01:41:28,556
to determine whether they were
of "pure Germanic race".

1065
01:41:29,323 --> 01:41:31,593
In 1942 it was his task

1066
01:41:31,693 --> 01:41:34,729
to determine whether foundlings
might be Jewish.

1067
01:41:34,829 --> 01:41:38,066
He decided a baby known
as "Remi van Duinwijck",

1068
01:41:38,165 --> 01:41:40,267
named after the address
he was found at,

1069
01:41:40,367 --> 01:41:43,605
was Jewish,
although he was not circumcised.

1070
01:41:43,705 --> 01:41:47,942
Strak, however, said the boy
had "Jewish ears".

1071
01:41:48,042 --> 01:41:51,546
Remi was murdered in 1943
in Sobibor.

1072
01:41:51,646 --> 01:41:56,551
His real name, Koen Gezang,
was only discovered in 2002.

1073
01:41:56,651 --> 01:42:00,622
After the war, Strak was
sentenced to six years in
prison.

1074
01:42:02,023 --> 01:42:04,092
<i>Witnesses</i>
<i>on the front row.</i>

1075
01:42:04,358 --> 01:42:07,194
- 3
- Amstel, ground floor.

1076
01:42:07,294 --> 01:42:09,597
Bookshop owned by Louis Lamm,

1077
01:42:09,697 --> 01:42:13,101
one of the largest Jewish
antiquarian bookshops in Europe.

1078
01:42:13,200 --> 01:42:18,873
<i>- Do I have</i>
<i>Bruna Dos Santos Vieira? - Yes.</i>

1079
01:42:20,074 --> 01:42:23,410
<i>- And Magteld Elsemiek Jakobs?</i>
<i>- Yes.</i>

1080
01:42:24,144 --> 01:42:26,614
<i>Well, please rise.</i>

1081
01:42:29,083 --> 01:42:31,653
<i>Give each other your right hand.</i>

1082
01:42:33,153 --> 01:42:36,057
<i>Look each other in the eyes.</i>

1083
01:42:36,591 --> 01:42:39,927
<i>And listen to the questions</i>
<i>I'm going to pose to you.</i>

1084
01:42:43,898 --> 01:42:45,499
<i>Do you, Bruna...</i>

1085
01:42:45,767 --> 01:42:47,735
When
the deportations began,

1086
01:42:47,835 --> 01:42:51,806
Lamm's upstairs neighbour,
resistance worker Cas Oorthuys,

1087
01:42:51,906 --> 01:42:53,608
found a safe address for him,

1088
01:42:53,708 --> 01:42:58,245
but Lamm, who had fled Germany
in 1933, declined the offer.

1089
01:42:59,179 --> 01:43:00,581
Lamm and his daughter Ruth

1090
01:43:00,682 --> 01:43:04,585
were murdered in Auschwitz
in November 1943.

1091
01:43:04,686 --> 01:43:07,855
<i>Then I declare as</i>
<i>a register of</i>
<i>the Amsterdam Records Office</i>

1092
01:43:07,955 --> 01:43:10,725
<i>that you are hereby joined</i>
<i>in registered partnership.</i>

1093
01:43:10,825 --> 01:43:14,327
The bookshop was
"purged" by the Reichsleiter
Rosenberg Taskforce,

1094
01:43:14,428 --> 01:43:18,498
a Nazi organisation that looted
Jewish cultural property.

1095
01:43:18,599 --> 01:43:22,570
After the war, Lydia
Oorthuys-Krienen remembered:

1096
01:43:22,670 --> 01:43:24,237
"Once they'd been taken away,

1097
01:43:24,337 --> 01:43:27,340
there were suddenly ladders
leaning against the front of
the building,

1098
01:43:27,441 --> 01:43:29,544
and a long wooden chute
ran from the window,

1099
01:43:29,644 --> 01:43:31,879
over the quayside,
to a flat barge."

1100
01:43:33,915 --> 01:43:35,516
"They spent days using the chute

1101
01:43:35,616 --> 01:43:38,653
to chuck all those
valuable books onto the barge."

1102
01:43:39,921 --> 01:43:41,488
Demolished.

1103
01:43:55,235 --> 01:43:57,404
Van Woustraat.

1104
01:43:58,940 --> 01:44:00,808
In September 1942,

1105
01:44:00,908 --> 01:44:04,612
a police officer arrested
journalist Philip Mechanicus

1106
01:44:04,712 --> 01:44:07,380
for not wearing
a yellow star badge.

1107
01:44:07,481 --> 01:44:10,551
Two members of the Dutch Nazi
party had recognised him

1108
01:44:10,651 --> 01:44:14,287
and pointed him out in a tram
or on a tram stop.

1109
01:44:14,387 --> 01:44:17,225
Mechanicus was sent
to Amersfoort concentration camp

1110
01:44:17,324 --> 01:44:19,861
and from there to Westerbork.

1111
01:44:19,961 --> 01:44:23,430
Mechanicus kept a diary that was
smuggled out of the transit camp

1112
01:44:23,531 --> 01:44:27,267
and published after the war
as "Waiting for Death".

1113
01:44:30,838 --> 01:44:35,475
"I feel as if I'm live reporting
from a shipwreck",
he wrote from the camp.

1114
01:44:37,578 --> 01:44:42,583
In October 1944, Mechanicus
was shot dead in Auschwitz.

1115
01:44:51,893 --> 01:44:54,294
149 Van Woustraat.

1116
01:44:54,394 --> 01:44:59,200
Koco, one of two ice cream
parlours run by German Jewish
refugees

1117
01:44:59,299 --> 01:45:02,003
Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn.

1118
01:45:02,103 --> 01:45:04,539
The windows of their other
parlour on Rijnstraat

1119
01:45:04,639 --> 01:45:07,407
were smashed in February 1941,

1120
01:45:07,508 --> 01:45:10,077
so the owners got together
a group of regular customers

1121
01:45:10,178 --> 01:45:11,913
to protect the shops.

1122
01:45:13,014 --> 01:45:14,148
A couple of days later,

1123
01:45:14,248 --> 01:45:17,985
a gang of Dutch Nazis passed the
parlour, singing as they went,

1124
01:45:18,085 --> 01:45:20,555
so the owners closed the shop.

1125
01:45:20,655 --> 01:45:22,489
Someone started pounding
at the door,

1126
01:45:22,590 --> 01:45:24,892
and the defenders of the parlour
sprayed ammonia gas at them

1127
01:45:24,992 --> 01:45:28,395
using a cylinder kept in
the shop to cool ice cream.

1128
01:45:29,429 --> 01:45:31,431
But instead
of the expected Blackshirts,

1129
01:45:31,532 --> 01:45:34,467
they were German Order
Police officers.

1130
01:45:35,002 --> 01:45:37,038
For the Nazis this event
was one of the grounds

1131
01:45:37,138 --> 01:45:40,107
for the first roundup
in the old Jewish Quarter,

1132
01:45:40,208 --> 01:45:43,343
on the 22nd and
23rd of February.

1133
01:45:43,443 --> 01:45:46,547
Ernst Cahn was condemned
to death by a Nazi court.

1134
01:45:46,647 --> 01:45:49,016
On the 3rd of March 1941,

1135
01:45:49,116 --> 01:45:51,484
he became the first resistance
fighter in the Netherlands

1136
01:45:51,586 --> 01:45:54,387
to die in front
of a firing squad.

1137
01:45:55,122 --> 01:45:57,758
Alfred Kohn died in 1945,

1138
01:45:57,859 --> 01:46:00,862
probably on a death march
from Auschwitz.

1139
01:46:29,657 --> 01:46:34,595
9 De Mirandalaan, formerly
Burgemeester van Leeuwenweg.

1140
01:46:35,428 --> 01:46:37,798
Amstel Park swimming pool.

1141
01:46:43,337 --> 01:46:46,107
From the 21st of May 1941,

1142
01:46:46,207 --> 01:46:49,877
the Germans banned Jews from
all municipal swimming pools.

1143
01:46:49,977 --> 01:46:53,247
The only pool at which they were
allowed to swim was this one,

1144
01:46:53,347 --> 01:46:56,684
on Mondays, Wednesdays
and Fridays.

1145
01:46:57,251 --> 01:47:01,522
Less than a month later,
they were also banned from this
last pool.

1146
01:47:01,622 --> 01:47:05,226
All swimming pools closed
in the autumn of 1944

1147
01:47:05,326 --> 01:47:08,062
due to the lack of gas
and electricity.

1148
01:47:12,465 --> 01:47:13,901
During the Hunger Winter,

1149
01:47:14,001 --> 01:47:16,804
people chopped down trees and
bushes around the outdoor pools

1150
01:47:16,904 --> 01:47:18,706
for firewood.

1151
01:47:18,806 --> 01:47:21,776
The wooden diving board
was chopped up as well.

1152
01:47:29,383 --> 01:47:30,718
In the 1930s,

1153
01:47:30,818 --> 01:47:33,220
the pool had become known
as the De Miranda Pool,

1154
01:47:33,321 --> 01:47:34,722
after its instigator,

1155
01:47:34,822 --> 01:47:37,758
socialist alderman
Monne de Miranda.

1156
01:47:37,858 --> 01:47:40,561
He was arrested in July 1942

1157
01:47:40,661 --> 01:47:43,664
and taken to Amersfoort
concentration camp,

1158
01:47:43,764 --> 01:47:47,201
where he was subjected to such
severe physical abuse

1159
01:47:47,301 --> 01:47:50,805
by other Dutch captives
that he died ten days later.

1160
01:47:51,906 --> 01:47:54,842
In 1946 this pool
was officially named

1161
01:47:54,942 --> 01:47:56,043
De Miranda Pool.

1162
01:47:56,143 --> 01:47:59,747
A few years later the street
was also named after him.

1163
01:48:01,182 --> 01:48:02,783
Demolished.

1164
01:49:52,359 --> 01:49:54,095
Binnen Bantammerstraat,

1165
01:49:54,195 --> 01:49:57,298
known since the 1920s
as Tong Yan Kai,

1166
01:49:57,398 --> 01:49:59,767
or "Street of the Chinese".

1167
01:50:00,267 --> 01:50:03,604
Several hundred Chinese sailors
who were unable to leave
Amsterdam

1168
01:50:03,704 --> 01:50:06,207
due to the war,
managed to scrape a living

1169
01:50:06,307 --> 01:50:07,975
by running small businesses.

1170
01:50:08,075 --> 01:50:10,811
Unemployed men had to work
for the Germans.

1171
01:50:10,911 --> 01:50:12,446
Forty Chinese-Dutch weddings

1172
01:50:12,547 --> 01:50:14,882
were held in Amsterdam
during the war.

1173
01:50:14,982 --> 01:50:19,653
In 1943, Storm, a magazine
for the Dutch SS, wrote:

1174
01:50:19,753 --> 01:50:23,791
"How can it be that the Dutch
women do not hang their heads
in shame,

1175
01:50:23,891 --> 01:50:26,760
that they throw themselves
into the arms of an easterner,

1176
01:50:26,861 --> 01:50:30,464
who is, furthermore,
little more than a beggar."

1177
01:50:30,565 --> 01:50:32,399
Amsterdam's oldest
Chinese restaurant,

1178
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:36,670
Kong Hing at number 11,
closed during the Hunger Winter.

1179
01:50:36,770 --> 01:50:38,772
After the capitulation of Japan,

1180
01:50:38,873 --> 01:50:41,675
the Chinese in Amsterdam
held a grand victory party

1181
01:50:41,775 --> 01:50:44,178
on Nieuwmarkt and Dam Square.

1182
01:50:58,692 --> 01:51:02,363
26 Molenbeekstraat,
second floor.

1183
01:51:02,463 --> 01:51:05,833
Home of Philip van der Kar,
Sophia van der Kar-Polak

1184
01:51:05,933 --> 01:51:08,936
and their children
Sieg and Mary.

1185
01:51:09,503 --> 01:51:13,774
Sophia Polak managed to obtain
a so-called "Calmeyer Stamp",

1186
01:51:13,874 --> 01:51:17,144
which indicated that she
was only "partly" Jewish.

1187
01:51:17,244 --> 01:51:19,180
She and her sister
gained this status

1188
01:51:19,280 --> 01:51:21,583
on the basis
that their biological father

1189
01:51:21,682 --> 01:51:23,518
was not Samson Polak,

1190
01:51:23,618 --> 01:51:25,886
but the deceased
Albertus Demmenie,

1191
01:51:25,986 --> 01:51:29,624
a non-Jewish man her mother
would have had an affair with.

1192
01:51:29,723 --> 01:51:33,093
Demmenie's son
agreed to tell this lie.

1193
01:51:33,194 --> 01:51:36,263
To be granted their stamps,
Sophia and her sister Stella

1194
01:51:36,363 --> 01:51:39,800
had to undergo a "physical
racial verification procedure"

1195
01:51:39,900 --> 01:51:41,969
at Amsterdam's Zentralstelle,

1196
01:51:42,069 --> 01:51:45,206
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

1197
01:51:45,306 --> 01:51:48,442
The two middle-aged sisters
were instructed to lift up
their skirts

1198
01:51:48,543 --> 01:51:53,180
for Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle.

1199
01:51:53,548 --> 01:51:57,484
With their skirts raised,
they had to walk up and down on
stockinged feet

1200
01:51:57,586 --> 01:52:00,555
so that the SS-Hauptsturmführer
could determine

1201
01:52:00,655 --> 01:52:03,157
whether they had "Jewish legs".

1202
01:52:03,257 --> 01:52:07,428
The Van der Kar-Polak family
produced forgeries of ID
documents,

1203
01:52:07,529 --> 01:52:11,332
and always had people hiding
with them, crowding the rooms.

1204
01:52:11,432 --> 01:52:14,501
"I spent at least three years
sharing a bed with my parents",

1205
01:52:14,603 --> 01:52:17,037
Mary said after the war.

1206
01:52:17,137 --> 01:52:20,007
Once the "houseguests" had been
there for a few days,

1207
01:52:20,107 --> 01:52:22,443
Sophia and Mary would take them
out of the city

1208
01:52:22,544 --> 01:52:24,311
to hide in the countryside.

1209
01:52:24,411 --> 01:52:27,881
On the four occasions that the
authorities raided the house,

1210
01:52:27,982 --> 01:52:30,251
the guests hid on the roof,
behind the chimney.

1211
01:52:39,694 --> 01:52:42,796
29
Niersstraat, first floor.

1212
01:52:42,896 --> 01:52:47,868
Home of Simon de la Bella,
a Jewish senator for
the socialist party.

1213
01:52:48,737 --> 01:52:51,272
When he was arrested
in July 1940,

1214
01:52:51,372 --> 01:52:53,841
he tried to kill himself
by taking poison,

1215
01:52:53,941 --> 01:52:55,909
but he did not succeed.

1216
01:52:57,612 --> 01:52:59,179
He died in 1942

1217
01:52:59,280 --> 01:53:02,349
in Dachau concentration camp
in Germany.

1218
01:53:10,858 --> 01:53:14,028
De la Bella's
daughter Carla joined
the resistance,

1219
01:53:14,128 --> 01:53:17,398
spreading illegal papers
and transporting weapons.

1220
01:53:17,498 --> 01:53:18,932
She later said:

1221
01:53:19,033 --> 01:53:21,902
"Before the war my parents
had authority over me,

1222
01:53:22,002 --> 01:53:24,071
and I wasn't
allowed to do anything.

1223
01:53:24,171 --> 01:53:27,609
I realise now I was thrown
into total adulthood.

1224
01:53:27,709 --> 01:53:31,178
There were no boundaries
anymore.
You could do what you wanted.

1225
01:53:31,278 --> 01:53:34,081
Compared with before the war
it was mayhem.

1226
01:53:34,181 --> 01:53:36,450
Everybody was living
with everybody else,

1227
01:53:36,551 --> 01:53:38,052
and you slept with everybody.

1228
01:53:38,152 --> 01:53:40,522
If you had a bottle of drink
it was party time.

1229
01:53:40,622 --> 01:53:42,156
It was a madhouse.

1230
01:53:42,256 --> 01:53:46,393
It was also our way to respond
to the tension of
resistance work."

1231
01:54:17,358 --> 01:54:21,495
Valentijnkade,
Zeeburg Jewish cemetery.

1232
01:54:22,797 --> 01:54:25,265
The cemetery was full in 1914

1233
01:54:25,366 --> 01:54:28,068
and was only used
sporadically thereafter.

1234
01:54:28,168 --> 01:54:31,338
Around 100,000 people
are buried here.

1235
01:54:32,473 --> 01:54:34,609
In 1942, the German army

1236
01:54:34,709 --> 01:54:38,178
repurposed part of the cemetery
as a training ground.

1237
01:54:41,716 --> 01:54:44,552
Illegal burials were performed
at the Jewish cemeteries

1238
01:54:44,652 --> 01:54:46,755
in nearby Diemen and Ouderkerk,

1239
01:54:46,855 --> 01:54:50,825
but it has not been proved that
such burials took place here.

1240
01:54:51,559 --> 01:54:55,095
After the war, a story went
around that during
the Hunger Winter

1241
01:54:55,195 --> 01:54:57,832
a German man
let a cow graze here.

1242
01:54:57,965 --> 01:54:59,333
According to this tale,

1243
01:54:59,433 --> 01:55:02,936
people from the neighbourhood
stole it and slaughtered it.

1244
01:55:03,504 --> 01:55:07,542
In 1956, the local authorities
acquired a part of the cemetery

1245
01:55:07,642 --> 01:55:09,410
to build a road.

1246
01:55:12,379 --> 01:55:16,049
Under rabbinical supervision,
the graves in this part
were exhumed

1247
01:55:16,150 --> 01:55:18,385
and the remains moved
to the cemetery in Diemen,

1248
01:55:18,485 --> 01:55:21,255
along with what few headstones
were left.

1249
01:55:33,802 --> 01:55:36,003
58 Nieuwe Keizersgracht,

1250
01:55:36,103 --> 01:55:38,238
Headquarters of
the Jewish Council,

1251
01:55:38,338 --> 01:55:42,577
the organisation the Nazi's
forced upon Jewish
people in 1941

1252
01:55:42,677 --> 01:55:44,445
to enact their policies.

1253
01:55:44,546 --> 01:55:47,214
The Council remains
controversial to this day.

1254
01:55:47,314 --> 01:55:49,216
Was the organisation
collaborating

1255
01:55:49,316 --> 01:55:51,886
or did it just try
to prevent the worst?

1256
01:55:51,985 --> 01:55:53,922
The public entrance
was at basement level,

1257
01:55:54,021 --> 01:55:57,692
and the queues sometimes
stretched all the way to
Weesperstraat.

1258
01:55:57,792 --> 01:56:01,195
Everyone wanted to work for
the Jewish Council because
initially,

1259
01:56:01,295 --> 01:56:03,130
Council personnel
and their families

1260
01:56:03,230 --> 01:56:05,567
were exempt from deportation.

1261
01:56:05,934 --> 01:56:09,503
The organisation created
numerous departments all over
the city,

1262
01:56:09,604 --> 01:56:13,173
from Travel Permits to
the Distribution of Vegetables.

1263
01:56:13,273 --> 01:56:16,811
In its decisions, the Council
tended to favour the elite.

1264
01:56:16,911 --> 01:56:20,682
Chairman David Cohen defended
this policy in his memoirs:

1265
01:56:20,782 --> 01:56:23,518
"Of course one should value
every life equally,

1266
01:56:23,618 --> 01:56:26,320
but a life that has value
for other people as well

1267
01:56:26,420 --> 01:56:28,790
must remain more protected
in times of war

1268
01:56:28,890 --> 01:56:32,861
than the life of a person that
is only important to himself."

1269
01:56:32,961 --> 01:56:36,831
Some reports about what was
happening in the camps in
occupied Poland

1270
01:56:36,931 --> 01:56:40,300
did reach the Jewish Council,
but they were not believed.

1271
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:43,370
In 1947,
a Special Court of Justice

1272
01:56:43,470 --> 01:56:46,006
placed David Cohen
and Abraham Asscher,

1273
01:56:46,106 --> 01:56:48,843
the two chairmen,
in pre-trial detention.

1274
01:56:48,943 --> 01:56:50,678
They were
released a month later.

1275
01:56:50,778 --> 01:56:53,347
That same year,
a Jewish Community Tribunal

1276
01:56:53,447 --> 01:56:55,249
found that Cohen and Asscher

1277
01:56:55,349 --> 01:56:58,820
"had failed in a world
that had itself been at fault".

1278
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:48,570
<i>You're welcome.</i>

1279
01:57:55,075 --> 01:57:57,411
15 Valeriusplein.

1280
01:57:58,046 --> 01:58:00,247
Amsterdam's Lyceum.

1281
01:58:02,016 --> 01:58:04,986
In 1940, Jewish teachers
were fired,

1282
01:58:05,085 --> 01:58:06,521
as were all civil servants,

1283
01:58:06,621 --> 01:58:09,824
in one of the first measures
to isolate the Jews.

1284
01:58:09,924 --> 01:58:11,491
In 1941,

1285
01:58:11,593 --> 01:58:15,029
an official farewell ceremony
was held in the assembly hall

1286
01:58:15,128 --> 01:58:17,765
for the 72 Jewish pupils.

1287
01:58:17,865 --> 01:58:19,601
The headmaster, Piet Gunning,

1288
01:58:19,701 --> 01:58:22,937
had previously taken them away
for a week to Cloud Land,

1289
01:58:23,037 --> 01:58:24,973
the school's
place in the country.

1290
01:58:25,073 --> 01:58:27,407
Gunning was fired in 1942

1291
01:58:27,508 --> 01:58:30,143
and interned for the crime
of "Judenbegünstigung",

1292
01:58:30,243 --> 01:58:32,479
doing favours for Jews.

1293
01:58:32,580 --> 01:58:35,115
After the liberation
he was reinstated.

1294
01:59:05,212 --> 01:59:08,415
Various German
organisations requisitioned
the school,

1295
01:59:08,516 --> 01:59:12,486
including the Order Police
and the Air Force.

1296
01:59:12,587 --> 01:59:14,722
The soldiers were billeted
to the classrooms,

1297
01:59:14,822 --> 01:59:18,126
while the officers lived
at the director's residence.

1298
01:59:18,225 --> 01:59:20,128
The Germans bred pigs
in the basement,

1299
01:59:20,227 --> 01:59:23,131
and built a dog kennel
on the grounds.

1300
01:59:23,230 --> 01:59:26,067
Barbed wire fences
protected the building.

1301
01:59:26,166 --> 01:59:28,936
Lessons for the pupils
continued elsewhere.

1302
01:59:33,941 --> 01:59:35,977
Several of the
school's teachers and students

1303
01:59:36,077 --> 01:59:37,912
were involved in the resistance.

1304
01:59:41,983 --> 01:59:44,052
In December 1942,

1305
01:59:44,152 --> 01:59:46,888
two students from the school
travelled to Camp Westerbork

1306
01:59:46,988 --> 01:59:50,490
with a microscope for their
biology teacher Jacob Heimans,

1307
01:59:50,591 --> 01:59:52,794
because he missed it so much.

1308
01:59:55,429 --> 01:59:58,099
They also passed on
a forged baptism certificate

1309
01:59:58,231 --> 02:00:00,068
to the mother of a classmate,

1310
02:00:00,168 --> 02:00:02,837
in the hope
she could be "Aryanised".

1311
02:00:02,937 --> 02:00:04,939
<i>Pay attention.</i>

1312
02:00:07,207 --> 02:00:08,843
<i>Yes, go on.</i>

1313
02:00:12,547 --> 02:00:14,682
<i>- Stay triumphant.</i>
<i>- Yeah.</i>

1314
02:00:31,599 --> 02:00:34,969
Corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat.

1315
02:00:35,603 --> 02:00:39,107
From September 1944,
there was an unspoken truce

1316
02:00:39,207 --> 02:00:41,042
between the German
security police

1317
02:00:41,142 --> 02:00:42,977
and the Dutch armed resistance:

1318
02:00:43,077 --> 02:00:46,647
if there were no violent attacks
against the occupying forces,

1319
02:00:46,748 --> 02:00:49,851
then they wouldn't carry out
any executions.

1320
02:00:53,453 --> 02:00:55,890
The KP resistance militia
weren't intending

1321
02:00:55,990 --> 02:00:57,558
to kill Herbert Oelschlägel:

1322
02:00:57,658 --> 02:00:59,761
they were going to kidnap him.

1323
02:00:59,861 --> 02:01:02,530
This infamous SD detective
spoke Dutch

1324
02:01:02,630 --> 02:01:05,666
and controlled a network
of informers.

1325
02:01:05,767 --> 02:01:10,270
The KP wanted him to reveal his
informers and then release him.

1326
02:01:10,370 --> 02:01:12,305
They shadowed the detective
for four weeks

1327
02:01:12,405 --> 02:01:13,941
and made a plan to seize him.

1328
02:01:14,041 --> 02:01:17,377
But on the 23rd of October 1944

1329
02:01:17,477 --> 02:01:19,947
he didn't appear
at the expected time.

1330
02:01:20,047 --> 02:01:23,350
The KP found him at a café
in the city centre.

1331
02:01:23,450 --> 02:01:25,520
They tailed him back
to the South District,

1332
02:01:25,620 --> 02:01:28,589
but then their target realised
he was being followed,

1333
02:01:28,689 --> 02:01:31,458
so, at the corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat,

1334
02:01:31,559 --> 02:01:33,261
they pounced on him.

1335
02:01:33,360 --> 02:01:35,229
In the ensuing
struggle in the dark,

1336
02:01:35,328 --> 02:01:37,899
the bottle of chloroform
the KP intended to use

1337
02:01:37,999 --> 02:01:41,035
to sedate the detective
fell to the ground and broke.

1338
02:01:41,135 --> 02:01:43,638
One of the attackers
shot Oelschlägel in the head.

1339
02:01:43,738 --> 02:01:45,706
His body remained where it lay,

1340
02:01:45,807 --> 02:01:49,844
in front of the tobacconist
at number 6 Beethovenstraat.

1341
02:01:51,179 --> 02:01:52,747
Retaliation for killing a German

1342
02:01:52,847 --> 02:01:55,382
was always greater
than for killing a Dutchman.

1343
02:01:55,482 --> 02:01:56,951
So early the next morning,

1344
02:01:57,051 --> 02:02:01,889
the SD took 29 captives from
Weteringschans prison to
Apollolaan.

1345
02:02:01,989 --> 02:02:04,826
Not all of them were on the list
of "death candidates".

1346
02:02:04,926 --> 02:02:06,260
One was a thief.

1347
02:02:06,359 --> 02:02:10,198
The SD ordered local residents
to come out of their houses
and watch,

1348
02:02:10,298 --> 02:02:12,533
and shot the prisoners dead
in rows of ten

1349
02:02:12,633 --> 02:02:16,070
in front of the air-raid shelter
in the public garden.

1350
02:02:19,574 --> 02:02:23,410
The Germans also set fire
to two townhouses on the corner,

1351
02:02:23,511 --> 02:02:27,548
one of which had belonged to
the Jewish couple Mina and
Louis Stibbe,

1352
02:02:27,648 --> 02:02:30,751
who had taken their own lives
in 1942.

1353
02:02:34,222 --> 02:02:35,890
Unbeknownst to the SD,

1354
02:02:35,990 --> 02:02:38,993
the villa was now occupied
by a Dutch collaborator.

1355
02:02:39,093 --> 02:02:41,428
He tried to get compensated
for the loss,

1356
02:02:41,529 --> 02:02:44,098
but SD leader Willy Lages said:

1357
02:02:44,198 --> 02:02:48,401
"what we destroy, the city
of Amsterdam has to pay for".

1358
02:03:37,785 --> 02:03:40,655
On Monday the 7th of May 1945,

1359
02:03:40,755 --> 02:03:42,690
Amsterdammers flocked
to Dam Square

1360
02:03:42,790 --> 02:03:45,626
to celebrate the liberation
of the Netherlands.

1361
02:03:45,726 --> 02:03:50,898
But in Amsterdam the German army
was still present and had not
yet been disarmed.

1362
02:03:53,601 --> 02:03:56,469
That afternoon, a reconnaissance
unit of the British army

1363
02:03:56,570 --> 02:03:58,406
arrived at Dam Square,

1364
02:03:58,505 --> 02:04:01,309
where bystanders climbed
onto their cars.

1365
02:04:01,409 --> 02:04:05,445
According to some eyewitnesses,
once the British unit departed,

1366
02:04:05,546 --> 02:04:10,483
a cart arrived on the square
carrying women who had had
German lovers.

1367
02:04:10,584 --> 02:04:13,754
After the war,
Karel Marquenie remembered,

1368
02:04:13,854 --> 02:04:15,890
"The women were shaved
and tarred.

1369
02:04:15,990 --> 02:04:18,659
This was carried out
in a none too gentle manner,

1370
02:04:18,759 --> 02:04:21,362
blood was streaming
over their faces.

1371
02:04:21,461 --> 02:04:23,431
The women screamed
and called out for help

1372
02:04:23,531 --> 02:04:26,334
as the Germans looked on."

1373
02:04:26,434 --> 02:04:28,636
It is not known
what the exact cause was,

1374
02:04:28,736 --> 02:04:31,072
but the German Navy troops
in Paleisstraat

1375
02:04:31,172 --> 02:04:34,508
who had witnessed everything
from the windows and the roof

1376
02:04:34,608 --> 02:04:39,513
started to shoot at the crowd,
a gunfight with the Dutch
resistance followed.

1377
02:04:39,947 --> 02:04:42,516
Bystanders sought refuge
wherever they could,

1378
02:04:42,616 --> 02:04:45,686
even behind lamp posts
and behind a street organ.

1379
02:04:45,786 --> 02:04:48,022
More than 30 people were killed.

1380
02:06:07,935 --> 02:06:09,770
Dam Square.

1381
02:06:11,939 --> 02:06:15,776
In June 1945, a three-day party
was organised

1382
02:06:15,876 --> 02:06:18,712
by "The committee for the
celebration of the liberation

1383
02:06:18,813 --> 02:06:21,816
of the capital
from German oppression".

1384
02:06:21,916 --> 02:06:24,018
On the last day,
Queen Wilhelmina appeared

1385
02:06:24,118 --> 02:06:25,953
on the balcony
of the Royal Palace,

1386
02:06:26,053 --> 02:06:27,888
and looked at a parade
of Allied troops

1387
02:06:27,988 --> 02:06:29,790
and Domestic Armed Forces,

1388
02:06:29,890 --> 02:06:34,462
followed by
a procession of floats.

1389
02:06:35,129 --> 02:06:38,032
On one of the floats Indonesians
stood in traditional costume

1390
02:06:38,132 --> 02:06:41,202
holding up the sign
"Indonesia oppressed".

1391
02:06:41,302 --> 02:06:44,605
During the war, Indonesians
that studied in the Netherlands

1392
02:06:44,705 --> 02:06:46,874
had joined the resistance,
under the motto,

1393
02:06:46,974 --> 02:06:50,978
"First free the Netherlands
and then Indonesia".

1394
02:06:51,078 --> 02:06:55,816
The so-called "Dutch Indies" had
been occupied by Japan in 1942,

1395
02:06:55,916 --> 02:07:00,488
but the freedom asked
by the Perhimpoenan Indonesia

1396
02:07:00,589 --> 02:07:03,958
was freedom from
the Dutch coloniser as well.

1397
02:08:48,896 --> 02:08:50,931
41 Ringweg,

1398
02:08:51,031 --> 02:08:54,703
formerly the rural part
of Sloten village.

1399
02:08:55,102 --> 02:09:00,174
On the 15th of July 1943,
CS6 resistance group members

1400
02:09:00,274 --> 02:09:02,476
Sape Kuiper
and Johan Kalshoven

1401
02:09:02,577 --> 02:09:06,648
shot policeman Hendrik Blonk and
his wife Johanna Blonk-Martens,

1402
02:09:06,747 --> 02:09:08,382
at their home.

1403
02:09:08,482 --> 02:09:10,084
They both survived the attack.

1404
02:09:10,184 --> 02:09:12,019
Blonk was a notorious detective

1405
02:09:12,119 --> 02:09:15,222
at the Amsterdam Police
Department for Jewish Affairs.

1406
02:09:15,322 --> 02:09:19,193
He claimed to have arrested at
least 100 Jews living in hiding.

1407
02:09:19,293 --> 02:09:22,796
After the war, Blonk was
sentenced to eight years
in prison.

1408
02:09:22,896 --> 02:09:25,366
He was released in 1949.

1409
02:09:25,466 --> 02:09:30,538
Kalshoven and Kuiper were caught
and executed in October 1943.

1410
02:09:30,639 --> 02:09:32,206
Demolished.

1411
02:09:59,567 --> 02:10:02,537
7 Gabriël Metsustraat.

1412
02:10:02,870 --> 02:10:05,674
In 1944 this Christian school
for girls

1413
02:10:05,774 --> 02:10:07,609
was claimed as
a training facility

1414
02:10:07,709 --> 02:10:09,843
for drivers of the NSKK,

1415
02:10:09,943 --> 02:10:12,079
the National Socialist
Motor Corps,

1416
02:10:12,179 --> 02:10:15,550
a paramilitary organisation that
supported the German army

1417
02:10:15,650 --> 02:10:17,585
and transported
German officials.

1418
02:10:18,852 --> 02:10:21,188
Around 10,000
Dutch men enlisted,

1419
02:10:21,288 --> 02:10:23,725
often after they were found
unfit for service

1420
02:10:23,824 --> 02:10:25,859
in the Waffen or Armed SS.

1421
02:12:08,663 --> 02:12:10,397
Polderweg.

1422
02:12:10,497 --> 02:12:12,132
Base of
the Dutch military police

1423
02:12:12,232 --> 02:12:14,736
taken over by the Germans.

1424
02:12:14,836 --> 02:12:18,807
It was used as an assembly point
during mass roundups.

1425
02:12:18,907 --> 02:12:22,176
On the night
of the 2nd of October 1942,

1426
02:12:22,276 --> 02:12:24,311
the occupiers detained
Jewish men here

1427
02:12:24,411 --> 02:12:27,515
from work camps
in and around Amsterdam.

1428
02:12:27,615 --> 02:12:29,918
The next day these men
and their families,

1429
02:12:30,017 --> 02:12:31,886
who were taken
from their homes,

1430
02:12:31,985 --> 02:12:34,856
were sent
to Westerbork transit camp.

1431
02:12:35,523 --> 02:12:38,760
All Jews living in Amsterdam
who didn't have a "Sperre",

1432
02:12:38,860 --> 02:12:40,662
an exemption from deportation,

1433
02:12:40,762 --> 02:12:45,132
were ordered to report here
on Thursday the 20th of May 1943

1434
02:12:45,232 --> 02:12:47,902
and hand in their house keys.

1435
02:12:48,001 --> 02:12:49,203
From that day onwards

1436
02:12:49,303 --> 02:12:51,706
no Jews were permitted
to reside in Amsterdam,

1437
02:12:51,806 --> 02:12:55,209
unless they had explicit
permission from
the Zentralstelle,

1438
02:12:55,309 --> 02:12:58,278
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

1439
02:12:58,378 --> 02:13:01,683
Only a thousand people
turned up that day.

1440
02:13:02,382 --> 02:13:05,486
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle,

1441
02:13:05,587 --> 02:13:07,922
responded by ordering
the Jewish Council

1442
02:13:08,021 --> 02:13:10,991
to select 7,000 people
from its own ranks,

1443
02:13:11,091 --> 02:13:14,161
amounting to half
of the Council's staff.

1444
02:13:14,261 --> 02:13:17,532
They had to report here
on the 25th of May.

1445
02:13:17,632 --> 02:13:21,836
This time, around
1,600 people showed up.

1446
02:13:21,936 --> 02:13:24,137
The German authorities
had expected this

1447
02:13:24,238 --> 02:13:26,741
and had already made plans
for a mass roundup

1448
02:13:26,841 --> 02:13:28,877
in the old Jewish Quarter.

1449
02:13:29,309 --> 02:13:30,979
At two in the morning
the next day

1450
02:13:31,078 --> 02:13:33,280
they started rounding people up.

1451
02:13:33,380 --> 02:13:35,015
They gathered
them in the synagogue,

1452
02:13:35,115 --> 02:13:37,886
and used trams to transport
around 3,000 people

1453
02:13:37,986 --> 02:13:39,086
to this base

1454
02:13:39,186 --> 02:13:41,388
or straight
to nearby Muiderpoort station,

1455
02:13:41,488 --> 02:13:44,057
where trains were waiting
to take them to Westerbork.

1456
02:13:47,194 --> 02:13:48,997
Some people managed to escape

1457
02:13:49,096 --> 02:13:51,365
with the help
of Jewish council staff.

1458
02:13:51,465 --> 02:13:54,167
Sam de Hond pretended
he had to take a group of people

1459
02:13:54,268 --> 02:13:56,971
to the Dutch theatre
deportation centre.

1460
02:13:57,070 --> 02:13:59,707
When they got there
he told them to flee.

1461
02:13:59,807 --> 02:14:03,143
After liberation,
this building became Camp East,

1462
02:14:03,243 --> 02:14:05,914
an internment camp
for "political delinquents".

1463
02:14:06,014 --> 02:14:08,081
In May 1946,

1464
02:14:08,181 --> 02:14:11,285
Wietze Zootjes, a notorious
member of the Landwacht,

1465
02:14:11,385 --> 02:14:13,922
a police force made up
of Dutch Nazis,

1466
02:14:14,022 --> 02:14:15,857
managed to escape
through a hole he made

1467
02:14:15,957 --> 02:14:18,091
in the floor of his room.

1468
02:14:18,191 --> 02:14:21,796
In August the same year,
ten members of the NSB escaped

1469
02:14:21,896 --> 02:14:25,767
by using stolen pliers to bend
the window bars of the camp.

1470
02:14:27,635 --> 02:14:29,169
Demolished.

1471
02:14:34,509 --> 02:14:37,579
<i>I can see you're very busy.</i>

1472
02:14:55,863 --> 02:14:58,533
321 Keizersgracht.

1473
02:14:58,633 --> 02:15:01,669
"The Red House" was bought
by artist Han van Meegeren

1474
02:15:01,769 --> 02:15:03,805
in 1943.

1475
02:15:03,905 --> 02:15:06,908
He sold his versions
of paintings by old masters

1476
02:15:07,008 --> 02:15:10,210
to Dutch museums and to
high-ranking Nazi customers

1477
02:15:10,310 --> 02:15:13,615
like
Reich Marshall Hermann Göring.

1478
02:15:13,715 --> 02:15:16,483
His studio was situated
further along the canal,

1479
02:15:16,584 --> 02:15:19,787
and the artist
held wild parties there.

1480
02:15:19,887 --> 02:15:21,421
Shortly after liberation,

1481
02:15:21,522 --> 02:15:24,491
Van Meegeren was arrested
for collaboration.

1482
02:15:24,592 --> 02:15:27,160
To convince the court
he did not collaborate,

1483
02:15:27,260 --> 02:15:30,230
the artist revealed
his paintings were forgeries.

1484
02:15:30,330 --> 02:15:32,199
To prove this, during his trial

1485
02:15:32,299 --> 02:15:35,135
he painted a new work
in the style of Vermeer.

1486
02:15:35,235 --> 02:15:37,371
The artist was given one year
in prison,

1487
02:15:37,471 --> 02:15:40,507
but died before he could
begin his sentence.

1488
02:16:38,498 --> 02:16:42,670
120
Westerstraat, ground floor.

1489
02:16:43,104 --> 02:16:46,206
Fish shop run by Isaäc Gerritse.

1490
02:16:46,306 --> 02:16:49,777
From June 1942
only Jews could shop here.

1491
02:16:49,877 --> 02:16:53,447
A year later, Gerritse
was deported to Westerbork.

1492
02:16:53,548 --> 02:16:57,952
He was murdered in Auschwitz
in August 1943.

1493
02:16:58,452 --> 02:17:00,888
Following his deportation,
the local authorities

1494
02:17:00,988 --> 02:17:03,991
bricked up the property
to protect it from looters.

1495
02:17:04,092 --> 02:17:05,225
After the war,

1496
02:17:05,325 --> 02:17:07,628
the municipality presented
an invoice for this work

1497
02:17:07,729 --> 02:17:10,464
to Isaäc's
only surviving son Maurits,

1498
02:17:10,565 --> 02:17:13,735
who had to pay 1,100 guilders.

1499
02:17:13,835 --> 02:17:17,772
In 1943, the city put aside
70,000 guilders

1500
02:17:17,872 --> 02:17:20,942
for measures preventing people
from removing timber

1501
02:17:21,042 --> 02:17:23,144
from unoccupied buildings.

1502
02:17:23,243 --> 02:17:25,580
These included building walls
around houses,

1503
02:17:25,680 --> 02:17:27,515
but an official
report pointed out

1504
02:17:27,615 --> 02:17:29,784
that this was in fact
counter-productive,

1505
02:17:29,884 --> 02:17:31,953
because once the looters
were behind the walls,

1506
02:17:32,053 --> 02:17:34,889
they could go about
their business undisturbed.

1507
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:23,237
Vliegen Woods,
formerly IJ-Woods.

1508
02:18:23,336 --> 02:18:26,040
On the 2nd of July 1942,

1509
02:18:26,140 --> 02:18:28,441
Abraham Prins,
a physiotherapist,

1510
02:18:28,543 --> 02:18:31,712
cycled through this park,
which, like all parks,

1511
02:18:31,813 --> 02:18:35,750
Jews were forbidden to enter
from September 1941.

1512
02:18:36,083 --> 02:18:39,520
The Amsterdam Police Battalion
was on drill exercise in
the park,

1513
02:18:39,620 --> 02:18:42,023
and an officer arrested him.

1514
02:18:42,123 --> 02:18:46,093
Prins claimed he had forgotten
that he was not allowed to be in
the park.

1515
02:18:46,194 --> 02:18:48,696
He was deported to Westerbork.

1516
02:18:48,796 --> 02:18:51,398
On the way to Auschwitz,
he threw a note from the train

1517
02:18:51,498 --> 02:18:53,466
that reached
his non-Jewish wife.

1518
02:18:53,568 --> 02:18:57,470
It said: "Better let
sister drown herself."

1519
02:18:57,572 --> 02:19:01,943
Prins was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

1520
02:19:02,043 --> 02:19:05,546
In February 1945 the Order
Police were looking for men

1521
02:19:05,646 --> 02:19:08,481
for forced labour in Germany.

1522
02:19:08,583 --> 02:19:09,784
During the roundup,

1523
02:19:09,884 --> 02:19:12,587
Willem Schreuder fled
into the park and was shot.

1524
02:19:12,687 --> 02:19:15,122
Schreuder died within minutes.

1525
02:19:15,223 --> 02:19:18,993
Many trees in the park were
chopped down during
the Hunger Winter.

1526
02:19:31,739 --> 02:19:36,577
92 Jacob Obrechstraat,
Central Jewish Hospital.

1527
02:19:37,879 --> 02:19:41,448
On the night
of the 28th of September 1943,

1528
02:19:41,549 --> 02:19:44,352
the hospital was
cleared of patients.

1529
02:19:44,451 --> 02:19:46,419
The Germans then ordered
that it be used

1530
02:19:46,520 --> 02:19:50,423
for the sterilisation of
Jewish women in mixed marriages.

1531
02:19:50,791 --> 02:19:52,760
Some members of
the hospital staff

1532
02:19:52,860 --> 02:19:55,263
who had already
been deported to Westerbork

1533
02:19:55,363 --> 02:19:58,431
were brought back
to carry out this work.

1534
02:19:58,866 --> 02:20:02,103
The operations were led
by a Dutch Nazi surgeon.

1535
02:20:03,470 --> 02:20:04,639
Later in the war,

1536
02:20:04,739 --> 02:20:07,909
the Nazi-run welfare
organisation, the NVD,

1537
02:20:08,009 --> 02:20:09,977
used the building
as a maternity clinic

1538
02:20:10,077 --> 02:20:13,848
for women who had become
pregnant by German soldiers.

1539
02:20:13,948 --> 02:20:16,684
After the war, it opened again
as a Jewish hospital

1540
02:20:16,784 --> 02:20:19,887
and took in concentration camp
survivors.

1541
02:20:21,856 --> 02:20:23,423
Demolished.

1542
02:20:39,674 --> 02:20:42,643
1 Adama van Scheltemaplein.

1543
02:20:43,878 --> 02:20:47,581
In June 1942, this vacant school

1544
02:20:47,682 --> 02:20:50,418
became the "Zentralstelle
für Judische Auswanderung",

1545
02:20:50,518 --> 02:20:53,020
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration,

1546
02:20:53,120 --> 02:20:56,123
the German office
that organised the deportations.

1547
02:20:56,223 --> 02:20:59,527
Jews could only enter it
through the backdoor.

1548
02:20:59,894 --> 02:21:02,596
The first 4,000 people
were called up to report

1549
02:21:02,697 --> 02:21:05,299
for so-called labour service
in Germany,

1550
02:21:05,399 --> 02:21:10,671
mostly Jews who had fled
Germany,
on the 5th of July 1942.

1551
02:21:11,339 --> 02:21:14,842
When fewer and fewer people
responded to such calls
to report,

1552
02:21:14,942 --> 02:21:17,445
the Germans introduced
a new approach.

1553
02:21:17,545 --> 02:21:20,648
In the evening regular Amsterdam
police officers

1554
02:21:20,748 --> 02:21:22,683
now took people
directly from their homes,

1555
02:21:22,783 --> 02:21:24,185
without prior warning.

1556
02:21:24,285 --> 02:21:27,822
For this task, supervised
by the German Order Police

1557
02:21:27,922 --> 02:21:32,059
also men from the new Amsterdam
Police Battalion were used.

1558
02:21:32,159 --> 02:21:36,097
This unit became especially
known for its brutality and
corruption.

1559
02:21:36,530 --> 02:21:40,968
Around 18,000 Jewish people were
deported from the Zentralstelle,

1560
02:21:41,068 --> 02:21:44,238
where they were held in the
gymnasium or in the courtyard.

1561
02:21:44,338 --> 02:21:48,109
Journalist Heinz Wielek, who had
worked for the Jewish Council,

1562
02:21:48,209 --> 02:21:49,276
wrote shortly after the war

1563
02:21:49,410 --> 02:21:53,481
about the sinister, SS-like
atmosphere in the building:

1564
02:21:53,914 --> 02:21:56,917
"How many times a frightened,
silent mass of people

1565
02:21:57,018 --> 02:21:59,320
stood in the courtyard
throughout the night,

1566
02:21:59,420 --> 02:22:02,690
packed so tightly
nobody could move."

1567
02:22:02,790 --> 02:22:06,193
When the Dutch theatre became
the main deportation centre,

1568
02:22:06,293 --> 02:22:08,696
the Zentralstelle remained
the bureaucratic core

1569
02:22:08,796 --> 02:22:10,931
of the Holocaust in Amsterdam.

1570
02:22:11,332 --> 02:22:12,633
The theft of Jewish belongings

1571
02:22:12,733 --> 02:22:16,537
was also orchestrated
from the Zentralstelle.

1572
02:22:16,637 --> 02:22:18,806
In November 1944,

1573
02:22:18,906 --> 02:22:21,242
the building was destroyed
during an Allied air raid

1574
02:22:21,342 --> 02:22:25,179
on the German security service
headquarters across the street.

1575
02:22:36,323 --> 02:22:38,292
Mosveld.

1576
02:22:38,692 --> 02:22:40,995
The grounds
of Volewijckers football club,

1577
02:22:41,095 --> 02:22:43,731
which owes its reputation
as a "resistance club"

1578
02:22:43,831 --> 02:22:46,500
to Douwe and Gerben Wagenaar.

1579
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:48,035
Douwe chaired the club,

1580
02:22:48,135 --> 02:22:51,839
Gerben was an important figure
in the communist resistance.

1581
02:22:52,706 --> 02:22:54,842
In July 1943,

1582
02:22:54,942 --> 02:22:57,445
the grounds were hit
during an allied bombardment.

1583
02:22:57,546 --> 02:22:58,879
A month later,

1584
02:22:58,979 --> 02:23:01,248
the Volewijckers played a match
against a club from The Hague

1585
02:23:01,348 --> 02:23:02,517
wearing orange shirts

1586
02:23:02,616 --> 02:23:05,653
rather than their usual
green and white kit.

1587
02:23:05,920 --> 02:23:09,690
The authorities arrested
Douwe Wagenaar immediately after
the match

1588
02:23:09,790 --> 02:23:11,826
and held him for three days.

1589
02:23:11,926 --> 02:23:16,163
The club won the national
championship in 1944.

1590
02:23:52,099 --> 02:23:56,670
176 P.C.
Hoofstraat, ground floor.

1591
02:23:56,770 --> 02:23:59,640
The socialist Professor
of criminology Willem Bonger

1592
02:23:59,740 --> 02:24:02,243
and his wife
Maria Bonger-van Heteren

1593
02:24:02,343 --> 02:24:06,947
attempted to take their own
lives here on the 15th of
May 1940.

1594
02:24:07,047 --> 02:24:10,818
He wrote in a note:
"I see no future for me anymore,

1595
02:24:10,918 --> 02:24:15,489
and will not bow down to those
thugs who are going to be in
control now."

1596
02:24:15,590 --> 02:24:18,292
Maria Bonger-van Heteren
survived.

1597
02:24:19,493 --> 02:24:20,995
Demolished.

1598
02:24:24,198 --> 02:24:29,303
108 Gerrit van der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.

1599
02:24:29,403 --> 02:24:31,305
Second floor.

1600
02:24:31,606 --> 02:24:33,073
Home of the Klingensteins,

1601
02:24:33,174 --> 02:24:36,578
a Jewish family who had
fled Germany in the '30s.

1602
02:24:36,677 --> 02:24:39,213
On the 15th of May 1940,

1603
02:24:39,313 --> 02:24:43,083
six members of the family ended
their lives by gas asphyxiation.

1604
02:24:43,184 --> 02:24:47,221
Their housemaid Karoline Falk
also chose death.

1605
02:24:53,794 --> 02:24:58,098
128 Willemsparkweg,
ground floor.

1606
02:24:58,399 --> 02:24:59,668
Studio Larette.

1607
02:24:59,767 --> 02:25:01,735
Sales Centre
for Conjuring Tricks

1608
02:25:01,835 --> 02:25:05,372
belonging to the Hungarian
magician Cornel Hauer.

1609
02:25:05,472 --> 02:25:08,510
Hauer was a baptised Catholic
in a "mixed marriage",

1610
02:25:08,610 --> 02:25:11,178
which protected him
from deportation.

1611
02:25:11,278 --> 02:25:13,113
In May 1943,

1612
02:25:13,214 --> 02:25:15,216
two German soldiers
rang at the door,

1613
02:25:15,316 --> 02:25:18,687
whereupon Hauer
used a pistol to kill himself.

1614
02:25:18,786 --> 02:25:20,555
There had been
German soldiers before,

1615
02:25:20,655 --> 02:25:22,856
but they came
to buy magic tricks.

1616
02:25:22,957 --> 02:25:26,160
Now the officers came
because Hauer, who was deaf,

1617
02:25:26,260 --> 02:25:30,097
had been loudly listening to
English radio,
which was forbidden.

1618
02:25:30,197 --> 02:25:32,933
The men had
heard it from outside.

1619
02:25:40,808 --> 02:25:43,944
6 Deurloostraat, ground floor.

1620
02:25:44,044 --> 02:25:46,914
Home of the Jewish family
Wolfsbergen.

1621
02:25:47,014 --> 02:25:50,384
Ellie, Willy, their son Fred,
who was 17,

1622
02:25:50,484 --> 02:25:51,986
and his grandmother Rika

1623
02:25:52,086 --> 02:25:54,388
ended their lives
by gas asphyxiation

1624
02:25:54,488 --> 02:25:57,291
on the 14th of May 1940.

1625
02:25:57,391 --> 02:25:59,960
In a suicide note
addressed to their neighbours,

1626
02:26:00,060 --> 02:26:02,029
Ellie Wolfsbergen wrote:

1627
02:26:02,129 --> 02:26:05,232
"Before we depart,
I send you a final greeting.

1628
02:26:05,332 --> 02:26:08,269
It is impossible for us
to live as outcasts.

1629
02:26:08,369 --> 02:26:09,770
Fred agrees with us,

1630
02:26:09,870 --> 02:26:12,540
otherwise
we would have not done it.

1631
02:26:12,641 --> 02:26:14,375
Any of you who wish to do so,

1632
02:26:14,475 --> 02:26:17,545
may take a keepsake
from a drawer or wherever else,

1633
02:26:17,646 --> 02:26:20,381
be it silver or anything at all.

1634
02:26:20,481 --> 02:26:22,249
Take what you like."

1635
02:27:03,991 --> 02:27:08,195
104 Eerste Helmersstraat,
Wilhelmina Hospital.

1636
02:27:10,565 --> 02:27:14,803
In 1942, the Germans changed
the name to West hospital.

1637
02:27:14,935 --> 02:27:16,738
Just after
the Dutch capitulation,

1638
02:27:16,837 --> 02:27:20,841
a lot of people were brought
here following failed suicide
attempts.

1639
02:27:20,941 --> 02:27:25,346
156 suicides were recorded
in 1940 in Amsterdam,

1640
02:27:25,446 --> 02:27:27,848
most of them
in the south of the city.

1641
02:27:27,948 --> 02:27:32,019
128 of these cases
concerned Jewish people.

1642
02:27:32,119 --> 02:27:36,123
Often, entire families died,
including children.

1643
02:27:36,223 --> 02:27:39,259
The cause of death
was usually gas asphyxiation,

1644
02:27:39,360 --> 02:27:42,096
sometimes a sedative
or poison was used.

1645
02:27:42,196 --> 02:27:45,933
Several people drowned
themselves in the river Amstel.

1646
02:27:46,433 --> 02:27:49,303
The Germans installed an Air
Force military hospital here,

1647
02:27:49,403 --> 02:27:53,040
with around 800 beds
and its own German personnel.

1648
02:27:53,140 --> 02:27:55,710
An auxiliary hospital was opened
elsewhere in the city

1649
02:27:55,810 --> 02:27:57,779
for Amsterdammers.

1650
02:27:57,878 --> 02:27:59,213
<i>Almost done.</i>

1651
02:27:59,313 --> 02:28:01,616
Captured resistance
fighters who were injured

1652
02:28:01,716 --> 02:28:03,785
were also
treated in this hospital.

1653
02:28:03,884 --> 02:28:06,487
The resistance managed
to free some of them.

1654
02:28:07,722 --> 02:28:09,490
In November 1944

1655
02:28:09,591 --> 02:28:11,626
there was not enough
German personnel left

1656
02:28:11,726 --> 02:28:13,160
to treat wounded soldiers,

1657
02:28:13,260 --> 02:28:16,230
so Dutch nurses
were assigned to the task.

1658
02:28:19,466 --> 02:28:23,337
Nurses who refused to do this
work were suspended or fired.

1659
02:28:23,437 --> 02:28:26,073
The soldiers were not allowed
to return to their units,

1660
02:28:26,173 --> 02:28:29,243
but would be deployed
in the defence of Amsterdam.

1661
02:28:53,200 --> 02:28:56,970
213 Nieuwe Herengracht,

1662
02:28:57,070 --> 02:28:59,406
framing shop of
Benjamin de Vries.

1663
02:28:59,506 --> 02:29:03,444
He was murdered in Sobibor
in 1943.

1664
02:29:03,845 --> 02:29:05,547
The house became
a temporary refuge

1665
02:29:05,647 --> 02:29:08,917
for people who escaped from the
Dutch theatre deportation centre

1666
02:29:09,016 --> 02:29:11,251
but didn't have a place to hide.

1667
02:29:11,351 --> 02:29:14,589
After the war, De Vries'
son-in-law Jac van de Kar,

1668
02:29:14,689 --> 02:29:17,958
a bicycle courier
for the Jewish Council, said:

1669
02:29:18,058 --> 02:29:21,663
"During the day the escapees
would either leave of
their own accord

1670
02:29:21,763 --> 02:29:24,998
or we would telephone
their relations,
who came to collect them.

1671
02:29:25,098 --> 02:29:28,001
As a rule, the freed people
had no luggage,

1672
02:29:28,101 --> 02:29:31,706
and their clothes, which stank
and were crumpled,

1673
02:29:31,806 --> 02:29:33,708
had to be cleaned."

1674
02:29:33,808 --> 02:29:35,309
Demolished.

1675
02:29:44,418 --> 02:29:48,121
65
Singel, ground floor.

1676
02:29:48,723 --> 02:29:50,525
Home of Willem Arondéus,

1677
02:29:50,625 --> 02:29:53,494
an artist and the writer
of the Brandarisletter,

1678
02:29:53,595 --> 02:29:56,296
one of the first
illegal publications.

1679
02:29:56,396 --> 02:29:59,934
Arondéus became a leader
of the PBC resistance group,

1680
02:30:00,033 --> 02:30:02,804
which started
with forging identity papers.

1681
02:30:02,904 --> 02:30:06,674
He also took part in the attack
on the Civil Registry.

1682
02:30:06,774 --> 02:30:09,844
The authorities arrested him
the month after the attack,

1683
02:30:09,944 --> 02:30:12,446
and on the 1st of July 1943

1684
02:30:12,547 --> 02:30:16,383
he was executed in the dunes
together with 11 others.

1685
02:30:16,483 --> 02:30:18,318
The day before the execution,

1686
02:30:18,418 --> 02:30:22,389
Arondéus urged his lawyer,
resistance worker Lau Mazirel,

1687
02:30:22,489 --> 02:30:24,626
to let people know
after the war that

1688
02:30:24,726 --> 02:30:29,129
"homosexuals are no less
courageous than other people."

1689
02:30:40,575 --> 02:30:44,579
31 Roelof Hartstraat,
third floor.

1690
02:30:44,679 --> 02:30:46,413
Home of nurse Antje Roos.

1691
02:30:46,514 --> 02:30:49,851
In 1942, Bernardine
Bloemgarten-Hertog

1692
02:30:49,951 --> 02:30:51,853
started hiding here.

1693
02:30:51,953 --> 02:30:56,089
After the war, her son Salvador
described what he saw from
the window

1694
02:30:56,189 --> 02:30:58,258
on the 14th of July that year,

1695
02:30:58,358 --> 02:31:01,361
during a roundup
by the German Order Police:

1696
02:31:01,461 --> 02:31:03,998
"What struck me most
was the pride and dignity

1697
02:31:04,097 --> 02:31:06,433
with which our people
went to meet their fate,

1698
02:31:06,534 --> 02:31:08,468
straight-backed
and, as it were,

1699
02:31:08,570 --> 02:31:11,405
negating the presence
of the uniformed guards.

1700
02:31:11,505 --> 02:31:13,440
It all became too much
for Roos.

1701
02:31:13,541 --> 02:31:16,209
She yelled out
'Murderers, murderers',

1702
02:31:16,310 --> 02:31:18,312
and we had to pull her away
from the window

1703
02:31:18,412 --> 02:31:21,081
because the guards
adopted a menacing stance."

1704
02:31:21,181 --> 02:31:23,017
The Germans
carried out this "razzia"

1705
02:31:23,116 --> 02:31:25,252
because not enough Jewish people
had reported

1706
02:31:25,352 --> 02:31:27,154
for forced labour in Germany.

1707
02:31:27,254 --> 02:31:29,089
800 people were arrested

1708
02:31:29,189 --> 02:31:31,759
and threatened to be sent
to Mauthausen in Austria,

1709
02:31:31,859 --> 02:31:35,195
a concentration camp that was
already known and feared.

1710
02:31:35,295 --> 02:31:37,065
In the end,
enough people appeared

1711
02:31:37,164 --> 02:31:39,199
to fill the first train
to Westerbork,

1712
02:31:39,299 --> 02:31:41,636
and most hostages were released.

1713
02:31:41,736 --> 02:31:45,138
Roos was involved in the attack
on the Civil Registry.

1714
02:31:45,238 --> 02:31:47,642
She was arrested and
sentenced to a year of labour

1715
02:31:47,742 --> 02:31:50,243
in Ravensbrück
concentration camp.

1716
02:31:50,344 --> 02:31:52,847
Upon her return
she resumed her resistance.

1717
02:31:52,947 --> 02:31:56,450
Bernardine Bloemgarten-Hertog
was caught elsewhere.

1718
02:31:56,551 --> 02:32:00,655
In May 1943 she was murdered
at Sobibor.

1719
02:32:26,781 --> 02:32:30,685
45 and 47 Victorieplein.

1720
02:32:30,785 --> 02:32:34,488
The 12-storey house,
known as the "Skyscraper".

1721
02:32:40,695 --> 02:32:43,931
The tenants in the 24 apartments
included...

1722
02:32:45,298 --> 02:32:48,168
number 45, eighth floor.

1723
02:32:48,268 --> 02:32:51,139
Home of Stefan Schlesinger,
a graphic designer,

1724
02:32:51,238 --> 02:32:53,808
and his wife Anna Kerdijk,
a translator.

1725
02:32:54,942 --> 02:32:58,813
They were both murdered
at Auschwitz in 1944.

1726
02:32:58,913 --> 02:33:01,115
From early 1943 onwards,

1727
02:33:01,214 --> 02:33:04,085
Viennese refugee
Irene Hellmann-Redlich

1728
02:33:04,184 --> 02:33:05,953
hid in this apartment.

1729
02:33:06,054 --> 02:33:08,589
Hellmann moved again
in 1944,

1730
02:33:08,690 --> 02:33:10,858
but went back to the apartment
to pick something up

1731
02:33:10,958 --> 02:33:12,392
and got arrested.

1732
02:33:12,492 --> 02:33:15,596
Hellmann was also murdered
in Auschwitz.

1733
02:33:22,804 --> 02:33:25,707
Number 45, fourth floor.

1734
02:33:25,807 --> 02:33:27,474
Home of Anthonie Donker,

1735
02:33:27,575 --> 02:33:30,377
a writer who urged
all writers and other artists

1736
02:33:30,477 --> 02:33:33,748
to resist joining the Nazi-run
Chamber of Culture.

1737
02:33:33,848 --> 02:33:36,918
Only members of this
organisation could perform,

1738
02:33:37,018 --> 02:33:39,453
exhibit or publish their work.

1739
02:33:39,554 --> 02:33:41,022
Donker wrote in a manifesto

1740
02:33:41,122 --> 02:33:45,225
that art should not be
subordinated to political
principles.

1741
02:33:45,325 --> 02:33:48,228
After it was published
in February 1943,

1742
02:33:48,328 --> 02:33:50,531
Donker was fired
as professor of literature

1743
02:33:50,631 --> 02:33:52,332
at the University of Amsterdam

1744
02:33:52,432 --> 02:33:54,569
and interned at a hostage camp.

1745
02:33:54,669 --> 02:33:57,071
He was released by mistake.

1746
02:33:57,171 --> 02:34:00,742
Hiding here was the Surinamese
writer and resistance worker

1747
02:34:00,842 --> 02:34:02,110
Albert Helman.

1748
02:34:02,210 --> 02:34:04,512
He was a well-known
anti-fascist.

1749
02:34:04,612 --> 02:34:06,948
Just before the war
he had published the book

1750
02:34:07,048 --> 02:34:11,351
"The Suffering of Millions:
The Tragedy of Jewish Refugees".

1751
02:34:21,129 --> 02:34:24,364
Number 47, fifth floor.

1752
02:34:25,199 --> 02:34:29,937
Famous singer Julia Culp and
her sister,
pianist Betsy Rijkens-Culp,

1753
02:34:30,037 --> 02:34:32,807
went into hiding in 1942.

1754
02:34:37,344 --> 02:34:39,547
An intervention
by Willem Mengelberg,

1755
02:34:39,647 --> 02:34:41,949
the conductor
of the Concertgebouw orchestra,

1756
02:34:42,049 --> 02:34:45,987
and Wilhelm Furtwängler,
the conductor of
the Berlin Philharmonic,

1757
02:34:46,087 --> 02:34:48,890
meant they were able to return
to the "Skyscraper".

1758
02:34:48,990 --> 02:34:52,827
Under the name Cabaret Flore,
they would give occasional
concerts

1759
02:34:52,927 --> 02:34:56,363
on Sunday afternoons
in the bicycle shelter.

1760
02:35:19,620 --> 02:35:22,156
Number 47, seventh floor.

1761
02:35:22,256 --> 02:35:26,426
Home of dentist Davy Schaap,
Debora Schaap-Ossedrijver,

1762
02:35:26,527 --> 02:35:29,297
and their children Franz
and Josephina.

1763
02:35:29,396 --> 02:35:30,965
They were murdered in Auschwitz,

1764
02:35:31,065 --> 02:35:34,068
Sobibor and Oberlangen
concentration camps.

1765
02:35:47,982 --> 02:35:50,218
Number 45, tenth floor.

1766
02:35:50,318 --> 02:35:53,588
Home of
Gerben Sonderman, a pilot.

1767
02:35:53,688 --> 02:35:56,657
During the German invasion
in May 1940,

1768
02:35:56,757 --> 02:35:59,660
he shot down
three German planes.

1769
02:36:03,865 --> 02:36:06,601
Sonderman was the right-hand man
of Piet Six,

1770
02:36:06,701 --> 02:36:09,502
the leader
of the OD resistance group.

1771
02:36:09,604 --> 02:36:12,505
In 1944 he installed
a radio transmitter

1772
02:36:12,607 --> 02:36:14,507
in a vacant apartment
in this building

1773
02:36:14,609 --> 02:36:17,278
to send messages to London.

1774
02:36:17,912 --> 02:36:20,915
During transmissions there would
be a British radio operator

1775
02:36:21,015 --> 02:36:23,117
in a Royal Air Force
reconnaissance plane

1776
02:36:23,217 --> 02:36:25,353
circling Amsterdam.

1777
02:36:25,452 --> 02:36:27,588
On the day
the country was liberated,

1778
02:36:27,688 --> 02:36:29,523
Sonderman flew
a celebratory round

1779
02:36:29,624 --> 02:36:32,960
over Amsterdam
in a small sport plane.

1780
02:37:29,517 --> 02:37:34,255
609 and 611 Keizersgracht.

1781
02:37:34,355 --> 02:37:36,891
Home of
the Fodor art collection.

1782
02:37:46,267 --> 02:37:47,835
Prior to the German invasion,

1783
02:37:47,935 --> 02:37:50,838
the artworks were stored
at other museums.

1784
02:37:50,938 --> 02:37:52,840
The building
became the head office

1785
02:37:52,940 --> 02:37:54,909
of Amsterdam's
Air Raid Defence Service,

1786
02:37:55,009 --> 02:37:58,546
set up to help civilians
after a bombardment.

1787
02:37:58,646 --> 02:38:01,515
In every quarter of the city
the Service built shelters

1788
02:38:01,615 --> 02:38:03,417
and installed a small office,

1789
02:38:03,517 --> 02:38:05,485
where first aid could be given.

1790
02:38:05,586 --> 02:38:08,723
Volunteers made their rounds
every night.

1791
02:38:08,823 --> 02:38:11,192
Resistance workers
often took this job,

1792
02:38:11,292 --> 02:38:14,929
because it meant they could be
legally outside during curfew.

1793
02:38:16,464 --> 02:38:20,201
At headquarters compulsory
courses in self-protection
were given,

1794
02:38:20,301 --> 02:38:23,404
and the organisation placed
sand buckets all around the city

1795
02:38:23,503 --> 02:38:25,505
for extinguishing fires.

1796
02:38:25,606 --> 02:38:27,641
They announced
in the newspapers:

1797
02:38:27,742 --> 02:38:30,177
"Citizens must ensure
the sand is not used

1798
02:38:30,277 --> 02:38:35,149
for other purposes or spread
around by children at play."

1799
02:38:35,249 --> 02:38:36,450
During the war,

1800
02:38:36,550 --> 02:38:39,854
the air raid sirens went off
around a hundred times
each year,

1801
02:38:39,954 --> 02:38:43,290
but Amsterdam
was not bombed often.

1802
02:38:43,691 --> 02:38:47,361
The largest air raid
took place in July 1943.

1803
02:38:47,461 --> 02:38:50,865
The allied bombs were meant
for the Fokker aircraft factory,

1804
02:38:50,965 --> 02:38:54,568
which the Germans had taken
over, in the north of the city.

1805
02:38:54,668 --> 02:38:56,103
But due to low visibility

1806
02:38:56,203 --> 02:38:59,340
and possibly the inexperience
of the American crew,

1807
02:38:59,440 --> 02:39:01,375
all bombs fell
on a residential area

1808
02:39:01,475 --> 02:39:03,344
near the factory.

1809
02:39:03,444 --> 02:39:05,446
Around 200 people died.

1810
02:39:05,546 --> 02:39:07,048
a church, a police station

1811
02:39:07,148 --> 02:39:10,084
and a few hundred houses
were destroyed.

1812
02:39:10,184 --> 02:39:12,486
The municipality relocated
the homeless

1813
02:39:12,586 --> 02:39:14,121
in the houses that stood empty

1814
02:39:14,221 --> 02:39:17,358
after the deportation
of their Jewish inhabitants.

1815
02:39:17,458 --> 02:39:19,393
A week later
planes of the RAF

1816
02:39:19,493 --> 02:39:21,195
did manage to hit the target

1817
02:39:21,295 --> 02:39:24,498
and destroyed
most of the Fokker factory.

1818
02:39:25,266 --> 02:39:28,569
After the war this building
housed
the Evacuation Department,

1819
02:39:28,669 --> 02:39:30,504
which was tasked
with finding homes

1820
02:39:30,604 --> 02:39:33,240
for people that had been living
in hiding.

1821
02:40:51,553 --> 02:40:55,122
14 Kleine-Gartman Plantsoen.

1822
02:40:55,222 --> 02:40:56,724
Detention Centre I,

1823
02:40:56,824 --> 02:41:00,127
better known
as Weteringschans Prison.

1824
02:41:00,227 --> 02:41:02,263
In the German
section of the jail

1825
02:41:02,363 --> 02:41:05,966
political prisoners and
resistance members were
detained.

1826
02:41:06,066 --> 02:41:09,970
The "Jewish barrack", a shelter
without any sanitary facilities,

1827
02:41:10,070 --> 02:41:11,839
stood in the prison yard.

1828
02:41:11,939 --> 02:41:15,442
A single cell could contain
up to 16 inmates.

1829
02:41:15,544 --> 02:41:17,878
Jewish prisoners were forced
to walk around the yard

1830
02:41:17,978 --> 02:41:20,114
for hours at a time chanting

1831
02:41:20,214 --> 02:41:24,351
"I am a Jew. Beat me to death.
It's my own fault."

1832
02:41:24,785 --> 02:41:27,221
The German police detective
Kurt Döring

1833
02:41:27,321 --> 02:41:28,989
kicked a pregnant woman
so ferociously

1834
02:41:29,089 --> 02:41:31,258
that she suffered a miscarriage.

1835
02:41:33,928 --> 02:41:36,197
Resistance fighters
were held in "hunger cells"

1836
02:41:36,297 --> 02:41:38,432
to force confessions.

1837
02:41:38,533 --> 02:41:41,035
After the war,
Anton Beekman wrote:

1838
02:41:41,135 --> 02:41:43,070
"There was a constant
smell of food

1839
02:41:43,170 --> 02:41:47,274
rising up from a grate in
my cell. It drove me crazy."

1840
02:41:47,374 --> 02:41:49,710
Prisoners would communicate
with the outside world

1841
02:41:49,810 --> 02:41:51,879
through letters smuggled out
in the laundry,

1842
02:41:51,979 --> 02:41:55,015
which their families
had to clean at home.

1843
02:41:57,084 --> 02:41:59,787
Prisoners designated
as "Todeskandidaten",

1844
02:41:59,887 --> 02:42:01,388
or "death candidates",

1845
02:42:01,488 --> 02:42:03,123
could be executed in retaliation

1846
02:42:03,224 --> 02:42:06,093
for attacks on Germans
by the resistance.

1847
02:42:06,193 --> 02:42:09,263
If that happened,
the wives of the executed men

1848
02:42:09,363 --> 02:42:12,366
could collect their wedding
rings here the next day.

1849
02:42:14,735 --> 02:42:18,138
The resistance made two
attempts to free comrades from
the prison.

1850
02:42:18,239 --> 02:42:21,742
The first, on the night
of the 1st of May 1944,

1851
02:42:21,842 --> 02:42:23,811
led by Gerrit van der Veen,

1852
02:42:23,911 --> 02:42:26,113
failed when he had to shoot
an unexpected watchdog,

1853
02:42:26,213 --> 02:42:28,449
and the sound
alerted the guards.

1854
02:42:28,550 --> 02:42:31,452
In the second raid in July,
a Dutch prison guard

1855
02:42:31,553 --> 02:42:34,021
was supposed to help a group
led by Johannes Post,

1856
02:42:34,121 --> 02:42:36,423
but he informed his superiors
of the plan,

1857
02:42:36,524 --> 02:42:38,826
and the group was ambushed.

1858
02:42:40,894 --> 02:42:42,597
Around 25,000 people

1859
02:42:42,697 --> 02:42:45,799
were incarcerated at the prison
over the course of the war

1860
02:42:45,899 --> 02:42:48,802
most of them, including
Anne Frank and her family,

1861
02:42:48,902 --> 02:42:51,405
were held here
for just a few days.

1862
02:42:52,139 --> 02:42:55,109
In September 1944 the rumour

1863
02:42:55,209 --> 02:42:58,045
went around that the Allies were
about to liberate Amsterdam.

1864
02:42:58,145 --> 02:43:01,015
This prompted panic
among the occupiers.

1865
02:43:01,115 --> 02:43:03,652
The prison director
had most documents burned,

1866
02:43:03,752 --> 02:43:06,588
and the portrait of Hitler
taken down.

1867
02:43:06,688 --> 02:43:09,356
In September and November 1944,

1868
02:43:09,456 --> 02:43:13,027
many inmates held on
minor charges were dismissed.

1869
02:43:14,495 --> 02:43:17,998
A day after liberation,
all the prisoners were released.

1870
02:43:18,098 --> 02:43:19,933
The Dutch Domestic Armed Forces

1871
02:43:20,034 --> 02:43:22,570
immediately brought
new captives to the prison,

1872
02:43:22,671 --> 02:43:24,438
like mover Abraham Puls,

1873
02:43:24,539 --> 02:43:28,876
whose company had taken
belongings from the houses of
deported Jews.

1874
02:43:28,976 --> 02:43:31,845
So-called "moffenhoeren",
or "Kraut whores",

1875
02:43:31,945 --> 02:43:35,349
women suspected of having had
sexual relations with
German men,

1876
02:43:35,449 --> 02:43:38,553
had their heads shaved
in front of the prison gates.

1877
02:43:38,653 --> 02:43:40,454
Partly demolished.

1878
02:44:01,241 --> 02:44:03,877
Jonas Daniël Meijerplein.

1879
02:44:04,411 --> 02:44:07,682
This square between
the Sephardic and the Ashkenazi
synagogues

1880
02:44:07,782 --> 02:44:11,418
was named after the first Jewish
lawyer in the Netherlands.

1881
02:44:11,519 --> 02:44:14,388
The German authorities
changed the name to "Houtmarkt",

1882
02:44:14,488 --> 02:44:16,023
or Wood market.

1883
02:44:16,123 --> 02:44:18,626
The first mass roundup of Jews
in Amsterdam

1884
02:44:18,727 --> 02:44:20,194
took place in this area,

1885
02:44:20,294 --> 02:44:22,196
the heart of
the old Jewish Quarter,

1886
02:44:22,296 --> 02:44:26,801
on the 22nd and 23rd
of February 1941.

1887
02:44:27,134 --> 02:44:30,037
The German Order Police arrested
more than 400 Jewish men

1888
02:44:30,137 --> 02:44:31,238
in the streets.

1889
02:44:31,338 --> 02:44:33,675
They forced them to sit
hunched on the ground,

1890
02:44:33,775 --> 02:44:35,509
and beat and kicked them.

1891
02:44:35,610 --> 02:44:37,378
The men were later transported

1892
02:44:37,478 --> 02:44:41,348
to the concentration camps
Buchenwald and Mauthausen,

1893
02:44:41,448 --> 02:44:44,885
where most of them
would perish soon after.

1894
02:44:44,985 --> 02:44:48,823
This first "razzia" was one of
the causes for
the February Strike.

1895
02:44:48,922 --> 02:44:50,491
The underground Communist Party

1896
02:44:50,592 --> 02:44:54,562
initiated the protest against
the German treatment of Jews.

1897
02:45:20,722 --> 02:45:24,324
On the 25th of
February most tram drivers
refused to depart

1898
02:45:24,425 --> 02:45:27,829
and many workers
in public services, factories

1899
02:45:27,928 --> 02:45:30,464
and shops joined demonstrations.

1900
02:45:30,565 --> 02:45:34,201
The next day almost
300,000 people were on strike.

1901
02:45:34,301 --> 02:45:37,971
This massive protest
took the occupiers by surprise.

1902
02:45:38,071 --> 02:45:40,207
The second day the strike
was harshly suppressed

1903
02:45:40,307 --> 02:45:41,942
by the German Order Police,

1904
02:45:42,042 --> 02:45:44,813
who opened fire at
people gathered in the streets.

1905
02:45:44,913 --> 02:45:47,014
Nine people died.

1906
02:45:48,482 --> 02:45:50,951
The Germans later executed
four of the strikers,

1907
02:45:51,051 --> 02:45:52,453
and imprisoned many.

1908
02:45:52,554 --> 02:45:54,823
They fired the mayor
and the head of police

1909
02:45:54,923 --> 02:45:57,659
and replaced them
with Nazi sympathisers.

1910
02:46:31,992 --> 02:46:33,862
Oosterpark.

1911
02:46:34,261 --> 02:46:37,632
In March 1944,
the Germans closed the park

1912
02:46:37,732 --> 02:46:40,735
and started using it
for their vehicle fleet.

1913
02:46:58,318 --> 02:47:00,622
On
the 4th of May 1945,

1914
02:47:00,722 --> 02:47:03,457
the German Order Police
started shooting from the park

1915
02:47:03,558 --> 02:47:06,961
at people stealing wooden blocks
from between the tram rails,

1916
02:47:07,060 --> 02:47:09,162
to use in their stoves at home.

1917
02:47:09,263 --> 02:47:12,800
Johan van Es, who was cycling
past, was fatally wounded.

1918
02:49:46,821 --> 02:49:52,359
296 Amsteldijk
and DR. C.W. Ittmannpad,

1919
02:49:52,459 --> 02:49:54,829
Rozenoord plant nursery.

1920
02:49:54,929 --> 02:49:56,329
In 1944

1921
02:49:56,430 --> 02:49:58,700
the Germans started
carrying out executions

1922
02:49:58,800 --> 02:49:59,734
on this plot.

1923
02:49:59,834 --> 02:50:02,302
As a rule,
the Germans executed people

1924
02:50:02,402 --> 02:50:04,639
at the site of an attack
by the resistance,

1925
02:50:04,739 --> 02:50:07,274
but late in the war
a lack of fuel and cars

1926
02:50:07,374 --> 02:50:09,777
sometimes made this impossible.

1927
02:50:09,877 --> 02:50:14,148
Approximately 140 men
were executed at Rozenoord.

1928
02:50:14,247 --> 02:50:17,250
The identities of a hundred men
are known.

1929
02:50:17,350 --> 02:50:20,253
Most were prisoners
from Weteringschans prison.

1930
02:50:20,353 --> 02:50:25,893
The largest group, 53 men,
were shot here on the 8th of
March 1945,

1931
02:50:25,993 --> 02:50:30,565
as a retaliation for an attack
on SS leader Hanns Rauter.

1932
02:50:33,801 --> 02:50:36,971
Executions were generally
carried out early in
the morning,

1933
02:50:37,071 --> 02:50:40,675
with the members of the firing
squad selected the night before.

1934
02:50:40,775 --> 02:50:44,377
To refuse was to risk
one's own execution.

1935
02:50:44,478 --> 02:50:47,215
The German Order Police officer
Jupp Henneböhl

1936
02:50:47,314 --> 02:50:50,017
refused to participate
on three occasions.

1937
02:50:50,118 --> 02:50:51,251
In his memoirs,

1938
02:50:51,351 --> 02:50:53,755
this "good German",
as he was described,

1939
02:50:53,855 --> 02:50:55,156
recalled that

1940
02:50:55,255 --> 02:50:57,525
"I would sometimes question
what I was doing:

1941
02:50:57,625 --> 02:51:00,094
by refusing
I wouldn't save any lives,

1942
02:51:00,194 --> 02:51:02,395
but I would run the risk
of being shot,

1943
02:51:02,496 --> 02:51:05,499
depriving the resistance
of their contact man."

1944
02:51:07,535 --> 02:51:10,738
Frans Hendrikx, the director
of the adjacent tennis park

1945
02:51:10,838 --> 02:51:11,939
Amstel View,

1946
02:51:12,039 --> 02:51:14,208
witnessed several executions.

1947
02:51:14,307 --> 02:51:16,944
After the war he wrote:

1948
02:51:17,044 --> 02:51:19,113
"From my hiding place close by,

1949
02:51:19,213 --> 02:51:21,716
I could observe
the grim, ashen faces.

1950
02:51:21,816 --> 02:51:24,919
I could see the tangled hair
on their bare heads,

1951
02:51:25,019 --> 02:51:28,890
and their terrified eyes staring
in glaring fear into
the distance."

1952
02:51:32,392 --> 02:51:33,928
Demolished.

1953
02:51:44,238 --> 02:51:47,775
5 Beursplein.
The stock exchange.

1954
02:51:50,545 --> 02:51:52,947
The Liro Bank,
a Jewish owned bank,

1955
02:51:53,047 --> 02:51:56,984
was taken over by the occupiers
and used as a "looting bank".

1956
02:51:57,084 --> 02:52:00,188
Jews had to hand over all
their money and other valuables

1957
02:52:00,288 --> 02:52:03,124
like stocks, art and jewels
to this bank,

1958
02:52:03,224 --> 02:52:07,494
with which the Germans
then financed their deportation.

1959
02:52:07,595 --> 02:52:11,232
The bank traded the Jewish
shares on the stock market.

1960
02:52:11,599 --> 02:52:14,735
The chairman of the Stockbroking
Association agreed to this.

1961
02:52:14,836 --> 02:52:17,305
Jewish-owned
securities were offered

1962
02:52:17,437 --> 02:52:20,407
at reduced prices
on special "discount days".

1963
02:52:20,507 --> 02:52:21,742
Trade at the stock market

1964
02:52:21,843 --> 02:52:25,780
pretty much came to a standstill
in September 1944.

1965
02:52:25,880 --> 02:52:29,116
The brokers played dominoes
until liberation.

1966
02:52:41,062 --> 02:52:45,766
99 Gerrit Van Der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.

1967
02:52:46,334 --> 02:52:50,638
In 1941 this school for girls
became the Amsterdam
headquarters

1968
02:52:50,738 --> 02:52:54,041
of the "Sicherheitspolizei"
and the "Sicherheitsdienst",

1969
02:52:54,141 --> 02:52:57,912
the German security police
and security service.

1970
02:52:58,012 --> 02:53:00,915
This was one of the most feared
buildings in Amsterdam.

1971
02:53:01,015 --> 02:53:04,151
The SiPO and the SD focused
on tracking down

1972
02:53:04,252 --> 02:53:06,554
all enemies of
national socialism,

1973
02:53:06,654 --> 02:53:08,923
including communists,
Freemasons

1974
02:53:09,023 --> 02:53:10,758
and Jehovah's witnesses.

1975
02:53:10,858 --> 02:53:13,861
They were all interrogated
in this building.

1976
02:53:14,161 --> 02:53:16,197
The cells were in the basement.

1977
02:53:16,297 --> 02:53:18,733
A former captive wrote
after the war:

1978
02:53:18,833 --> 02:53:22,203
"First put him for a few days
in a low-ceilinged cell

1979
02:53:22,303 --> 02:53:23,804
half-filled with water,

1980
02:53:23,905 --> 02:53:27,541
where it is impossible to sit,
or lie, or lean,

1981
02:53:27,642 --> 02:53:29,810
in the pitch dark,
without food or drink.

1982
02:53:29,911 --> 02:53:32,412
Then, at the most unexpected
of moments,

1983
02:53:32,513 --> 02:53:34,949
take him
from this filthy open sewer,

1984
02:53:35,049 --> 02:53:38,286
deal him a few vicious blows to
the head with a length of chain

1985
02:53:38,386 --> 02:53:39,921
and, if necessary,

1986
02:53:40,021 --> 02:53:41,956
give him a good kicking
in the belly.

1987
02:53:42,056 --> 02:53:45,359
Then truly
this 'filthy dog' will talk."

1988
02:53:45,458 --> 02:53:48,461
On the 26th of November 1944

1989
02:53:48,562 --> 02:53:50,698
the school was bombed
by the British Airforce

1990
02:53:50,798 --> 02:53:53,433
at the request
of the Dutch resistance.

1991
02:53:53,534 --> 02:53:55,369
The RAF opposed
the bombing of a target

1992
02:53:55,468 --> 02:53:57,038
in a residential area,

1993
02:53:57,138 --> 02:54:00,007
but carried it out at the
insistence of Prince Bernhard,

1994
02:54:00,107 --> 02:54:03,476
the supreme commander of
the Dutch Domestic Armed Forces.

1995
02:54:03,577 --> 02:54:05,413
More than 50 people were killed,

1996
02:54:05,513 --> 02:54:07,447
including
several people in hiding,

1997
02:54:07,548 --> 02:54:09,383
and four German policemen.

1998
02:54:09,482 --> 02:54:11,218
Forty buildings were destroyed.

1999
02:54:11,319 --> 02:54:14,188
According to an eyewitness
the citizens of Amsterdam

2000
02:54:14,288 --> 02:54:16,390
nonetheless
rejoiced at the sight.

2001
02:54:16,489 --> 02:54:17,992
Shortly after liberation,

2002
02:54:18,092 --> 02:54:20,594
this street was named
after executed artist

2003
02:54:20,695 --> 02:54:21,996
Gerrit van der Veen,

2004
02:54:22,096 --> 02:54:25,099
one of the best known members
of the resistance.

2005
02:54:38,045 --> 02:54:39,714
1 Paleisstraat.

2006
02:54:39,814 --> 02:54:42,750
De Grote Club,
a gentlemen's club.

2007
02:54:42,850 --> 02:54:45,720
Before the war
it refused Jewish members.

2008
02:54:45,820 --> 02:54:48,055
The German navy
confiscated the building

2009
02:54:48,155 --> 02:54:50,992
and in 1943 it became
one of the strongholds

2010
02:54:51,092 --> 02:54:53,694
in the German defence
of Amsterdam.

2011
02:54:53,794 --> 02:54:57,665
It was from this building that,
on the 7th of May 1945,

2012
02:54:57,765 --> 02:55:00,001
German soldiers started to shoot
at the crowd

2013
02:55:00,101 --> 02:55:03,637
that had gathered on the square
to celebrate their liberation.

2014
02:56:27,154 --> 02:56:28,956
72 Middenweg.

2015
02:56:29,056 --> 02:56:32,760
Frankendael estate,
city plant nursery.

2016
02:56:32,860 --> 02:56:36,230
The open-air theatre in the
garden was used by Jeugdstorm,

2017
02:56:36,330 --> 02:56:38,032
the youth wing of the NSB,

2018
02:56:38,132 --> 02:56:41,902
for events such as
summer Solstice celebrations.

2019
02:56:48,577 --> 02:56:50,111
Demolished.

2020
02:57:00,154 --> 02:57:03,390
Haarlemmerweg
near Coronelstraat.

2021
02:57:03,491 --> 02:57:04,725
Following a resistance attack

2022
02:57:04,825 --> 02:57:06,627
on the railway near Sloterdijk,

2023
02:57:06,727 --> 02:57:09,663
on the 15th of December 1944

2024
02:57:09,763 --> 02:57:13,701
the occupiers retaliated
by executing three resisters:

2025
02:57:13,801 --> 02:57:16,103
Pieter Elias, a police officer,

2026
02:57:16,203 --> 02:57:19,340
Matthijs Verkuijl, the leader
of a BS resistance group

2027
02:57:19,440 --> 02:57:21,775
and his son Henk Verkuijl.

2028
02:57:21,876 --> 02:57:24,011
Their bodies were left
on the ground for two days

2029
02:57:24,111 --> 02:57:27,081
to intimidate all Amsterdammers.

2030
02:57:27,181 --> 02:57:30,851
The SD gave local police
the following instructions:

2031
02:57:30,951 --> 02:57:32,521
"These three corpses lying here

2032
02:57:32,621 --> 02:57:35,189
belong to terrorists
who we shot dead.

2033
02:57:35,289 --> 02:57:36,625
Your task is to ensure

2034
02:57:36,724 --> 02:57:39,126
no one comes near them
or takes them away.

2035
02:57:39,226 --> 02:57:41,962
Only staff from Bleekemolen
funeral services

2036
02:57:42,062 --> 02:57:44,732
are allowed to
remove the corpses."

2037
02:59:26,333 --> 02:59:28,002
<i>Saint Nicholas!</i>

2038
02:59:29,537 --> 02:59:31,939
<i>Saint Nicholas!</i>

2039
02:59:33,374 --> 02:59:37,344
876 Prinsengracht,
ground floor.

2040
02:59:37,444 --> 02:59:41,215
House of Tom Koreman
and Yara Koreman-Wainschtok.

2041
02:59:41,315 --> 02:59:44,451
Hiding place of Dio Remiëns
and Nel Hissink,

2042
02:59:44,552 --> 02:59:48,422
who worked for the CS6
and PBC resistance groups.

2043
02:59:48,523 --> 02:59:50,659
In March 1943,

2044
02:59:50,759 --> 02:59:53,628
this house was the base for the
attack on the Civil Registry.

2045
02:59:53,728 --> 02:59:56,830
Hissink and Remiëns were
arrested after they were
betrayed

2046
02:59:56,930 --> 02:59:59,133
in the summer of 1943.

2047
02:59:59,233 --> 03:00:04,238
Remiëns was executed on the 1st
of October 1943 in the dunes.

2048
03:00:04,338 --> 03:00:08,909
Hissink was executed in
November 1943 in Sachsenhausen.

2049
03:00:09,009 --> 03:00:11,045
The SD arrested Tom Koreman

2050
03:00:11,145 --> 03:00:13,314
after they found a pistol
in his office.

2051
03:00:13,414 --> 03:00:16,917
Remiëns had given it to him
after the attack on
the registry.

2052
03:00:17,017 --> 03:00:19,186
Koreman was also executed.

2053
03:00:19,286 --> 03:00:22,691
The Germans
arrested Yara Koreman as well,

2054
03:00:22,791 --> 03:00:24,693
but she was released again.

2055
03:00:24,793 --> 03:00:27,328
Yara took her own life
a few weeks later.

2056
03:00:27,428 --> 03:00:30,497
She was pregnant
with their first child.

2057
03:01:18,278 --> 03:01:21,014
In 1940 the Germans commanded

2058
03:01:21,115 --> 03:01:23,384
all streetlights and buildings
be blacked out,

2059
03:01:23,484 --> 03:01:25,486
to make it difficult
for allied planes

2060
03:01:25,587 --> 03:01:28,723
to use the light of the city
for navigation.

2061
03:01:28,823 --> 03:01:30,859
Shops sold special paper
and curtains

2062
03:01:30,958 --> 03:01:32,827
to make sure
no light shone out.

2063
03:01:32,926 --> 03:01:35,663
The police imposed heavy fines.

2064
03:01:35,764 --> 03:01:37,030
In the ensuing dark,

2065
03:01:37,131 --> 03:01:39,868
a lot of people got lost
or fell in the water,

2066
03:01:39,967 --> 03:01:44,271
the most in 1940,
when 55 people died of drowning.

2067
03:01:44,905 --> 03:01:48,610
Books on astronomy were popular
at lending libraries during
the war.

2068
03:01:48,710 --> 03:01:52,446
The blackout meant the stars
were clearly visible at night.

2069
03:02:01,388 --> 03:02:03,257
Lindengracht.

2070
03:02:03,758 --> 03:02:08,563
On the 4th of February 1945,
a patrol squad from
the Dutch police

2071
03:02:08,663 --> 03:02:12,499
started shooting at a group of
men who were sawing down trees.

2072
03:02:12,966 --> 03:02:15,502
They needed the wood
for cooking and heating.

2073
03:02:15,603 --> 03:02:18,439
A police report states
that Johannes Eijkelboom,

2074
03:02:18,540 --> 03:02:19,774
a warehouse clerk,

2075
03:02:19,874 --> 03:02:23,611
suffered gunshot wounds to
the head and chest, and died.

2076
03:02:36,423 --> 03:02:38,693
Jeroenensteeg.

2077
03:02:38,793 --> 03:02:40,360
The body of
an unidentified woman

2078
03:02:40,461 --> 03:02:44,632
was found here
on the 18th of December 1944.

2079
03:02:44,732 --> 03:02:46,233
A police report states:

2080
03:02:46,333 --> 03:02:49,604
"Probably a Jewess,
age 60 to 65,

2081
03:02:49,704 --> 03:02:51,706
broad cheekbones, grey hair.

2082
03:02:51,806 --> 03:02:54,843
The fact that the streets were
wet and the soles of
her slippers dry

2083
03:02:54,943 --> 03:02:57,344
suggests that the body
was placed here."

2084
03:02:57,444 --> 03:02:59,980
The woman was
Judith de Hond-Walvisch.

2085
03:03:00,080 --> 03:03:02,684
She had been living in hiding
around the corner.

2086
03:03:02,784 --> 03:03:05,854
She died of blood poisoning
resulting from a head injury.

2087
03:03:05,954 --> 03:03:10,324
Her sons laid her body in the
alley without identity papers.

2088
03:03:47,595 --> 03:03:51,064
- 7
- Bloedstraat, ground floor.

2089
03:03:51,164 --> 03:03:54,802
Brothel room of sex worker
Catherina van Heerden.

2090
03:03:56,203 --> 03:03:58,773
On the 10th of July 1942,

2091
03:03:58,873 --> 03:04:02,610
the 19-year-old Jewish bicycle
repairer Leendert van West

2092
03:04:02,710 --> 03:04:05,279
was arrested because
he had paid two guilders here

2093
03:04:05,379 --> 03:04:09,017
for "carnal intercourse
with an Aryan woman".

2094
03:04:09,349 --> 03:04:12,286
Marriage and sexual relations
between Jews and non-Jews

2095
03:04:12,386 --> 03:04:15,523
were forbidden in
the Netherlands in March 1942

2096
03:04:15,623 --> 03:04:19,426
by the Blood Protection Law,
one of the Nuremberg Laws.

2097
03:04:21,395 --> 03:04:26,233
In May 1943, Van West
was murdered in Sobibor.

2098
03:04:47,254 --> 03:04:51,224
218 and 220 Keizersgracht.

2099
03:04:51,325 --> 03:04:54,428
Church and monastery
of the Redemptorists.

2100
03:04:55,830 --> 03:04:57,264
Base for the Donia Department,

2101
03:04:57,364 --> 03:05:00,200
an investigative unit set up
by resistance leader

2102
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:01,636
Walraven van Hall

2103
03:05:01,736 --> 03:05:04,137
and run by police officer
S. van der Wind,

2104
03:05:04,237 --> 03:05:06,239
who had gone underground.

2105
03:05:06,340 --> 03:05:08,610
His job was to assess
the trustworthiness

2106
03:05:08,710 --> 03:05:10,612
of resistance members.

2107
03:05:10,712 --> 03:05:12,747
From September 1944,

2108
03:05:12,847 --> 03:05:16,149
they hid the administration of
the National Support Fund here,

2109
03:05:16,249 --> 03:05:18,920
the underground institution
led by banker Van Hall

2110
03:05:19,020 --> 03:05:22,523
that organised and distributed
money for the resistance.

2111
03:06:45,006 --> 03:06:46,774
Sarphatipark.

2112
03:06:46,874 --> 03:06:49,443
The park was named
after Samuel Sarphati,

2113
03:06:49,544 --> 03:06:52,013
a Jewish
physician and city planner.

2114
03:06:52,113 --> 03:06:55,116
In 1942
it was renamed Bollandpark,

2115
03:06:55,215 --> 03:06:57,350
after an antisemitic
philosopher.

2116
03:06:57,451 --> 03:07:00,487
The statue of Sarphati
was removed.

2117
03:07:00,588 --> 03:07:02,724
Artists Else Berg
and Mommie Schwarz

2118
03:07:02,824 --> 03:07:05,459
both had a studio
overlooking the park.

2119
03:07:05,560 --> 03:07:09,063
Some of the last paintings
they made, in 1942,

2120
03:07:09,163 --> 03:07:11,431
were landscapes of the park
in the snow.

2121
03:07:11,532 --> 03:07:15,603
Berg and Schwarz were arrested
in their home in November 1942,

2122
03:07:15,703 --> 03:07:18,873
and murdered a week later
in Auschwitz.

2123
03:07:18,973 --> 03:07:20,307
The park was an assembly point

2124
03:07:20,407 --> 03:07:22,543
at one of
the last large roundups.

2125
03:07:22,643 --> 03:07:26,180
Early in the morning
of the 20th of June 1943,

2126
03:07:26,279 --> 03:07:30,151
loudspeaker cars drove around
the south and east of Amsterdam

2127
03:07:30,250 --> 03:07:31,953
ordering Jews to
leave their houses.

2128
03:07:32,053 --> 03:07:35,823
More than 5,000 people
were captured that day.

2129
03:08:30,443 --> 03:08:34,381
344 Kinkerstraat, second floor.

2130
03:08:34,481 --> 03:08:36,184
Home of Jan Bogaard,

2131
03:08:36,284 --> 03:08:38,351
a guard at
Weteringschans prison,

2132
03:08:38,451 --> 03:08:41,756
and his mother
Johanna Bogaard-van Klingeren.

2133
03:08:41,856 --> 03:08:44,926
Jan Bogaard promised to help
the KP resistance group

2134
03:08:45,026 --> 03:08:46,027
led by Johannes Post

2135
03:08:46,127 --> 03:08:51,098
to attack the prison
on Friday the 14th of July 1944.

2136
03:08:51,199 --> 03:08:52,867
To ensure his compliance,

2137
03:08:52,967 --> 03:08:56,137
the plan was that Bogaard's
mother would be brought to
a safehouse by Post

2138
03:08:56,237 --> 03:08:57,672
on Friday morning.

2139
03:08:57,772 --> 03:09:00,641
She was to be killed
if her son betrayed them.

2140
03:09:00,741 --> 03:09:04,545
But Mrs Bogaard said she was
only willing to go the next day.

2141
03:09:04,645 --> 03:09:06,781
Despite this,
the attack went ahead.

2142
03:09:06,881 --> 03:09:09,717
And Bogaard
indeed betrayed them.

2143
03:09:10,151 --> 03:09:11,719
The next morning, Johannes Post,

2144
03:09:11,819 --> 03:09:13,721
not knowing
about the betrayal yet,

2145
03:09:13,821 --> 03:09:15,756
was waiting in the Kinkerstraat
for the car

2146
03:09:15,857 --> 03:09:18,358
to collect Bogaard's mother
when he was arrested.

2147
03:09:18,458 --> 03:09:20,862
Post was executed
the following day in the dunes

2148
03:09:20,962 --> 03:09:23,731
together with other members
of his group.

2149
03:09:23,831 --> 03:09:25,533
Johannes Post's brother Marinus

2150
03:09:25,633 --> 03:09:28,202
monitored Bogaard's apartment
after the arrest,

2151
03:09:28,302 --> 03:09:29,804
but the German security police

2152
03:09:29,904 --> 03:09:33,007
had already found Bogaard
a safe address in Utrecht.

2153
03:09:33,107 --> 03:09:36,143
After the war,
Bogaard was sentenced to death.

2154
03:09:36,244 --> 03:09:39,013
He was executed in 1947.

2155
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,802
78
Spaarndammerstraat.

2156
03:10:03,304 --> 03:10:06,674
Roman Catholic Association
clubhouse.

2157
03:10:06,974 --> 03:10:11,312
The building housed a famine
clinic in the summer of 1945.

2158
03:10:11,411 --> 03:10:14,447
Corpses were often found
floating in the water in this
neighbourhood

2159
03:10:14,548 --> 03:10:16,483
during the Hunger Winter.

2160
03:10:19,854 --> 03:10:22,189
Not all of these
people had drowned.

2161
03:10:22,290 --> 03:10:25,159
People sometimes threw
the bodies of deceased
family members

2162
03:10:25,259 --> 03:10:26,360
into the water,

2163
03:10:26,459 --> 03:10:28,262
either because
there was no possibility

2164
03:10:28,362 --> 03:10:29,964
of transport to the cemetery,

2165
03:10:30,064 --> 03:10:32,934
or to be able to continue
claiming ration coupons

2166
03:10:33,034 --> 03:10:34,802
for the deceased person.

2167
03:10:36,237 --> 03:10:37,638
Demolished.

2168
03:10:46,347 --> 03:10:49,250
44 Agamemnonstraat.

2169
03:10:49,350 --> 03:10:51,719
De Blauwe Reiger nursery school.

2170
03:10:52,286 --> 03:10:55,890
After liberation, this was the
base of the Auxiliary Police,

2171
03:10:55,990 --> 03:10:58,793
a group of volunteers
who helped guard detainees,

2172
03:10:58,893 --> 03:11:01,562
buildings, and food transport.

2173
03:11:01,662 --> 03:11:03,798
They also dealt
with Canadian soldiers,

2174
03:11:03,898 --> 03:11:07,134
who came to Amsterdam
on leave from Germany.

2175
03:11:07,435 --> 03:11:09,136
The Canadians were not allowed
to mingle

2176
03:11:09,236 --> 03:11:11,238
with the population in Germany.

2177
03:11:12,640 --> 03:11:15,543
The Leave Centre was located
in the Olympic Stadium.

2178
03:11:15,643 --> 03:11:17,878
A volunteer wrote in his report:

2179
03:11:17,979 --> 03:11:20,982
"The neighbourhood around
the stadium is the setting for
repugnant scenes

2180
03:11:21,082 --> 03:11:23,184
involving soldiers.

2181
03:11:23,284 --> 03:11:25,686
The soldiers have no hesitation
in taking girls

2182
03:11:25,786 --> 03:11:28,155
of 18 or 19 years old with them

2183
03:11:28,255 --> 03:11:31,592
for the entire night
and keeping them with them.

2184
03:11:31,692 --> 03:11:35,096
The girls are very often found
in an intoxicated state.

2185
03:11:35,196 --> 03:11:38,666
On one of these occasions, even
the Canadian Military Police

2186
03:11:38,766 --> 03:11:40,234
felt compelled to intervene,

2187
03:11:40,334 --> 03:11:44,205
and to subject the cars
parked here to an investigation.

2188
03:11:46,374 --> 03:11:48,776
The results were astonishing.

2189
03:11:49,143 --> 03:11:52,713
From each car there appeared
two to four girls."

2190
03:12:03,090 --> 03:12:06,260
188 Hoogte Kadijk.

2191
03:12:06,894 --> 03:12:10,164
In 1941 the second
Municipal Central Kitchen

2192
03:12:10,264 --> 03:12:12,533
opened in this power station.

2193
03:12:14,435 --> 03:12:16,303
In October 1944

2194
03:12:16,404 --> 03:12:19,440
the gas supply for individual
households was cut off,

2195
03:12:19,540 --> 03:12:24,378
and suddenly 440,000
Amsterdammers became users of
the kitchens,

2196
03:12:24,478 --> 03:12:27,348
whose number rose
to more than 15.

2197
03:12:27,448 --> 03:12:28,849
To distribute the food,

2198
03:12:28,949 --> 03:12:31,752
schools and other
public buildings were used.

2199
03:12:34,523 --> 03:12:36,924
The menu in October 1944:

2200
03:12:37,024 --> 03:12:40,394
Monday cabbage with potatoes,
Tuesday porridge,

2201
03:12:40,494 --> 03:12:44,465
Wednesday carrots with potatoes,
Thursday beets with potatoes,

2202
03:12:44,565 --> 03:12:46,500
Friday cabbage with potatoes,

2203
03:12:46,600 --> 03:12:49,937
Saturday pea soup,
Sunday porridge.

2204
03:12:50,037 --> 03:12:53,074
When there were no potatoes left
in 1945,

2205
03:12:53,174 --> 03:12:57,078
the kitchens served sugar beets
and tulip bulbs.

2206
03:12:57,178 --> 03:12:58,946
Partially demolished.

2207
03:13:16,597 --> 03:13:19,467
552 Herengracht.

2208
03:13:19,568 --> 03:13:22,470
Fired Jewish radio presenter
Gustav Czopp

2209
03:13:22,571 --> 03:13:25,172
started to produce
and sell boardgames.

2210
03:13:25,272 --> 03:13:27,475
The shop, Variété,

2211
03:13:27,576 --> 03:13:29,743
became a cover
for resistance activities.

2212
03:13:29,844 --> 03:13:34,148
Czopp was betrayed
and in 1944 perished in Dachau.

2213
03:13:43,491 --> 03:13:44,959
<i>Action!</i>

2214
03:13:52,666 --> 03:13:55,636
38
Camperstraat, third floor.

2215
03:13:55,736 --> 03:13:59,673
In late 1943,
a baby named Charles Viskoop

2216
03:13:59,773 --> 03:14:02,409
was hiding here.

2217
03:14:02,510 --> 03:14:05,446
His mother had placed him
in the care of Adrie Bijmoer

2218
03:14:05,547 --> 03:14:07,915
soon after he was born.

2219
03:14:08,015 --> 03:14:10,217
They were betrayed
by Roza Busnach,

2220
03:14:10,317 --> 03:14:13,787
a Jewish woman who had become
an informer for the SD.

2221
03:14:13,888 --> 03:14:16,724
On the 6th of December 1943

2222
03:14:16,824 --> 03:14:19,628
the Henneicke Column carried out
a raid at this address.

2223
03:14:19,727 --> 03:14:23,364
Bijmoer brought the baby to
the Police Department for
Jewish Affairs.

2224
03:14:23,464 --> 03:14:26,800
From there, Charles was taken
to Weteringschans Prison,

2225
03:14:26,901 --> 03:14:28,769
where Janny Moffie-Bolle,
a nurse

2226
03:14:28,869 --> 03:14:30,871
who had been arrested
a few days earlier,

2227
03:14:30,971 --> 03:14:33,307
had to look
after him in her cell.

2228
03:14:33,407 --> 03:14:38,179
On the 24th of December,
baby Charles was put on
transport to Westerbork.

2229
03:14:38,279 --> 03:14:41,482
He died in January 1944
in Auschwitz.

2230
03:14:41,583 --> 03:14:44,051
His mother
Veronica Viskoop-de Brave

2231
03:14:44,151 --> 03:14:47,488
had already been killed there
in November 1943.

2232
03:14:47,589 --> 03:14:49,089
His father Sem Viskoop

2233
03:14:49,190 --> 03:14:53,160
was murdered in the same camp
in February 1944.

2234
03:14:53,260 --> 03:14:57,364
After the war, Busnach was
sentenced to two years in
prison.

2235
03:14:58,699 --> 03:15:00,267
Demolished.

2236
03:15:33,867 --> 03:15:37,171
The Krugerplein lay
in the middle of
the Transvaalbuurt,

2237
03:15:37,271 --> 03:15:41,308
a neighbourhood with a large
Jewish population before
the war.

2238
03:15:41,408 --> 03:15:45,614
In 1942, this area
became "Jewish area II",

2239
03:15:45,714 --> 03:15:49,483
the last place where Jews were
allowed to live in
the Netherlands.

2240
03:15:52,520 --> 03:15:55,356
The square was an assembly point
during roundups.

2241
03:15:55,456 --> 03:15:59,694
After the war,
Greetje Papegaaij-van der Meer
remembered:

2242
03:15:59,793 --> 03:16:01,328
"The day came
when it was our turn.

2243
03:16:01,428 --> 03:16:03,764
My mother was expecting
with my little brother.

2244
03:16:03,864 --> 03:16:05,266
She was heavily pregnant.

2245
03:16:05,366 --> 03:16:07,167
We were already sitting
in the trucks

2246
03:16:07,268 --> 03:16:10,271
when we saw the German officers
discussing something.

2247
03:16:10,371 --> 03:16:13,107
They were scared that my mother
was going to give birth in
the truck,

2248
03:16:13,207 --> 03:16:15,309
and that it would cause trouble.

2249
03:16:15,409 --> 03:16:17,878
Then they threw
all three of us off."

2250
03:17:01,922 --> 03:17:05,627
28
Krugerplein, ground floor.

2251
03:17:06,193 --> 03:17:09,631
On the night
of the 31st of January 1945,

2252
03:17:09,731 --> 03:17:11,231
a group of some 50 people

2253
03:17:11,332 --> 03:17:14,001
forced open the door
of the bakery here.

2254
03:17:14,835 --> 03:17:16,571
A police report records that

2255
03:17:16,671 --> 03:17:20,575
"Approximately 300 loaves
and a bag of flour were taken."

2256
03:17:34,288 --> 03:17:37,958
31 Plantage Middenlaan.
The crèche.

2257
03:17:38,058 --> 03:17:41,228
A day care centre,
from September 1941

2258
03:17:41,328 --> 03:17:44,699
only for Jewish children
and Jewish staff.

2259
03:17:44,799 --> 03:17:48,001
In October 1942
children under twelve

2260
03:17:48,102 --> 03:17:49,571
whose parents were detained
in the crowded

2261
03:17:49,671 --> 03:17:53,907
Dutch theatre deportation centre
across the road were kept here.

2262
03:17:54,007 --> 03:17:57,712
The director of the crèche,
Henriette Pimentel,
and her staff

2263
03:17:57,812 --> 03:18:01,348
worked with employees of
the Jewish Council in
the Dutch theatre

2264
03:18:01,448 --> 03:18:05,419
and several resistance groups
to save around 600 of these
children

2265
03:18:05,520 --> 03:18:08,021
once the parents of the children
had given their permission

2266
03:18:08,122 --> 03:18:11,191
and they were secretly stricken
from the records.

2267
03:18:11,291 --> 03:18:13,060
Some children were smuggled
from the crèche

2268
03:18:13,160 --> 03:18:15,496
in washing baskets or rucksacks.

2269
03:18:15,597 --> 03:18:19,066
Others escaped in the arms of
a carer while she hopped
onto a tram,

2270
03:18:19,166 --> 03:18:21,268
or while taking
a fresh air break,

2271
03:18:21,368 --> 03:18:24,405
others disappeared through
the gardens into the building
next door,

2272
03:18:24,505 --> 03:18:27,307
the Reformed
Teachers' Training College.

2273
03:18:28,308 --> 03:18:31,145
It was easiest to find homes
for babies.

2274
03:18:31,245 --> 03:18:33,548
Blond children,
known as "tea substitutes",

2275
03:18:33,648 --> 03:18:36,283
were sent to the northern Dutch
province of Friesland,

2276
03:18:36,383 --> 03:18:38,553
dark-haired children,
or "coffee substitutes",

2277
03:18:38,653 --> 03:18:41,955
went southwards,
to the province of Limburg.

2278
03:18:42,055 --> 03:18:46,293
All 70 children who were present
on the 23rd of July 1943

2279
03:18:46,393 --> 03:18:47,361
were deported,

2280
03:18:47,461 --> 03:18:50,464
along with most remaining staff
and the director.

2281
03:18:50,565 --> 03:18:54,669
The crèche was closed
permanently in September 1943.

2282
03:18:57,772 --> 03:18:59,406
Demolished.

2283
03:19:04,044 --> 03:19:07,014
24 Plantage Middenlaan.

2284
03:19:07,114 --> 03:19:10,518
The Hollandsche Schouwburg,
or Dutch Theatre.

2285
03:19:10,618 --> 03:19:15,155
This theatre was renamed the
Jewish theatre in October 1941

2286
03:19:15,255 --> 03:19:19,326
and was only open to Jewish
performers and Jewish audiences.

2287
03:19:19,426 --> 03:19:21,629
The newly formed
Jewish Symphony Orchestra

2288
03:19:21,729 --> 03:19:23,330
played here for instance,

2289
03:19:23,430 --> 03:19:26,967
many of whose members had been
part of
the Concertgebouw Orchestra

2290
03:19:27,067 --> 03:19:29,403
but were fired
because they were Jewish.

2291
03:19:29,503 --> 03:19:33,073
They could only perform music
by Jewish composers.

2292
03:19:39,112 --> 03:19:44,117
In July 1942 the theatre was
changed into
a deportation centre.

2293
03:19:44,218 --> 03:19:47,387
It was renamed Umschlagplatz
Plantage Middenlaan,

2294
03:19:47,488 --> 03:19:50,457
or Plantage Middenlaan
Transfer Facility.

2295
03:19:50,558 --> 03:19:55,028
The facility's first staff
members were the actors from
the theatre.

2296
03:19:55,462 --> 03:19:57,097
People were
detained at the theatre

2297
03:19:57,197 --> 03:20:00,200
for anything from a few hours
to a few weeks.

2298
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:02,604
The average stay was five days.

2299
03:20:02,704 --> 03:20:06,975
Usually, three to four hundred
people would be held here at any
one time.

2300
03:20:07,074 --> 03:20:10,879
But that figure sometimes rose
to 1,400.

2301
03:20:10,979 --> 03:20:14,181
When evening came,
the chairs were stacked up
against the walls

2302
03:20:14,281 --> 03:20:16,651
and straw mattresses
were brought out from the wings,

2303
03:20:16,751 --> 03:20:18,586
and arranged on the floor.

2304
03:20:18,686 --> 03:20:21,088
When they were deported,
the prisoners either walked

2305
03:20:21,188 --> 03:20:22,991
or were taken by tram or truck

2306
03:20:23,090 --> 03:20:25,627
to one of
Amsterdam's train stations.

2307
03:20:27,160 --> 03:20:29,531
The guards had their own rooms
on the upper floor.

2308
03:20:29,631 --> 03:20:32,466
The Jewish manager of
the facility, Walter Susskind,

2309
03:20:32,567 --> 03:20:34,702
would frequently supply alcohol
to the guards

2310
03:20:34,802 --> 03:20:35,937
to get them drunk,

2311
03:20:36,036 --> 03:20:37,872
and arrange
visits by sex workers

2312
03:20:37,972 --> 03:20:39,874
to keep them occupied
in their rooms.

2313
03:20:39,974 --> 03:20:43,076
Several hundred people managed
to escape from the theatre,

2314
03:20:43,176 --> 03:20:45,980
most of them with the help
of Jewish Council staff.

2315
03:20:46,079 --> 03:20:48,716
Many of the escapees
were recaptured.

2316
03:20:48,816 --> 03:20:51,986
A Dutch Jew Hunter would get
seven guilders and 50 cents

2317
03:20:52,085 --> 03:20:54,589
for every person he brought in.

2318
03:20:57,759 --> 03:21:00,962
Wim Henneicke and his group
captured more than 8,000 people

2319
03:21:01,061 --> 03:21:03,430
before the resistance
killed him.

2320
03:21:03,531 --> 03:21:05,900
Several people killed themselves
in the theatre,

2321
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:08,570
for instance
by jumping of the balcony.

2322
03:21:08,670 --> 03:21:10,504
In April 1943,

2323
03:21:10,605 --> 03:21:13,908
the CS6 resistance group tried
to set fire to the theatre,

2324
03:21:14,008 --> 03:21:16,443
but the blaze
was quickly extinguished.

2325
03:21:17,946 --> 03:21:21,481
The deportation centre
was in operation for 16 months.

2326
03:21:21,583 --> 03:21:24,351
Around 50,000 Jews
were deported from here,

2327
03:21:24,451 --> 03:21:26,486
usually first
to transit camp Westerbork

2328
03:21:26,588 --> 03:21:29,122
and from there to concentration
camps and killing centres

2329
03:21:29,222 --> 03:21:30,758
in occupied Europe,

2330
03:21:30,858 --> 03:21:33,327
mainly Auschwitz and Sobibor.

2331
03:21:33,427 --> 03:21:35,730
The last time people
were deported from the facility

2332
03:21:35,830 --> 03:21:38,833
was in November 1943.

2333
03:21:39,399 --> 03:21:42,502
After the war the new owner
wanted to reopen the theatre,

2334
03:21:42,604 --> 03:21:45,172
but some public outrage
prevented this.

2335
03:21:45,272 --> 03:21:49,043
In 1962 a memorial was installed
in the ruined building,

2336
03:21:49,142 --> 03:21:51,378
which since 1993 includes a wall

2337
03:21:51,478 --> 03:21:54,682
with all the family names
of deported Jews.

2338
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:02,003
Vondelpark.

2339
03:25:05,438 --> 03:25:08,276
Many of the luxurious townhouses
surrounding the park

2340
03:25:08,408 --> 03:25:10,845
served as quarters
for German officers.

2341
03:25:10,945 --> 03:25:13,781
They also confiscated
the pavilion in the park.

2342
03:25:13,881 --> 03:25:17,417
In 1943 German soldiers
exhibited toys there

2343
03:25:17,518 --> 03:25:19,954
that they made
in their spare time.

2344
03:25:20,755 --> 03:25:22,824
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,

2345
03:25:22,924 --> 03:25:25,059
held midwinter celebrations
in the park,

2346
03:25:25,159 --> 03:25:26,961
to amplify
their Germanic heritage.

2347
03:25:28,563 --> 03:25:31,431
In July 1943
The Jewish Weekly announced

2348
03:25:31,532 --> 03:25:33,801
in the "You need
to know" section that,

2349
03:25:33,901 --> 03:25:36,137
"The thoroughfares
in Amsterdam's Vondelpark

2350
03:25:36,237 --> 03:25:38,606
are considered to be
part of the park,

2351
03:25:38,706 --> 03:25:41,676
and these roads are therefore
off-limits for Jews."

2352
03:25:43,945 --> 03:25:46,747
The park was closed
in November 1944,

2353
03:25:46,848 --> 03:25:50,151
because "trees were being sawn
and chopped down everywhere".

2354
03:25:50,251 --> 03:25:51,752
Auctions were even held

2355
03:25:51,853 --> 03:25:54,655
at which it was possible
to place orders for trees.

2356
03:25:57,658 --> 03:26:00,761
Following the closure, a German
encampment and vehicle park

2357
03:26:00,862 --> 03:26:03,164
was set up
at the south end of the park,

2358
03:26:03,264 --> 03:26:05,199
cordoned off with fences
and barbed wire.

2359
03:26:05,299 --> 03:26:09,003
The closure of the park
benefited the bird population.

2360
03:26:09,103 --> 03:26:13,541
Four new species arrived,
including the oriole and
the cuckoo.

2361
03:26:24,352 --> 03:26:27,321
186 Willemsparkweg.

2362
03:26:27,420 --> 03:26:30,658
In 1941 men who wanted
to join the Dutch SS

2363
03:26:30,758 --> 03:26:33,361
underwent a physical
assessment here.

2364
03:26:33,460 --> 03:26:36,463
In total around 25,000 Dutch men
volunteered

2365
03:26:36,564 --> 03:26:39,767
to fight in the Armed SS
on the eastern front.

2366
03:26:42,036 --> 03:26:43,403
In 1942

2367
03:26:43,503 --> 03:26:46,641
this building became
the regional headquarters of
the Jeugdstorm,

2368
03:26:46,741 --> 03:26:49,509
the Nazi youth organisation.

2369
03:26:52,513 --> 03:26:54,148
Boys aged 16 to 18

2370
03:26:54,248 --> 03:26:57,985
could sign up here for "Germanic
defence sport camps" in Germany.

2371
03:26:58,085 --> 03:27:02,123
An advertisement promised:
"You will return toughened up
and strong!"

2372
03:27:04,859 --> 03:27:08,996
In 1943 this became
the headquarters for girl
members only.

2373
03:27:09,096 --> 03:27:11,799
The boys went to a bigger
building on Keizersgracht,

2374
03:27:11,899 --> 03:27:15,036
the headquarters
of the now forbidden boy scouts.

2375
03:27:37,925 --> 03:27:39,827
Minerva Harbour.

2376
03:27:42,063 --> 03:27:46,434
In the early morning
of the 6th of May 1941, four men

2377
03:27:46,534 --> 03:27:48,135
Mickey Beelaerts van Blokland,

2378
03:27:48,235 --> 03:27:51,005
an army officer
who had joined the resistance,

2379
03:27:51,105 --> 03:27:52,974
Govert Steen, a pilot,

2380
03:27:53,074 --> 03:27:55,543
Wijbert Lindeman,
an aircraft mechanic,

2381
03:27:55,643 --> 03:27:57,745
and aircraft builder
Wim Boomsma,

2382
03:27:57,845 --> 03:28:01,549
stole a German seaplane from
here and flew it to England.

2383
03:28:01,649 --> 03:28:04,785
The pilot had never flown
a seaplane before.

2384
03:28:04,885 --> 03:28:07,989
Beelaerts van Blokland
discovered the plane,
a Fokker T-VIII,

2385
03:28:08,089 --> 03:28:09,657
while on a bicycle trip.

2386
03:28:09,757 --> 03:28:11,491
The men used
an inflatable mattress

2387
03:28:11,592 --> 03:28:13,627
to get to the plane
in the dark.

2388
03:28:13,728 --> 03:28:15,763
The plane was emblazoned
with swastikas,

2389
03:28:15,863 --> 03:28:18,199
and when they reached England
they were shot at.

2390
03:28:18,299 --> 03:28:21,669
The passengers responded
by waving a Dutch flag.

2391
03:28:21,769 --> 03:28:24,138
Steen landed the plane
on the beach at Broadstairs,

2392
03:28:24,238 --> 03:28:26,540
in south-east England.

2393
03:28:27,241 --> 03:28:30,478
Steen retrained in England
as a Royal Air Force pilot.

2394
03:28:30,578 --> 03:28:33,447
In 1942 he was shot down
in France.

2395
03:28:33,547 --> 03:28:35,683
His body was never found.

2396
03:28:35,783 --> 03:28:39,553
Blokland became commander
of the Prinses Irene Brigade,

2397
03:28:39,653 --> 03:28:42,723
a Dutch military unit
largely made up of volunteers

2398
03:28:42,823 --> 03:28:45,192
who took part
in the liberation of Europe.

2399
03:28:46,660 --> 03:28:48,796
500 men from Suriname,

2400
03:28:48,896 --> 03:28:51,599
then a Dutch colony,
volunteered for the Brigade,

2401
03:28:51,699 --> 03:28:53,300
but were refused.

2402
03:28:53,401 --> 03:28:56,937
Piet Gerbrandy, prime minister
of the Dutch government
in exile,

2403
03:28:57,038 --> 03:28:59,940
said he did not want "n-words"
in the Brigade.

2404
03:29:00,041 --> 03:29:02,777
They might offend the volunteers
from South Africa.

2405
03:29:03,110 --> 03:29:05,514
The Dutch government in London
did accept the money

2406
03:29:05,613 --> 03:29:07,314
brought together by people
in Suriname

2407
03:29:07,415 --> 03:29:09,850
to buy a Spitfire airplane.

2408
03:29:11,886 --> 03:29:12,920
Hembrug.

2409
03:29:14,688 --> 03:29:16,757
In September 1944,

2410
03:29:16,857 --> 03:29:18,726
the German army
placed explosives

2411
03:29:18,826 --> 03:29:20,261
in the main support column

2412
03:29:20,361 --> 03:29:23,364
of the railway bridge
over the North Sea Canal.

2413
03:29:23,464 --> 03:29:24,832
The Dutch government in London

2414
03:29:24,932 --> 03:29:28,369
asked the resistance in
Amsterdam to sabotage this.

2415
03:29:28,869 --> 03:29:31,105
On the night
of the 27th of September

2416
03:29:31,205 --> 03:29:33,107
two members
of the Neptune swimming club

2417
03:29:33,207 --> 03:29:35,743
smeared themselves
with Vaseline and a dark dye,

2418
03:29:35,843 --> 03:29:36,944
swam to the column,

2419
03:29:37,044 --> 03:29:39,514
and let 400 boxes
packed with explosives

2420
03:29:39,613 --> 03:29:41,816
sink to the bottom of the canal.

2421
03:29:41,916 --> 03:29:43,717
When the Wehrmacht found out,

2422
03:29:43,818 --> 03:29:45,653
four German soldiers
guarding the bridge

2423
03:29:45,753 --> 03:29:48,756
were executed
for dereliction of duty.

2424
03:29:48,856 --> 03:29:51,659
The Germans set explosives
on the bridge again.

2425
03:29:51,759 --> 03:29:53,994
Resistance fighter Lies Schouten
sprayed water

2426
03:29:54,095 --> 03:29:56,464
from the bridge
into one of the ducts,

2427
03:29:56,565 --> 03:29:57,932
hoping this would cause
a short circuit

2428
03:29:58,032 --> 03:30:00,569
if the bridge would be blown up.

2429
03:30:00,968 --> 03:30:03,838
She received help
from a German guard.

2430
03:30:08,042 --> 03:30:09,610
Demolished.

2431
03:30:35,570 --> 03:30:39,974
West Harbour Way,
formerly 201 Hemweg.

2432
03:30:44,078 --> 03:30:47,014
The Ford factory produced
lorries with caterpillar tracks

2433
03:30:47,114 --> 03:30:49,618
and other vehicles
for the German army.

2434
03:30:49,717 --> 03:30:52,453
In 1944, almost
all the machinery

2435
03:30:52,554 --> 03:30:53,888
was shipped off to Germany,

2436
03:30:53,988 --> 03:30:55,322
as happened with the equipment

2437
03:30:55,422 --> 03:30:57,691
of most factories in Amsterdam.

2438
03:30:57,791 --> 03:30:59,126
After the liberation,

2439
03:30:59,226 --> 03:31:02,163
the factory's directors
were arrested for collaboration,

2440
03:31:02,263 --> 03:31:04,231
but they were released
soon afterwards,

2441
03:31:04,331 --> 03:31:07,902
as were most large-scale
economical collaborators.

2442
03:31:08,669 --> 03:31:11,071
From the 8th of May 1945

2443
03:31:11,172 --> 03:31:14,942
the Canadian Army detained
German prisoners of war here.

2444
03:31:15,042 --> 03:31:16,844
With the permission
of the Canadians,

2445
03:31:16,944 --> 03:31:19,747
a German court-martial tried
marines Bruno Dörfer

2446
03:31:19,847 --> 03:31:22,016
and Rainer Beck here.

2447
03:31:22,316 --> 03:31:25,052
They were deserters who had
reported back to their unit

2448
03:31:25,152 --> 03:31:26,921
after liberation.

2449
03:31:28,657 --> 03:31:30,891
Beck and Dörfer
were sentenced to death,

2450
03:31:30,991 --> 03:31:35,029
and on the 13th of May a German
firing squad executed them.

2451
03:31:35,396 --> 03:31:38,299
Rainer Beck had joined the navy
because he was partly Jewish

2452
03:31:38,399 --> 03:31:40,768
and thought he would be safer
in the army.

2453
03:31:40,868 --> 03:31:44,238
He was rehabilitated in 1997.

2454
03:31:46,440 --> 03:31:48,008
Demolished.

2455
03:32:03,224 --> 03:32:06,794
115 to125 Amstel.

2456
03:32:07,328 --> 03:32:09,029
Carré theatre.

2457
03:32:10,164 --> 03:32:11,700
In November 1940

2458
03:32:11,799 --> 03:32:14,835
the trams stopped running
after 7:30pm.

2459
03:32:14,935 --> 03:32:18,939
"Without trams, I can't
survive," claimed the director
of the theatre.

2460
03:32:19,039 --> 03:32:21,041
Matinees frequently sold out,

2461
03:32:21,141 --> 03:32:24,311
but the evening performances
were almost empty,

2462
03:32:24,411 --> 03:32:27,716
so the late shows were put on
at an earlier time.

2463
03:32:28,215 --> 03:32:30,652
Carré continued to be
exceptionally busy.

2464
03:32:30,751 --> 03:32:33,287
People craved entertainment.

2465
03:32:33,722 --> 03:32:36,558
In 1942, comedian Lou Bandy,

2466
03:32:36,658 --> 03:32:38,192
one of the stars of the theatre,

2467
03:32:38,292 --> 03:32:40,261
was arrested
after imitating the walk

2468
03:32:40,361 --> 03:32:43,831
of Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquart, who had a limp.

2469
03:32:43,931 --> 03:32:46,400
Bandy was not allowed
to perform anymore.

2470
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,336
In 1943 the German
police raided the theatre

2471
03:33:22,436 --> 03:33:25,640
several times during matinees
of Circus Strassburger,

2472
03:33:25,740 --> 03:33:29,711
searching for men who were
evading forced labour in
Germany.

2473
03:33:29,843 --> 03:33:31,145
When a raid occurred,

2474
03:33:31,245 --> 03:33:33,782
staff would take male visitors
to the stalls,

2475
03:33:33,881 --> 03:33:36,785
where they quickly put on
a Circus uniform.

2476
03:33:36,884 --> 03:33:38,886
The Jewish owners
of circus Strassburger

2477
03:33:38,986 --> 03:33:41,756
had fled Germany in 1935.

2478
03:33:41,855 --> 03:33:44,158
In 1939
they transferred ownership

2479
03:33:44,258 --> 03:33:46,594
to their non-Jewish impresario.

2480
03:33:48,128 --> 03:33:51,965
Carré theatre had to close
in autumn 1944.

2481
03:33:52,066 --> 03:33:54,669
The first big show
after the war was called

2482
03:33:54,769 --> 03:33:56,538
"The lights are on again".

2483
03:34:55,062 --> 03:34:59,534
104 to 114 Nieuwe Keizersgracht.

2484
03:34:59,634 --> 03:35:01,902
Dutch-Jewish Hospital.

2485
03:35:02,002 --> 03:35:04,539
This was the largest
Jewish hospital in Amsterdam,

2486
03:35:04,639 --> 03:35:06,674
with almost 300 beds.

2487
03:35:06,775 --> 03:35:09,209
In 1942 and '43,

2488
03:35:09,309 --> 03:35:12,212
Jewish doctors tried to protect
people from deportation

2489
03:35:12,312 --> 03:35:14,616
by carrying out fake operations,

2490
03:35:14,716 --> 03:35:16,450
putting
unbroken legs in plaster,

2491
03:35:16,551 --> 03:35:19,854
and administering medication
that induced fever.

2492
03:35:19,953 --> 03:35:22,791
A few of these "patients" died.

2493
03:35:22,891 --> 03:35:26,293
The hospital was closed
in August 1943.

2494
03:35:29,631 --> 03:35:31,198
Demolished.

2495
03:35:51,820 --> 03:35:54,388
88 Vijzelstraat.

2496
03:35:54,856 --> 03:35:58,058
HaKo, corset
shop of Hendrik Koot.

2497
03:35:58,492 --> 03:36:01,930
The shop windows were decorated
with portraits of Hitler.

2498
03:36:02,029 --> 03:36:04,097
Koot was a member
of the NSB blackshirts

2499
03:36:04,198 --> 03:36:06,668
and had died following clashes
in the Jewish Quarter

2500
03:36:06,768 --> 03:36:08,536
in February 1941.

2501
03:36:08,636 --> 03:36:12,206
According to the Nazi press
Jews had bitten him to death.

2502
03:36:12,306 --> 03:36:14,975
The NSB gave Koot
a grand funeral.

2503
03:36:15,075 --> 03:36:17,579
The procession passed
his corset shop.

2504
03:36:19,379 --> 03:36:20,782
Demolished.

2505
03:36:52,547 --> 03:36:54,281
Rivierenbuurt.

2506
03:36:56,416 --> 03:37:00,220
In 1942, the Rivierenbuurt
in the south of Amsterdam

2507
03:37:00,320 --> 03:37:03,725
was selected as one of
the city's three Jewish areas.

2508
03:37:08,362 --> 03:37:11,900
The neighbourhood had a large
Jewish population before
the war.

2509
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:13,133
In the '30s,

2510
03:37:13,233 --> 03:37:16,303
many refugees from Germany
settled here.

2511
03:37:18,940 --> 03:37:22,677
Now "Jewish Quarter III
contained three hairdressers,

2512
03:37:22,777 --> 03:37:24,378
nine butchers and five cafés"

2513
03:37:24,478 --> 03:37:26,748
designated as "Jewish premises",

2514
03:37:26,848 --> 03:37:29,249
where only Jews could shop.

2515
03:37:31,619 --> 03:37:36,056
Following the introduction in
May 1942 of the yellow
star badge,

2516
03:37:36,156 --> 03:37:39,159
some people called this area
"the Milky Way".

2517
03:37:41,930 --> 03:37:43,263
In October that year,

2518
03:37:43,363 --> 03:37:46,433
the German authorities forced
all remaining Jewish residents

2519
03:37:46,534 --> 03:37:49,604
of Jewish Quarter III
to move to Jewish Quarter II,

2520
03:37:49,704 --> 03:37:52,740
the Transvaalbuurt
in the east of the city.

2521
03:38:28,843 --> 03:38:31,378
34B Reguliersgracht.

2522
03:38:32,013 --> 03:38:34,082
Unica fraternity house.

2523
03:38:34,181 --> 03:38:36,483
In 1943 students had to sign

2524
03:38:36,584 --> 03:38:39,754
a declaration of loyalty
to the occupiers.

2525
03:38:39,854 --> 03:38:43,891
Those who refused had to report
for forced labour in Germany.

2526
03:38:43,992 --> 03:38:46,493
A lot of students
went into hiding.

2527
03:38:46,594 --> 03:38:48,663
After most students
had left the house,

2528
03:38:48,763 --> 03:38:51,666
resistance worker Ivo Schöffer
created shelter

2529
03:38:51,766 --> 03:38:54,802
for 12 Jewish refugees
on the upstairs floors,

2530
03:38:54,902 --> 03:38:56,804
which had a separate entrance.

2531
03:38:56,904 --> 03:39:00,307
They included Gideon Kahn
and Judica Kahn-Kalker,

2532
03:39:00,407 --> 03:39:02,110
the wife of Arnold Kahn,

2533
03:39:02,209 --> 03:39:05,680
who had perished
in Buchenwald in 1941.

2534
03:39:05,780 --> 03:39:09,216
The Kahns had been neighbours
of the Schöffer family.

2535
03:39:09,316 --> 03:39:11,184
Ivo Schöffer installed an alarm

2536
03:39:11,284 --> 03:39:13,554
and built secret hiding places
in the house.

2537
03:39:14,088 --> 03:39:15,556
The residents
would use a stopwatch

2538
03:39:15,657 --> 03:39:18,860
to practice reaching their
hiding place within two minutes.

2539
03:39:20,327 --> 03:39:22,262
They were never found.

2540
03:39:28,235 --> 03:39:31,072
In 1945, a gable stone was added

2541
03:39:31,171 --> 03:39:32,239
to the façade of the building

2542
03:39:32,339 --> 03:39:34,241
depicting
St George and the Dragon,

2543
03:39:34,341 --> 03:39:36,077
accompanied by the Latin motto

2544
03:39:36,176 --> 03:39:38,478
"Submergo ut emergam",

2545
03:39:39,346 --> 03:39:42,416
I submerge so I may rise again.

2546
03:40:37,672 --> 03:40:39,272
Leidseplein.

2547
03:40:43,077 --> 03:40:47,615
Physician Frits Dekking was
walking on Leidseplein in 1942

2548
03:40:47,715 --> 03:40:50,551
when he witnessed
a lifechanging event.

2549
03:40:53,855 --> 03:40:56,824
"I saw in front of me,"
he wrote in his memoirs,

2550
03:40:56,924 --> 03:41:00,293
"a detainee being pushed to the
ground by a German policeman,

2551
03:41:00,393 --> 03:41:02,196
who then kicked him in the face.

2552
03:41:02,295 --> 03:41:04,232
Not just once, but continuously,

2553
03:41:04,331 --> 03:41:06,667
with his rotten
German military boots.

2554
03:41:06,768 --> 03:41:10,104
And I was just standing there,
and I did not do a thing.

2555
03:41:10,204 --> 03:41:12,840
I simply stood there, frozen.

2556
03:41:12,940 --> 03:41:15,777
I spent that day wandering
around Amsterdam, thinking,

2557
03:41:15,877 --> 03:41:17,545
'You just stood there
like a schmuck,

2558
03:41:17,645 --> 03:41:19,881
and you can't go on like this.'

2559
03:41:19,981 --> 03:41:23,518
So, from then on I engaged in
all sorts of little activities,

2560
03:41:23,618 --> 03:41:25,620
anti-German ones, that is.

2561
03:41:25,720 --> 03:41:28,421
Nothing heroic
or major or anything.

2562
03:41:28,523 --> 03:41:31,826
But it ended up, as you can
imagine, with me in custody.

2563
03:41:34,162 --> 03:41:39,033
That was in 1943, and
I was imprisoned until 1945."

2564
03:42:21,474 --> 03:42:28,583
<i>The coronavirus.</i>

2565
03:42:30,218 --> 03:42:33,120
241 Lijnbaansgracht.

2566
03:42:33,420 --> 03:42:36,524
Caliënte,
an "exotic dance club".

2567
03:42:37,859 --> 03:42:41,329
NSB Blackshirts
attacked the club in 1941,

2568
03:42:41,428 --> 03:42:43,331
when there was already
a ban on dancing,

2569
03:42:43,430 --> 03:42:46,000
but the authorities
were turning a blind eye.

2570
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:48,636
In 1942, the German occupiers

2571
03:42:48,736 --> 03:42:52,240
banned any music that had
so-called "negroid elements".

2572
03:42:52,340 --> 03:42:59,412
Latin American music
was still allowed.

2573
03:43:14,562 --> 03:43:16,931
90 Rubensstraat.

2574
03:43:17,031 --> 03:43:20,635
Home of SS Hauptsturmführer
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,

2575
03:43:20,735 --> 03:43:22,536
leader of the Zentralstelle,

2576
03:43:22,637 --> 03:43:25,505
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

2577
03:43:25,606 --> 03:43:28,743
Aus der Fünten was sentenced
to death in 1950,

2578
03:43:28,843 --> 03:43:32,980
but Queen Juliana commuted his
sentence to life imprisonment.

2579
03:43:33,080 --> 03:43:35,750
Aus der Fünten was one of the
group of German war criminals

2580
03:43:35,850 --> 03:43:38,252
held at a prison
in the town of Breda.

2581
03:43:38,619 --> 03:43:40,420
They were known
as the "Breda Four",

2582
03:43:40,521 --> 03:43:43,456
then the "Breda Three"
and finally the "Breda Two".

2583
03:43:53,367 --> 03:43:55,970
The others were
German security chief
Willy Lages

2584
03:43:56,070 --> 03:44:00,107
who was released in 1966
and died in 1971,

2585
03:44:00,207 --> 03:44:03,010
deputy Commander of Amersfoort
concentration camp

2586
03:44:03,110 --> 03:44:04,245
Joseph Kotalla,

2587
03:44:04,345 --> 03:44:06,180
who died in the prison
in 1979,

2588
03:44:06,280 --> 03:44:10,217
and Franz Fischer, who had
deported Jews in The Hague.

2589
03:44:13,020 --> 03:44:18,025
Fischer and Aus der Fünten both
died shortly after being
released in 1989.

2590
03:44:18,125 --> 03:44:21,696
Intense public discussions
surrounded their releases.

2591
03:44:37,611 --> 03:44:39,947
Central Station.

2592
03:44:40,047 --> 03:44:43,884
Early in the morning
of the 15th of July 1942,

2593
03:44:43,985 --> 03:44:46,520
the first two trains
departed from Central Station

2594
03:44:46,620 --> 03:44:48,956
to transit camp Westerbork.

2595
03:44:49,056 --> 03:44:50,224
The following month,

2596
03:44:50,324 --> 03:44:53,961
the illegal communist newspaper
The Truth issued an appeal:

2597
03:44:54,061 --> 03:44:57,565
"Train drivers, consider that
each train loaded with slaves

2598
03:44:57,665 --> 03:45:01,501
transported by you, is
headed to the slaughterhouse!"

2599
03:45:02,036 --> 03:45:05,406
Dutch Railways drove around
140 so-called "Jew trains"

2600
03:45:05,505 --> 03:45:07,808
from Amsterdam to Westerbork.

2601
03:45:07,908 --> 03:45:10,444
It is estimated that
a quarter of Amsterdam's Jews

2602
03:45:10,578 --> 03:45:12,847
were deported via this station.

2603
03:45:13,247 --> 03:45:15,750
On the request of the Dutch
government in exile,

2604
03:45:15,850 --> 03:45:17,585
train drivers
and other personnel

2605
03:45:17,685 --> 03:45:20,588
did go on strike
in September 1944,

2606
03:45:20,688 --> 03:45:22,923
to help the Allied invasion.

2607
03:45:27,461 --> 03:45:29,163
The first trains
with the camp survivors

2608
03:45:29,263 --> 03:45:32,233
arrived in the empty station
shortly after liberation.

2609
03:45:32,333 --> 03:45:36,003
Rita Boas returned
from Ravensbrück via Sweden.

2610
03:45:36,103 --> 03:45:37,371
Later she recalled:

2611
03:45:37,471 --> 03:45:40,441
"I arrived at Central Station
in the evening, in the dark,

2612
03:45:40,541 --> 03:45:42,343
and made myself known.

2613
03:45:42,443 --> 03:45:43,944
I heard people say
we should be glad

2614
03:45:44,045 --> 03:45:45,880
we hadn't been here
in Amsterdam.

2615
03:45:45,980 --> 03:45:47,815
They said they'd been so hungry.

2616
03:45:47,915 --> 03:45:50,851
As if we'd just come in
from St Moritz."

2617
03:46:01,228 --> 03:46:04,533
Of the 107,000 Jews that were
deported from the Netherlands

2618
03:46:04,632 --> 03:46:06,834
only around 5,000 returned.

2619
03:46:06,934 --> 03:46:09,904
75% of Jews did not survive.

2620
03:46:10,004 --> 03:46:13,307
This is the highest percentage
of occupied Western Europe.

2621
03:46:13,407 --> 03:46:18,179
Amsterdam lost more than
60,000 of its 80,000 Jewish
inhabitants.

2622
03:46:20,948 --> 03:46:24,919
Regular train service resumed
on the 21st of June 1945,

2623
03:46:25,019 --> 03:46:26,754
to Rotterdam.

2624
03:47:23,744 --> 03:47:25,412
Dam Square.

2625
03:47:28,749 --> 03:47:30,484
In June 1940,

2626
03:47:30,585 --> 03:47:32,319
the German Army Commander
of the city

2627
03:47:32,419 --> 03:47:35,122
had a bandstand erected
in front of the Royal Palace

2628
03:47:35,222 --> 03:47:38,792
to stage a concert by the Music
Corps of the Order Police.

2629
03:47:38,893 --> 03:47:41,495
The stand stayed in place
for the remainder of the war,

2630
03:47:41,596 --> 03:47:45,332
and was used for performances
by German and Dutch Nazis.

2631
03:47:45,432 --> 03:47:48,035
The Nazi press wrote in 1941:

2632
03:47:48,135 --> 03:47:50,204
"Amsterdam's youth
was especially enraptured

2633
03:47:50,304 --> 03:47:57,378
by the punchy marches
and battle songs."

2634
03:48:09,123 --> 03:48:11,792
<i>Sound check, sound check, one...</i>

2635
03:48:12,594 --> 03:48:13,928
1 Dam Square.

2636
03:48:14,028 --> 03:48:17,164
The Bijenkorf department store.

2637
03:48:17,264 --> 03:48:18,799
In June 1940

2638
03:48:18,899 --> 03:48:21,802
members of the National
Socialist Dutch Workers Party

2639
03:48:21,902 --> 03:48:24,305
smashed eight of the large
shopfront windows.

2640
03:48:24,405 --> 03:48:26,907
Many of the Bijenkorf's staff
were Jewish,

2641
03:48:27,007 --> 03:48:29,743
so German soldiers were
not allowed to visit the shop.

2642
03:48:29,843 --> 03:48:32,213
The lunchroom on the top floor
on the other hand

2643
03:48:32,313 --> 03:48:34,348
was prohibited for Jews.

2644
03:48:34,448 --> 03:48:36,750
The Jewish owners
managed to leave the country.

2645
03:48:36,850 --> 03:48:38,452
In February 1941

2646
03:48:38,553 --> 03:48:41,755
the Germans installed Dutch
collaborators as supervisors.

2647
03:48:41,855 --> 03:48:44,158
They fired all Jewish staff.

2648
03:48:44,258 --> 03:48:46,227
When the yellow star badges
were introduced

2649
03:48:46,327 --> 03:48:48,262
in the spring of 1942,

2650
03:48:48,362 --> 03:48:52,099
resistance group The Spark
produced 300,000 paper stars

2651
03:48:52,199 --> 03:48:56,503
printed with the slogan "Jews
and non-Jews united in battle".

2652
03:48:56,605 --> 03:48:59,340
Some of the stars were thrown
from the roof of the Bijenkorf,

2653
03:48:59,440 --> 03:49:02,309
and fluttered down
onto the streets below.

2654
03:50:31,999 --> 03:50:33,867
9 Dam Square,

2655
03:50:33,967 --> 03:50:38,339
then 187 to 205 Warmoesstraat.

2656
03:50:38,939 --> 03:50:40,407
In August 1940

2657
03:50:40,507 --> 03:50:43,344
the Commander of the city
set up a German Army Club

2658
03:50:43,444 --> 03:50:44,813
at the Polmans House,

2659
03:50:44,945 --> 03:50:47,414
a part of Hotel Krasnapolsky.

2660
03:50:47,515 --> 03:50:51,352
It welcomed around 1,300 guests
on most days.

2661
03:50:51,452 --> 03:50:53,788
There were billiard
and table tennis tables.

2662
03:50:53,887 --> 03:50:55,122
Large maps on the wall

2663
03:50:55,222 --> 03:50:58,258
showed the progress of the war
on the frontlines.

2664
03:50:58,793 --> 03:51:01,796
500 to 750 members
of the German army

2665
03:51:01,895 --> 03:51:03,665
stayed at the hotel every month,

2666
03:51:03,765 --> 03:51:05,633
as they did
in other luxurious hotels

2667
03:51:05,734 --> 03:51:07,736
like the Amstel and L'Europe.

2668
03:51:07,836 --> 03:51:12,072
Over Christmas and other
holidays, the Nazi-run charity
organisation

2669
03:51:12,172 --> 03:51:15,309
Winter Aid
would provide meals to children.

2670
03:51:15,409 --> 03:51:17,945
Every Friday there was
a special screening of films

2671
03:51:18,045 --> 03:51:20,080
for the German Air Force.

2672
03:51:21,248 --> 03:51:24,918
In 1943, Amsterdam police
officers had to come here

2673
03:51:25,018 --> 03:51:26,387
to watch propaganda films

2674
03:51:26,487 --> 03:51:28,556
about the German police
in the Netherlands

2675
03:51:28,656 --> 03:51:30,692
and on the eastern front.

2676
03:51:31,058 --> 03:51:33,127
Anyone making noise
in the auditorium

2677
03:51:33,227 --> 03:51:35,597
could expect
a cut in his salary.

2678
03:52:23,977 --> 03:52:26,213
<i>What do we want?</i>
<i>- Climate justice!</i>

2679
03:52:26,313 --> 03:52:28,482
<i>- When do we want it?</i>
<i>- Now!</i>

2680
03:52:28,583 --> 03:52:30,885
<i>- What do we want?</i>
<i>- Climate justice!</i>

2681
03:52:30,984 --> 03:52:32,854
<i>- When do we want it?</i>
<i>- Now!</i>

2682
03:52:32,953 --> 03:52:34,988
<i>Right on! Let's go!</i>

2683
03:53:20,501 --> 03:53:22,871
Dam Square
was the location of many rallies

2684
03:53:22,971 --> 03:53:25,974
by the German Police
or the Dutch Nazi party.

2685
03:53:26,073 --> 03:53:27,474
If they were held elsewhere,

2686
03:53:27,575 --> 03:53:29,811
loudspeakers were sometimes
set up on this

2687
03:53:29,911 --> 03:53:31,813
and other squares in the city.

2688
03:53:31,913 --> 03:53:35,917
In June 1941, Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquarts' words

2689
03:53:36,016 --> 03:53:38,252
were sounded over Dam Square:

2690
03:53:38,352 --> 03:53:41,455
"For the 2,000-year-old history
of Europe to make sense,

2691
03:53:41,556 --> 03:53:44,959
Germany has to win,
and not only defeat the Soviets,

2692
03:53:45,058 --> 03:53:47,361
but also their puritan partners
in England

2693
03:53:47,461 --> 03:53:50,030
and above all the Jewish mind."

2694
03:54:17,525 --> 03:54:19,459
In February 1945

2695
03:54:19,561 --> 03:54:22,062
food distribution
reached a new low.

2696
03:54:22,162 --> 03:54:24,298
The Central Kitchens
could only provide a meal

2697
03:54:24,398 --> 03:54:26,935
of a few hundred calories
per day,

2698
03:54:27,035 --> 03:54:30,905
and on the illegal market, food
prices had gone through
the roof.

2699
03:54:31,371 --> 03:54:35,475
A loaf of bread cost 200 times
as much as it did a year
earlier.

2700
03:54:37,511 --> 03:54:40,782
The illegal communist party
incited women to protest.

2701
03:54:40,882 --> 03:54:44,117
Their newspaper wrote:
"Women, fight for our children.

2702
03:54:44,217 --> 03:54:45,553
Demand more food.

2703
03:54:45,653 --> 03:54:48,690
Don't grumble and complain
but take action!"

2704
03:54:55,797 --> 03:55:00,068
On the 21st of February
a group of 200 women marched to
City Hall

2705
03:55:00,167 --> 03:55:02,302
and demanded to see the mayor.

2706
03:55:02,402 --> 03:55:04,606
One of the women
said after the war:

2707
03:55:04,706 --> 03:55:07,675
"With this demonstration
we wanted to make it clear
that the mayor

2708
03:55:07,775 --> 03:55:11,546
had to assure that our children
would not die of hunger."

2709
03:55:11,646 --> 03:55:13,915
The mayor did visit
two Central Kitchens,

2710
03:55:14,015 --> 03:55:15,984
confirmed the bad
quality of the food

2711
03:55:16,084 --> 03:55:19,219
and promised improvements.
To no avail.

2712
03:55:19,319 --> 03:55:21,756
A week later,
the women marched again,

2713
03:55:21,856 --> 03:55:23,256
this time with their children,

2714
03:55:23,357 --> 03:55:25,827
but the mayor
did not receive them.

2715
03:55:29,162 --> 03:55:30,464
The Germans
ordered the Dutch police

2716
03:55:30,565 --> 03:55:32,366
to shoot at
the women and children,

2717
03:55:32,466 --> 03:55:34,769
stating large gatherings
were forbidden.

2718
03:55:34,869 --> 03:55:37,905
The police did not
follow the orders this time.

2719
03:55:38,673 --> 03:55:42,476
The Central Kitchens shut down
completely at the end of April.

2720
03:55:46,014 --> 03:55:47,347
Before liberation,

2721
03:55:47,447 --> 03:55:51,119
around 4,000 people in Amsterdam
had died from hunger and cold,

2722
03:55:51,218 --> 03:55:53,521
mostly old men
and young children.