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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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VOICE-OVER: 71 Ruysdaelstraat.

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Office of Keesing, printer
and publisher of magazines.

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Jacob Keesing, his wife Esperance

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00:02:01,589 --> 00:02:03,691
and sisters Suzanne and Marianne

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00:02:03,791 --> 00:02:08,496
took their own lives in IJmuiden
harbour on the 15th of May 1940,

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00:02:08,596 --> 00:02:10,798
the day the Dutch army surrendered.

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00:02:10,898 --> 00:02:13,667
Many Jews had hoped to escape
to England from there

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00:02:13,767 --> 00:02:16,670
but most could not find a boat
willing to take them.

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00:02:16,770 --> 00:02:20,441
The director of the company,
Jacob's brother Isaac Keesing,

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00:02:20,541 --> 00:02:24,578
managed to escape
to the United States in 1942.

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00:02:24,678 --> 00:02:29,583
He transferred the company
to his employee Peter Diesveld.

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00:02:29,683 --> 00:02:31,685
He had to work under a "Verwalter",

15
00:02:31,785 --> 00:02:33,854
a supervisor the Germans installed

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00:02:34,154 --> 00:02:36,423
at all Jewish owned businesses.

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00:02:37,691 --> 00:02:41,328
Diesveld secretly continued to pay
fired Jewish staff.

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00:02:41,428 --> 00:02:43,264
He moved into Isaac Keesing's home

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00:02:43,364 --> 00:02:46,400
and let people hide
both there and at the office.

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One man hid for days
on top of the elevator.

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00:03:04,485 --> 00:03:06,353
Prins Bernhardplein.

22
00:03:07,321 --> 00:03:09,723
The German authorities
forbade the naming of streets

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00:03:09,823 --> 00:03:12,826
after living members
of the Dutch Royal family.

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00:03:12,927 --> 00:03:15,362
This square was renamed Gooiplein,

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00:03:15,462 --> 00:03:17,698
after a rural area near Amsterdam.

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00:03:29,610 --> 00:03:31,612
7 Schagerlaan.

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00:03:32,346 --> 00:03:34,214
In December 1942,

28
00:03:34,315 --> 00:03:36,317
the Bergsma family told the police

29
00:03:36,417 --> 00:03:39,753
that a four-month-old baby was left
in front of their house.

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00:03:40,421 --> 00:03:44,825
Throughout 1942, newspapers reported
a "flood of foundlings".

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00:03:45,426 --> 00:03:49,463
In this way, Jewish children
could be taken in legally by helpers,

32
00:03:49,563 --> 00:03:52,333
while their real identity
remained concealed.

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00:03:52,433 --> 00:03:53,567
To stop this practice,

34
00:03:53,667 --> 00:03:56,537
the Germans announced
in January 1943

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00:03:56,637 --> 00:03:59,840
that all foundlings
would be regarded as Jewish.

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00:03:59,940 --> 00:04:01,742
Baby David Kurk survived the war

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as Rudolf Bergsma.

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00:04:04,011 --> 00:04:06,547
His mother Carolina Kurk-à Cohen

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00:04:06,647 --> 00:04:10,317
was murdered in Auschwitz
killing centre in 1944,

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00:04:10,417 --> 00:04:15,689
his father Jacob Kurk in Mauthausen
concentration camp in 1945.

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00:04:16,790 --> 00:04:18,392
Demolished.

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Rembrandtplein.

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00:04:33,007 --> 00:04:37,011
Many bars and cafés around this square
close to the old Jewish Quarter

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00:04:37,311 --> 00:04:38,712
were frequented by Germans

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00:04:38,812 --> 00:04:41,882
and members of the Dutch Nazi party,
the NSB

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00:04:41,982 --> 00:04:45,586
and their paramilitary unit,
the WA Blackshirts.

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00:04:45,686 --> 00:04:48,622
In June 1940,
these anti-Semitic thugs,

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00:04:48,722 --> 00:04:50,858
smashed up the interior of De Kroon

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00:04:50,958 --> 00:04:53,894
and other places perceived as Jewish.

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00:04:53,994 --> 00:04:56,630
Half a year later,
they smashed the windows of bars

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00:04:56,730 --> 00:04:59,333
that did not hang
"Jews prohibited" signs

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and trashed a bar that still
let Jewish artists perform.

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00:05:03,070 --> 00:05:07,541
In February 1941, numerous street
fights broke out on this square

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00:05:07,641 --> 00:05:10,678
between Dutch Nazis,
helped by German Order Police,

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00:05:10,778 --> 00:05:13,614
and Jews, who started
to organise their defence

56
00:05:13,714 --> 00:05:15,749
against the brutal attacks.

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The Dutch police
were not allowed to interfere.

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00:05:18,786 --> 00:05:21,689
From the 15th of September 1941,

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00:05:21,789 --> 00:05:26,694
Jews were officially banned from
visiting cafés, bars and restaurants.

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00:05:26,794 --> 00:05:28,395
One city councillor commented

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that lost revenues were "at least
made up for" by German soldiers.

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Later in the war, the square became
a centre for black market activities.

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VOICE-OVER: Zeedijk.

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00:07:08,061 --> 00:07:10,597
The red-light district
was officially off-limits

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00:07:10,697 --> 00:07:12,966
to the Wehrmacht, the German army.

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00:07:13,066 --> 00:07:16,804
Later in the war, it became a centre
for the black market.

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00:07:25,913 --> 00:07:29,983
74 Oudezijds Achterburgwal,
ground floor.

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00:07:30,083 --> 00:07:32,019
Home of Betje Fuld.

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00:07:32,119 --> 00:07:36,023
According to her arrest report
from the Police Department for Jewish Affairs,

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dated the 10th of July 1942,

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she was "formerly a seamstress,
now a prostitute.

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She was outdoors
without a Jewish star

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00:07:44,565 --> 00:07:46,967
and she prostituted herself.

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She also stated that she charged
for carnal intercourse

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with Aryan persons."

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Fuld was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

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Kalverstraat.

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00:08:10,524 --> 00:08:15,095
A fight broke out in this street
on the 31st of August 1941,

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the birthday of Queen Wilhelmina.

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00:08:17,731 --> 00:08:20,834
The Dutch Queen rallied
against the Germans from London.

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00:08:20,934 --> 00:08:24,571
Resistance worker Cor Snijders
recalled after the war:

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00:08:24,671 --> 00:08:26,940
"We celebrated by walking
along Kalverstraat

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00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:28,809
with flowers in our buttonholes.

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Dutch Nazi thugs
started pulling them off,

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so we decided to attach razor blades
behind the corsages.

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00:08:35,716 --> 00:08:38,585
The next time one of the blackshirts
tried to rip out a flower,

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it got very bloody.

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This caused quite a scrap,

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00:08:41,788 --> 00:08:43,891
and in the end
they cordoned off part of the street.

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Everyone wearing a flower
was arrested."

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62, Max Euw Square, then Leidsekade.

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Lido Restaurant.

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00:09:00,741 --> 00:09:02,743
"Leidseplein completely cleansed,"

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00:09:02,743 --> 00:09:06,580
was the headline of an article in the
newspaper of the Dutch Nazi party,

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00:09:06,680 --> 00:09:09,116
in January 1941.

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00:09:09,216 --> 00:09:12,886
It continued: "One can scarcely
believe one's own eyes.

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00:09:13,887 --> 00:09:16,990
No Jews allowed
at the prestigious Américain hotel,

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00:09:17,090 --> 00:09:19,826
no Jews allowed at the Lido,
which until recently

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00:09:19,927 --> 00:09:22,696
was the gathering place
for Jews on Leidseplein,

100
00:09:22,796 --> 00:09:27,167
no Jews allowed at Amsterdam's
largest picture house, the City cinema.

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00:09:27,267 --> 00:09:30,270
In short, no Jews allowed anywhere!

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00:09:30,570 --> 00:09:33,106
It is almost too wonderful
to be true:

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there are no Jews to disturb
Christians in their leisure time."

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00:09:41,148 --> 00:09:42,883
In March 1943,

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00:09:42,983 --> 00:09:45,218
after losing the battle
of Stalingrad,

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00:09:45,319 --> 00:09:48,822
the Germans closed
all luxury restaurants and stores.

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00:09:48,922 --> 00:09:51,258
The staff were sent to work
in Germany.

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After liberation, in May 1945,

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the Lido became
a Canadian officer's club.

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00:09:57,130 --> 00:09:58,732
One of the resident musicians

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00:09:58,832 --> 00:10:02,235
was the Surinamese saxophone
player Kid Dynamite.

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00:10:04,137 --> 00:10:05,739
Demolished.

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00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:22,856
123 Apollolaan.

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00:10:22,856 --> 00:10:24,324
Apollo House.

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00:10:24,624 --> 00:10:26,893
Guesthouse,
owned by the Josephs family,

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00:10:26,994 --> 00:10:30,130
who were all murdered
in Auschwitz in 1942,

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as were many of their guests.

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00:10:32,332 --> 00:10:35,736
It subsequently became a guesthouse
for Germans.

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00:10:35,836 --> 00:10:39,373
The German security service,
the SD, requisitioned the hotel

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00:10:39,673 --> 00:10:44,111
following the bombing
of its headquarters in November 1944.

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00:10:44,211 --> 00:10:45,679
The house was partly furnished

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00:10:45,779 --> 00:10:48,849
with items taken from the home
of the Ruys family.

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00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:50,917
Resistance worker Gerrit Ruys

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00:10:51,018 --> 00:10:53,820
was a solicitor
with offices on Keizersgracht,

125
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where he was arrested
in January 1945

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after his son Hugo was picked up

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while distributing the underground
newspaper The Parole.

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00:11:04,364 --> 00:11:06,433
Gerrit Ruys's other son Herman

129
00:11:06,733 --> 00:11:09,770
had already been arrested
two years earlier.

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00:11:09,870 --> 00:11:12,205
Both sons were executed.

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00:11:12,873 --> 00:11:16,309
Gerrit Ruys died
at Sandbostel concentration camp.

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00:11:16,410 --> 00:11:19,446
His wife, Johanna Ruys-Bavinck,
was also arrested

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00:11:19,746 --> 00:11:23,216
and released from prison
in April 1945.

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00:11:36,963 --> 00:11:40,367
Amsterdam, the 15th of May 1940.

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00:11:41,201 --> 00:11:43,703
German troops approached Amsterdam
from the east

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00:11:43,804 --> 00:11:47,808
and drove further into town over
the Berlage bridge on Amstel River,

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00:11:47,908 --> 00:11:50,177
where German citizens
and Dutch sympathisers

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00:11:50,277 --> 00:11:52,746
were orchestrated
to welcome them.

139
00:11:53,980 --> 00:11:57,884
The Dutch army had capitulated after
the Germans bombarded Rotterdam

140
00:11:57,984 --> 00:12:00,787
and threatened
to destroy more cities.

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00:12:00,887 --> 00:12:03,256
The Netherlands initially
had tried to stay neutral,

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00:12:03,356 --> 00:12:05,459
like it was
during the First World War,

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00:12:05,759 --> 00:12:07,761
but the country was attacked
by the German army

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00:12:07,861 --> 00:12:10,797
at the same time
as Belgium and France.

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00:12:10,897 --> 00:12:14,901
The Dutch queen, Wilhelmina,
and her cabinet fled to London.

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00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:20,307
In 1940 around 800,000 people
lived in Amsterdam,

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00:12:20,407 --> 00:12:24,344
not much less than now.
10% of them were Jewish.

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00:12:24,444 --> 00:12:26,847
The Nazis considered
most other Dutch people

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00:12:26,947 --> 00:12:28,882
fellow members
of the Aryan race

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00:12:28,982 --> 00:12:31,251
and some hoped to eventually
incorporate the Netherlands

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00:12:31,351 --> 00:12:33,887
into the Greater Germanic Empire.

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00:12:33,987 --> 00:12:37,090
They found a substantial group
of supporters in the capital.

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00:12:37,190 --> 00:12:41,061
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,
got almost 30,000 votes

154
00:12:41,161 --> 00:12:43,029
in the municipal elections
in Amsterdam

155
00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:44,998
a year before the war.

156
00:12:45,465 --> 00:12:47,334
One of the first measures
the Germans took

157
00:12:47,434 --> 00:12:50,437
was putting the clock
an hour and 40 minutes forward,

158
00:12:50,537 --> 00:12:53,540
so it was the same time
in Amsterdam as in Berlin.

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00:12:54,274 --> 00:12:57,210
The weather report disappeared
from the newspapers.

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00:12:57,310 --> 00:13:00,180
The weather was considered
a military secret.

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00:13:03,483 --> 00:13:04,951
From the Berlage bridge

162
00:13:05,051 --> 00:13:08,255
a part of the German troops
made their way to City Hall.

163
00:13:08,355 --> 00:13:11,024
The city had to provide housing
for all Germans,

164
00:13:11,124 --> 00:13:12,926
starting with the soldiers.

165
00:13:13,026 --> 00:13:16,363
Soon a civic administration
was installed in the Netherlands.

166
00:13:16,463 --> 00:13:19,466
The Germans began to replace
all Dutch organisations

167
00:13:19,566 --> 00:13:22,235
like worker's unions
and charity organisations

168
00:13:22,335 --> 00:13:24,337
with national socialist ones.

169
00:13:25,071 --> 00:13:27,107
he press was brought
under German control

170
00:13:27,207 --> 00:13:30,210
and even the boy scouts
would be nazified.

171
00:13:30,310 --> 00:13:33,046
On that first day of the occupation
of Amsterdam,

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00:13:33,146 --> 00:13:34,214
an alderman informed

173
00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:36,983
the German lieutenant-general
Karl von Tiedemann

174
00:13:37,083 --> 00:13:39,486
in the name of the city council
that he hoped the Germans

175
00:13:39,586 --> 00:13:43,123
would leave the Jewish citizens
of Amsterdam undisturbed.

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00:13:44,057 --> 00:13:46,026
Tiedemann answered cryptically:

177
00:13:46,126 --> 00:13:47,894
"If the Jews don't want to see us,

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00:13:47,994 --> 00:13:49,930
we will not see the Jews."

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00:14:28,401 --> 00:14:32,272
Museumplein, then called
the grounds of the Ice-Skating Club.

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00:14:32,372 --> 00:14:34,374
Venue for major events.

181
00:14:34,474 --> 00:14:37,310
This was where
the NSB blackshirts marched,

182
00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:41,147
where the head of the SS,
Heinrich Himmler, inspected troops,

183
00:14:41,248 --> 00:14:43,984
and where the Dutch Nazi leader
Anton Mussert

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00:14:44,084 --> 00:14:46,419
and Reich Commissioner
Arthur Seyss-Inquart

185
00:14:46,519 --> 00:14:48,521
spoke at large rallies.

186
00:14:50,624 --> 00:14:53,560
The villas on the east side of
the square became the headquarters

187
00:14:53,660 --> 00:14:57,130
of the German military
and civil administration.

188
00:14:57,230 --> 00:14:58,565
Next to the Concertgebouw

189
00:14:58,665 --> 00:15:02,002
were the headquarters
of the Dutch Nazi Party, the NSB.

190
00:15:04,204 --> 00:15:05,472
In 1943,

191
00:15:05,572 --> 00:15:08,541
the Germans started building
defence works on the square,

192
00:15:08,642 --> 00:15:10,343
including barbed wire fencing

193
00:15:10,443 --> 00:15:14,147
and bunkers known popularly
as the "three peaks".

194
00:15:14,247 --> 00:15:16,916
A few streets
were also cordoned off.

195
00:15:18,418 --> 00:15:22,989
After D-Day, the allied invasion
in Normandy in June 1944,

196
00:15:23,089 --> 00:15:27,093
Adolf Hitler gave orders to defend
"the Rotterdam and Amsterdam area

197
00:15:27,193 --> 00:15:29,062
for as long as possible."

198
00:15:29,629 --> 00:15:31,698
This square became one
of the Stützpunkte,

199
00:15:31,998 --> 00:15:35,135
or "bastions", for the German defence
of Amsterdam.

200
00:15:37,003 --> 00:15:41,341
It wasn't until 1953 that the German
bunkers were blown up.

201
00:15:52,218 --> 00:15:57,123
1 Museumstraat,
then 42 Stadhouderskade.

202
00:15:58,692 --> 00:16:00,427
The Rijksmuseum.

203
00:16:15,275 --> 00:16:18,378
In 1939,
prior to the German invasion,

204
00:16:18,478 --> 00:16:21,748
the museum transferred the most
important artworks in its collection

205
00:16:22,048 --> 00:16:25,285
to churches and other buildings
in North Holland province,

206
00:16:25,385 --> 00:16:27,721
while construction work
on state storage bunkers

207
00:16:28,021 --> 00:16:31,291
in the coastal dunes near Castricum
was completed.

208
00:16:32,359 --> 00:16:33,693
Rembrandt's "The Night Watch"

209
00:16:33,993 --> 00:16:35,662
was stored in a castle
in North Holland,

210
00:16:35,762 --> 00:16:38,231
before being transferred
to the underground vaults

211
00:16:38,331 --> 00:16:41,067
in Mount St Peter
near Maastricht.

212
00:16:42,168 --> 00:16:45,305
During the occupation,
the Nazis tried to turn Rembrandt

213
00:16:45,405 --> 00:16:47,073
into a Germanic Hero,

214
00:16:47,173 --> 00:16:50,510
with big celebrations
on his birthday, July the 15th,

215
00:16:50,610 --> 00:16:52,746
now called Rembrandt Day.

216
00:16:53,513 --> 00:16:56,049
German Nazi director Hans Steinhoff

217
00:16:56,149 --> 00:16:59,619
shot a feature film about the painter
in a studio in Amsterdam.

218
00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:04,424
Members of the German Army could
enter the museum free of charge.

219
00:17:04,524 --> 00:17:08,795
The occupying authorities banned the
display of works by Jewish artists,

220
00:17:09,095 --> 00:17:11,631
or that depicted Jewish people.

221
00:17:13,466 --> 00:17:18,405
The museum expanded its holdings in and
after the war with Jewish owned art works.

222
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:24,644
The museum had dealings with the Liro Bank
which looted Jewish assets.

223
00:17:25,578 --> 00:17:29,449
Some artworks were only returned
recently to their rightful owners.

224
00:17:31,551 --> 00:17:35,088
The Rijksmuseum had to house
several propaganda exhibitions,

225
00:17:35,188 --> 00:17:37,357
including "The Art of the War Front",

226
00:17:37,457 --> 00:17:40,794
and "Amber: Blond Gold
of the Germanic People".

227
00:17:41,094 --> 00:17:43,530
Children's toys made
by the German Order Police

228
00:17:43,630 --> 00:17:45,498
were also put on display.

229
00:17:47,567 --> 00:17:50,637
The Rijksmuseum mounted
its own exhibitions as well.

230
00:17:50,737 --> 00:17:53,840
The exhibition Spirit of Christ
was closed down

231
00:17:54,140 --> 00:17:56,609
because it included
too many abstract works,

232
00:17:56,709 --> 00:17:59,446
which the Nazis saw as degenerate.

233
00:17:59,546 --> 00:18:02,449
In 1944, the museum
staged an exhibition

234
00:18:02,549 --> 00:18:05,084
of wrought iron
and cast-iron objects,

235
00:18:05,185 --> 00:18:08,655
primarily because of the material's
bombproof qualities.

236
00:18:10,457 --> 00:18:13,860
The museum closed after
Dolle Dinsdag, or Mad Tuesday,

237
00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:16,296
the Tuesday in September 1944

238
00:18:16,396 --> 00:18:18,131
when public celebrations erupted

239
00:18:18,231 --> 00:18:22,569
after rumours that the Netherlands
was about to be liberated.

240
00:18:24,170 --> 00:18:25,672
Shortly after liberation,

241
00:18:25,772 --> 00:18:29,375
the "Night Watch" was returned
to the Rijksmuseum by inland barge.

242
00:18:33,279 --> 00:18:37,350
In October 1945,
the first 26 looted paintings

243
00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:41,521
to be returned from Germany
were welcomed in the Rijksmuseum.

244
00:20:03,636 --> 00:20:06,573
VOICE-OVER: 4 and 6 Concertgebouwplein,

245
00:20:06,673 --> 00:20:10,577
formerly Jan Willem Brouwersplein,
The Concertgebouw.

246
00:20:11,511 --> 00:20:15,281
Many national-socialist events
were held in this building.

247
00:20:15,381 --> 00:20:17,617
In 1942, for example,

248
00:20:17,717 --> 00:20:20,453
it was here
that Dutch nazi Anton Mussert

249
00:20:20,553 --> 00:20:23,222
was declared leader
of the Dutch people.

250
00:20:26,225 --> 00:20:28,661
Shows were often performed
for the German army,

251
00:20:28,761 --> 00:20:32,665
ranging from operas
to "Eleven Maidens dance and sing".

252
00:20:32,765 --> 00:20:34,667
Reich Commissioner Seyss-Inquart,

253
00:20:34,767 --> 00:20:37,270
the highest German authority
in the Netherlands,

254
00:20:37,370 --> 00:20:39,405
enjoyed visiting the Concertgebouw.

255
00:20:39,505 --> 00:20:43,309
He planned the building of a private
box for himself in the theatre.

256
00:20:43,409 --> 00:20:46,713
The conductor of the Concertgebouw
Orchestra, Willem Mengelberg,

257
00:20:46,813 --> 00:20:49,716
performed for German organisations
in the Netherlands,

258
00:20:49,816 --> 00:20:53,686
and travelled with the orchestra
for concerts in Germany and Austria.

259
00:20:53,786 --> 00:20:57,457
The last time that Jewish members of
the Concertgebouw Orchestra played

260
00:20:57,557 --> 00:20:59,826
was in June 1941.

261
00:20:59,926 --> 00:21:02,929
The programme included Beethoven's
"Ninth Symphony",

262
00:21:03,029 --> 00:21:05,365
the "Ode to Joy"
with the famous line

263
00:21:05,465 --> 00:21:07,333
"Alle Menschen werden Brüder",

264
00:21:07,433 --> 00:21:09,569
or "all people become brothers".

265
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:11,871
The audience applauded
and waved their handkerchiefs

266
00:21:11,971 --> 00:21:13,773
to the fired musicians.

267
00:21:13,873 --> 00:21:17,477
Music by Jewish composers
could no longer be played.

268
00:21:17,577 --> 00:21:21,514
In 1942, sheets of fabric were used
to hide the cartouches

269
00:21:21,614 --> 00:21:24,017
containing the names
of the Jewish composers

270
00:21:24,317 --> 00:21:27,587
Mahler, Rubinstein
and Mendelssohn.

271
00:21:27,687 --> 00:21:29,022
Conductor Willem Mengelberg

272
00:21:29,322 --> 00:21:32,325
appealed to keep the Jewish members
of the orchestra.

273
00:21:32,425 --> 00:21:34,727
Many musicians ended up
in Barneveld,

274
00:21:34,827 --> 00:21:37,497
an internment camp
set up for privileged Jews

275
00:21:37,597 --> 00:21:40,400
who initially weren't to be deported.

276
00:21:41,768 --> 00:21:46,305
Ultimately, most were sent
to Theresienstadt concentration camp.

277
00:21:49,642 --> 00:21:52,445
Mengelberg continued to advocate
for Jewish artists,

278
00:21:52,545 --> 00:21:57,083
to such an extent that the leader of
the German Culture Department said:

279
00:21:57,383 --> 00:22:00,586
"A declaration from Mengelberg
has lost its meaning for us.

280
00:22:00,687 --> 00:22:03,056
He has already helped
too many Jews."

281
00:22:06,659 --> 00:22:09,929
During the last winter of the war,
known as the Hunger Winter,

282
00:22:10,029 --> 00:22:14,834
the cold and lack of electricity led
to the cancellation of many concerts.

283
00:22:15,902 --> 00:22:19,672
A Christmas concert
did take place in 1944:

284
00:22:19,772 --> 00:22:22,041
"Candles were only lit
at the music stands,

285
00:22:22,341 --> 00:22:25,778
and the atmosphere this created
was less fairy-tale than ghostly,"

286
00:22:25,878 --> 00:22:28,448
wrote Nel Bakker in her memoirs.

287
00:22:28,548 --> 00:22:31,417
"We sat, cold, deep in our coats.

288
00:22:31,517 --> 00:22:34,120
The customary murmur of voices
was absent.

289
00:22:34,420 --> 00:22:37,090
The musicians who remained
played like angels.

290
00:22:37,390 --> 00:22:39,992
So, this other world did still exist.

291
00:22:40,093 --> 00:22:41,561
Scattered around the audience

292
00:22:41,661 --> 00:22:44,530
were German officers,
they too were alone.

293
00:22:44,630 --> 00:22:48,501
Afterwards, everyone left silently
and invisibly in the dark,

294
00:22:48,601 --> 00:22:51,804
as if we had attended a secret,
forbidden sermon.

295
00:22:51,904 --> 00:22:54,741
Now I was able to face
the remainder of the winter.

296
00:22:54,841 --> 00:22:57,043
The worst time was still to come."

297
00:23:00,546 --> 00:23:03,583
At the orchestra's first performance
after liberation,

298
00:23:03,683 --> 00:23:05,017
the Dutch Military Authority

299
00:23:05,118 --> 00:23:08,654
forbade the playing of the Dutch
national anthem, the Wilhelmus,

300
00:23:08,755 --> 00:23:13,159
"due to the dubious attitude of the
orchestra during the occupation".

301
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:16,763
Mengelberg was banned
from conducting for life,

302
00:23:16,863 --> 00:23:20,133
a punishment that was later commuted
to six years.

303
00:24:01,174 --> 00:24:04,177
<i>Anti-riot squad, go on.</i>

304
00:26:29,322 --> 00:26:33,326
VOICE-OVER: 28 P.C. Hoofstraat. Vineta
Bar.

305
00:26:35,161 --> 00:26:38,798
In 1940, this café was one
of the first in Amsterdam

306
00:26:38,898 --> 00:26:41,867
to hang up signs saying,
"Jews not welcome"

307
00:26:41,968 --> 00:26:43,970
or "No Jews allowed".

308
00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:47,273
Portraits of Adolf Hitler,
Herman Göring

309
00:26:47,373 --> 00:26:50,209
and Anton Mussert,
the Dutch Nazi party leader,

310
00:26:50,309 --> 00:26:52,378
decorated the walls.

311
00:26:52,678 --> 00:26:56,082
The German police often
organised parties in the bar.

312
00:27:08,060 --> 00:27:11,397
39 and 41 P.C. Hoofstraat.

313
00:27:12,231 --> 00:27:16,769
Simons, a shop selling
office supplies and souvenirs.

314
00:27:16,869 --> 00:27:19,972
The partly Jewish family
running the shop lived upstairs,

315
00:27:20,072 --> 00:27:22,675
where they sheltered
three people in hiding.

316
00:27:22,775 --> 00:27:25,111
When roundups of Jews
were taking place,

317
00:27:25,211 --> 00:27:28,748
Eva Broessler-Weissman
would hide in the cellar.

318
00:27:28,848 --> 00:27:30,116
In her memoirs she tells

319
00:27:30,216 --> 00:27:32,752
that a heavy table
was placed on the hatch.

320
00:27:32,852 --> 00:27:37,056
Eva was afraid that if the Simons
family were taken by the Germans,

321
00:27:37,156 --> 00:27:39,025
she would be stuck there.

322
00:27:39,859 --> 00:27:43,996
The shopkeeper's daughter, Eka Simons,
was arrested at a deserted house

323
00:27:44,096 --> 00:27:48,300
where she wanted to pick up valuables
belonging to people who had gone into hiding.

324
00:27:48,934 --> 00:27:51,270
When a senior German officer
visited the shop,

325
00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:55,408
Eka's mother came up with a ploy
for getting Eka out of prison.

326
00:27:55,708 --> 00:28:01,280
The officer in question had his eye
on a large doll in the shop window.

327
00:28:01,380 --> 00:28:05,251
She claimed that it was for display
only, and wasn't for sale.

328
00:28:05,351 --> 00:28:08,921
The officer persisted that he wanted
the doll for his little daughter,

329
00:28:09,021 --> 00:28:10,823
whereupon Eka's mother told him

330
00:28:10,923 --> 00:28:13,826
that her own daughter
had been wrongly imprisoned.

331
00:28:13,926 --> 00:28:18,164
"If she is released, I'll take the
doll from the display," she promised.

332
00:28:18,264 --> 00:28:20,866
Eka returned the following day.

333
00:28:42,955 --> 00:28:46,892
157 Churchilllaan, third floor.

334
00:28:46,992 --> 00:28:50,429
Photo studio run by Helmuth
and Annemie Wolff-Koller,

335
00:28:50,729 --> 00:28:53,165
who fled Germany in 1933.

336
00:28:53,265 --> 00:28:55,201
Helmuth was Jewish.

337
00:28:55,301 --> 00:28:57,403
The couple attempted
to take their own life together

338
00:28:57,503 --> 00:28:59,738
on the day of the Dutch capitulation.

339
00:28:59,839 --> 00:29:03,909
Helmuth succeeded, but Annemie was
alive when the housekeeper arrived,

340
00:29:04,009 --> 00:29:05,177
and she survived.

341
00:29:05,744 --> 00:29:08,814
In 2008, a box was found
containing portraits

342
00:29:08,914 --> 00:29:11,317
shot by Annemie in 1943.

343
00:29:11,417 --> 00:29:14,153
In most cases, the photos appear
to have been made

344
00:29:14,253 --> 00:29:15,888
for fake IDs.

345
00:29:15,988 --> 00:29:20,126
Many people in the photos are wearing
a yellow star badge on their clothing.

346
00:29:20,226 --> 00:29:22,995
Families also had portraits made
as a keepsake

347
00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:25,264
for in case they were separated
from each other,

348
00:29:25,364 --> 00:29:28,434
in hiding or after deportation.

349
00:30:48,847 --> 00:30:51,517
VOICE-OVER: 89 Linnaeusstraat.

350
00:30:51,617 --> 00:30:53,352
Hospital.

351
00:30:55,421 --> 00:30:57,156
VOICE-OVER: Dutch soldiers
wounded in battle

352
00:30:57,256 --> 00:30:59,858
were treated here in May 1940.

353
00:31:00,926 --> 00:31:03,996
VOICE-OVER: On the 14th of May,
Jewish sergeant Helmut Hirschfeld

354
00:31:04,096 --> 00:31:06,498
shot himself in the head
and died.

355
00:31:09,101 --> 00:31:12,338
In 1943, nurse Esmée van Eeghen

356
00:31:12,438 --> 00:31:15,174
met physician Henk Kluvers here.

357
00:31:15,641 --> 00:31:18,043
She started to help him
smuggle Jewish children

358
00:31:18,143 --> 00:31:20,279
to the northern province
of Friesland.

359
00:31:20,379 --> 00:31:23,048
In 1944 she was betrayed.

360
00:31:23,148 --> 00:31:26,385
The Germans shot her
and threw her body in a canal.

361
00:31:50,509 --> 00:31:52,111
VOICE-OVER: 1 Victorieplein.

362
00:31:53,078 --> 00:31:58,250
In 1941 ice cream parlour Delphi was
designated as a "Jewish premises".

363
00:31:59,018 --> 00:32:01,553
Jews could only enter shops
bearing this sign,

364
00:32:01,654 --> 00:32:05,357
as Anne Frank often did,
according to her diary.

365
00:32:05,457 --> 00:32:08,327
A reader's letter published
in June 1942

366
00:32:08,427 --> 00:32:12,231
in the anti-Semitic magazine
The Foghorn, read,

367
00:32:12,331 --> 00:32:15,267
"As if the sight of all those stars
slurping ice cream

368
00:32:15,367 --> 00:32:17,336
wasn't already unpleasant enough,

369
00:32:17,436 --> 00:32:20,439
the most scandalous thing is that
all the wrappers and spoons

370
00:32:20,539 --> 00:32:22,341
get thrown onto the street.

371
00:32:22,441 --> 00:32:24,109
I know this is a Jewish habit,

372
00:32:24,209 --> 00:32:26,478
and that they would feel at home
in any pigsty,

373
00:32:26,578 --> 00:32:30,516
but there is still the occasional
Goy living in the South District."

374
00:32:35,487 --> 00:32:37,556
32 Dijkstraat.

375
00:32:37,656 --> 00:32:42,061
Home of Friedrich Steinbach
and family since 1943,

376
00:32:42,161 --> 00:32:45,130
when living in caravans
was forbidden by the Germans,

377
00:32:45,230 --> 00:32:48,467
who persecuted all people
they called gypsies.

378
00:32:48,567 --> 00:32:52,604
Some Sinti people moved into deserted
houses in the Jewish quarter.

379
00:32:52,705 --> 00:32:56,175
The Sinti registered here
were captured in May 1944

380
00:32:56,275 --> 00:32:59,278
during the nationwide
roundup of "gypsies".

381
00:32:59,378 --> 00:33:02,047
They were deported
to transit camp Westerbork

382
00:33:02,147 --> 00:33:05,217
and from there to Auschwitz,
where they were all murdered.

383
00:33:05,317 --> 00:33:06,752
Demolished.

384
00:33:11,490 --> 00:33:13,625
VOICE-OVER: 6 Havenstraat.

385
00:33:13,726 --> 00:33:18,564
Detention Centre II, better known
as Amstelveenseweg Prison.

386
00:33:18,664 --> 00:33:20,733
Jewish prisoners were forced to clean
the corridors with toothbrushes.

387
00:33:22,568 --> 00:33:25,037
The women's section
held resistance fighters

388
00:33:25,137 --> 00:33:29,141
such as students Reina Prinsen
Geerligs and Hannie Schaft,

389
00:33:29,241 --> 00:33:32,644
who both carried out attacks
on Dutch collaborators.

390
00:33:32,745 --> 00:33:36,715
Prinsen Geerligs was executed in
Sachsenhausen concentration camp

391
00:33:37,015 --> 00:33:39,518
near Berlin in 1943.

392
00:33:39,618 --> 00:33:41,687
Schaft was shot in the dunes
near Amsterdam

393
00:33:41,787 --> 00:33:44,256
a few weeks before the war ended.

394
00:33:44,356 --> 00:33:48,460
Other people held here included
Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler,

395
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:52,231
who helped the Frank family hiding
in the "secret annex".

396
00:33:53,132 --> 00:33:57,336
In 1943 resistance worker
Johan Benders, a teacher,

397
00:33:57,436 --> 00:33:59,605
leapt to his death
from the third floor of the prison

398
00:33:59,705 --> 00:34:02,374
out of fear that
when he was interrogated,

399
00:34:02,474 --> 00:34:05,611
he would reveal the addresses
of people in hiding.

400
00:34:07,246 --> 00:34:09,181
Immediately after liberation,

401
00:34:09,281 --> 00:34:13,118
the Canadian army requisitioned
the prison to lock up war criminals.

402
00:34:13,218 --> 00:34:16,255
A newspaper wrote in May 1945:

403
00:34:16,355 --> 00:34:21,460
"It is reassuring that all leadership
of the German security service in Amsterdam

404
00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:22,761
was arrested.

405
00:34:23,061 --> 00:34:24,797
They wore German army uniforms,

406
00:34:25,097 --> 00:34:29,568
hoping they wouldn't be noticed among
the troops being sent to camps."

407
00:34:32,204 --> 00:34:34,072
A few weeks later one of them,

408
00:34:34,173 --> 00:34:36,408
head of the Gestapo,
Julius Dettmann,

409
00:34:36,508 --> 00:34:39,378
died by hanging himself
in the prison.

410
00:34:49,388 --> 00:34:53,258
151 Koninginneweg, or Queen's Road,

411
00:34:53,358 --> 00:34:55,160
ground floor.

412
00:34:55,260 --> 00:34:57,463
Home of writer Ed. de Nève.

413
00:34:57,563 --> 00:35:00,566
He set up an escape route
for downed British pilots.

414
00:35:00,666 --> 00:35:03,669
Members of the British Royal Air
Force received instructions

415
00:35:03,769 --> 00:35:08,674
that if they crashed in the Netherlands
they should go to the "Queen's Road".

416
00:35:08,774 --> 00:35:12,444
The house number, 151,
was sewn into their collar,

417
00:35:12,544 --> 00:35:14,646
to resemble a laundry number.

418
00:35:14,746 --> 00:35:17,683
De Nève, who had contact
with British military intelligence

419
00:35:17,783 --> 00:35:18,817
before the war,

420
00:35:19,117 --> 00:35:22,120
managed to get 13 pilots
across the border.

421
00:35:22,221 --> 00:35:24,623
He also helped Dutch people
escape the country,

422
00:35:24,723 --> 00:35:27,593
like the Jewish writer Jacques Gans.

423
00:35:27,693 --> 00:35:31,630
De Nève took over the illegal
newspaper Vrij Nederland

424
00:35:31,730 --> 00:35:32,798
or Free Netherlands

425
00:35:32,898 --> 00:35:36,435
after almost all staff were arrested
in 1941.

426
00:35:37,603 --> 00:35:40,572
He was himself caught
a few months later.

427
00:35:40,672 --> 00:35:44,810
Using insanity as a defence at his
trial, he was not sentenced to death

428
00:35:44,910 --> 00:35:48,647
but imprisoned at Eickelborn mental
institution.

429
00:35:49,681 --> 00:35:53,218
He returned to Amsterdam
shortly after liberation.

430
00:35:59,791 --> 00:36:02,461
Cornelis Krusemanstraat.

431
00:36:04,396 --> 00:36:06,865
In her memoir "The Year of Hunger",

432
00:36:07,165 --> 00:36:08,534
Nel Bakker wrote:

433
00:36:08,634 --> 00:36:11,336
"In the middle of Krusemanstraat
in Amsterdam,

434
00:36:11,436 --> 00:36:13,305
I suddenly saw a potato...

435
00:36:13,405 --> 00:36:15,607
I picked it up
and carried on walking,

436
00:36:15,707 --> 00:36:18,710
stooped over,
there was no traffic anyway.

437
00:36:19,478 --> 00:36:21,813
There was another one
five metres further along,

438
00:36:21,914 --> 00:36:23,248
and then another.

439
00:36:23,348 --> 00:36:26,852
All in all, I picked up
seven potatoes in the street.

440
00:36:26,952 --> 00:36:29,755
In a state of euphoria,
we carefully chose a book

441
00:36:29,855 --> 00:36:33,325
that would burn long
and well enough to boil them."

442
00:36:33,892 --> 00:36:35,761
The famine known
as the Hunger Winter

443
00:36:35,861 --> 00:36:39,264
started in the autumn of 1944.

444
00:36:39,364 --> 00:36:41,967
The south of the Netherlands
had just been liberated

445
00:36:42,267 --> 00:36:45,470
and neither food nor fuel
could reach Amsterdam,

446
00:36:45,571 --> 00:36:48,840
even less so after Dutch railway
personnel went on strike

447
00:36:48,941 --> 00:36:51,543
to help the allied war effort.

448
00:36:51,944 --> 00:36:55,747
The Germans responded
with a blockade of transport by boat.

449
00:36:55,847 --> 00:36:58,550
The famine was worsened
by the harsh winter.

450
00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:00,752
All public life shut down.

451
00:37:00,852 --> 00:37:04,256
The trams stopped,
gas and electricity were cut off,

452
00:37:04,356 --> 00:37:07,893
garbage was not collected,
the telephones did not work,

453
00:37:07,993 --> 00:37:11,730
children hardly went to school
and women stopped menstruating.

454
00:37:11,830 --> 00:37:15,367
There was a shortage
of food, coal, petrol,

455
00:37:15,467 --> 00:37:18,337
soap, medicine, even coffins.

456
00:37:18,437 --> 00:37:20,572
Many people went to farms
in the countryside

457
00:37:20,672 --> 00:37:23,542
to trade their belongings
for food.

458
00:37:30,983 --> 00:37:33,619
399 Singel.

459
00:37:33,719 --> 00:37:35,821
Local offices of the LO,

460
00:37:35,921 --> 00:37:41,259
one of the largest national
organisations of resistance, in 1945.

461
00:37:41,793 --> 00:37:46,264
This protestant group assisted
those hiding from the Nazis.

462
00:37:46,365 --> 00:37:49,534
In Amsterdam, they managed
to help 25,000 people.

463
00:37:50,335 --> 00:37:54,806
The group printed a list
of 10 commandments.

464
00:37:54,906 --> 00:37:58,043
"1: You are a guest.
Behave as such,

465
00:37:58,343 --> 00:38:00,479
and fulfil your responsibilities,

466
00:38:00,579 --> 00:38:03,849
not only in the first week
but at all times.

467
00:38:05,317 --> 00:38:08,053
Your presence means that,

468
00:38:08,353 --> 00:38:12,424
to some degree at least, you will be
a burden to your host family.

469
00:38:12,524 --> 00:38:14,059
Act accordingly."

470
00:38:22,067 --> 00:38:26,738
VOICE-OVER: "3: Always try to be
of service to your host and hostess.

471
00:38:26,838 --> 00:38:29,708
Take heavy household chores
off their hands.

472
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:34,513
Having an additional member is
a major imposition for the housewife.

473
00:38:34,613 --> 00:38:38,817
Lighten her load by helping
the children with their homework.

474
00:38:40,686 --> 00:38:45,957
Always adapt to the ways and
routines of the household you're in,

475
00:38:46,058 --> 00:38:48,894
particularly when it comes
to eating and sleeping.

476
00:38:48,994 --> 00:38:52,631
You must say goodbye to your
personal domestic routines.

477
00:38:53,865 --> 00:38:58,070
Do not disrupt the established
patterns of family life,

478
00:38:58,370 --> 00:39:00,672
do not try to become part
of the family.

479
00:39:00,772 --> 00:39:04,776
This would cause too great a strain,
certainly in the long term.

480
00:39:04,876 --> 00:39:07,946
Behave as a lodger would.
Retreat to your private area,

481
00:39:08,046 --> 00:39:10,348
to your own room if you have one.

482
00:39:10,449 --> 00:39:15,454
Be sure to do this when the family
gathers in the evening or weekend.

483
00:39:15,987 --> 00:39:19,991
Do not hang around
the living room or kitchen.

484
00:39:20,092 --> 00:39:24,763
Even if the host and the hostess
repeatedly invite you.

485
00:39:25,530 --> 00:39:26,631
Be firm.

486
00:39:26,732 --> 00:39:32,003
Only ever stay on very rare occasions
or on specific evenings or afternoons.

487
00:39:32,104 --> 00:39:35,373
Being in close personal contact
for long periods

488
00:39:35,474 --> 00:39:39,444
generally causes annoyance
to one of the two parties involved.

489
00:39:41,046 --> 00:39:47,152
Living in hiding requires strength
of character and self-discipline.

490
00:39:47,452 --> 00:39:49,855
It demands willpower, understanding

491
00:39:49,955 --> 00:39:53,024
and the ability to adapt
to your surroundings.

492
00:39:56,461 --> 00:40:00,465
You will not get along well
without regular pursuits

493
00:40:00,565 --> 00:40:01,767
and a daily routine.

494
00:40:01,867 --> 00:40:04,803
As well as carrying out
your tasks around the house,

495
00:40:04,903 --> 00:40:08,974
you should either learn additional
household skills or start studying,

496
00:40:09,074 --> 00:40:13,478
preferably a correspondence course
in your own professional field.

497
00:40:13,578 --> 00:40:16,448
Or else commit to a long-term hobby.

498
00:40:19,551 --> 00:40:23,688
When it comes to going outdoors,
receiving visitors,

499
00:40:23,789 --> 00:40:26,892
sending letters
and any related matters,

500
00:40:26,992 --> 00:40:30,428
always consult your host
and hostess first.

501
00:40:30,529 --> 00:40:32,798
They have the final say.

502
00:40:33,899 --> 00:40:38,637
Even if the authorities
are not actively searching for you,

503
00:40:38,737 --> 00:40:42,140
if for example you are hiding
to avoid forced labour in Germany,

504
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:45,977
do your best to keep the neighbours
unaware of your presence.

505
00:40:46,077 --> 00:40:49,214
Learn these ten commands by heart
and live by them.

506
00:40:49,514 --> 00:40:52,517
Apply them in practice every day!"

507
00:40:53,585 --> 00:40:55,053
The LO mostly helped men

508
00:40:55,153 --> 00:40:57,756
who tried to evade forced labour
in Germany.

509
00:40:57,856 --> 00:41:00,725
Only a few percent of the people
they helped were Jewish.

510
00:41:02,961 --> 00:41:05,463
VOICE-OVER: "It was very difficult
to find places for Jews",

511
00:41:05,564 --> 00:41:07,899
said a member of the group
after the war.

512
00:41:07,999 --> 00:41:10,468
"Almost nobody wanted to take them."

513
00:41:10,569 --> 00:41:14,773
It is estimated that 12,000 Jewish
Amsterdammers went into hiding,

514
00:41:14,873 --> 00:41:16,141
mostly outside of the city.

515
00:41:16,241 --> 00:41:19,244
A third of them were caught
before the war ended.

516
00:41:50,108 --> 00:41:51,843
Koenenkade.

517
00:41:51,943 --> 00:41:54,813
Amsterdam's forest, or "Forest Plan",

518
00:41:54,913 --> 00:41:58,049
a park started during the economic
crisis in the '30s

519
00:41:58,149 --> 00:42:00,018
to fight unemployment.

520
00:42:01,286 --> 00:42:03,221
In August 1941,

521
00:42:03,521 --> 00:42:06,057
German air defence brought down
an RAF plane,

522
00:42:06,157 --> 00:42:10,161
which crashed in the park.
Three crew members died.

523
00:42:12,597 --> 00:42:14,065
The Germans set up work camps

524
00:42:14,165 --> 00:42:16,268
at various places in the new park,

525
00:42:16,568 --> 00:42:20,105
often making use
of existing job creation projects.

526
00:42:26,278 --> 00:42:30,815
In early 1942, a camp was set up
next to the Ringvaart canal

527
00:42:30,916 --> 00:42:33,318
for non-Jewish political prisoners.

528
00:42:33,618 --> 00:42:37,656
There was a camp for Jewish prisoners
near the Bosbaan rowing course.

529
00:42:37,756 --> 00:42:42,961
In 1944, there was an additional
work camp for Jewish men over 45

530
00:42:43,061 --> 00:42:44,729
in "mixed marriages",

531
00:42:44,829 --> 00:42:46,865
meaning they were protected
from deportation

532
00:42:46,965 --> 00:42:49,234
by their marriage
to a non-Jewish spouse.

533
00:42:49,334 --> 00:42:51,670
Two hundred people worked there.

534
00:42:51,770 --> 00:42:54,105
It was a so-called "to and fro camp",

535
00:42:54,205 --> 00:42:57,275
with workers being allowed
to return home in the evening.

536
00:42:57,575 --> 00:43:01,212
Every morning a special tram
would take them to their workplace.

537
00:43:01,913 --> 00:43:03,848
"We are digging there
on the rowing course,"

538
00:43:03,949 --> 00:43:06,084
Sal Santen wrote in his memoirs.

539
00:43:06,184 --> 00:43:10,188
A pond they had to dig was locally
known as the "Jew Pit".

540
00:43:11,156 --> 00:43:15,093
As a child, Philo Bregstein once
went to the site to visit his father

541
00:43:15,193 --> 00:43:19,998
Marcel Bregstein, fired as professor
of law at Amsterdam university

542
00:43:20,098 --> 00:43:21,900
for being Jewish.

543
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:27,005
Philo wrote of his pride at his father
"wearing boots and working trousers,

544
00:43:27,105 --> 00:43:30,108
pushing wheelbarrows
like a real labourer."

545
00:43:30,875 --> 00:43:34,212
The violinist Paul Godwin
and other musicians from the camp

546
00:43:34,312 --> 00:43:36,247
formed the Forest Plan Quartet,

547
00:43:36,348 --> 00:43:39,818
which gave house concerts
on Sunday afternoons.

548
00:43:39,918 --> 00:43:44,856
On Dolle Dinsdag, Mad Tuesday,
the 5th of September 1944,

549
00:43:44,956 --> 00:43:46,891
when many people
mistakenly believed

550
00:43:46,992 --> 00:43:50,161
that Amsterdam was about
to be liberated by the Allies,

551
00:43:50,261 --> 00:43:54,165
the German supervisors set fire
to all workers accommodation,

552
00:43:54,265 --> 00:43:56,134
and vanished.

553
00:44:09,414 --> 00:44:12,317
48 Van Spilbergenstraat.

554
00:44:12,417 --> 00:44:15,820
Laundry business
and home of the Vermeulen family.

555
00:44:15,920 --> 00:44:19,791
In 1943,
there were 21 Jews hiding here,

556
00:44:19,891 --> 00:44:23,661
each of them paying 45 guilders
for their expenses.

557
00:44:23,762 --> 00:44:26,398
They earned this money
in various ways, including

558
00:44:26,698 --> 00:44:28,867
making woodcarvings
of Jesus Christ,

559
00:44:28,967 --> 00:44:31,703
the Westerkerk church
and other views of the city.

560
00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:39,811
VOICE-OVER: After the war, Sjaak de Wolf,
who sheltered, remembered,

561
00:44:39,911 --> 00:44:42,347
"There was no question of privacy,
of course.

562
00:44:42,447 --> 00:44:46,718
We slept on the bare floor,
side-by-side on a threadbare blanket.

563
00:44:46,818 --> 00:44:49,287
We were young
and not sexually inactive.

564
00:44:49,387 --> 00:44:52,257
Even simply sharing
this kind of intimate moment

565
00:44:52,357 --> 00:44:55,360
could often lead to situations
that upset people.

566
00:44:55,460 --> 00:44:57,929
But necessity knows no law."

567
00:44:58,363 --> 00:45:00,999
One of the people hiding here
became pregnant.

568
00:45:01,099 --> 00:45:03,968
When there was nothing to eat anymore
in the Hunger Winter,

569
00:45:04,069 --> 00:45:07,305
the resistance
found other hiding places.

570
00:46:05,530 --> 00:46:08,399
321 Prinsengracht.

571
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:10,835
Medicinal rationing office.

572
00:46:10,935 --> 00:46:12,804
After the liberation
of the Netherlands,

573
00:46:12,904 --> 00:46:15,006
people suffering
from famine oedema

574
00:46:15,106 --> 00:46:18,042
could exchange their coupons
for rations here.

575
00:46:18,143 --> 00:46:21,079
One coupon entitled the holder
to a two-week ration

576
00:46:21,179 --> 00:46:24,983
of four tins of condensed milk,
500 grams of sugar,

577
00:46:25,083 --> 00:46:27,485
and 600 grams of biscuits.

578
00:46:30,989 --> 00:46:33,258
384 Prinsengracht,

579
00:46:33,358 --> 00:46:34,559
first floor.

580
00:46:34,859 --> 00:46:38,463
Home of Johanna van Hal-Veltstra,
or "Auntie Hallie".

581
00:46:38,563 --> 00:46:42,167
She offered shelter to people
in her guest house.

582
00:46:43,067 --> 00:46:46,271
Resistance fighters stayed
for short periods in the front room,

583
00:46:46,371 --> 00:46:50,041
and more long-term Jewish residents
lived in the rear annex.

584
00:46:50,475 --> 00:46:52,076
Van Hal installed an alarm,

585
00:46:52,177 --> 00:46:56,047
and if she spotted a possible threat through
one of the peeping mirrors in the window,

586
00:46:56,147 --> 00:46:57,882
she would set it off.

587
00:47:13,031 --> 00:47:17,435
385 to 395 Prinsengracht.

588
00:47:17,535 --> 00:47:19,304
The new Suykerhofje,

589
00:47:19,404 --> 00:47:22,473
known to its residents
as the "Princes' Cloister".

590
00:47:22,574 --> 00:47:25,843
Many of the occupants
around the courtyard were students,

591
00:47:25,944 --> 00:47:28,947
several of whom were members
of resistance groups.

592
00:47:29,047 --> 00:47:32,250
They helped people living in hiding,
here and elsewhere,

593
00:47:32,350 --> 00:47:35,119
and set up an escape route
to Switzerland.

594
00:47:36,020 --> 00:47:38,022
In April 1943,

595
00:47:38,122 --> 00:47:42,594
the German security service raided
the building and arrested 15 people.

596
00:47:42,894 --> 00:47:44,562
One of them was Bram Kuiper,

597
00:47:44,862 --> 00:47:49,000
a biology student and member
of the CS6 resistance group.

598
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:50,568
He was released after a month,

599
00:47:50,868 --> 00:47:53,271
but rearrested in Belgium
the following summer

600
00:47:53,371 --> 00:47:55,373
while checking an escape route.

601
00:47:55,473 --> 00:47:59,944
In October 1943 Bram was executed
in the dunes,

602
00:48:00,044 --> 00:48:04,382
three weeks after his brother Sape,
a fellow CS6 member.

603
00:48:05,016 --> 00:48:08,953
The Jewish artist Bob Hanf
lived in hiding here.

604
00:48:09,053 --> 00:48:11,923
He was also arrested in April '44.

605
00:48:12,023 --> 00:48:13,891
Hanf died in September that year

606
00:48:13,992 --> 00:48:16,661
in or on the way to Auschwitz.

607
00:51:36,227 --> 00:51:39,497
763 Keizersgracht.

608
00:51:41,299 --> 00:51:43,634
Jewish artist and writer
Eduard Veterman

609
00:51:43,734 --> 00:51:45,536
ran the "Falsification Bureau"

610
00:51:45,636 --> 00:51:47,238
from this address.

611
00:51:48,439 --> 00:51:51,509
In 1942 he became head
of the drama department

612
00:51:51,609 --> 00:51:54,412
of the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,

613
00:51:54,512 --> 00:51:57,849
when only Jews were allowed
to perform and visit the theatre.

614
00:51:58,850 --> 00:52:02,520
One of the last plays
to be performed, in June 1942,

615
00:52:02,620 --> 00:52:04,355
was written by Veterman.

616
00:52:04,455 --> 00:52:08,659
Its title was "Things Won't Turn out
the Way You Expect".

617
00:52:11,262 --> 00:52:13,731
Veterman forged
around 2,000 blank ID cards

618
00:52:13,831 --> 00:52:15,399
for resistance groups.

619
00:52:15,500 --> 00:52:18,636
He also made his own versions
of unknown documents.

620
00:52:19,537 --> 00:52:22,874
Resistance worker Guusje Rübsaam
said after the war:

621
00:52:23,174 --> 00:52:25,443
"Veterman made
Brazilian birth certificates

622
00:52:25,543 --> 00:52:27,545
even though
he'd never seen a real one.

623
00:52:27,645 --> 00:52:30,848
Nobody knew what a Brazilian
birth certificate looked like!"

624
00:52:33,651 --> 00:52:36,454
Some of these "unknown documents"
were used by people

625
00:52:36,554 --> 00:52:39,624
in their contact with the German
lawyer Hans Calmeyer,

626
00:52:39,724 --> 00:52:41,792
who processed petitions
from Dutch people

627
00:52:41,893 --> 00:52:44,829
who contested
their registration as "Jewish".

628
00:52:44,929 --> 00:52:47,932
Veterman himself was exempt
from deportation for a time

629
00:52:48,232 --> 00:52:50,835
because he worked
for the Jewish Council.

630
00:52:50,935 --> 00:52:55,406
In October 1943,
Veterman was betrayed and arrested.

631
00:52:55,506 --> 00:52:58,242
He was sentenced to death
in 1944,

632
00:52:58,342 --> 00:53:01,612
but survived the war
in various German prisons.

633
00:53:02,613 --> 00:53:06,484
In 1946, Veterman
and his wife Katy van Witsen

634
00:53:06,584 --> 00:53:08,386
were killed in a car accident,

635
00:53:08,486 --> 00:53:11,956
in what some people believed
were suspicious circumstances.

636
00:53:12,256 --> 00:53:16,594
Veterman was vocal about the corruption
and collaboration of people in high places,

637
00:53:16,694 --> 00:53:19,230
and exasperated
by the amateurish performance

638
00:53:19,330 --> 00:53:22,867
of the Dutch secret services
in London during the war.

639
00:53:45,623 --> 00:53:48,292
470 Sarphatistraat.

640
00:53:48,392 --> 00:53:50,261
Cavalry barracks.

641
00:53:52,597 --> 00:53:54,599
During the German invasion
of the Netherlands,

642
00:53:54,699 --> 00:53:57,768
the Dutch army used these barracks
to lock up German nationals

643
00:53:57,868 --> 00:54:00,705
and members
of the Dutch Nazi party.

644
00:54:00,805 --> 00:54:02,406
During the occupation,

645
00:54:02,506 --> 00:54:04,575
it was requisitioned
by the German army

646
00:54:04,675 --> 00:54:08,746
where they prepared
for "Operation Sea Lion",

647
00:54:08,846 --> 00:54:13,718
the codename for the planned invasion
of the United Kingdom in 1940.

648
00:54:18,489 --> 00:54:20,024
The Commander Felix Steiner

649
00:54:20,324 --> 00:54:22,727
was also tasked with forming
a Waffen SS division

650
00:54:22,827 --> 00:54:25,696
made up of Western European
volunteers.

651
00:54:28,499 --> 00:54:30,034
This later became the "Wiking",

652
00:54:30,334 --> 00:54:32,670
an SS Panzer Division
that was first deployed

653
00:54:32,770 --> 00:54:34,639
during Operation Barbarossa,

654
00:54:34,739 --> 00:54:38,609
the German invasion
of the Soviet Union in 1941.

655
00:56:13,104 --> 00:56:16,974
VOICE-OVER: 45 Rapenburgerstraat,
third floor.

656
00:56:17,074 --> 00:56:19,143
Home of the Tak family.

657
00:56:20,644 --> 00:56:25,549
In February 1941, the Germans
arrested Isaac Tak, a coalman,

658
00:56:25,649 --> 00:56:27,118
during the first raid on Jews

659
00:56:27,418 --> 00:56:30,588
and detained him
in Camp Schoorl in the Netherlands.

660
00:56:30,688 --> 00:56:34,959
From there he was deported to Mauthausen,
where he died in September.

661
00:56:35,693 --> 00:56:39,964
A German official mockingly recorded
the cause of death as ulcus molle,

662
00:56:40,064 --> 00:56:44,068
a venereal disease primarily
encountered in the tropics.

663
00:57:03,854 --> 00:57:07,691
Isaac Tak's wife Bloeme Tak-Philips
and their four children

664
00:57:07,792 --> 00:57:11,862
were transported to Westerbork
in May 1943.

665
00:57:12,696 --> 00:57:15,900
The Germans allowed one
of the boys, Nico, to leave the camp

666
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:20,204
because he was Bloeme's son from
a marriage to a non-Jewish man,

667
00:57:20,504 --> 00:57:23,507
and was therefore regarded
as half-Jewish.

668
00:57:26,744 --> 00:57:30,014
Nico went back to Amsterdam
to live with an uncle.

669
00:57:31,048 --> 00:57:35,052
Bloeme, Nathan, Suzanna and Mozes Tak
were murdered in Auschwitz

670
00:57:35,152 --> 00:57:37,888
in August 1943.

671
00:57:45,196 --> 00:57:46,931
Demolished.

672
00:58:06,817 --> 00:58:09,019
25 Amstel.

673
00:58:09,119 --> 00:58:13,724
Department of the Jewish Council
for Travel and Relocation Permits.

674
00:58:13,824 --> 00:58:17,828
In the spring of 1942
this was one of the 14 locations

675
00:58:17,928 --> 00:58:19,797
where Jews had to buy
yellow badges

676
00:58:19,897 --> 00:58:24,034
in the shape of a star of David
with the word "Jew" printed on it.

677
00:58:24,134 --> 00:58:28,005
For non-Jews, wearing this badge
was a punishable offence.

678
00:58:28,939 --> 00:58:30,674
Demolished.

679
00:59:07,778 --> 00:59:11,181
In front of 170 Nieuwe Achtergracht.

680
00:59:12,750 --> 00:59:15,286
Dutch Nazi party member
Gerrit Kaldenberg

681
00:59:15,586 --> 00:59:18,255
had been arrested
after the liberation.

682
00:59:18,555 --> 00:59:20,958
On the 9th of November 1945,

683
00:59:21,058 --> 00:59:23,861
just released from prison
and now free on parole,

684
00:59:23,961 --> 00:59:26,897
he was hit by a bullet
in the larynx here.

685
00:59:26,997 --> 00:59:29,600
During the war, Kaldenberg
had ran a guesthouse

686
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:31,769
where he lured Jews
to come live in hiding

687
00:59:31,869 --> 00:59:33,871
and then betrayed them.

688
00:59:56,794 --> 01:00:00,130
Corner of Weesperstraat
and Nieuwe Keizersgracht.

689
01:00:01,131 --> 01:00:05,235
On the 13th of July 1942,
just before the first train

690
01:00:05,336 --> 01:00:07,905
to transit camp Westerbork
would depart,

691
01:00:08,005 --> 01:00:10,374
fish and fruit trader Eliazar Moffie

692
01:00:10,674 --> 01:00:15,012
was arrested, standing in the queue
for the headquarters of the Jewish Council,

693
01:00:15,112 --> 01:00:17,781
for inciting an anti-German rally.

694
01:00:17,881 --> 01:00:20,617
A Dutch police report
recorded Moffie's words:

695
01:00:20,718 --> 01:00:22,653
"We must refuse to go to Germany.

696
01:00:22,753 --> 01:00:24,888
They pick up our women
and children at night

697
01:00:24,989 --> 01:00:27,324
because they don't dare to do so
in the daytime.

698
01:00:27,624 --> 01:00:31,295
There will be a revolt.
I hope it starts today."

699
01:00:32,029 --> 01:00:34,832
Moffie was handed over
to the German security police

700
01:00:34,932 --> 01:00:39,003
and murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

701
01:00:39,670 --> 01:00:43,273
His wife and daughters
were murdered there a year later.

702
01:01:15,005 --> 01:01:16,807
VOICE-OVER: Weesperstraat.

703
01:01:17,908 --> 01:01:21,111
Before the war, the Weesperstraat
was a narrow shopping street

704
01:01:21,211 --> 01:01:23,747
with the nickname "Jewish Street".

705
01:01:23,847 --> 01:01:26,784
70% of the people
in this neighbourhood were Jewish,

706
01:01:26,884 --> 01:01:28,986
the highest percentage
in Amsterdam.

707
01:01:29,086 --> 01:01:31,121
In February 1941

708
01:01:31,221 --> 01:01:36,226
this area, together with the old
Jewish Quarter, was cordoned off.

709
01:01:36,326 --> 01:01:38,862
The Germans wanted to create
a sealed ghetto,

710
01:01:38,962 --> 01:01:41,365
like they had done
in Eastern Europe.

711
01:01:41,465 --> 01:01:45,469
The plan was not carried out after
the city administration objected.

712
01:01:45,769 --> 01:01:46,904
According to the mayor,

713
01:01:47,004 --> 01:01:50,407
a ghetto would be too disruptive
to the infrastructure of the city.

714
01:01:50,707 --> 01:01:55,012
Moreover, a lot of "Christian
families" would have to relocate.

715
01:02:09,960 --> 01:02:14,932
VOICE-OVER: In May 1941 the Germans
did establish a so-called "optical ghetto"

716
01:02:15,032 --> 01:02:18,902
by placing signs with the words
"Jewish area", "Jewish Street"

717
01:02:19,002 --> 01:02:21,738
and "Jewish canal" around it.

718
01:02:21,839 --> 01:02:23,173
In 1942

719
01:02:23,273 --> 01:02:26,276
this area became one of the three
areas of Amsterdam

720
01:02:26,376 --> 01:02:30,114
and the rest of the country where
Jews were still permitted to live.

721
01:02:30,214 --> 01:02:33,884
There were five butchers,
five hairdressers and two cafés

722
01:02:33,984 --> 01:02:37,121
designated here
as "Jewish premises".

723
01:02:37,221 --> 01:02:40,491
The street signs were removed
at the end of 1943,

724
01:02:40,791 --> 01:02:42,259
when the deportations had ended,

725
01:02:42,359 --> 01:02:45,095
and the Germans
declared Amsterdam "Judenrein",

726
01:02:45,195 --> 01:02:46,797
or "free of Jews".

727
01:02:46,897 --> 01:02:48,098
During the Hunger Winter,

728
01:02:48,198 --> 01:02:50,134
Amsterdammers stripped
all vacant houses

729
01:02:50,234 --> 01:02:52,402
of wood and other materials.

730
01:02:52,503 --> 01:02:57,174
After the war, the city authorities
decided not to rebuild the area.

731
01:02:57,274 --> 01:03:01,812
They said there were already too many
social and traffic-related issues

732
01:03:01,912 --> 01:03:03,046
before the war.

733
01:03:03,147 --> 01:03:07,117
All the buildings were demolished,
and the street was widened.

734
01:05:09,273 --> 01:05:12,442
VOICE-OVER: In 1950 a monument
was erected at this spot,

735
01:05:12,542 --> 01:05:14,544
the monument of Jewish gratitude.

736
01:05:14,645 --> 01:05:19,916
It was founded by Jewish survivors
and dedicated to non-Jewish helpers.

737
01:05:20,017 --> 01:05:23,287
Over the years, this monument
was more and more seen as wry,

738
01:05:23,387 --> 01:05:26,256
especially because there was
no monument that commemorated

739
01:05:26,356 --> 01:05:30,093
Jewish, Sinti and Roma victims
individually.

740
01:05:31,328 --> 01:05:34,698
In 2021
the monument of Jewish gratitude

741
01:05:34,998 --> 01:05:38,402
made way for the National
Holocaust Names Memorial.

742
01:05:38,502 --> 01:05:42,105
The Gratitude monument
was moved to a spot nearby.

743
01:07:20,704 --> 01:07:22,572
VOICE-OVER: Ceintuurbaan.

744
01:07:23,507 --> 01:07:25,509
On the day Germany capitulated,

745
01:07:25,609 --> 01:07:28,211
the 4th of May 1945,

746
01:07:28,311 --> 01:07:32,182
a German patrol started shooting at
people celebrating out on the streets

747
01:07:32,282 --> 01:07:35,318
after the start of curfew at 7pm.

748
01:07:35,419 --> 01:07:37,287
A bullet struck Sigi Mendels,

749
01:07:37,387 --> 01:07:40,257
a Jewish boy who had ventured
outside for the first time

750
01:07:40,357 --> 01:07:42,159
after hiding for years.

751
01:07:42,259 --> 01:07:45,128
Eight months later
he died of his injuries.

752
01:07:48,465 --> 01:07:51,735
The Germans had imposed a curfew
at the start of the occupation.

753
01:07:51,835 --> 01:07:55,105
No one could be out
between midnight and 4am.

754
01:07:55,205 --> 01:07:58,775
Only members of the air raid service
were allowed outside.

755
01:07:59,075 --> 01:08:01,077
From September 1944

756
01:08:01,178 --> 01:08:05,515
the curfew started at 8pm,
sometimes 7pm as a punishment.

757
01:08:06,383 --> 01:08:07,651
The Germans hung up placards

758
01:08:07,751 --> 01:08:11,288
stating that anybody
out in the street could be shot.

759
01:13:16,559 --> 01:13:21,431
VOICE-OVER: 9 Pijnackerstraat.
Vredeskerk, or 'Peace Church'.

760
01:13:25,935 --> 01:13:29,539
In 1940, young parishioners set up
a resistance group

761
01:13:29,639 --> 01:13:31,775
known as the 'Dutch Orange Army'.

762
01:13:32,609 --> 01:13:36,146
They planned acts of sabotage,
and an escape to England.

763
01:13:39,749 --> 01:13:43,953
Someone betrayed them, however,
and several members were arrested.

764
01:13:44,053 --> 01:13:47,590
Frank and Jan Fontaine,
Jan Kootwijk and Jaap Besters

765
01:13:47,690 --> 01:13:50,493
did not return
from the concentration camps.

766
01:13:51,828 --> 01:13:54,631
Catholic priests were not allowed
to perform the sacraments

767
01:13:54,731 --> 01:13:57,967
for members of the Dutch Nazi party,
the NSB.

768
01:13:58,067 --> 01:14:00,870
In July 1942 in all Catholic

769
01:14:00,970 --> 01:14:03,173
and most protestant churches
in the Netherlands

770
01:14:03,473 --> 01:14:04,808
a letter was read out loud

771
01:14:04,908 --> 01:14:08,545
condemning forced labour
and the deportation of Jews.

772
01:14:08,645 --> 01:14:12,982
The Nazi's retaliated by arresting
and deporting more than 200 Jews

773
01:14:13,082 --> 01:14:15,552
who had converted to Catholicism.

774
01:14:30,200 --> 01:14:33,469
The church bell was removed
in 1942.

775
01:14:33,570 --> 01:14:34,971
Prior to the German invasion,

776
01:14:35,071 --> 01:14:38,474
the Dutch authorities registered
all church bells in the Netherlands

777
01:14:38,575 --> 01:14:42,712
with an eye to melting them down
if necessary in the event of war.

778
01:14:42,812 --> 01:14:44,681
It was partly thanks to this register

779
01:14:44,781 --> 01:14:47,517
that in just six months
the Germans were able to remove

780
01:14:47,617 --> 01:14:52,488
almost 7,000 of the country's
9,000 bells from church towers.

781
01:14:53,923 --> 01:14:57,861
Two thirds of those bells were melted
down and turned into armaments.

782
01:14:57,961 --> 01:15:02,498
There was a saying that 'When
the bells are gone, the war is done',

783
01:15:02,599 --> 01:15:05,935
meaning that if the Germans needed
to melt down church bells for metal,

784
01:15:06,035 --> 01:15:09,038
their chances of winning the war
couldn't be good.

785
01:15:35,098 --> 01:15:36,766
Hekelveld.

786
01:15:38,001 --> 01:15:40,937
On the night of the 4th of May 1945,

787
01:15:41,037 --> 01:15:45,708
a patrol of the German Order Police
shot dead nurse Annick van Hardeveld.

788
01:15:45,808 --> 01:15:50,079
Van Hardeveld, 21,
was a messenger for the resistance.

789
01:15:50,179 --> 01:15:53,316
She was cycling to the north
of Amsterdam to pass on a message

790
01:15:53,616 --> 01:15:56,586
about the impending surrender
of the Germans.

791
01:15:56,686 --> 01:15:59,022
Van Hardeveld was wearing
a Red Cross uniform

792
01:15:59,122 --> 01:16:01,658
so she could be outside
during curfew.

793
01:16:01,758 --> 01:16:04,961
Over her uniform,
she had thrown a Dutch flag.

794
01:16:21,210 --> 01:16:23,880
56 Stadhouderskade.

795
01:16:24,347 --> 01:16:28,818
Headquarters of the 2000 resistance
group in 1945,

796
01:16:28,918 --> 01:16:31,721
in the home of the Verwoerd family.

797
01:16:31,821 --> 01:16:35,925
After the couple's son Leo was caught
with forged identity documents,

798
01:16:36,025 --> 01:16:38,695
the German security service,
the SD,

799
01:16:38,795 --> 01:16:41,998
raided the building
on the 9th of March 1945.

800
01:16:43,199 --> 01:16:46,336
The Verwoerds quickly took
Rob Waaker, a young Jewish boy

801
01:16:46,636 --> 01:16:49,305
living in hiding with them
to their neighbours.

802
01:16:49,605 --> 01:16:52,608
Each member of the 2000 group
had their own code number

803
01:16:52,709 --> 01:16:54,177
recorded in a register.

804
01:16:54,277 --> 01:16:58,348
The "key" for the register was hidden
beneath the entrance to the office.

805
01:16:58,648 --> 01:17:02,719
It was imperative that this key
didn't fall into the hands of the SD,

806
01:17:02,819 --> 01:17:04,120
so on the 10th of March

807
01:17:04,220 --> 01:17:07,690
several members of the group
forced their way into the building.

808
01:17:08,891 --> 01:17:13,363
In the ensuing gunfight,
SS Hauptscharführer Ernst Wehner,

809
01:17:13,663 --> 01:17:17,166
a criminal investigator with the SD,
was killed.

810
01:17:17,266 --> 01:17:20,670
The SD retaliated
by executing 30 prisoners

811
01:17:20,770 --> 01:17:24,774
from Weteringschans prison
in the Eerste Weteringplantsoen.

812
01:17:24,874 --> 01:17:27,844
They included Leo and Henk Verwoerd.

813
01:17:27,944 --> 01:17:31,781
The Germans gathered passers-by
and people who lived around the park

814
01:17:31,881 --> 01:17:34,350
and forced them
to watch the executions.

815
01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:36,185
Anyone who averted their eyes

816
01:17:36,285 --> 01:17:38,287
was "kicked into the right direction,

817
01:17:38,388 --> 01:17:40,790
or worked over with a rifle butt".

818
01:17:41,257 --> 01:17:43,259
The bodies fell onto
the mountain of rubbish

819
01:17:43,359 --> 01:17:46,996
that had built up in front of an air
raid shelter in the preceding weeks

820
01:17:47,096 --> 01:17:49,665
because it wasn't being collected.

821
01:17:49,766 --> 01:17:50,967
A few days later,

822
01:17:51,067 --> 01:17:53,770
unknown people draped a Dutch flag
over this spot.

823
01:18:11,821 --> 01:18:14,891
VOICE-OVER: Jacoba van Tongeren,
the leader of the 2000 group,

824
01:18:14,991 --> 01:18:17,193
watched the executions
from her hiding place

825
01:18:17,293 --> 01:18:20,296
in a first-aid post
beneath a nearby bridge.

826
01:18:22,198 --> 01:18:24,700
"I cry like I've never cried before,"

827
01:18:24,801 --> 01:18:26,469
she wrote in her memoirs.

828
01:18:26,769 --> 01:18:30,973
After, she entered the headquarters
via a neighbouring building

829
01:18:31,074 --> 01:18:33,943
and took away the key
to the code register.

830
01:19:05,041 --> 01:19:08,311
5 Spinozastraat. Ground floor.

831
01:19:08,411 --> 01:19:12,281
Home of the renowned cancer
researcher Nathaniël Waterman.

832
01:19:12,381 --> 01:19:17,053
The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital
had to fire him in 1941.

833
01:19:20,523 --> 01:19:22,792
VOICE-OVER: In September 1943,

834
01:19:22,892 --> 01:19:26,329
Waterman was part of the last
large-scale deportation of Jews

835
01:19:26,429 --> 01:19:28,231
to Westerbork.

836
01:19:30,299 --> 01:19:33,903
In November, however, the Germans
sent him back to Amsterdam

837
01:19:34,003 --> 01:19:35,438
to set up a laboratory
in his home

838
01:19:35,538 --> 01:19:40,209
to pursue his research into
the carcinogenic effects of dyes.

839
01:19:40,309 --> 01:19:44,180
He kept his laboratory mice
in a special enclosure in the garden.

840
01:19:45,014 --> 01:19:47,817
Waterman's wife
Mien Waterman-Rippe

841
01:19:47,917 --> 01:19:50,453
had to remain in the transit camp
as a hostage.

842
01:19:50,553 --> 01:19:53,289
Both she and her husband
survived the war.

843
01:19:53,389 --> 01:19:55,358
Two of their children were murdered,

844
01:19:55,458 --> 01:19:59,862
Elizabeth Fischer-Waterman
in September 1942 in Auschwitz,

845
01:19:59,962 --> 01:20:04,100
Dolf Waterman
in November 1942 in Mauthausen.

846
01:20:06,402 --> 01:20:10,540
Their son Léon Waterman,
an architect, survived.

847
01:20:10,840 --> 01:20:14,210
In 1962 he designed
the first Holocaust memorial

848
01:20:14,310 --> 01:20:17,013
in the Hollandsche Schouwburg
or Dutch theatre,

849
01:20:17,113 --> 01:20:20,116
the main deportation centre
in Amsterdam.

850
01:20:33,296 --> 01:20:34,897
Nieuwmarkt.

851
01:20:35,865 --> 01:20:39,402
This square became a hub
for black market activities.

852
01:20:41,103 --> 01:20:44,407
In August 1942 a man
was arrested here

853
01:20:44,507 --> 01:20:46,342
for selling ration coupons,

854
01:20:46,442 --> 01:20:48,344
necessary for buying food staples

855
01:20:48,444 --> 01:20:50,079
like bread and milk.

856
01:20:50,179 --> 01:20:54,283
A police officer recognised him
as Jan Catoen, a notorious burglar

857
01:20:54,383 --> 01:20:57,520
who had escaped from Amersfoort
concentration camp.

858
01:20:57,620 --> 01:20:59,021
After a show trial,

859
01:20:59,121 --> 01:21:02,225
a German court sentenced Catoen
and two accomplices to death

860
01:21:02,325 --> 01:21:04,594
for robbing a rationing office.

861
01:21:04,894 --> 01:21:08,231
They were executed
in September 1942.

862
01:21:11,367 --> 01:21:13,236
Over the course of the occupation,

863
01:21:13,336 --> 01:21:16,272
four children were shot dead
on Nieuwmarkt.

864
01:21:16,372 --> 01:21:19,175
Four-year-old Annie Meijer
was gunned down during a raid

865
01:21:19,275 --> 01:21:23,312
by the German Order Police
in September 1944.

866
01:21:23,412 --> 01:21:28,484
Teenagers Bari Baars and
Israël Deegen died in March 1945,

867
01:21:28,584 --> 01:21:32,054
when Germans started shooting
dumdum bullets at black marketeers.

868
01:21:33,055 --> 01:21:35,491
On the 12th of April 1945,

869
01:21:35,591 --> 01:21:40,329
16-year-old Alex Evers was walking
across Nieuwmarkt on his way home.

870
01:21:40,429 --> 01:21:44,500
It was two minutes past 8pm,
two minutes past curfew.

871
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:47,036
The German Order Police
started shooting.

872
01:21:47,136 --> 01:21:48,971
A bullet hit Alex in the hand,

873
01:21:49,071 --> 01:21:52,908
and he made his way into the air raid
shelter in the middle of the square.

874
01:21:53,009 --> 01:21:57,079
When he came out on the other side,
the Order Police shot at him again.

875
01:21:57,480 --> 01:22:01,484
Alex died in an ambulance cart
on the way to the hospital.

876
01:22:34,050 --> 01:22:37,720
Europaplein,
formerly Westerscheldeplein.

877
01:22:40,389 --> 01:22:43,192
On the 11th of November 1940,

878
01:22:43,292 --> 01:22:45,161
a small Italian Air Force plane

879
01:22:45,261 --> 01:22:47,363
that had been part
of an air raid over England

880
01:22:47,463 --> 01:22:50,266
landed on this square
with engine trouble.

881
01:22:50,366 --> 01:22:52,335
From July 1942,

882
01:22:52,435 --> 01:22:54,503
the square was used
as an assembly point

883
01:22:54,603 --> 01:22:56,405
during roundups of Jews.

884
01:22:56,505 --> 01:23:00,576
People were transported by tram from
here to Amsterdam's Central Station,

885
01:23:00,676 --> 01:23:04,146
from where the train to transit camp
Westerbork departed.

886
01:23:04,246 --> 01:23:07,583
Young people aged 16 and over
had to walk.

887
01:25:38,701 --> 01:25:41,136
VOICE-OVER: 8 to 10 Haarlemmerweg.

888
01:25:41,237 --> 01:25:43,372
Wester Gas Factory.

889
01:25:44,473 --> 01:25:47,142
This gasworks was one
of the three locations

890
01:25:47,243 --> 01:25:51,914
where Amsterdammers had to hand in
their bicycles in July 1942.

891
01:25:53,182 --> 01:25:57,286
Before the war there were around
300,000 bicycles in Amsterdam.

892
01:25:57,386 --> 01:26:00,456
After, there were 160,000.

893
01:26:01,790 --> 01:26:03,192
During the Hunger Winter

894
01:26:03,292 --> 01:26:05,861
people tried to steal coal
from the factory.

895
01:26:06,161 --> 01:26:10,432
Police would shoot at the thieves,
sometimes with fatal consequences.

896
01:28:08,851 --> 01:28:13,422
<i>♪ no more fascism now ♪</i>

897
01:28:13,522 --> 01:28:21,697
<i>♪ no more fascism now
no more fascism now ♪</i>

898
01:28:46,622 --> 01:28:49,091
<i>Next stop, Amsterdam Muiderpoort.</i>

899
01:28:51,794 --> 01:28:53,495
VOICE-OVER: Oosterspoorplein.

900
01:28:53,595 --> 01:28:55,597
Muiderpoort train station.

901
01:28:56,432 --> 01:28:58,934
Starting in October 1942,

902
01:28:59,034 --> 01:29:02,571
at least 11,000 people were deported
from this station,

903
01:29:02,671 --> 01:29:04,473
mostly to transit camp Westerbork

904
01:29:04,573 --> 01:29:06,108
in the north-east of the Netherlands

905
01:29:06,408 --> 01:29:09,611
and from there to the killing centres
Auschwitz and Sobibor

906
01:29:09,712 --> 01:29:11,647
in occupied Poland.

907
01:29:15,117 --> 01:29:18,520
Staff from the Jewish Council were
posted in the hall of the station

908
01:29:18,620 --> 01:29:20,422
to register the "departers",

909
01:29:20,522 --> 01:29:23,759
who were required to hand over
the keys to their homes.

910
01:29:23,859 --> 01:29:25,461
Their houses would be sealed

911
01:29:25,561 --> 01:29:28,363
until the furniture and other
belongings were registered,

912
01:29:28,464 --> 01:29:31,934
taken away and often
transported to Germany.

913
01:30:04,166 --> 01:30:05,768
VOICE-OVER: Wibaustraat.

914
01:30:05,868 --> 01:30:08,137
Renamed Weesperpoortstraat.

915
01:30:08,437 --> 01:30:12,441
In 1942 the Germans
changed the names of 18 streets

916
01:30:12,541 --> 01:30:14,009
named after Jews.

917
01:30:14,109 --> 01:30:17,646
They also changed the name
of a street named after a socialist,

918
01:30:17,746 --> 01:30:20,616
alderman of Amsterdam Floor Wibaut.

919
01:30:20,716 --> 01:30:24,186
He had been a prominent member
of the Dutch Labour Party.

920
01:31:25,047 --> 01:31:28,650
VOICE-OVER: 36 and 38 Plantage Kerklaan.

921
01:31:28,750 --> 01:31:31,019
Civil Registry Office.

922
01:31:31,687 --> 01:31:34,156
The German occupiers
decreed that all citizens

923
01:31:34,256 --> 01:31:38,126
had to carry their identity card
with them at all times.

924
01:31:38,227 --> 01:31:42,831
Cards of Jewish citizens were marked
with a large black letter J.

925
01:31:42,931 --> 01:31:46,668
This new Dutch-made card,
with a photo and two fingerprints,

926
01:31:46,768 --> 01:31:48,570
was extremely hard to forge

927
01:31:48,670 --> 01:31:52,074
and it could always be compared
against the records in the Registry.

928
01:31:53,041 --> 01:31:55,844
In 1942, the PBC,

929
01:31:55,944 --> 01:31:59,047
a group of artists who specialised
in forged documents,

930
01:31:59,147 --> 01:32:02,251
started to plan an attack
on the Registry Office.

931
01:32:02,551 --> 01:32:05,287
On the 27th of March 1943,

932
01:32:05,587 --> 01:32:08,290
resistance fighters
disguised as police officers

933
01:32:08,590 --> 01:32:10,859
entered the office
and "neutralised" eight guards

934
01:32:10,959 --> 01:32:13,262
from the Amsterdam Police Battalion.

935
01:32:13,562 --> 01:32:15,297
They injected them with a sedative

936
01:32:15,597 --> 01:32:18,533
and laid them out
in the garden of Artis Zoo.

937
01:32:18,634 --> 01:32:21,036
The attackers doused the filing cards
with benzene

938
01:32:21,136 --> 01:32:23,605
and set TNT charges.

939
01:32:23,705 --> 01:32:28,010
At 11pm, loud explosions were heard,
and a fire broke out.

940
01:32:28,110 --> 01:32:30,045
"Amsterdam enjoyed the bonfire",

941
01:32:30,145 --> 01:32:32,948
wrote the underground paper
The Parole.

942
01:32:34,116 --> 01:32:36,852
The attack became one
of the best-known acts of resistance

943
01:32:36,952 --> 01:32:38,587
and boosted morale.

944
01:32:38,687 --> 01:32:40,622
"One good little piece of news",

945
01:32:40,722 --> 01:32:44,059
Anne Frank wrote in her diary
in the secret annex.

946
01:32:46,862 --> 01:32:49,932
The fire however did not destroy
all the cards,

947
01:32:50,032 --> 01:32:53,568
neither did the overzealous actions
of the fire brigade.

948
01:32:55,270 --> 01:32:59,908
Ultimately, only 15% of the records
were permanently destroyed.

949
01:33:00,008 --> 01:33:04,279
Moreover, the Germans kept separate
sets of records elsewhere.

950
01:33:06,581 --> 01:33:09,751
Willy Lages, the head of the German
security services,

951
01:33:09,851 --> 01:33:12,054
offered a reward of 10,000 guilders

952
01:33:12,154 --> 01:33:15,824
for information leading
to the capture of the attackers.

953
01:33:25,801 --> 01:33:29,805
24 Vondelstraat, ground floor.

954
01:33:31,273 --> 01:33:34,876
In a telex message
to SS leader Heinrich Himmler

955
01:33:34,977 --> 01:33:37,879
dated the 2nd of April 1943,

956
01:33:37,980 --> 01:33:42,918
Hanns Albin Rauter, the SS and police
leader in the Netherlands, stated:

957
01:33:43,018 --> 01:33:44,353
"Over the course of the night,

958
01:33:44,653 --> 01:33:47,322
several arrests were made
in Amsterdam and Utrecht.

959
01:33:47,622 --> 01:33:49,291
As a result, it is certain

960
01:33:49,391 --> 01:33:52,094
that three perpetrators
of the sabotage arson attack

961
01:33:52,194 --> 01:33:55,664
on the Civil Registry of Amsterdam
are in custody."

962
01:33:57,733 --> 01:33:59,935
One of those arrested
was Sjoerd Bakker,

963
01:34:00,035 --> 01:34:02,704
a fashion designer and tailor.

964
01:34:02,804 --> 01:34:04,906
He made the replica
Dutch police uniforms

965
01:34:05,007 --> 01:34:07,976
worn by the attackers
here in his studio.

966
01:34:08,076 --> 01:34:11,279
He and 11 others involved
in the attack were executed

967
01:34:11,380 --> 01:34:14,716
in the dunes
on the 1st of July 1943

968
01:34:14,816 --> 01:34:17,285
and thrown into a mass grave.

969
01:34:17,386 --> 01:34:22,090
At his own request, Bakker wore
a pink shirt for his execution.

970
01:34:22,190 --> 01:34:24,426
When the grave was discovered
after the war,

971
01:34:24,726 --> 01:34:27,729
the pink shirt
helped identify the group.

972
01:34:48,050 --> 01:34:51,720
225 Kerkstraat, ground floor.

973
01:34:51,820 --> 01:34:56,458
Home of Henry van Adelsbergen,
a Jewish man in a "mixed" marriage.

974
01:34:56,758 --> 01:34:58,460
While being held
at camp Westerbork,

975
01:34:58,760 --> 01:35:02,764
he was forced to choose between
being deported or being sterilised.

976
01:35:02,864 --> 01:35:06,768
He opted for sterilisation
and returned to Amsterdam.

977
01:35:06,868 --> 01:35:10,472
In March 1943, Van Adelsbergen
divorced his wife

978
01:35:10,772 --> 01:35:12,274
and moved elsewhere.

979
01:35:13,175 --> 01:35:18,413
In 1944, he was summoned to the
headquarters of the German police.

980
01:35:18,713 --> 01:35:20,916
There he accidently ran
into the occupant

981
01:35:21,016 --> 01:35:23,151
of the apartment above him
on Kerkstraat,

982
01:35:23,251 --> 01:35:25,720
Branca Simons, a Jewish informer

983
01:35:25,821 --> 01:35:28,723
who betrayed people
to save herself.

984
01:35:28,824 --> 01:35:32,427
Simons reported that since her
former neighbour was divorced,

985
01:35:32,727 --> 01:35:35,430
he was no longer exempt
from deportation.

986
01:35:35,730 --> 01:35:38,166
Van Adelsbergen was arrested
at once.

987
01:35:38,266 --> 01:35:40,335
He died in March 1945

988
01:35:40,435 --> 01:35:43,505
in Vaihingen concentration camp
in Germany.

989
01:35:43,805 --> 01:35:46,208
After the war Simons
was sentenced to death

990
01:35:46,308 --> 01:35:49,044
but was freed in 1959.

991
01:35:49,444 --> 01:35:50,445
Demolished.

992
01:35:55,083 --> 01:35:58,753
26 Vegastraat, ground floor.

993
01:35:59,488 --> 01:36:02,057
Dina Gobitz-Wagenaar
and four of her children

994
01:36:02,157 --> 01:36:04,759
lived in hiding here
in their own home

995
01:36:04,860 --> 01:36:08,864
following their escape from the Dutch
theatre deportation centre.

996
01:36:08,964 --> 01:36:13,468
After the war, Dina's daughter
Carla Kaplan-Gobitz remembered:

997
01:36:13,768 --> 01:36:17,806
"Resistance people had created all
sorts of hiding places in our house,

998
01:36:17,906 --> 01:36:19,107
and they worked so well

999
01:36:19,207 --> 01:36:21,343
that more and more people
came there to hide.

1000
01:36:21,443 --> 01:36:24,479
Some of them had been previously
hiding in a sewage pipe.

1001
01:36:24,779 --> 01:36:26,481
I found living in hiding awful.

1002
01:36:26,781 --> 01:36:29,451
Everyone was scared,
and I wasn't able to play.

1003
01:36:29,551 --> 01:36:31,820
You weren't allowed
to open the curtains.

1004
01:36:31,920 --> 01:36:33,255
We had to be really quiet,

1005
01:36:33,355 --> 01:36:36,825
because it had to look like nobody
was living in the house."

1006
01:36:45,066 --> 01:36:47,068
Kaplan-Gobitz and her sister claimed

1007
01:36:47,169 --> 01:36:49,804
that a German guard
named Alfons Zündler

1008
01:36:49,905 --> 01:36:52,574
had helped them escape
from the deportation centre.

1009
01:36:52,874 --> 01:36:54,476
But when they and several others

1010
01:36:54,576 --> 01:36:58,480
put Zündler forward
for a Yad Vashem award in 1993,

1011
01:36:58,580 --> 01:37:00,315
which would have him honoured
in Israel

1012
01:37:00,415 --> 01:37:02,350
as "Righteous among the Nations",

1013
01:37:02,450 --> 01:37:05,053
it sparked a storm of protest.

1014
01:37:14,829 --> 01:37:17,165
The opponents said that
this member of the SS

1015
01:37:17,265 --> 01:37:21,069
only helped others in exchange
for alcohol or sex.

1016
01:37:21,169 --> 01:37:23,838
It did turn out that Zündler
and two other guards

1017
01:37:23,939 --> 01:37:26,074
had been arrested in 1943

1018
01:37:26,174 --> 01:37:28,443
for having sexual relations
with Jewish women,

1019
01:37:28,543 --> 01:37:32,080
and given a ten-year jail sentence
by a German court.

1020
01:37:37,919 --> 01:37:42,057
In a 2012 interview,
resistance worker Harry Cohen,

1021
01:37:42,157 --> 01:37:46,027
a courier for the Jewish council,
said about Zündler,

1022
01:37:46,127 --> 01:37:48,163
"Yes, he did save people,

1023
01:37:48,263 --> 01:37:51,132
but when he was up for being honoured
with the Yad Vashem award,

1024
01:37:51,233 --> 01:37:52,300
I protested.

1025
01:37:52,400 --> 01:37:54,102
That was a step too far.

1026
01:37:54,202 --> 01:37:55,203
Come off it,

1027
01:37:55,303 --> 01:37:59,174
I mean he was in the SS and he got
to make life and death decisions!"

1028
01:38:38,580 --> 01:38:42,651
VOICE-OVER: 201 and 203 Van Ostadestraat.

1029
01:38:42,951 --> 01:38:45,086
Herman Elte School.

1030
01:38:45,186 --> 01:38:48,123
In September 1941
the Germans decreed

1031
01:38:48,223 --> 01:38:51,326
Jewish children had to go
to separate schools.

1032
01:38:51,426 --> 01:38:53,928
The Amsterdam city administration
obliged

1033
01:38:54,029 --> 01:38:56,498
by creating
more than 40 new schools,

1034
01:38:56,598 --> 01:38:58,967
mostly in existing school buildings,

1035
01:38:59,067 --> 01:39:02,370
for around 7,500 pupils.

1036
01:39:02,470 --> 01:39:05,373
Jewish schools that existed
already before the war,

1037
01:39:05,473 --> 01:39:07,642
also became part of the system.

1038
01:39:07,942 --> 01:39:12,113
After the deportations began,
the classes got smaller each day.

1039
01:39:12,213 --> 01:39:16,451
In September 1943,
all Jewish schools had closed.

1040
01:39:47,549 --> 01:39:51,553
VOICE-OVER: 44 Albrecht Dürerstraat,
first floor.

1041
01:39:52,354 --> 01:39:55,023
In 1943, Sonja van Hesteren

1042
01:39:55,123 --> 01:39:58,159
moved into what she described
as a "luxurious room"

1043
01:39:58,259 --> 01:40:02,263
in an apartment formerly occupied
by a Jewish family.

1044
01:40:02,364 --> 01:40:05,033
She worked
at the Hausraterfassungstelle,

1045
01:40:05,133 --> 01:40:07,001
the department that registered
the contents

1046
01:40:07,102 --> 01:40:09,571
of the homes of deported Jews.

1047
01:40:09,671 --> 01:40:13,341
After the war, Van Hesteren claimed
that to keep on living there,

1048
01:40:13,441 --> 01:40:17,245
she had to join the staff
of the German security police.

1049
01:40:17,345 --> 01:40:20,148
There she helped to entrap
resistance workers.

1050
01:40:20,248 --> 01:40:24,252
In April 1944 she made a phone call
to Henk Dienske,

1051
01:40:24,352 --> 01:40:26,688
a leader
of the LO resistance group,

1052
01:40:26,788 --> 01:40:30,058
pretending to be the daughter
of a communist leader.

1053
01:40:30,592 --> 01:40:33,728
She said she had a message
for him from her father.

1054
01:40:34,028 --> 01:40:37,632
Dienske agreed to meet her
and was immediately arrested.

1055
01:40:38,299 --> 01:40:41,136
Dienske died in 1945 in Beendorf,

1056
01:40:41,236 --> 01:40:44,672
a subcamp of Neuengamme
concentration camp in Germany.

1057
01:40:44,773 --> 01:40:49,310
After the war, Van Hesteren
was sentenced to 12 years in prison.

1058
01:40:57,218 --> 01:41:01,356
154 Beethovenstraat, third floor.

1059
01:41:01,456 --> 01:41:04,192
Home of physician Johan Strak.

1060
01:41:05,460 --> 01:41:09,063
He was a member
of the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,

1061
01:41:09,164 --> 01:41:14,135
and of the SS, and a confidant
of SD chief Willy Lages.

1062
01:41:14,235 --> 01:41:17,238
In 1942 he became
Amsterdam's alderman

1063
01:41:17,338 --> 01:41:19,274
for public health.

1064
01:41:19,374 --> 01:41:21,843
As a physician,
Strak carried out assessments

1065
01:41:22,143 --> 01:41:24,846
of women who wanted
to marry members of the SS,

1066
01:41:25,146 --> 01:41:28,550
to determine whether they were
of "pure Germanic race".

1067
01:41:29,417 --> 01:41:31,619
In 1942 it was his task

1068
01:41:31,719 --> 01:41:34,756
to determine whether foundlings
might be Jewish.

1069
01:41:34,856 --> 01:41:38,092
He decided a baby known
as "Remi van Duinwijck",

1070
01:41:38,193 --> 01:41:40,261
named after the address
he was found at,

1071
01:41:40,361 --> 01:41:43,631
was Jewish,
although he was not circumcised.

1072
01:41:43,731 --> 01:41:47,735
Strak, however, said the boy
had "Jewish ears".

1073
01:41:47,836 --> 01:41:51,506
Remi was murdered in 1943
in Sobibor.

1074
01:41:51,606 --> 01:41:56,544
His real name, Koen Gezang,
was only discovered in 2002.

1075
01:41:56,644 --> 01:42:00,615
After the war, Strak was sentenced
to six years in prison.

1076
01:42:01,883 --> 01:42:03,885
<i>Witnesses on the front row.</i>

1077
01:42:04,419 --> 01:42:07,288
VOICE-OVER: 3 Amstel, ground floor.

1078
01:42:07,388 --> 01:42:09,557
Bookshop owned by Louis Lamm,

1079
01:42:09,657 --> 01:42:12,894
one of the largest Jewish
antiquarian bookshops in Europe.

1080
01:42:13,194 --> 01:42:18,867
<i>- Do I have Bruna Dos Santos Vieira?
- Yes.</i>

1081
01:42:19,868 --> 01:42:23,404
<i>- And Magteld Elsemiek Jakobs?
- Yes.</i>

1082
01:42:24,272 --> 01:42:26,608
<i>Well, please rise.</i>

1083
01:42:29,177 --> 01:42:31,646
<i>Give each other your right hand.</i>

1084
01:42:33,214 --> 01:42:35,683
<i>Look each other in the eyes.</i>

1085
01:42:36,584 --> 01:42:39,921
<i>And listen to the questions
I'm going to pose to you.</i>

1086
01:42:43,825 --> 01:42:45,426
<i>Do you, Bruna...</i>

1087
01:42:45,760 --> 01:42:47,695
VOICE-OVER: When the deportations began,

1088
01:42:47,795 --> 01:42:51,666
Lamm's upstairs neighbour,
resistance worker Cas Oorthuys,

1089
01:42:51,766 --> 01:42:53,535
found a safe address for him,

1090
01:42:53,635 --> 01:42:58,239
but Lamm, who had fled Germany
in 1933, declined the offer.

1091
01:42:59,274 --> 01:43:00,608
Lamm and his daughter Ruth

1092
01:43:00,708 --> 01:43:04,512
were murdered in Auschwitz
in November 1943.

1093
01:43:04,612 --> 01:43:07,849
<i>Then I declare as a register
of the Amsterdam Records Office</i>

1094
01:43:07,949 --> 01:43:10,652
<i>that you are hereby joined
in registered partnership.</i>

1095
01:43:10,752 --> 01:43:14,322
VOICE-OVER: The bookshop was "purged" by
the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce,

1096
01:43:14,422 --> 01:43:18,526
a Nazi organisation that looted
Jewish cultural property.

1097
01:43:18,626 --> 01:43:22,664
After the war,
Lydia Oorthuys-Krienen remembered:

1098
01:43:22,764 --> 01:43:24,365
"Once they'd been taken away,

1099
01:43:24,465 --> 01:43:27,368
there were suddenly ladders leaning
against the front of the building,

1100
01:43:27,468 --> 01:43:29,571
and a long wooden chute
ran from the window,

1101
01:43:29,671 --> 01:43:31,873
over the quayside, to a flat barge."

1102
01:43:33,942 --> 01:43:35,476
VOICE-OVER:
"They spent days using the chute

1103
01:43:35,577 --> 01:43:38,646
to chuck all those valuable books
onto the barge."

1104
01:43:39,881 --> 01:43:41,482
Demolished.

1105
01:43:55,396 --> 01:43:57,398
Van Woustraat.

1106
01:43:58,866 --> 01:44:00,802
In September 1942,

1107
01:44:00,902 --> 01:44:04,639
a police officer arrested journalist
Philip Mechanicus

1108
01:44:04,739 --> 01:44:07,342
for not wearing
a yellow star badge.

1109
01:44:07,442 --> 01:44:10,578
Two members of the Dutch Nazi
party had recognised him

1110
01:44:10,678 --> 01:44:14,282
and pointed him out in a tram
or on a tram stop.

1111
01:44:14,382 --> 01:44:17,318
Mechanicus was sent
to Amersfoort concentration camp

1112
01:44:17,418 --> 01:44:19,854
and from there to Westerbork.

1113
01:44:19,954 --> 01:44:23,358
Mechanicus kept a diary that was
smuggled out of the transit camp

1114
01:44:23,458 --> 01:44:27,261
and published after the war
as "Waiting for Death".

1115
01:44:30,798 --> 01:44:35,470
"I feel as if I'm live reporting from
a shipwreck", he wrote from the camp.

1116
01:44:37,572 --> 01:44:42,577
In October 1944, Mechanicus
was shot dead in Auschwitz.

1117
01:44:51,819 --> 01:44:54,455
149 Van Woustraat.

1118
01:44:54,555 --> 01:44:59,293
Koco, one of two ice cream parlours
run by German Jewish refugees

1119
01:44:59,394 --> 01:45:02,030
Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn.

1120
01:45:02,330 --> 01:45:04,632
The windows of their other parlour
on Rijnstraat

1121
01:45:04,732 --> 01:45:07,368
were smashed in February 1941,

1122
01:45:07,468 --> 01:45:09,937
so the owners got together
a group of regular customers

1123
01:45:10,038 --> 01:45:11,906
to protect the shops.

1124
01:45:12,907 --> 01:45:14,308
A couple of days later,

1125
01:45:14,409 --> 01:45:17,879
a gang of Dutch Nazis passed
the parlour, singing as they went,

1126
01:45:17,979 --> 01:45:20,581
so the owners closed the shop.

1127
01:45:20,682 --> 01:45:22,450
Someone started pounding
at the door,

1128
01:45:22,550 --> 01:45:24,886
and the defenders of the parlour
sprayed ammonia gas at them

1129
01:45:24,986 --> 01:45:28,389
using a cylinder kept in the shop
to cool ice cream.

1130
01:45:29,424 --> 01:45:31,492
But instead
of the expected Blackshirts,

1131
01:45:31,592 --> 01:45:34,328
they were German Order
Police officers.

1132
01:45:34,996 --> 01:45:37,065
For the Nazis this event
was one of the grounds

1133
01:45:37,365 --> 01:45:39,967
for the first roundup
in the old Jewish Quarter,

1134
01:45:40,068 --> 01:45:43,371
on the 22nd and 23rd of February.

1135
01:45:43,471 --> 01:45:46,641
Ernst Cahn was condemned
to death by a Nazi court.

1136
01:45:46,741 --> 01:45:48,976
On the 3rd of March 1941,

1137
01:45:49,077 --> 01:45:51,546
he became the first resistance
fighter in the Netherlands

1138
01:45:51,646 --> 01:45:54,382
to die in front of a firing squad.

1139
01:45:54,982 --> 01:45:57,752
Alfred Kohn died in 1945,

1140
01:45:57,852 --> 01:46:00,855
probably on a death march
from Auschwitz.

1141
01:46:29,650 --> 01:46:34,589
9 De Mirandalaan, formerly
Burgemeester van Leeuwenweg.

1142
01:46:35,523 --> 01:46:37,792
Amstel Park swimming pool.

1143
01:46:43,431 --> 01:46:46,033
From the 21st of May 1941,

1144
01:46:46,134 --> 01:46:49,804
the Germans banned Jews
from all municipal swimming pools.

1145
01:46:49,904 --> 01:46:53,074
The only pool at which they were
allowed to swim was this one,

1146
01:46:53,174 --> 01:46:56,444
on Mondays, Wednesdays
and Fridays.

1147
01:46:57,145 --> 01:47:01,516
Less than a month later, they were
also banned from this last pool.

1148
01:47:01,616 --> 01:47:05,086
All swimming pools closed
in the autumn of 1944

1149
01:47:05,186 --> 01:47:08,055
due to the lack of gas
and electricity.

1150
01:47:12,560 --> 01:47:13,828
During the Hunger Winter,

1151
01:47:13,928 --> 01:47:16,731
people chopped down trees and
bushes around the outdoor pools

1152
01:47:16,831 --> 01:47:18,666
for firewood.

1153
01:47:18,766 --> 01:47:21,769
The wooden diving board
was chopped up as well.

1154
01:47:29,510 --> 01:47:30,711
In the 1930s,

1155
01:47:30,812 --> 01:47:33,080
the pool had become known
as the De Miranda Pool,

1156
01:47:33,181 --> 01:47:34,782
after its instigator,

1157
01:47:34,882 --> 01:47:37,819
socialist alderman
Monne de Miranda.

1158
01:47:37,919 --> 01:47:40,588
He was arrested in July 1942

1159
01:47:40,688 --> 01:47:43,591
and taken to Amersfoort
concentration camp,

1160
01:47:43,691 --> 01:47:47,161
where he was subjected to such
severe physical abuse

1161
01:47:47,461 --> 01:47:50,798
by other Dutch captives
that he died ten days later.

1162
01:47:51,933 --> 01:47:54,735
In 1946 this pool
was officially named

1163
01:47:54,836 --> 01:47:56,037
De Miranda Pool.

1164
01:47:56,137 --> 01:47:59,740
A few years later the street
was also named after him.

1165
01:48:01,108 --> 01:48:02,777
Demolished.

1166
01:49:52,286 --> 01:49:54,088
Binnen Bantammerstraat,

1167
01:49:54,188 --> 01:49:57,191
known since the 1920s
as Tong Yan Kai,

1168
01:49:57,291 --> 01:49:59,360
or "Street of the Chinese".

1169
01:50:00,227 --> 01:50:03,631
Several hundred Chinese sailors
who were unable to leave Amsterdam

1170
01:50:03,731 --> 01:50:06,067
due to the war,
managed to scrape a living

1171
01:50:06,167 --> 01:50:07,969
by running small businesses.

1172
01:50:08,069 --> 01:50:10,871
Unemployed men had to work
for the Germans.

1173
01:50:10,972 --> 01:50:12,306
Forty Chinese-Dutch weddings

1174
01:50:12,606 --> 01:50:14,875
were held in Amsterdam
during the war.

1175
01:50:14,976 --> 01:50:19,780
In 1943, Storm, a magazine
for the Dutch SS, wrote:

1176
01:50:19,880 --> 01:50:23,784
"How can it be that the Dutch women
do not hang their heads in shame,

1177
01:50:23,884 --> 01:50:26,754
that they throw themselves
into the arms of an easterner,

1178
01:50:26,854 --> 01:50:30,257
who is, furthermore,
little more than a beggar."

1179
01:50:30,358 --> 01:50:32,360
Amsterdam's oldest
Chinese restaurant,

1180
01:50:32,660 --> 01:50:36,731
Kong Hing at number 11,
closed during the Hunger Winter.

1181
01:50:36,831 --> 01:50:38,799
After the capitulation of Japan,

1182
01:50:38,899 --> 01:50:41,736
the Chinese in Amsterdam
held a grand victory party

1183
01:50:41,836 --> 01:50:44,171
on Nieuwmarkt and Dam Square.

1184
01:50:58,753 --> 01:51:02,356
26 Molenbeekstraat, second floor.

1185
01:51:02,656 --> 01:51:05,860
Home of Philip van der Kar,
Sophia van der Kar-Polak

1186
01:51:05,960 --> 01:51:08,763
and their children Sieg and Mary.

1187
01:51:09,697 --> 01:51:13,768
Sophia Polak managed to obtain
a so-called "Calmeyer Stamp",

1188
01:51:13,868 --> 01:51:17,204
which indicated that she
was only "partly" Jewish.

1189
01:51:17,304 --> 01:51:19,173
She and her sister
gained this status

1190
01:51:19,273 --> 01:51:21,442
on the basis
that their biological father

1191
01:51:21,742 --> 01:51:23,344
was not Samson Polak,

1192
01:51:23,444 --> 01:51:25,880
but the deceased
Albertus Demmenie,

1193
01:51:25,980 --> 01:51:29,683
a non-Jewish man her mother
would have had an affair with.

1194
01:51:29,784 --> 01:51:33,054
Demmenie's son
agreed to tell this lie.

1195
01:51:33,154 --> 01:51:36,190
To be granted their stamps,
Sophia and her sister Stella

1196
01:51:36,290 --> 01:51:39,894
had to undergo a "physical racial
verification procedure"

1197
01:51:39,994 --> 01:51:42,029
at Amsterdam's Zentralstelle,

1198
01:51:42,129 --> 01:51:45,166
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

1199
01:51:45,266 --> 01:51:48,369
The two middle-aged sisters were
instructed to lift up their skirts

1200
01:51:48,469 --> 01:51:53,007
for Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle.

1201
01:51:53,474 --> 01:51:57,478
With their skirts raised, they had to
walk up and down on stockinged feet

1202
01:51:57,778 --> 01:52:00,448
so that the SS-Hauptsturmführer
could determine

1203
01:52:00,748 --> 01:52:03,084
whether they had "Jewish legs".

1204
01:52:03,184 --> 01:52:07,354
The Van der Kar-Polak family
produced forgeries of ID documents,

1205
01:52:07,455 --> 01:52:11,258
and always had people hiding
with them, crowding the rooms.

1206
01:52:11,358 --> 01:52:14,428
"I spent at least three years
sharing a bed with my parents",

1207
01:52:14,728 --> 01:52:17,031
Mary said after the war.

1208
01:52:17,131 --> 01:52:20,034
Once the "houseguests" had been
there for a few days,

1209
01:52:20,134 --> 01:52:22,336
Sophia and Mary would take them
out of the city

1210
01:52:22,436 --> 01:52:24,238
to hide in the countryside.

1211
01:52:24,338 --> 01:52:27,908
On the four occasions that
the authorities raided the house,

1212
01:52:28,008 --> 01:52:30,244
the guests hid on the roof,
behind the chimney.

1213
01:52:39,753 --> 01:52:42,957
VOICE-OVER: 29 Niersstraat, first floor.

1214
01:52:43,057 --> 01:52:47,862
Home of Simon de la Bella, a Jewish
senator for the socialist party.

1215
01:52:48,796 --> 01:52:51,265
When he was arrested
in July 1940,

1216
01:52:51,365 --> 01:52:53,934
he tried to kill himself
by taking poison,

1217
01:52:54,034 --> 01:52:55,903
but he did not succeed.

1218
01:52:57,538 --> 01:52:59,206
He died in 1942

1219
01:52:59,306 --> 01:53:02,343
in Dachau concentration camp
in Germany.

1220
01:53:10,985 --> 01:53:14,054
VOICE-OVER: De la Bella's daughter Carla
joined the resistance,

1221
01:53:14,155 --> 01:53:17,291
spreading illegal papers
and transporting weapons.

1222
01:53:17,391 --> 01:53:18,959
She later said:

1223
01:53:19,059 --> 01:53:21,929
"Before the war my parents
had authority over me,

1224
01:53:22,029 --> 01:53:24,098
and I wasn't allowed to do anything.

1225
01:53:24,198 --> 01:53:27,568
I realise now I was thrown
into total adulthood.

1226
01:53:27,868 --> 01:53:31,172
There were no boundaries anymore.
You could do what you wanted.

1227
01:53:31,272 --> 01:53:34,074
Compared with before the war
it was mayhem.

1228
01:53:34,175 --> 01:53:36,310
Everybody was living
with everybody else,

1229
01:53:36,410 --> 01:53:38,045
and you slept with everybody.

1230
01:53:38,145 --> 01:53:40,414
If you had a bottle of drink
it was party time.

1231
01:53:40,514 --> 01:53:42,116
It was a madhouse.

1232
01:53:42,216 --> 01:53:46,220
It was also our way to respond
to the tension of resistance work."

1233
01:54:17,418 --> 01:54:21,488
Valentijnkade,
Zeeburg Jewish cemetery.

1234
01:54:22,890 --> 01:54:25,326
The cemetery was full in 1914

1235
01:54:25,426 --> 01:54:28,095
and was only used
sporadically thereafter.

1236
01:54:28,195 --> 01:54:31,332
Around 100,000 people
are buried here.

1237
01:54:32,399 --> 01:54:34,602
In 1942, the German army

1238
01:54:34,902 --> 01:54:38,172
repurposed part of the cemetery
as a training ground.

1239
01:54:41,909 --> 01:54:44,378
Illegal burials were performed
at the Jewish cemeteries

1240
01:54:44,478 --> 01:54:46,880
in nearby Diemen and Ouderkerk,

1241
01:54:46,981 --> 01:54:50,317
but it has not been proved
that such burials took place here.

1242
01:54:51,485 --> 01:54:55,122
After the war, a story went around
that during the Hunger Winter

1243
01:54:55,222 --> 01:54:57,891
a German man
let a cow graze here.

1244
01:54:57,992 --> 01:54:59,260
According to this tale,

1245
01:54:59,360 --> 01:55:02,529
people from the neighbourhood
stole it and slaughtered it.

1246
01:55:03,430 --> 01:55:07,501
In 1956, the local authorities
acquired a part of the cemetery

1247
01:55:07,601 --> 01:55:09,403
to build a road.

1248
01:55:12,306 --> 01:55:16,010
Under rabbinical supervision,
the graves in this part were exhumed

1249
01:55:16,110 --> 01:55:18,412
and the remains moved
to the cemetery in Diemen,

1250
01:55:18,512 --> 01:55:21,248
along with what few headstones
were left.

1251
01:55:33,661 --> 01:55:36,030
58 Nieuwe Keizersgracht,

1252
01:55:36,130 --> 01:55:38,198
Headquarters of the Jewish Council,

1253
01:55:38,299 --> 01:55:42,469
the organisation the Nazi's forced
upon Jewish people in 1941

1254
01:55:42,569 --> 01:55:44,438
to enact their policies.

1255
01:55:44,538 --> 01:55:47,274
The Council remains controversial
to this day.

1256
01:55:47,374 --> 01:55:49,276
Was the organisation collaborating

1257
01:55:49,376 --> 01:55:51,712
or did it just try
to prevent the worst?

1258
01:55:52,012 --> 01:55:54,081
The public entrance
was at basement level,

1259
01:55:54,181 --> 01:55:57,584
and the queues sometimes stretched
all the way to Weesperstraat.

1260
01:55:57,685 --> 01:56:01,255
Everyone wanted to work for
the Jewish Council because initially,

1261
01:56:01,355 --> 01:56:03,223
Council personnel and their families

1262
01:56:03,324 --> 01:56:05,392
were exempt from deportation.

1263
01:56:06,060 --> 01:56:09,496
The organisation created numerous
departments all over the city,

1264
01:56:09,596 --> 01:56:13,167
from Travel Permits
to the Distribution of Vegetables.

1265
01:56:13,267 --> 01:56:16,737
In its decisions, the Council
tended to favour the elite.

1266
01:56:17,037 --> 01:56:20,708
Chairman David Cohen defended
this policy in his memoirs:

1267
01:56:21,008 --> 01:56:23,544
"Of course one should value
every life equally,

1268
01:56:23,644 --> 01:56:26,313
but a life that has value
for other people as well

1269
01:56:26,413 --> 01:56:28,749
must remain more protected
in times of war

1270
01:56:29,049 --> 01:56:32,753
than the life of a person
that is only important to himself."

1271
01:56:33,053 --> 01:56:36,757
Some reports about what was happening
in the camps in occupied Poland

1272
01:56:37,057 --> 01:56:40,327
did reach the Jewish Council,
but they were not believed.

1273
01:56:40,427 --> 01:56:43,397
In 1947, a Special Court of Justice

1274
01:56:43,497 --> 01:56:46,066
placed David Cohen
and Abraham Asscher,

1275
01:56:46,166 --> 01:56:48,669
the two chairmen,
in pre-trial detention.

1276
01:56:48,769 --> 01:56:50,671
They were released a month later.

1277
01:56:50,771 --> 01:56:53,440
That same year,
a Jewish Community Tribunal

1278
01:56:53,540 --> 01:56:55,242
found that Cohen and Asscher

1279
01:56:55,342 --> 01:56:58,746
"had failed in a world
that had itself been at fault".

1280
01:57:47,327 --> 01:57:48,562
<i>You're welcome.</i>

1281
01:57:55,135 --> 01:57:57,404
VOICE-OVER: 15 Valeriusplein.

1282
01:57:58,172 --> 01:58:00,240
Amsterdam's Lyceum.

1283
01:58:02,075 --> 01:58:05,078
In 1940, Jewish teachers
were fired,

1284
01:58:05,179 --> 01:58:06,547
as were all civil servants,

1285
01:58:06,647 --> 01:58:09,783
in one of the first measures
to isolate the Jews.

1286
01:58:10,083 --> 01:58:11,452
In 1941,

1287
01:58:11,552 --> 01:58:15,088
an official farewell ceremony
was held in the assembly hall

1288
01:58:15,189 --> 01:58:17,658
for the 72 Jewish pupils.

1289
01:58:17,758 --> 01:58:19,593
The headmaster, Piet Gunning,

1290
01:58:19,693 --> 01:58:22,796
had previously taken them away
for a week to Cloud Land,

1291
01:58:23,096 --> 01:58:24,865
the school's place in the country.

1292
01:58:25,165 --> 01:58:27,401
Gunning was fired in 1942

1293
01:58:27,501 --> 01:58:30,237
and interned for the crime
of "Judenbegünstigung",

1294
01:58:30,337 --> 01:58:32,473
doing favours for Jews.

1295
01:58:32,573 --> 01:58:35,108
After the liberation
he was reinstated.

1296
01:59:05,339 --> 01:59:08,408
VOICE-OVER: Various German organisations
requisitioned the school,

1297
01:59:08,509 --> 01:59:12,513
including the Order Police
and the Air Force.

1298
01:59:12,613 --> 01:59:14,715
The soldiers were billeted
to the classrooms,

1299
01:59:14,815 --> 01:59:18,151
while the officers lived
at the director's residence.

1300
01:59:18,252 --> 01:59:19,920
The Germans bred pigs
in the basement,

1301
01:59:20,220 --> 01:59:22,923
and built a dog kennel
on the grounds.

1302
01:59:23,223 --> 01:59:25,893
Barbed wire fences
protected the building.

1303
01:59:26,193 --> 01:59:28,929
Lessons for the pupils
continued elsewhere.

1304
01:59:33,934 --> 01:59:35,869
VOICE-OVER: Several of the school's
teachers and students

1305
01:59:36,169 --> 01:59:37,905
were involved in the resistance.

1306
01:59:41,909 --> 01:59:44,244
In December 1942,

1307
01:59:44,344 --> 01:59:46,847
two students from the school
travelled to Camp Westerbork

1308
01:59:46,947 --> 01:59:50,551
with a microscope for their
biology teacher Jacob Heimans,

1309
01:59:50,651 --> 01:59:52,786
because he missed it so much.

1310
01:59:55,422 --> 01:59:57,958
They also passed on
a forged baptism certificate

1311
01:59:58,258 --> 01:59:59,893
to the mother of a classmate,

1312
02:00:00,193 --> 02:00:02,729
in the hope she could be "Aryanised".

1313
02:00:02,729 --> 02:00:04,932
<i>Pay attention.</i>

1314
02:00:07,334 --> 02:00:08,835
<i>Yes, go on.</i>

1315
02:00:12,606 --> 02:00:14,608
<i>Stay triumphant.
- Yeah.</i>

1316
02:00:31,558 --> 02:00:34,561
VOICE-OVER: Corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat.

1317
02:00:35,562 --> 02:00:38,966
From September 1944,
there was an unspoken truce

1318
02:00:39,266 --> 02:00:40,934
between the German
security police

1319
02:00:41,234 --> 02:00:42,903
and the Dutch armed resistance:

1320
02:00:43,003 --> 02:00:46,640
if there were no violent attacks
against the occupying forces,

1321
02:00:46,740 --> 02:00:49,843
then they wouldn't carry out
any executions.

1322
02:00:53,480 --> 02:00:55,749
The KP resistance militia
weren't intending

1323
02:00:55,849 --> 02:00:57,584
to kill Herbert Oelschlägel:

1324
02:00:57,684 --> 02:00:59,786
they were going to kidnap him.

1325
02:00:59,886 --> 02:01:02,556
This infamous SD detective
spoke Dutch

1326
02:01:02,656 --> 02:01:05,559
and controlled a network
of informers.

1327
02:01:05,659 --> 02:01:10,263
The KP wanted him to reveal
his informers and then release him.

1328
02:01:10,364 --> 02:01:12,366
They shadowed the detective
for four weeks

1329
02:01:12,466 --> 02:01:13,767
and made a plan to seize him.

1330
02:01:13,867 --> 02:01:17,404
But on the 23rd of October 1944

1331
02:01:17,504 --> 02:01:19,906
he didn't appear
at the expected time.

1332
02:01:20,007 --> 02:01:23,343
The KP found him at a café
in the city centre.

1333
02:01:23,443 --> 02:01:25,512
They tailed him back
to the South District,

1334
02:01:25,612 --> 02:01:28,548
but then their target realised
he was being followed,

1335
02:01:28,649 --> 02:01:31,585
so, at the corner of Apollolaan
and Beethovenstraat,

1336
02:01:31,685 --> 02:01:33,286
they pounced on him.

1337
02:01:33,387 --> 02:01:35,055
In the ensuing struggle in the dark,

1338
02:01:35,355 --> 02:01:37,891
the bottle of chloroform
the KP intended to use

1339
02:01:37,991 --> 02:01:41,028
to sedate the detective
fell to the ground and broke.

1340
02:01:41,328 --> 02:01:43,697
One of the attackers
shot Oelschlägel in the head.

1341
02:01:43,797 --> 02:01:45,666
His body remained where it lay,

1342
02:01:45,766 --> 02:01:49,836
in front of the tobacconist
at number 6 Beethovenstraat.

1343
02:01:51,038 --> 02:01:52,773
Retaliation for killing a German

1344
02:01:52,873 --> 02:01:55,475
was always greater
than for killing a Dutchman.

1345
02:01:55,575 --> 02:01:56,910
So early the next morning,

1346
02:01:57,010 --> 02:02:01,848
the SD took 29 captives from
Weteringschans prison to Apollolaan.

1347
02:02:01,948 --> 02:02:04,718
Not all of them were on the list
of "death candidates".

1348
02:02:04,818 --> 02:02:06,353
One was a thief.

1349
02:02:06,453 --> 02:02:09,990
The SD ordered local residents to
come out of their houses and watch,

1350
02:02:10,090 --> 02:02:12,492
and shot the prisoners dead
in rows of ten

1351
02:02:12,592 --> 02:02:16,063
in front of the air-raid shelter
in the public garden.

1352
02:02:19,566 --> 02:02:23,503
The Germans also set fire
to two townhouses on the corner,

1353
02:02:23,603 --> 02:02:27,574
one of which had belonged to the
Jewish couple Mina and Louis Stibbe,

1354
02:02:27,674 --> 02:02:30,744
who had taken their own lives
in 1942.

1355
02:02:34,381 --> 02:02:35,849
Unbeknownst to the SD,

1356
02:02:35,949 --> 02:02:39,019
the villa was now occupied
by a Dutch collaborator.

1357
02:02:39,119 --> 02:02:41,521
He tried to get compensated
for the loss,

1358
02:02:41,621 --> 02:02:44,091
but SD leader Willy Lages said:

1359
02:02:44,391 --> 02:02:48,395
"what we destroy, the city
of Amsterdam has to pay for".

1360
02:03:37,811 --> 02:03:40,714
VOICE-OVER: On Monday the 7th of May 1945,

1361
02:03:40,814 --> 02:03:42,682
Amsterdammers flocked
to Dam Square

1362
02:03:42,783 --> 02:03:45,719
to celebrate the liberation
of the Netherlands.

1363
02:03:45,819 --> 02:03:50,891
But in Amsterdam the German army was still
present and had not yet been disarmed.

1364
02:03:53,560 --> 02:03:56,596
That afternoon, a reconnaissance unit
of the British army

1365
02:03:56,696 --> 02:03:58,198
arrived at Dam Square,

1366
02:03:58,498 --> 02:04:01,434
where bystanders climbed
onto their cars.

1367
02:04:01,535 --> 02:04:05,572
According to some eyewitnesses,
once the British unit departed,

1368
02:04:05,572 --> 02:04:10,477
a cart arrived on the square carrying
women who had had German lovers.

1369
02:04:10,577 --> 02:04:13,814
After the war, Karel Marquenie remembered,

1370
02:04:13,914 --> 02:04:15,916
"The women were shaved
and tarred.

1371
02:04:16,016 --> 02:04:18,718
This was carried out
in a none too gentle manner,

1372
02:04:18,819 --> 02:04:21,154
blood was streaming
over their faces.

1373
02:04:21,454 --> 02:04:23,523
The women screamed
and called out for help

1374
02:04:23,623 --> 02:04:26,159
as the Germans looked on."

1375
02:04:26,459 --> 02:04:28,662
It is not known
what the exact cause was,

1376
02:04:28,762 --> 02:04:31,064
but the German Navy troops
in Paleisstraat

1377
02:04:31,164 --> 02:04:34,634
who had witnessed everything
from the windows and the roof

1378
02:04:34,734 --> 02:04:39,206
started to shoot at the crowd, a gunfight
with the Dutch resistance followed.

1379
02:04:39,973 --> 02:04:42,542
Bystanders sought refuge
wherever they could,

1380
02:04:42,642 --> 02:04:45,712
even behind lamp posts
and behind a street organ.

1381
02:04:45,812 --> 02:04:48,014
More than 30 people were killed.

1382
02:06:08,028 --> 02:06:09,763
VOICE-OVER: Dam Square.

1383
02:06:11,965 --> 02:06:15,735
In June 1945, a three-day party
was organised

1384
02:06:15,835 --> 02:06:18,772
by "The committee
for the celebration of the liberation

1385
02:06:18,872 --> 02:06:21,875
of the capital
from German oppression".

1386
02:06:21,975 --> 02:06:24,044
On the last day,
Queen Wilhelmina appeared

1387
02:06:24,144 --> 02:06:26,012
on the balcony of the Royal Palace,

1388
02:06:26,112 --> 02:06:27,981
and looked at a parade
of Allied troops

1389
02:06:28,081 --> 02:06:29,783
and Domestic Armed Forces,

1390
02:06:29,883 --> 02:06:34,054
followed by a procession of floats.

1391
02:06:35,088 --> 02:06:38,024
On one of the floats Indonesians
stood in traditional costume

1392
02:06:38,124 --> 02:06:41,194
holding up the sign
"Indonesia oppressed".

1393
02:06:41,294 --> 02:06:44,664
During the war, Indonesians
that studied in the Netherlands

1394
02:06:44,764 --> 02:06:46,866
had joined the resistance,
under the motto,

1395
02:06:46,967 --> 02:06:50,904
"First free the Netherlands
and then Indonesia".

1396
02:06:51,004 --> 02:06:55,809
The so-called "Dutch Indies"
had been occupied by Japan in 1942,

1397
02:06:55,909 --> 02:07:00,313
but the freedom asked
by the Perhimpoenan Indonesia

1398
02:07:00,613 --> 02:07:03,950
was freedom from the Dutch coloniser
as well.

1399
02:08:49,022 --> 02:08:50,957
VOICE-OVER: 41 Ringweg,

1400
02:08:51,057 --> 02:08:54,327
formerly the rural part
of Sloten village.

1401
02:08:55,061 --> 02:09:00,200
On the 15th of July 1943,
CS6 resistance group members

1402
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:02,435
Sape Kuiper
and Johan Kalshoven

1403
02:09:02,735 --> 02:09:06,773
shot policeman Hendrik Blonk
and his wife Johanna Blonk-Martens,

1404
02:09:06,873 --> 02:09:08,274
at their home.

1405
02:09:08,374 --> 02:09:10,176
They both survived the attack.

1406
02:09:10,276 --> 02:09:12,011
Blonk was a notorious detective

1407
02:09:12,112 --> 02:09:15,181
at the Amsterdam Police Department
for Jewish Affairs.

1408
02:09:15,281 --> 02:09:19,185
He claimed to have arrested
at least 100 Jews living in hiding.

1409
02:09:19,285 --> 02:09:22,856
After the war, Blonk was sentenced
to eight years in prison.

1410
02:09:22,956 --> 02:09:25,291
He was released in 1949.

1411
02:09:25,391 --> 02:09:30,497
Kalshoven and Kuiper were caught
and executed in October 1943.

1412
02:09:30,797 --> 02:09:32,198
Demolished.

1413
02:09:59,459 --> 02:10:02,195
7 Gabriël Metsustraat.

1414
02:10:02,862 --> 02:10:05,498
In 1944 this Christian school
for girls

1415
02:10:05,798 --> 02:10:07,534
was claimed as a training facility

1416
02:10:07,834 --> 02:10:09,903
for drivers of the NSKK,

1417
02:10:10,003 --> 02:10:12,071
the National Socialist
Motor Corps,

1418
02:10:12,172 --> 02:10:15,408
a paramilitary organisation that
supported the German army

1419
02:10:15,508 --> 02:10:17,577
and transported German officials.

1420
02:10:18,912 --> 02:10:21,181
Around 10,000 Dutch men enlisted,

1421
02:10:21,281 --> 02:10:23,583
often after they were found
unfit for service

1422
02:10:23,883 --> 02:10:25,919
in the Waffen or Armed SS.

1423
02:12:08,554 --> 02:12:10,423
VOICE-OVER: Polderweg.

1424
02:12:10,523 --> 02:12:12,191
Base of the Dutch military police

1425
02:12:12,292 --> 02:12:14,694
taken over by the Germans.

1426
02:12:14,994 --> 02:12:18,631
It was used as an assembly point
during mass roundups.

1427
02:12:18,931 --> 02:12:22,168
On the night
of the 2nd of October 1942,

1428
02:12:22,268 --> 02:12:24,337
the occupiers detained
Jewish men here

1429
02:12:24,437 --> 02:12:27,540
from work camps
in and around Amsterdam.

1430
02:12:27,640 --> 02:12:30,009
The next day these men
and their families,

1431
02:12:30,109 --> 02:12:31,711
who were taken
from their homes,

1432
02:12:32,011 --> 02:12:34,480
were sent
to Westerbork transit camp.

1433
02:12:35,515 --> 02:12:38,584
All Jews living in Amsterdam
who didn’t have a "Sperre",

1434
02:12:38,685 --> 02:12:40,586
an exemption from deportation,

1435
02:12:40,687 --> 02:12:45,224
were ordered to report here
on Thursday the 20th of May 1943

1436
02:12:45,325 --> 02:12:48,027
and hand in their house keys.

1437
02:12:48,127 --> 02:12:49,195
From that day onwards

1438
02:12:49,295 --> 02:12:51,698
no Jews were permitted
to reside in Amsterdam,

1439
02:12:51,998 --> 02:12:55,201
unless they had explicit permission
from the Zentralstelle,

1440
02:12:55,301 --> 02:12:58,304
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

1441
02:12:58,404 --> 02:13:01,274
Only a thousand people
turned up that day.

1442
02:13:02,342 --> 02:13:05,478
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,
the head of the Zentralstelle,

1443
02:13:05,578 --> 02:13:07,747
responded by ordering
the Jewish Council

1444
02:13:08,047 --> 02:13:10,983
to select 7,000 people
from its own ranks,

1445
02:13:11,084 --> 02:13:14,187
amounting to half
of the Council’s staff.

1446
02:13:14,287 --> 02:13:17,557
They had to report here
on the 25th of May.

1447
02:13:17,657 --> 02:13:21,661
This time, around
1,600 people showed up.

1448
02:13:21,761 --> 02:13:24,163
The German authorities
had expected this

1449
02:13:24,263 --> 02:13:26,632
and had already made plans
for a mass roundup

1450
02:13:26,733 --> 02:13:28,601
in the old Jewish Quarter.

1451
02:13:29,335 --> 02:13:31,070
At two in the morning
the next day

1452
02:13:31,170 --> 02:13:33,306
they started rounding people up.

1453
02:13:33,406 --> 02:13:35,041
They gathered them in the synagogue,

1454
02:13:35,141 --> 02:13:37,777
and used trams to transport
around 3,000 people

1455
02:13:38,077 --> 02:13:39,078
to this base

1456
02:13:39,178 --> 02:13:41,381
or straight
to nearby Muiderpoort station,

1457
02:13:41,481 --> 02:13:44,050
where trains were waiting
to take them to Westerbork.

1458
02:13:47,286 --> 02:13:49,021
Some people managed to escape

1459
02:13:49,122 --> 02:13:51,324
with the help
of Jewish council staff.

1460
02:13:51,424 --> 02:13:54,160
Sam de Hond pretended
he had to take a group of people

1461
02:13:54,260 --> 02:13:56,796
to the Dutch theatre
deportation centre.

1462
02:13:57,096 --> 02:13:59,732
When they got there
he told them to flee.

1463
02:14:00,032 --> 02:14:03,169
After liberation,
this building became Camp East,

1464
02:14:03,269 --> 02:14:06,072
an internment camp
for "political delinquents".

1465
02:14:06,172 --> 02:14:08,107
In May 1946,

1466
02:14:08,207 --> 02:14:11,344
Wietze Zootjes, a notorious
member of the Landwacht,

1467
02:14:11,444 --> 02:14:13,780
a police force made up
of Dutch Nazis,

1468
02:14:14,080 --> 02:14:15,748
managed to escape
through a hole he made

1469
02:14:16,048 --> 02:14:18,050
in the floor of his room.

1470
02:14:18,151 --> 02:14:21,788
In August the same year,
ten members of the NSB escaped

1471
02:14:22,088 --> 02:14:25,758
by using stolen pliers to bend
the window bars of the camp.

1472
02:14:27,560 --> 02:14:29,162
Demolished.

1473
02:14:34,567 --> 02:14:37,570
<i>I can see you're very busy.</i>

1474
02:14:55,755 --> 02:14:58,491
VOICE-OVER: 321 Keizersgracht.

1475
02:14:58,591 --> 02:15:01,594
"The Red House" was bought
by artist Han van Meegeren

1476
02:15:01,694 --> 02:15:03,830
in 1943.

1477
02:15:04,130 --> 02:15:06,866
He sold his versions of paintings
by old masters

1478
02:15:07,166 --> 02:15:10,236
to Dutch museums
and to high-ranking Nazi customers

1479
02:15:10,336 --> 02:15:13,639
like Reich Marshall Hermann Göring.

1480
02:15:13,739 --> 02:15:16,542
His studio was situated
further along the canal,

1481
02:15:16,642 --> 02:15:19,645
and the artist
held wild parties there.

1482
02:15:19,745 --> 02:15:21,414
Shortly after liberation,

1483
02:15:21,514 --> 02:15:24,484
Van Meegeren was arrested
for collaboration.

1484
02:15:24,584 --> 02:15:27,119
To convince the court
he did not collaborate,

1485
02:15:27,220 --> 02:15:30,323
the artist revealed
his paintings were forgeries.

1486
02:15:30,423 --> 02:15:32,225
To prove this, during his trial

1487
02:15:32,325 --> 02:15:35,127
he painted a new work
in the style of Vermeer.

1488
02:15:35,228 --> 02:15:37,396
The artist was given one year
in prison,

1489
02:15:37,497 --> 02:15:40,500
but died before he could
begin his sentence.

1490
02:16:38,524 --> 02:16:42,395
VOICE-OVER: 120 Westerstraat, ground
floor.

1491
02:16:42,929 --> 02:16:46,198
Fish shop run by Isaäc Gerritse.

1492
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:49,769
From June 1942
only Jews could shop here.

1493
02:16:49,869 --> 02:16:53,439
A year later, Gerritse was deported
to Westerbork.

1494
02:16:53,539 --> 02:16:57,610
He was murdered in Auschwitz
in August 1943.

1495
02:16:58,477 --> 02:17:00,880
Following his deportation,
the local authorities

1496
02:17:00,980 --> 02:17:03,883
bricked up the property
to protect it from looters.

1497
02:17:03,983 --> 02:17:04,984
After the war,

1498
02:17:05,284 --> 02:17:07,653
the municipality presented
an invoice for this work

1499
02:17:07,753 --> 02:17:10,556
to Isaäc’s
only surviving son Maurits,

1500
02:17:10,656 --> 02:17:13,726
who had to pay 1,100 guilders.

1501
02:17:13,826 --> 02:17:17,730
In 1943, the city put aside
70,000 guilders

1502
02:17:17,830 --> 02:17:20,800
for measures preventing people
from removing timber

1503
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:22,935
from unoccupied buildings.

1504
02:17:23,235 --> 02:17:25,638
These included building walls
around houses,

1505
02:17:25,738 --> 02:17:27,540
but an official report pointed out

1506
02:17:27,640 --> 02:17:29,809
that this was in fact
counter-productive,

1507
02:17:29,909 --> 02:17:31,978
because once the looters
were behind the walls,

1508
02:17:32,278 --> 02:17:34,880
they could go about
their business undisturbed.

1509
02:18:19,759 --> 02:18:23,362
Vliegen Woods, formerly IJ-Woods.

1510
02:18:23,462 --> 02:18:25,898
On the 2nd of July 1942,

1511
02:18:25,998 --> 02:18:28,467
Abraham Prins, a physiotherapist,

1512
02:18:28,567 --> 02:18:31,704
cycled through this park,
which, like all parks,

1513
02:18:31,804 --> 02:18:35,574
Jews were forbidden to enter
from September 1941.

1514
02:18:36,042 --> 02:18:39,612
The Amsterdam Police Battalion
was on drill exercise in the park,

1515
02:18:39,712 --> 02:18:41,947
and an officer arrested him.

1516
02:18:42,048 --> 02:18:45,985
Prins claimed he had forgotten that
he was not allowed to be in the park.

1517
02:18:46,085 --> 02:18:48,654
He was deported to Westerbork.

1518
02:18:48,754 --> 02:18:51,457
On the way to Auschwitz,
he threw a note from the train

1519
02:18:51,557 --> 02:18:53,459
that reached his non-Jewish wife.

1520
02:18:53,559 --> 02:18:57,430
It said:
"Better let sister drown herself."

1521
02:18:57,530 --> 02:19:01,934
Prins was murdered in Auschwitz
in September 1942.

1522
02:19:02,034 --> 02:19:05,638
In February 1945 the Order Police
were looking for men

1523
02:19:05,738 --> 02:19:08,541
for forced labour in Germany.

1524
02:19:08,641 --> 02:19:09,775
During the roundup,

1525
02:19:09,875 --> 02:19:12,645
Willem Schreuder fled into the park
and was shot.

1526
02:19:12,745 --> 02:19:15,014
Schreuder died within minutes.

1527
02:19:15,114 --> 02:19:18,984
Many trees in the park were chopped
down during the Hunger Winter.

1528
02:19:31,764 --> 02:19:36,569
92 Jacob Obrechstraat,
Central Jewish Hospital.

1529
02:19:37,903 --> 02:19:41,507
On the night
of the 28th of September 1943,

1530
02:19:41,607 --> 02:19:44,410
the hospital was cleared of patients.

1531
02:19:44,510 --> 02:19:46,378
The Germans then ordered
that it be used

1532
02:19:46,479 --> 02:19:50,149
for the sterilisation of Jewish women
in mixed marriages.

1533
02:19:50,816 --> 02:19:52,752
Some members of the hospital staff

1534
02:19:52,852 --> 02:19:55,121
who had already
been deported to Westerbork

1535
02:19:55,421 --> 02:19:58,157
were brought back
to carry out this work.

1536
02:19:58,891 --> 02:20:02,094
The operations were led
by a Dutch Nazi surgeon.

1537
02:20:03,596 --> 02:20:04,630
Later in the war,

1538
02:20:04,730 --> 02:20:07,967
the Nazi-run welfare organisation,
the NVD,

1539
02:20:08,067 --> 02:20:09,935
used the building
as a maternity clinic

1540
02:20:10,035 --> 02:20:13,839
for women who had become pregnant
by German soldiers.

1541
02:20:13,939 --> 02:20:16,709
After the war, it opened again
as a Jewish hospital

1542
02:20:16,809 --> 02:20:19,879
and took in concentration camp
survivors.

1543
02:20:21,814 --> 02:20:23,415
Demolished.

1544
02:20:39,765 --> 02:20:42,635
1 Adama van Scheltemaplein.

1545
02:20:44,003 --> 02:20:47,540
In June 1942, this vacant school

1546
02:20:47,640 --> 02:20:50,209
became the "Zentralstelle
für Jüdische Auswanderung",

1547
02:20:50,509 --> 02:20:53,012
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration,

1548
02:20:53,112 --> 02:20:56,115
the German office
that organised the deportations.

1549
02:20:56,215 --> 02:20:59,218
Jews could only enter it
through the backdoor.

1550
02:20:59,919 --> 02:21:02,655
The first 4,000 people
were called up to report

1551
02:21:02,755 --> 02:21:05,491
for so-called labour service
in Germany,

1552
02:21:05,591 --> 02:21:10,462
mostly Jews who had fled Germany,
on the 5th of July 1942.

1553
02:21:11,497 --> 02:21:14,834
When fewer and fewer people
responded to such calls to report,

1554
02:21:14,934 --> 02:21:17,469
the Germans introduced
a new approach.

1555
02:21:17,570 --> 02:21:20,639
In the evening regular Amsterdam
police officers

1556
02:21:20,739 --> 02:21:22,808
now took people
directly from their homes,

1557
02:21:22,908 --> 02:21:24,176
without prior warning.

1558
02:21:24,476 --> 02:21:27,813
For this task, supervised
by the German Order Police

1559
02:21:27,913 --> 02:21:31,984
also men from the new Amsterdam
Police Battalion were used.

1560
02:21:32,084 --> 02:21:35,888
This unit became especially known
for its brutality and corruption.

1561
02:21:36,622 --> 02:21:40,860
Around 18,000 Jewish people
were deported from the Zentralstelle,

1562
02:21:40,960 --> 02:21:44,230
where they were held in the gymnasium
or in the courtyard.

1563
02:21:44,530 --> 02:21:48,000
Journalist Heinz Wielek, who had
worked for the Jewish Council,

1564
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:49,168
wrote shortly after the war

1565
02:21:49,268 --> 02:21:53,138
about the sinister, SS-like
atmosphere in the building:

1566
02:21:53,873 --> 02:21:56,942
"How many times a frightened,
silent mass of people

1567
02:21:57,042 --> 02:21:59,178
stood in the courtyard
throughout the night,

1568
02:21:59,278 --> 02:22:02,681
packed so tightly
nobody could move."

1569
02:22:02,781 --> 02:22:06,185
When the Dutch theatre
became the main deportation centre,

1570
02:22:06,285 --> 02:22:08,754
the Zentralstelle remained
the bureaucratic core

1571
02:22:08,854 --> 02:22:10,689
of the Holocaust in Amsterdam.

1572
02:22:11,190 --> 02:22:12,658
The theft of Jewish belongings

1573
02:22:12,758 --> 02:22:16,629
was also orchestrated
from the Zentralstelle.

1574
02:22:16,729 --> 02:22:18,764
In November 1944,

1575
02:22:18,864 --> 02:22:21,200
the building was destroyed
during an Allied air raid

1576
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:25,170
on the German security service
headquarters across the street.

1577
02:22:36,282 --> 02:22:37,950
Mosveld.

1578
02:22:38,717 --> 02:22:41,020
The grounds
of Volewijckers football club,

1579
02:22:41,120 --> 02:22:43,822
which owes its reputation
as a "resistance club"

1580
02:22:43,923 --> 02:22:46,625
to Douwe and Gerben Wagenaar.

1581
02:22:46,725 --> 02:22:47,927
Douwe chaired the club,

1582
02:22:48,027 --> 02:22:51,830
Gerben was an important figure
in the communist resistance.

1583
02:22:52,865 --> 02:22:54,800
In July 1943,

1584
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:57,336
the grounds were hit
during an allied bombardment.

1585
02:22:57,636 --> 02:22:58,704
A month later,

1586
02:22:58,804 --> 02:23:01,173
the Volewijckers played a match
against a club from The Hague

1587
02:23:01,273 --> 02:23:02,341
wearing orange shirts

1588
02:23:02,641 --> 02:23:05,311
rather than their usual
green and white kit.

1589
02:23:05,878 --> 02:23:09,748
The authorities arrested Douwe
Wagenaar immediately after the match

1590
02:23:09,848 --> 02:23:11,850
and held him for three days.

1591
02:23:11,951 --> 02:23:16,155
The club won
the national championship in 1944.

1592
02:23:52,191 --> 02:23:56,662
176 P.C. Hoofstraat, ground floor.

1593
02:23:56,762 --> 02:23:59,698
The socialist Professor
of criminology Willem Bonger

1594
02:23:59,798 --> 02:24:02,201
and his wife
Maria Bonger-van Heteren

1595
02:24:02,301 --> 02:24:06,972
attempted to take their own lives
here on the 15th of May 1940.

1596
02:24:07,072 --> 02:24:10,943
He wrote in a note:
"I see no future for me anymore,

1597
02:24:11,043 --> 02:24:15,314
and will not bow down to those thugs
who are going to be in control now."

1598
02:24:15,414 --> 02:24:18,283
Maria Bonger-van Heteren survived.

1599
02:24:19,385 --> 02:24:20,986
Demolished.

1600
02:24:24,189 --> 02:24:29,194
108 Gerrit van der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.

1601
02:24:29,294 --> 02:24:31,096
Second floor.

1602
02:24:31,697 --> 02:24:33,098
Home of the Klingensteins,

1603
02:24:33,198 --> 02:24:36,702
a Jewish family
who had fled Germany in the '30s.

1604
02:24:36,802 --> 02:24:39,138
On the 15th of May 1940,

1605
02:24:39,238 --> 02:24:43,108
six members of the family ended
their lives by gas asphyxiation.

1606
02:24:43,208 --> 02:24:47,212
Their housemaid Karoline Falk
also chose death.

1607
02:24:53,852 --> 02:24:57,923
128 Willemsparkweg, ground floor.

1608
02:24:58,323 --> 02:24:59,725
Studio Larette.

1609
02:24:59,825 --> 02:25:01,727
Sales Centre
for Conjuring Tricks

1610
02:25:01,827 --> 02:25:05,364
belonging to the Hungarian magician
Cornel Hauer.

1611
02:25:05,464 --> 02:25:08,333
Hauer was a baptised Catholic
in a "mixed marriage",

1612
02:25:08,434 --> 02:25:11,103
which protected him
from deportation.

1613
02:25:11,203 --> 02:25:13,138
In May 1943,

1614
02:25:13,238 --> 02:25:15,174
two German soldiers
rang at the door,

1615
02:25:15,274 --> 02:25:18,477
whereupon Hauer
used a pistol to kill himself.

1616
02:25:18,777 --> 02:25:20,379
There had been
German soldiers before,

1617
02:25:20,479 --> 02:25:22,815
but they came
to buy magic tricks.

1618
02:25:22,915 --> 02:25:26,118
Now the officers came
because Hauer, who was deaf,

1619
02:25:26,218 --> 02:25:30,155
had been loudly listening to English
radio, which was forbidden.

1620
02:25:30,255 --> 02:25:32,925
The men had heard it from outside.

1621
02:25:40,899 --> 02:25:43,969
6 Deurloostraat, ground floor.

1622
02:25:44,069 --> 02:25:46,905
Home of the Jewish family
Wolfsbergen.

1623
02:25:47,005 --> 02:25:50,275
Ellie, Willy, their son Fred,
who was 17,

1624
02:25:50,375 --> 02:25:52,044
and his grandmother Rika

1625
02:25:52,144 --> 02:25:54,279
ended their lives
by gas asphyxiation

1626
02:25:54,379 --> 02:25:57,249
on the 14th of May 1940.

1627
02:25:57,349 --> 02:26:00,085
In a suicide note
addressed to their neighbours,

1628
02:26:00,185 --> 02:26:02,054
Ellie Wolfsbergen wrote:

1629
02:26:02,154 --> 02:26:05,224
"Before we depart,
I send you a final greeting.

1630
02:26:05,324 --> 02:26:08,193
It is impossible for us
to live as outcasts.

1631
02:26:08,293 --> 02:26:09,828
Fred agrees with us,

1632
02:26:09,928 --> 02:26:12,397
otherwise we would have not done it.

1633
02:26:12,498 --> 02:26:14,366
Any of you who wish to do so,

1634
02:26:14,466 --> 02:26:17,369
may take a keepsake
from a drawer or wherever else,

1635
02:26:17,469 --> 02:26:20,272
be it silver or anything at all.

1636
02:26:20,372 --> 02:26:22,241
Take what you like."

1637
02:27:04,016 --> 02:27:08,187
104 Eerste Helmersstraat,
Wilhelmina Hospital.

1638
02:27:10,556 --> 02:27:14,860
In 1942, the Germans changed
the name to West hospital.

1639
02:27:14,960 --> 02:27:16,862
Just after the Dutch capitulation,

1640
02:27:16,962 --> 02:27:20,866
a lot of people were brought here
following failed suicide attempts.

1641
02:27:20,966 --> 02:27:25,404
156 suicides were recorded
in 1940 in Amsterdam,

1642
02:27:25,504 --> 02:27:27,873
most of them
in the south of the city.

1643
02:27:27,973 --> 02:27:32,044
128 of these cases
concerned Jewish people.

1644
02:27:32,144 --> 02:27:36,148
Often, entire families died,
including children.

1645
02:27:36,248 --> 02:27:39,318
The cause of death
was usually gas asphyxiation,

1646
02:27:39,418 --> 02:27:42,087
sometimes a sedative
or poison was used.

1647
02:27:42,187 --> 02:27:45,591
Several people drowned themselves
in the river Amstel.

1648
02:27:46,425 --> 02:27:49,328
The Germans installed
an Air Force military hospital here,

1649
02:27:49,428 --> 02:27:52,998
with around 800 beds
and its own German personnel.

1650
02:27:53,098 --> 02:27:55,634
An auxiliary hospital was opened
elsewhere in the city

1651
02:27:55,934 --> 02:27:57,636
for Amsterdammers.

1652
02:27:57,936 --> 02:27:59,204
<i>Almost done.</i>

1653
02:27:59,304 --> 02:28:01,473
VOICE-OVER: Captured resistance fighters
who were injured

1654
02:28:01,573 --> 02:28:03,575
were also treated in this hospital.

1655
02:28:03,875 --> 02:28:06,478
The resistance managed
to free some of them.

1656
02:28:07,646 --> 02:28:09,514
In November 1944

1657
02:28:09,615 --> 02:28:11,516
there was not enough
German personnel left

1658
02:28:11,617 --> 02:28:13,185
to treat wounded soldiers,

1659
02:28:13,285 --> 02:28:16,221
so Dutch nurses
were assigned to the task.

1660
02:28:19,424 --> 02:28:23,328
Nurses who refused to do
this work were suspended or fired.

1661
02:28:23,428 --> 02:28:26,064
The soldiers were not allowed
to return to their units,

1662
02:28:26,164 --> 02:28:29,234
but would be deployed
in the defence of Amsterdam.

1663
02:28:53,292 --> 02:28:56,995
213 Nieuwe Herengracht,

1664
02:28:57,095 --> 02:28:59,464
framing shop of Benjamin de Vries.

1665
02:28:59,564 --> 02:29:03,168
He was murdered in Sobibor
in 1943.

1666
02:29:03,669 --> 02:29:05,470
The house became
a temporary refuge

1667
02:29:05,570 --> 02:29:08,974
for people who escaped from
the Dutch theatre deportation centre

1668
02:29:09,074 --> 02:29:11,209
but didn’t have a place to hide.

1669
02:29:11,310 --> 02:29:14,579
After the war, De Vries’ son-in-law
Jac van de Kar,

1670
02:29:14,680 --> 02:29:18,083
a bicycle courier
for the Jewish Council, said:

1671
02:29:18,183 --> 02:29:21,620
"During the day the escapees would
either leave of their own accord

1672
02:29:21,720 --> 02:29:25,023
or we would telephone their
relations, who came to collect them.

1673
02:29:25,123 --> 02:29:27,726
As a rule, the freed people
had no luggage,

1674
02:29:28,026 --> 02:29:31,563
and their clothes, which stank
and were crumpled,

1675
02:29:31,663 --> 02:29:33,598
had to be cleaned."

1676
02:29:33,699 --> 02:29:35,300
Demolished.

1677
02:29:44,443 --> 02:29:48,113
VOICE-OVER: 65 Singel, ground floor.

1678
02:29:48,647 --> 02:29:50,549
Home of Willem Arondéus,

1679
02:29:50,649 --> 02:29:53,552
an artist and the writer
of the Brandarisletter,

1680
02:29:53,652 --> 02:29:56,254
one of the first
illegal publications.

1681
02:29:56,355 --> 02:29:59,725
Arondéus became a leader
of the PBC resistance group,

1682
02:30:00,025 --> 02:30:02,761
which started
with forging identity papers.

1683
02:30:03,061 --> 02:30:06,631
He also took part
in the attack on the Civil Registry.

1684
02:30:06,732 --> 02:30:09,735
The authorities arrested him
the month after the attack,

1685
02:30:10,035 --> 02:30:12,437
and on the 1st of July 1943

1686
02:30:12,537 --> 02:30:16,475
he was executed in the dunes
together with 11 others.

1687
02:30:16,575 --> 02:30:18,310
The day before the execution,

1688
02:30:18,410 --> 02:30:22,414
Arondéus urged his lawyer,
resistance worker Lau Mazirel,

1689
02:30:22,514 --> 02:30:24,616
to let people know
after the war that

1690
02:30:24,716 --> 02:30:29,121
"homosexuals are no less courageous
than other people."

1691
02:30:40,632 --> 02:30:44,436
31 Roelof Hartstraat, third floor.

1692
02:30:44,536 --> 02:30:46,471
Home of nurse Antje Roos.

1693
02:30:46,571 --> 02:30:49,775
In 1942, Bernardine
Bloemgarten-Hertog

1694
02:30:50,075 --> 02:30:51,743
started hiding here.

1695
02:30:52,043 --> 02:30:56,114
After the war, her son Salvador
described what he saw from the window

1696
02:30:56,214 --> 02:30:58,250
on the 14th of July that year,

1697
02:30:58,350 --> 02:31:01,353
during a roundup
by the German Order Police:

1698
02:31:01,453 --> 02:31:03,822
"What struck me most
was the pride and dignity

1699
02:31:04,122 --> 02:31:06,525
with which our people
went to meet their fate,

1700
02:31:06,625 --> 02:31:08,493
straight-backed
and, as it were,

1701
02:31:08,593 --> 02:31:11,463
negating the presence
of the uniformed guards.

1702
02:31:11,563 --> 02:31:13,432
It all became too much
for Roos.

1703
02:31:13,532 --> 02:31:16,201
She yelled out
'Murderers, murderers',

1704
02:31:16,301 --> 02:31:18,303
and we had to pull her away
from the window

1705
02:31:18,403 --> 02:31:21,139
because the guards
adopted a menacing stance."

1706
02:31:21,239 --> 02:31:22,841
The Germans carried out this "razzia"

1707
02:31:23,141 --> 02:31:25,310
because not enough Jewish people
had reported

1708
02:31:25,410 --> 02:31:27,279
for forced labour in Germany.

1709
02:31:27,379 --> 02:31:29,114
800 people were arrested

1710
02:31:29,214 --> 02:31:31,750
and threatened to be sent
to Mauthausen in Austria,

1711
02:31:31,850 --> 02:31:35,220
a concentration camp
that was already known and feared.

1712
02:31:35,320 --> 02:31:37,122
In the end,
enough people appeared

1713
02:31:37,222 --> 02:31:39,257
to fill the first train
to Westerbork,

1714
02:31:39,357 --> 02:31:41,626
and most hostages were released.

1715
02:31:41,726 --> 02:31:45,130
Roos was involved
in the attack on the Civil Registry.

1716
02:31:45,230 --> 02:31:47,699
She was arrested
and sentenced to a year of labour

1717
02:31:47,799 --> 02:31:50,268
in Ravensbrück concentration camp.

1718
02:31:50,368 --> 02:31:52,838
Upon her return
she resumed her resistance.

1719
02:31:53,138 --> 02:31:56,475
Bernardine Bloemgarten-Hertog
was caught elsewhere.

1720
02:31:56,575 --> 02:32:00,645
In May 1943 she was murdered
at Sobibor.

1721
02:32:26,705 --> 02:32:30,709
45 and 47 Victorieplein.

1722
02:32:30,809 --> 02:32:34,479
The 12-storey house,
known as the "Skyscraper".

1723
02:32:40,719 --> 02:32:43,922
The tenants in the 24 apartments
included...

1724
02:32:45,423 --> 02:32:48,159
number 45, eighth floor.

1725
02:32:48,260 --> 02:32:50,929
Home of Stefan Schlesinger,
a graphic designer,

1726
02:32:51,229 --> 02:32:53,798
and his wife Anna Kerdijk,
a translator.

1727
02:32:55,200 --> 02:32:58,670
They were both murdered
at Auschwitz in 1944.

1728
02:32:58,770 --> 02:33:01,172
From early 1943 onwards,

1729
02:33:01,273 --> 02:33:04,209
Viennese refugee
Irene Hellmann-Redlich

1730
02:33:04,309 --> 02:33:05,810
hid in this apartment.

1731
02:33:05,911 --> 02:33:08,547
Hellmann moved again
in 1944,

1732
02:33:08,647 --> 02:33:10,782
but went back to the apartment
to pick something up

1733
02:33:10,882 --> 02:33:12,417
and got arrested.

1734
02:33:12,517 --> 02:33:15,587
Hellmann was also murdered
in Auschwitz.

1735
02:33:22,694 --> 02:33:25,630
Number 45, fourth floor.

1736
02:33:25,730 --> 02:33:27,432
Home of Anthonie Donker,

1737
02:33:27,532 --> 02:33:30,368
a writer who urged
all writers and other artists

1738
02:33:30,468 --> 02:33:33,738
to resist joining the Nazi-run
Chamber of Culture.

1739
02:33:33,838 --> 02:33:36,808
Only members of this organisation
could perform,

1740
02:33:36,908 --> 02:33:39,511
exhibit or publish their work.

1741
02:33:39,611 --> 02:33:40,946
Donker wrote in a manifesto

1742
02:33:41,246 --> 02:33:45,283
that art should not be subordinated
to political principles.

1743
02:33:45,383 --> 02:33:48,286
After it was published
in February 1943,

1744
02:33:48,386 --> 02:33:50,589
Donker was fired
as professor of literature

1745
02:33:50,689 --> 02:33:52,424
at the University of Amsterdam

1746
02:33:52,524 --> 02:33:54,659
and interned at a hostage camp.

1747
02:33:54,759 --> 02:33:57,228
He was released by mistake.

1748
02:33:57,329 --> 02:34:00,665
Hiding here was the Surinamese
writer and resistance worker

1749
02:34:00,765 --> 02:34:01,967
Albert Helman.

1750
02:34:02,267 --> 02:34:04,536
He was a well-known anti-fascist.

1751
02:34:04,636 --> 02:34:06,905
Just before the war
he had published the book

1752
02:34:07,005 --> 02:34:11,343
"The Suffering of Millions:
The Tragedy of Jewish Refugees".

1753
02:34:20,986 --> 02:34:23,855
Number 47, fifth floor.

1754
02:34:25,290 --> 02:34:29,828
Famous singer Julia Culp and her
sister, pianist Betsy Rijkens-Culp,

1755
02:34:29,928 --> 02:34:32,797
went into hiding in 1942.

1756
02:34:37,435 --> 02:34:39,537
An intervention by Willem Mengelberg,

1757
02:34:39,638 --> 02:34:41,906
the conductor
of the Concertgebouw orchestra,

1758
02:34:42,007 --> 02:34:45,944
and Wilhelm Furtwängler, the
conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic,

1759
02:34:46,044 --> 02:34:48,847
meant they were able to return
to the "Skyscraper".

1760
02:34:48,947 --> 02:34:52,851
Under the name Cabaret Flore,
they would give occasional concerts

1761
02:34:52,951 --> 02:34:56,354
on Sunday afternoons
in the bicycle shelter.

1762
02:35:19,711 --> 02:35:22,347
Number 47, seventh floor.

1763
02:35:22,447 --> 02:35:26,484
Home of dentist Davy Schaap,
Debora Schaap-Ossedrijver,

1764
02:35:26,584 --> 02:35:29,387
and their children Franz
and Josephina.

1765
02:35:29,487 --> 02:35:30,955
They were murdered in Auschwitz,

1766
02:35:31,056 --> 02:35:34,059
Sobibor and Oberlangen
concentration camps.

1767
02:35:47,872 --> 02:35:50,075
Number 45, tenth floor.

1768
02:35:50,375 --> 02:35:53,611
Home of Gerben Sonderman, a pilot.

1769
02:35:53,712 --> 02:35:56,681
During the German invasion
in May 1940,

1770
02:35:56,781 --> 02:35:59,651
he shot down three German planes.

1771
02:36:03,888 --> 02:36:06,624
Sonderman was the right-hand man
of Piet Six,

1772
02:36:06,725 --> 02:36:09,461
the leader
of the OD resistance group.

1773
02:36:09,561 --> 02:36:12,564
In 1944 he installed
a radio transmitter

1774
02:36:12,664 --> 02:36:14,599
in a vacant apartment
in this building

1775
02:36:14,699 --> 02:36:16,901
to send messages to London.

1776
02:36:17,902 --> 02:36:20,939
During transmissions there would be
a British radio operator

1777
02:36:21,039 --> 02:36:23,041
in a Royal Air Force
reconnaissance plane

1778
02:36:23,141 --> 02:36:25,143
circling Amsterdam.

1779
02:36:25,443 --> 02:36:27,645
On the day the country was liberated,

1780
02:36:27,746 --> 02:36:29,581
Sonderman flew a celebratory round

1781
02:36:29,681 --> 02:36:32,951
over Amsterdam
in a small sport plane.

1782
02:37:29,607 --> 02:37:34,112
609 and 611 Keizersgracht.

1783
02:37:34,212 --> 02:37:36,881
Home of the Fodor art collection.

1784
02:37:46,157 --> 02:37:47,826
Prior to the German invasion,

1785
02:37:47,926 --> 02:37:50,895
the artworks were stored
at other museums.

1786
02:37:50,995 --> 02:37:52,864
The building
became the head office

1787
02:37:52,964 --> 02:37:54,933
of Amsterdam’s
Air Raid Defence Service,

1788
02:37:55,033 --> 02:37:58,503
set up to help civilians
after a bombardment.

1789
02:37:58,603 --> 02:38:01,606
In every quarter of the city
the Service built shelters

1790
02:38:01,706 --> 02:38:03,508
and installed a small office,

1791
02:38:03,608 --> 02:38:05,543
where first aid could be given.

1792
02:38:05,643 --> 02:38:08,746
Volunteers made their rounds
every night.

1793
02:38:08,847 --> 02:38:11,115
Resistance workers
often took this job,

1794
02:38:11,216 --> 02:38:14,919
because it meant they could
be legally outside during curfew.

1795
02:38:16,554 --> 02:38:20,124
At headquarters compulsory courses
in self-protection were given,

1796
02:38:20,225 --> 02:38:23,494
and the organisation placed
sand buckets all around the city

1797
02:38:23,595 --> 02:38:25,563
for extinguishing fires.

1798
02:38:25,663 --> 02:38:27,632
They announced
in the newspapers:

1799
02:38:27,732 --> 02:38:30,134
"Citizens must ensure
the sand is not used

1800
02:38:30,235 --> 02:38:35,039
for other purposes or spread around
by children at play."

1801
02:38:35,139 --> 02:38:36,207
During the war,

1802
02:38:36,507 --> 02:38:39,878
the air raid sirens went off
around a hundred times each year,

1803
02:38:39,978 --> 02:38:42,981
but Amsterdam was not bombed often.

1804
02:38:43,681 --> 02:38:47,552
The largest air raid
took place in July 1943.

1805
02:38:47,652 --> 02:38:50,822
The allied bombs were meant
for the Fokker aircraft factory,

1806
02:38:50,922 --> 02:38:54,626
which the Germans had taken over,
in the north of the city.

1807
02:38:54,726 --> 02:38:56,060
But due to low visibility

1808
02:38:56,160 --> 02:38:59,197
and possibly the inexperience
of the American crew,

1809
02:38:59,297 --> 02:39:01,299
all bombs fell
on a residential area

1810
02:39:01,599 --> 02:39:03,268
near the factory.

1811
02:39:03,568 --> 02:39:05,303
Around 200 people died.

1812
02:39:05,603 --> 02:39:07,071
a church, a police station

1813
02:39:07,171 --> 02:39:10,141
and a few hundred houses
were destroyed.

1814
02:39:10,241 --> 02:39:12,577
The municipality relocated
the homeless

1815
02:39:12,677 --> 02:39:14,145
in the houses that stood empty

1816
02:39:14,245 --> 02:39:17,181
after the deportation
of their Jewish inhabitants.

1817
02:39:17,282 --> 02:39:19,284
A week later
planes of the RAF

1818
02:39:19,584 --> 02:39:21,219
did manage to hit the target

1819
02:39:21,319 --> 02:39:24,022
and destroyed
most of the Fokker factory.

1820
02:39:25,189 --> 02:39:28,593
After the war this building housed
the Evacuation Department,

1821
02:39:28,693 --> 02:39:30,295
which was tasked
with finding homes

1822
02:39:30,595 --> 02:39:33,231
for people that had been living
in hiding.

1823
02:40:51,642 --> 02:40:55,046
14 Kleine-Gartman Plantsoen.

1824
02:40:55,146 --> 02:40:56,748
Detention Centre I,

1825
02:40:56,848 --> 02:41:00,184
better known
as Weteringschans Prison.

1826
02:41:00,284 --> 02:41:02,220
In the German section of the jail

1827
02:41:02,320 --> 02:41:05,890
political prisoners and resistance
members were detained.

1828
02:41:05,990 --> 02:41:10,028
The "Jewish barrack", a shelter
without any sanitary facilities,

1829
02:41:10,128 --> 02:41:11,863
stood in the prison yard.

1830
02:41:11,963 --> 02:41:15,400
A single cell could contain
up to 16 inmates.

1831
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:17,935
Jewish prisoners were forced
to walk around the yard

1832
02:41:18,036 --> 02:41:20,071
for hours at a time chanting

1833
02:41:20,171 --> 02:41:24,042
"I am a Jew. Beat me to death.
It’s my own fault."

1834
02:41:24,776 --> 02:41:27,278
The German police detective
Kurt Döring

1835
02:41:27,378 --> 02:41:29,080
kicked a pregnant woman
so ferociously

1836
02:41:29,180 --> 02:41:31,249
that she suffered a miscarriage.

1837
02:41:33,951 --> 02:41:36,120
Resistance fighters
were held in "hunger cells"

1838
02:41:36,220 --> 02:41:38,256
to force confessions.

1839
02:41:38,356 --> 02:41:41,059
After the war,
Anton Beekman wrote:

1840
02:41:41,159 --> 02:41:43,027
"There was a constant
smell of food

1841
02:41:43,127 --> 02:41:47,265
rising up from a grate in my cell.
It drove me crazy."

1842
02:41:47,365 --> 02:41:49,734
Prisoners would communicate
with the outside world

1843
02:41:49,834 --> 02:41:51,903
through letters smuggled out
in the laundry,

1844
02:41:52,003 --> 02:41:55,006
which their families
had to clean at home.

1845
02:41:57,108 --> 02:41:59,911
Prisoners designated
as "Todeskandidaten",

1846
02:42:00,011 --> 02:42:01,279
or "death candidates",

1847
02:42:01,379 --> 02:42:03,181
could be executed in retaliation

1848
02:42:03,281 --> 02:42:06,084
for attacks on Germans
by the resistance.

1849
02:42:06,184 --> 02:42:09,220
If that happened,
the wives of the executed men

1850
02:42:09,320 --> 02:42:12,356
could collect their wedding rings
here the next day.

1851
02:42:14,859 --> 02:42:18,129
The resistance made two attempts
to free comrades from the prison.

1852
02:42:18,229 --> 02:42:21,833
The first, on the night
of the 1st of May 1944,

1853
02:42:21,933 --> 02:42:23,768
led by Gerrit van der Veen,

1854
02:42:23,868 --> 02:42:26,170
failed when he had to shoot
an unexpected watchdog,

1855
02:42:26,270 --> 02:42:28,473
and the sound alerted the guards.

1856
02:42:28,773 --> 02:42:31,442
In the second raid in July,
a Dutch prison guard

1857
02:42:31,742 --> 02:42:34,045
was supposed to help a group
led by Johannes Post,

1858
02:42:34,145 --> 02:42:36,280
but he informed his superiors
of the plan,

1859
02:42:36,380 --> 02:42:38,816
and the group was ambushed.

1860
02:42:41,018 --> 02:42:42,753
Around 25,000 people

1861
02:42:42,854 --> 02:42:45,756
were incarcerated at the prison
over the course of the war

1862
02:42:45,857 --> 02:42:48,826
most of them,
including Anne Frank and her family,

1863
02:42:48,926 --> 02:42:51,395
were held here for just a few days.

1864
02:42:52,230 --> 02:42:55,099
In September 1944 the rumour

1865
02:42:55,199 --> 02:42:58,069
went around that the Allies
were about to liberate Amsterdam.

1866
02:42:58,169 --> 02:43:01,005
This prompted panic
among the occupiers.

1867
02:43:01,105 --> 02:43:03,508
The prison director
had most documents burned,

1868
02:43:03,808 --> 02:43:06,444
and the portrait of Hitler
taken down.

1869
02:43:06,544 --> 02:43:09,380
In September and November 1944,

1870
02:43:09,480 --> 02:43:13,017
many inmates held on minor charges
were dismissed.

1871
02:43:14,485 --> 02:43:18,022
A day after liberation,
all the prisoners were released.

1872
02:43:18,122 --> 02:43:19,924
The Dutch Domestic Armed Forces

1873
02:43:20,024 --> 02:43:22,460
immediately brought
new captives to the prison,

1874
02:43:22,560 --> 02:43:24,328
like mover Abraham Puls,

1875
02:43:24,428 --> 02:43:28,900
whose company had taken belongings
from the houses of deported Jews.

1876
02:43:29,000 --> 02:43:32,003
So-called "moffenhoeren",
or "Kraut whores",

1877
02:43:32,103 --> 02:43:35,306
women suspected of having had
sexual relations with German men,

1878
02:43:35,406 --> 02:43:38,476
had their heads shaved
in front of the prison gates.

1879
02:43:38,576 --> 02:43:40,444
Partly demolished.

1880
02:44:01,332 --> 02:44:03,467
Jonas Daniël Meijerplein.

1881
02:44:04,402 --> 02:44:07,872
This square between the Sephardic
and the Ashkenazi synagogues

1882
02:44:07,972 --> 02:44:11,375
was named after the first Jewish
lawyer in the Netherlands.

1883
02:44:11,475 --> 02:44:14,278
The German authorities
changed the name to "Houtmarkt",

1884
02:44:14,378 --> 02:44:16,047
or Wood market.

1885
02:44:16,147 --> 02:44:18,549
The first mass roundup of Jews
in Amsterdam

1886
02:44:18,849 --> 02:44:20,251
took place in this area,

1887
02:44:20,351 --> 02:44:22,220
the heart of the old Jewish Quarter,

1888
02:44:22,320 --> 02:44:26,457
on the 22nd and 23rd
of February 1941.

1889
02:44:27,124 --> 02:44:30,127
The German Order Police arrested
more than 400 Jewish men

1890
02:44:30,228 --> 02:44:31,262
in the streets.

1891
02:44:31,362 --> 02:44:33,531
They forced them to sit
hunched on the ground,

1892
02:44:33,631 --> 02:44:35,366
and beat and kicked them.

1893
02:44:35,466 --> 02:44:37,335
The men were later transported

1894
02:44:37,435 --> 02:44:41,372
to the concentration camps
Buchenwald and Mauthausen,

1895
02:44:41,472 --> 02:44:44,976
where most of them
would perish soon after.

1896
02:44:45,076 --> 02:44:48,879
This first "razzia" was one of
the causes for the February Strike.

1897
02:44:48,980 --> 02:44:50,448
The underground Communist Party

1898
02:44:50,548 --> 02:44:54,552
initiated the protest against
the German treatment of Jews.

1899
02:45:20,611 --> 02:45:24,348
VOICE-OVER: On the 25th of February most
tram drivers refused to depart

1900
02:45:24,448 --> 02:45:27,652
and many workers
in public services, factories

1901
02:45:27,952 --> 02:45:30,421
and shops joined demonstrations.

1902
02:45:30,521 --> 02:45:34,191
The next day almost
300,000 people were on strike.

1903
02:45:34,292 --> 02:45:37,962
This massive protest
took the occupiers by surprise.

1904
02:45:38,062 --> 02:45:40,264
The second day the strike
was harshly suppressed

1905
02:45:40,364 --> 02:45:41,932
by the German Order Police,

1906
02:45:42,033 --> 02:45:44,702
who opened fire
at people gathered in the streets.

1907
02:45:45,002 --> 02:45:47,004
Nine people died.

1908
02:45:48,506 --> 02:45:51,042
The Germans later executed
four of the strikers,

1909
02:45:51,142 --> 02:45:52,476
and imprisoned many.

1910
02:45:52,576 --> 02:45:54,679
They fired the mayor
and the head of police

1911
02:45:54,979 --> 02:45:57,648
and replaced them
with Nazi sympathisers.

1912
02:46:32,049 --> 02:46:33,517
VOICE-OVER: Oosterpark.

1913
02:46:34,285 --> 02:46:37,621
In March 1944,
the Germans closed the park

1914
02:46:37,722 --> 02:46:40,725
and started using it
for their vehicle fleet.

1915
02:46:58,376 --> 02:47:00,578
VOICE-OVER: On the 4th of May 1945,

1916
02:47:00,678 --> 02:47:03,414
the German Order Police
started shooting from the park

1917
02:47:03,514 --> 02:47:07,017
at people stealing wooden blocks
from between the tram rails,

1918
02:47:07,118 --> 02:47:09,153
to use in their stoves at home.

1919
02:47:09,253 --> 02:47:12,790
Johan van Es, who was cycling past,
was fatally wounded.

1920
02:49:46,777 --> 02:49:52,416
VOICE-OVER: 296 Amsteldijk
and DR. C.W. Ittmannpad,

1921
02:49:52,516 --> 02:49:54,785
Rozenoord plant nursery.

1922
02:49:54,885 --> 02:49:56,353
In 1944

1923
02:49:56,453 --> 02:49:58,622
the Germans started
carrying out executions

1924
02:49:58,722 --> 02:49:59,790
on this plot.

1925
02:49:59,890 --> 02:50:02,293
As a rule,
the Germans executed people

1926
02:50:02,393 --> 02:50:04,595
at the site of an attack
by the resistance,

1927
02:50:04,695 --> 02:50:07,298
but late in the war
a lack of fuel and cars

1928
02:50:07,398 --> 02:50:09,733
sometimes made this impossible.

1929
02:50:09,833 --> 02:50:13,971
Approximately 140 men
were executed at Rozenoord.

1930
02:50:14,271 --> 02:50:17,274
The identities of a hundred men
are known.

1931
02:50:17,374 --> 02:50:20,344
Most were prisoners
from Weteringschans prison.

1932
02:50:20,444 --> 02:50:25,849
The largest group, 53 men, were shot
here on the 8th of March 1945,

1933
02:50:25,950 --> 02:50:30,554
as a retaliation for an attack
on SS leader Hanns Rauter.

1934
02:50:33,724 --> 02:50:36,894
Executions were generally
carried out early in the morning,

1935
02:50:36,994 --> 02:50:40,664
with the members of the firing squad
selected the night before.

1936
02:50:40,764 --> 02:50:44,368
To refuse was to risk
one’s own execution.

1937
02:50:44,468 --> 02:50:47,004
The German Order Police officer
Jupp Henneböhl

1938
02:50:47,304 --> 02:50:49,907
refused to participate
on three occasions.

1939
02:50:50,007 --> 02:50:51,275
In his memoirs,

1940
02:50:51,375 --> 02:50:53,644
this "good German",
as he was described,

1941
02:50:53,744 --> 02:50:54,945
recalled that

1942
02:50:55,245 --> 02:50:57,514
"I would sometimes question
what I was doing:

1943
02:50:57,615 --> 02:50:59,950
by refusing
I wouldn’t save any lives,

1944
02:51:00,250 --> 02:51:02,386
but I would run the risk
of being shot,

1945
02:51:02,486 --> 02:51:05,489
depriving the resistance
of their contact man."

1946
02:51:07,524 --> 02:51:10,661
Frans Hendrikx, the director
of the adjacent tennis park

1947
02:51:10,761 --> 02:51:11,829
Amstel View,

1948
02:51:11,929 --> 02:51:14,331
witnessed several executions.

1949
02:51:14,431 --> 02:51:16,800
After the war he wrote:

1950
02:51:16,900 --> 02:51:18,902
"From my hiding place close by,

1951
02:51:19,003 --> 02:51:21,739
I could observe
the grim, ashen faces.

1952
02:51:21,839 --> 02:51:24,875
I could see the tangled hair
on their bare heads,

1953
02:51:24,975 --> 02:51:28,879
and their terrified eyes staring
in glaring fear into the distance."

1954
02:51:32,516 --> 02:51:33,917
Demolished.

1955
02:51:44,294 --> 02:51:47,765
5 Beursplein.
The stock exchange.

1956
02:51:50,601 --> 02:51:52,870
The Liro Bank,
a Jewish owned bank,

1957
02:51:52,970 --> 02:51:56,940
was taken over by the occupiers
and used as a "looting bank".

1958
02:51:57,041 --> 02:51:59,977
Jews had to hand over all their money
and other valuables

1959
02:52:00,077 --> 02:52:03,080
like stocks, art and jewels
to this bank,

1960
02:52:03,380 --> 02:52:07,484
with which the Germans
then financed their deportation.

1961
02:52:07,584 --> 02:52:10,888
The bank traded the Jewish shares
on the stock market.

1962
02:52:11,555 --> 02:52:14,792
The chairman of the Stockbroking
Association agreed to this.

1963
02:52:14,892 --> 02:52:17,094
Jewish-owned securities were offered

1964
02:52:17,394 --> 02:52:20,531
at reduced prices
on special "discount days".

1965
02:52:20,631 --> 02:52:21,699
Trade at the stock market

1966
02:52:21,799 --> 02:52:25,803
pretty much came to a standstill
in September 1944.

1967
02:52:25,903 --> 02:52:29,106
The brokers played dominoes
until liberation.

1968
02:52:41,051 --> 02:52:45,589
99 Gerrit Van Der Veenstraat,
formerly Euterpestraat.

1969
02:52:46,490 --> 02:52:50,627
In 1941 this school for girls became
the Amsterdam headquarters

1970
02:52:50,728 --> 02:52:54,064
of the "Sicherheitspolizei"
and the "Sicherheitsdienst",

1971
02:52:54,364 --> 02:52:57,868
the German security police
and security service.

1972
02:52:57,968 --> 02:53:00,904
This was one of the most feared
buildings in Amsterdam.

1973
02:53:01,004 --> 02:53:04,007
The SiPO and the SD focused
on tracking down

1974
02:53:04,108 --> 02:53:06,610
all enemies of national socialism,

1975
02:53:06,710 --> 02:53:08,846
including communists,
Freemasons

1976
02:53:08,946 --> 02:53:10,748
and Jehovah’s witnesses.

1977
02:53:10,848 --> 02:53:13,684
They were all interrogated
in this building.

1978
02:53:14,084 --> 02:53:16,053
The cells were in the basement.

1979
02:53:16,153 --> 02:53:18,689
A former captive wrote
after the war:

1980
02:53:18,789 --> 02:53:22,126
"First put him for a few days
in a low-ceilinged cell

1981
02:53:22,426 --> 02:53:23,827
half-filled with water,

1982
02:53:23,927 --> 02:53:27,531
where it is impossible to sit,
or lie, or lean,

1983
02:53:27,631 --> 02:53:29,833
in the pitch dark,
without food or drink.

1984
02:53:29,933 --> 02:53:32,469
Then, at the most unexpected
of moments,

1985
02:53:32,569 --> 02:53:34,872
take him
from this filthy open sewer,

1986
02:53:34,972 --> 02:53:38,175
deal him a few vicious blows
to the head with a length of chain

1987
02:53:38,475 --> 02:53:39,943
and, if necessary,

1988
02:53:40,043 --> 02:53:42,012
give him a good kicking
in the belly.

1989
02:53:42,112 --> 02:53:45,449
Then truly
this 'filthy dog' will talk."

1990
02:53:45,549 --> 02:53:48,485
On the 26th of November 1944

1991
02:53:48,585 --> 02:53:50,721
the school was bombed
by the British Airforce

1992
02:53:50,821 --> 02:53:53,423
at the request
of the Dutch resistance.

1993
02:53:53,524 --> 02:53:55,492
The RAF opposed
the bombing of a target

1994
02:53:55,592 --> 02:53:56,994
in a residential area,

1995
02:53:57,094 --> 02:53:59,963
but carried it out at the insistence
of Prince Bernhard,

1996
02:54:00,063 --> 02:54:03,567
the supreme commander
of the Dutch Domestic Armed Forces.

1997
02:54:03,667 --> 02:54:05,469
More than 50 people were killed,

1998
02:54:05,569 --> 02:54:07,538
including several people in hiding,

1999
02:54:07,638 --> 02:54:09,439
and four German policemen.

2000
02:54:09,540 --> 02:54:11,208
Forty buildings were destroyed.

2001
02:54:11,508 --> 02:54:14,044
According to an eyewitness
the citizens of Amsterdam

2002
02:54:14,144 --> 02:54:16,446
nonetheless rejoiced at the sight.

2003
02:54:16,547 --> 02:54:18,015
Shortly after liberation,

2004
02:54:18,115 --> 02:54:20,717
this street was named
after executed artist

2005
02:54:20,818 --> 02:54:21,952
Gerrit van der Veen,

2006
02:54:22,052 --> 02:54:24,922
one of the best known members
of the resistance.

2007
02:54:37,968 --> 02:54:39,770
1 Paleisstraat.

2008
02:54:39,870 --> 02:54:42,739
De Grote Club, a gentlemen’s club.

2009
02:54:42,840 --> 02:54:45,709
Before the war
it refused Jewish members.

2010
02:54:45,809 --> 02:54:48,078
The German navy
confiscated the building

2011
02:54:48,178 --> 02:54:51,048
and in 1943 it became
one of the strongholds

2012
02:54:51,148 --> 02:54:53,650
in the German defence
of Amsterdam.

2013
02:54:53,750 --> 02:54:57,688
It was from this building that,
on the 7th of May 1945,

2014
02:54:57,788 --> 02:54:59,923
German soldiers started to shoot
at the crowd

2015
02:55:00,023 --> 02:55:03,627
that had gathered on the square
to celebrate their liberation.

2016
02:56:27,077 --> 02:56:28,946
72 Middenweg.

2017
02:56:29,046 --> 02:56:32,683
Frankendael estate,
city plant nursery.

2018
02:56:32,783 --> 02:56:36,086
The open-air theatre in the garden
was used by Jeugdstorm,

2019
02:56:36,186 --> 02:56:38,055
the youth wing of the NSB,

2020
02:56:38,155 --> 02:56:41,892
for events such as
summer Solstice celebrations.

2021
02:56:48,699 --> 02:56:50,100
Demolished.

2022
02:57:00,210 --> 02:57:03,246
Haarlemmerweg near Coronelstraat.

2023
02:57:03,347 --> 02:57:04,815
Following a resistance attack

2024
02:57:04,915 --> 02:57:06,717
on the railway near Sloterdijk,

2025
02:57:06,817 --> 02:57:09,619
on the 15th of December 1944

2026
02:57:09,720 --> 02:57:13,790
the occupiers retaliated
by executing three resisters:

2027
02:57:13,890 --> 02:57:16,093
Pieter Elias, a police officer,

2028
02:57:16,193 --> 02:57:19,196
Matthijs Verkuijl, the leader
of a BS resistance group

2029
02:57:19,296 --> 02:57:21,765
and his son Henk Verkuijl.

2030
02:57:21,865 --> 02:57:24,067
Their bodies were left on the ground
for two days

2031
02:57:24,167 --> 02:57:27,037
to intimidate all Amsterdammers.

2032
02:57:27,137 --> 02:57:30,874
The SD gave local police
the following instructions:

2033
02:57:30,974 --> 02:57:32,376
"These three corpses lying here

2034
02:57:32,676 --> 02:57:35,112
belong to terrorists
who we shot dead.

2035
02:57:35,212 --> 02:57:36,413
Your task is to ensure

2036
02:57:36,713 --> 02:57:39,116
no one comes near them
or takes them away.

2037
02:57:39,216 --> 02:57:42,019
Only staff from Bleekemolen
funeral services

2038
02:57:42,119 --> 02:57:44,721
are allowed to remove the corpses."

2039
02:59:26,256 --> 02:59:27,991
<i>Saint Nicholas!</i>

2040
02:59:29,426 --> 02:59:31,928
<i>Saint Nicholas!</i>

2041
02:59:33,396 --> 02:59:37,367
VOICE-OVER: 876 Prinsengracht,
ground floor.

2042
02:59:37,467 --> 02:59:41,204
House of Tom Koreman
and Yara Koreman-Wainschtok.

2043
02:59:41,304 --> 02:59:44,474
Hiding place of Dio Remiëns
and Nel Hissink,

2044
02:59:44,774 --> 02:59:48,345
who worked for the CS6
and PBC resistance groups.

2045
02:59:48,445 --> 02:59:50,780
In March 1943,

2046
02:59:50,881 --> 02:59:53,783
this house was the base
for the attack on the Civil Registry.

2047
02:59:53,884 --> 02:59:56,887
Hissink and Remiëns were arrested
after they were betrayed

2048
02:59:56,987 --> 02:59:59,055
in the summer of 1943.

2049
02:59:59,156 --> 03:00:04,227
Remiëns was executed on the 1st
of October 1943 in the dunes.

2050
03:00:04,327 --> 03:00:08,999
Hissink was executed in November 1943
in Sachsenhausen.

2051
03:00:09,099 --> 03:00:11,034
The SD arrested Tom Koreman

2052
03:00:11,134 --> 03:00:13,270
after they found a pistol
in his office.

2053
03:00:13,370 --> 03:00:16,973
Remiëns had given it to him
after the attack on the registry.

2054
03:00:17,073 --> 03:00:19,176
Koreman was also executed.

2055
03:00:19,276 --> 03:00:22,579
The Germans arrested Yara Koreman
as well,

2056
03:00:22,879 --> 03:00:24,481
but she was released again.

2057
03:00:24,581 --> 03:00:27,317
Yara took her own life
a few weeks later.

2058
03:00:27,417 --> 03:00:30,487
She was pregnant
with their first child.

2059
03:01:18,335 --> 03:01:21,037
In 1940 the Germans commanded

2060
03:01:21,137 --> 03:01:23,406
all streetlights and buildings
be blacked out,

2061
03:01:23,506 --> 03:01:25,508
to make it difficult
for allied planes

2062
03:01:25,609 --> 03:01:28,545
to use the light of the city
for navigation.

2063
03:01:28,645 --> 03:01:30,914
Shops sold special paper
and curtains

2064
03:01:31,014 --> 03:01:32,882
to make sure
no light shone out.

2065
03:01:32,983 --> 03:01:35,518
The police imposed heavy fines.

2066
03:01:35,619 --> 03:01:37,020
In the ensuing dark,

2067
03:01:37,120 --> 03:01:39,889
a lot of people got lost
or fell in the water,

2068
03:01:39,990 --> 03:01:44,060
the most in 1940,
when 55 people died of drowning.

2069
03:01:45,061 --> 03:01:48,531
Books on astronomy were popular
at lending libraries during the war.

2070
03:01:48,632 --> 03:01:52,435
The blackout meant the stars
were clearly visible at night.

2071
03:02:01,344 --> 03:02:03,079
Lindengracht.

2072
03:02:03,913 --> 03:02:08,485
On the 4th of February 1945,
a patrol squad from the Dutch police

2073
03:02:08,585 --> 03:02:12,155
started shooting at a group of men
who were sawing down trees.

2074
03:02:12,956 --> 03:02:15,492
They needed the wood
for cooking and heating.

2075
03:02:15,592 --> 03:02:18,328
A police report states
that Johannes Eijkelboom,

2076
03:02:18,428 --> 03:02:19,696
a warehouse clerk,

2077
03:02:19,996 --> 03:02:23,600
suffered gunshot wounds to the head
and chest, and died.

2078
03:02:36,379 --> 03:02:38,548
Jeroenensteeg.

2079
03:02:38,648 --> 03:02:40,383
The body of an unidentified woman

2080
03:02:40,483 --> 03:02:44,487
was found here
on the 18th of December 1944.

2081
03:02:44,587 --> 03:02:46,256
A police report states:

2082
03:02:46,356 --> 03:02:49,492
"Probably a Jewess,
age 60 to 65,

2083
03:02:49,592 --> 03:02:51,594
broad cheekbones, grey hair.

2084
03:02:51,695 --> 03:02:54,698
The fact that the streets were wet
and the soles of her slippers dry

2085
03:02:54,998 --> 03:02:57,400
suggests that the body
was placed here."

2086
03:02:57,500 --> 03:02:59,969
The woman was
Judith de Hond-Walvisch.

2087
03:03:00,070 --> 03:03:02,639
She had been living in hiding
around the corner.

2088
03:03:02,739 --> 03:03:06,009
She died of blood poisoning
resulting from a head injury.

2089
03:03:06,109 --> 03:03:10,313
Her sons laid her body in the alley
without identity papers.

2090
03:03:47,617 --> 03:03:51,087
VOICE-OVER: 7 Bloedstraat, ground floor.

2091
03:03:51,187 --> 03:03:54,791
Brothel room of sex worker
Catherina van Heerden.

2092
03:03:56,292 --> 03:03:58,762
On the 10th of July 1942,

2093
03:03:59,062 --> 03:04:02,599
the 19-year-old Jewish bicycle
repairer Leendert van West

2094
03:04:02,699 --> 03:04:05,301
was arrested because
he had paid two guilders here

2095
03:04:05,402 --> 03:04:08,671
for "carnal intercourse
with an Aryan woman".

2096
03:04:09,339 --> 03:04:12,275
Marriage and sexual relations
between Jews and non-Jews

2097
03:04:12,375 --> 03:04:15,512
were forbidden in the Netherlands
in March 1942

2098
03:04:15,612 --> 03:04:19,416
by the Blood Protection Law,
one of the Nuremberg Laws.

2099
03:04:21,418 --> 03:04:26,222
In May 1943, Van West
was murdered in Sobibor.

2100
03:04:47,310 --> 03:04:51,247
218 and 220 Keizersgracht.

2101
03:04:51,347 --> 03:04:54,417
Church and monastery
of the Redemptorists.

2102
03:04:55,685 --> 03:04:57,287
Base for the Donia Department,

2103
03:04:57,387 --> 03:05:00,323
an investigative unit set up
by resistance leader

2104
03:05:00,423 --> 03:05:01,691
Walraven van Hall

2105
03:05:01,791 --> 03:05:04,227
and run by police officer
S. van der Wind,

2106
03:05:04,327 --> 03:05:06,196
who had gone underground.

2107
03:05:06,296 --> 03:05:08,498
His job was to assess
the trustworthiness

2108
03:05:08,598 --> 03:05:10,533
of resistance members.

2109
03:05:10,633 --> 03:05:12,669
From September 1944,

2110
03:05:12,769 --> 03:05:16,105
they hid the administration
of the National Support Fund here,

2111
03:05:16,206 --> 03:05:18,875
the underground institution
led by banker Van Hall

2112
03:05:19,175 --> 03:05:22,512
that organised and distributed money
for the resistance.

2113
03:06:44,928 --> 03:06:46,729
Sarphatipark.

2114
03:06:46,829 --> 03:06:49,499
The park was named
after Samuel Sarphati,

2115
03:06:49,599 --> 03:06:51,868
a Jewish physician and city planner.

2116
03:06:51,968 --> 03:06:54,971
In 1942
it was renamed Bollandpark,

2117
03:06:55,271 --> 03:06:57,407
after an antisemitic philosopher.

2118
03:06:57,507 --> 03:07:00,543
The statue of Sarphati
was removed.

2119
03:07:00,643 --> 03:07:02,779
Artists Else Berg
and Mommie Schwarz

2120
03:07:02,879 --> 03:07:05,481
both had a studio
overlooking the park.

2121
03:07:05,582 --> 03:07:08,851
Some of the last paintings
they made, in 1942,

2122
03:07:08,952 --> 03:07:11,354
were landscapes of the park
in the snow.

2123
03:07:11,454 --> 03:07:15,592
Berg and Schwarz were arrested
in their home in November 1942,

2124
03:07:15,692 --> 03:07:18,728
and murdered a week later
in Auschwitz.

2125
03:07:18,828 --> 03:07:20,363
The park was an assembly point

2126
03:07:20,463 --> 03:07:22,565
at one of the last large roundups.

2127
03:07:22,665 --> 03:07:26,336
Early in the morning
of the 20th of June 1943,

2128
03:07:26,436 --> 03:07:29,973
loudspeaker cars drove around
the south and east of Amsterdam

2129
03:07:30,273 --> 03:07:31,975
ordering Jews to leave their houses.

2130
03:07:32,275 --> 03:07:35,678
More than 5,000 people
were captured that day.

2131
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:34,504
344 Kinkerstraat, second floor.

2132
03:08:34,604 --> 03:08:36,005
Home of Jan Bogaard,

2133
03:08:36,305 --> 03:08:38,374
a guard at Weteringschans prison,

2134
03:08:38,474 --> 03:08:41,744
and his mother
Johanna Bogaard-van Klingeren.

2135
03:08:41,844 --> 03:08:44,781
Jan Bogaard promised to help
the KP resistance group

2136
03:08:44,881 --> 03:08:46,015
led by Johannes Post

2137
03:08:46,315 --> 03:08:50,987
to attack the prison
on Friday the 14th of July 1944.

2138
03:08:51,087 --> 03:08:52,689
To ensure his compliance,

2139
03:08:52,789 --> 03:08:56,059
the plan was that Bogaard’s mother
would be brought to a safehouse by Post

2140
03:08:56,359 --> 03:08:57,694
on Friday morning.

2141
03:08:57,794 --> 03:09:00,596
She was to be killed
if her son betrayed them.

2142
03:09:00,697 --> 03:09:04,567
But Mrs Bogaard said she was only
willing to go the next day.

2143
03:09:04,667 --> 03:09:06,803
Despite this, the attack went ahead.

2144
03:09:06,903 --> 03:09:09,439
And Bogaard indeed betrayed them.

2145
03:09:10,039 --> 03:09:11,774
The next morning, Johannes Post,

2146
03:09:11,874 --> 03:09:13,743
not knowing about the betrayal yet,

2147
03:09:13,843 --> 03:09:15,712
was waiting in the Kinkerstraat
for the car

2148
03:09:15,812 --> 03:09:18,347
to collect Bogaard’s mother
when he was arrested.

2149
03:09:18,448 --> 03:09:20,850
Post was executed the following day
in the dunes

2150
03:09:20,950 --> 03:09:23,786
together with other members
of his group.

2151
03:09:23,886 --> 03:09:25,555
Johannes Post’s brother Marinus

2152
03:09:25,655 --> 03:09:28,091
monitored Bogaard’s apartment
after the arrest,

2153
03:09:28,391 --> 03:09:29,792
but the German security police

2154
03:09:29,892 --> 03:09:33,029
had already found Bogaard
a safe address in Utrecht.

2155
03:09:33,129 --> 03:09:36,032
After the war,
Bogaard was sentenced to death.

2156
03:09:36,132 --> 03:09:39,001
He was executed in 1947.

2157
03:09:59,055 --> 03:10:01,791
VOICE-OVER: 78 Spaarndammerstraat.

2158
03:10:03,159 --> 03:10:06,496
Roman Catholic Association clubhouse.

2159
03:10:06,896 --> 03:10:11,400
The building housed a famine clinic
in the summer of 1945.

2160
03:10:11,501 --> 03:10:14,504
Corpses were often found floating
in the water in this neighbourhood

2161
03:10:14,604 --> 03:10:16,472
during the Hunger Winter.

2162
03:10:19,909 --> 03:10:22,111
Not all of these people had drowned.

2163
03:10:22,411 --> 03:10:25,081
People sometimes threw the bodies
of deceased family members

2164
03:10:25,181 --> 03:10:26,415
into the water,

2165
03:10:26,516 --> 03:10:28,117
either because
there was no possibility

2166
03:10:28,417 --> 03:10:29,986
of transport to the cemetery,

2167
03:10:30,086 --> 03:10:32,822
or to be able to continue
claiming ration coupons

2168
03:10:32,922 --> 03:10:34,791
for the deceased person.

2169
03:10:36,159 --> 03:10:37,760
Demolished.

2170
03:10:46,202 --> 03:10:49,138
44 Agamemnonstraat.

2171
03:10:49,438 --> 03:10:51,507
De Blauwe Reiger nursery school.

2172
03:10:52,475 --> 03:10:55,878
After liberation, this was the base
of the Auxiliary Police,

2173
03:10:55,978 --> 03:10:58,848
a group of volunteers
who helped guard detainees,

2174
03:10:58,948 --> 03:11:01,551
buildings, and food transport.

2175
03:11:01,651 --> 03:11:03,786
They also dealt
with Canadian soldiers,

2176
03:11:03,886 --> 03:11:06,889
who came to Amsterdam
on leave from Germany.

2177
03:11:07,456 --> 03:11:08,991
The Canadians were not allowed
to mingle

2178
03:11:09,091 --> 03:11:11,227
with the population in Germany.

2179
03:11:12,628 --> 03:11:15,631
The Leave Centre was located
in the Olympic Stadium.

2180
03:11:15,731 --> 03:11:17,767
A volunteer wrote in his report:

2181
03:11:17,867 --> 03:11:20,903
"The neighbourhood around the stadium
is the setting for repugnant scenes

2182
03:11:21,003 --> 03:11:23,206
involving soldiers.

2183
03:11:23,506 --> 03:11:25,775
The soldiers have no hesitation
in taking girls

2184
03:11:25,875 --> 03:11:28,144
of 18 or 19 years old with them

2185
03:11:28,244 --> 03:11:31,581
for the entire night
and keeping them with them.

2186
03:11:31,681 --> 03:11:35,017
The girls are very often found
in an intoxicated state.

2187
03:11:35,117 --> 03:11:38,721
On one of these occasions,
even the Canadian Military Police

2188
03:11:38,821 --> 03:11:40,223
felt compelled to intervene,

2189
03:11:40,523 --> 03:11:44,193
and to subject the cars parked here
to an investigation.

2190
03:11:46,229 --> 03:11:48,698
The results were astonishing.

2191
03:11:49,165 --> 03:11:52,702
From each car there appeared
two to four girls."

2192
03:12:03,012 --> 03:12:05,882
188 Hoogte Kadijk.

2193
03:12:06,883 --> 03:12:10,019
In 1941 the second
Municipal Central Kitchen

2194
03:12:10,119 --> 03:12:12,521
opened in this power station.

2195
03:12:14,523 --> 03:12:16,292
In October 1944

2196
03:12:16,592 --> 03:12:19,595
the gas supply for individual
households was cut off,

2197
03:12:19,695 --> 03:12:24,233
and suddenly 440,000 Amsterdammers
became users of the kitchens,

2198
03:12:24,533 --> 03:12:27,270
whose number rose
to more than 15.

2199
03:12:27,570 --> 03:12:28,838
To distribute the food,

2200
03:12:28,938 --> 03:12:31,741
schools and other public buildings
were used.

2201
03:12:34,610 --> 03:12:36,946
The menu in October 1944:

2202
03:12:37,046 --> 03:12:40,316
Monday cabbage with potatoes,
Tuesday porridge,

2203
03:12:40,616 --> 03:12:44,287
Wednesday carrots with potatoes,
Thursday beets with potatoes,

2204
03:12:44,587 --> 03:12:46,555
Friday cabbage with potatoes,

2205
03:12:46,656 --> 03:12:49,926
Saturday pea soup,
Sunday porridge.

2206
03:12:50,026 --> 03:12:53,062
When there were no potatoes left
in 1945,

2207
03:12:53,162 --> 03:12:56,966
the kitchens served sugar beets
and tulip bulbs.

2208
03:12:57,066 --> 03:12:58,935
Partially demolished.

2209
03:13:16,752 --> 03:13:19,288
552 Herengracht.

2210
03:13:19,588 --> 03:13:22,325
Fired Jewish radio presenter
Gustav Czopp

2211
03:13:22,625 --> 03:13:25,094
started to produce
and sell boardgames.

2212
03:13:25,194 --> 03:13:27,263
The shop, Variété,

2213
03:13:27,363 --> 03:13:29,699
became a cover
for resistance activities.

2214
03:13:29,799 --> 03:13:34,136
Czopp was betrayed
and in 1944 perished in Dachau.

2215
03:13:43,612 --> 03:13:44,947
<i>Action!</i>

2216
03:13:52,688 --> 03:13:55,624
VOICE-OVER: 38 Camperstraat, third floor.

2217
03:13:55,725 --> 03:13:59,795
In late 1943,
a baby named Charles Viskoop

2218
03:13:59,895 --> 03:14:02,398
was hiding here.

2219
03:14:02,698 --> 03:14:05,368
His mother had placed him
in the care of Adrie Bijmoer

2220
03:14:05,668 --> 03:14:07,937
soon after he was born.

2221
03:14:08,037 --> 03:14:10,206
They were betrayed
by Roza Busnach,

2222
03:14:10,306 --> 03:14:13,843
a Jewish woman who had become
an informer for the SD.

2223
03:14:13,943 --> 03:14:16,679
On the 6th of December 1943

2224
03:14:16,779 --> 03:14:19,715
the Henneicke Column carried out
a raid at this address.

2225
03:14:19,815 --> 03:14:23,352
Bijmoer brought the baby to the
Police Department for Jewish Affairs.

2226
03:14:23,652 --> 03:14:26,856
From there, Charles was taken
to Weteringschans Prison,

2227
03:14:26,956 --> 03:14:28,758
where Janny Moffie-Bolle,
a nurse

2228
03:14:28,858 --> 03:14:30,893
who had been arrested
a few days earlier,

2229
03:14:30,993 --> 03:14:33,195
had to look after him in her cell.

2230
03:14:33,295 --> 03:14:38,167
On the 24th of December, baby Charles
was put on transport to Westerbork.

2231
03:14:38,267 --> 03:14:41,337
He died in January 1944
in Auschwitz.

2232
03:14:41,437 --> 03:14:44,006
His mother
Veronica Viskoop-de Brave

2233
03:14:44,106 --> 03:14:47,410
had already been killed there
in November 1943.

2234
03:14:47,710 --> 03:14:49,111
His father Sem Viskoop

2235
03:14:49,211 --> 03:14:53,115
was murdered in the same camp
in February 1944.

2236
03:14:53,215 --> 03:14:57,353
After the war, Busnach was sentenced
to two years in prison.

2237
03:14:58,854 --> 03:15:00,256
Demolished.

2238
03:15:33,956 --> 03:15:37,126
VOICE-OVER: The Krugerplein lay
in the middle of the Transvaalbuurt,

2239
03:15:37,226 --> 03:15:41,297
a neighbourhood with a large Jewish
population before the war.

2240
03:15:41,397 --> 03:15:45,501
In 1942, this area
became "Jewish area II",

2241
03:15:45,801 --> 03:15:49,472
the last place where Jews were
allowed to live in the Netherlands.

2242
03:15:52,741 --> 03:15:55,344
The square was an assembly point
during roundups.

2243
03:15:55,444 --> 03:15:59,515
After the war, Greetje
Papegaaij-van der Meer remembered:

2244
03:15:59,815 --> 03:16:01,350
"The day came when it was our turn.

2245
03:16:01,450 --> 03:16:03,853
My mother was expecting
with my little brother.

2246
03:16:03,953 --> 03:16:05,287
She was heavily pregnant.

2247
03:16:05,387 --> 03:16:07,123
We were already sitting
in the trucks

2248
03:16:07,223 --> 03:16:10,159
when we saw the German officers
discussing something.

2249
03:16:10,259 --> 03:16:13,195
They were scared that my mother
was going to give birth in the truck,

2250
03:16:13,295 --> 03:16:15,364
and that it would cause trouble.

2251
03:16:15,464 --> 03:16:17,867
Then they threw all three of us off."

2252
03:17:01,944 --> 03:17:05,281
VOICE-OVER: 28 Krugerplein, ground floor.

2253
03:17:06,215 --> 03:17:09,552
On the night
of the 31st of January 1945,

2254
03:17:09,852 --> 03:17:11,287
a group of some 50 people

2255
03:17:11,387 --> 03:17:13,989
forced open the door
of the bakery here.

2256
03:17:14,924 --> 03:17:16,525
A police report records that

2257
03:17:16,825 --> 03:17:20,563
"Approximately 300 loaves
and a bag of flour were taken."

2258
03:17:34,343 --> 03:17:37,980
31 Plantage Middenlaan.
The crèche.

2259
03:17:38,080 --> 03:17:41,283
A day care centre,
from September 1941

2260
03:17:41,383 --> 03:17:44,520
only for Jewish children
and Jewish staff.

2261
03:17:44,620 --> 03:17:47,990
In October 1942
children under twelve

2262
03:17:48,090 --> 03:17:49,525
whose parents were detained
in the crowded

2263
03:17:49,625 --> 03:17:54,029
Dutch theatre deportation centre
across the road were kept here.

2264
03:17:54,129 --> 03:17:57,866
The director of the crèche,
Henriette Pimentel, and her staff

2265
03:17:57,967 --> 03:18:01,303
worked with employees of the Jewish
Council in the Dutch theatre

2266
03:18:01,403 --> 03:18:05,407
and several resistance groups
to save around 600 of these children

2267
03:18:05,507 --> 03:18:07,977
once the parents of the children
had given their permission

2268
03:18:08,077 --> 03:18:11,213
and they were secretly stricken
from the records.

2269
03:18:11,313 --> 03:18:13,082
Some children were smuggled
from the crèche

2270
03:18:13,182 --> 03:18:15,451
in washing baskets or rucksacks.

2271
03:18:15,551 --> 03:18:19,088
Others escaped in the arms of a carer
while she hopped onto a tram,

2272
03:18:19,188 --> 03:18:21,223
or while taking a fresh air break,

2273
03:18:21,323 --> 03:18:24,393
others disappeared through the
gardens into the building next door,

2274
03:18:24,493 --> 03:18:27,296
the Reformed
Teachers' Training College.

2275
03:18:28,297 --> 03:18:31,166
It was easiest to find homes
for babies.

2276
03:18:31,267 --> 03:18:33,502
Blond children,
known as "tea substitutes",

2277
03:18:33,602 --> 03:18:36,272
were sent to the northern Dutch
province of Friesland,

2278
03:18:36,372 --> 03:18:38,540
dark-haired children,
or "coffee substitutes",

2279
03:18:38,641 --> 03:18:41,910
went southwards,
to the province of Limburg.

2280
03:18:42,011 --> 03:18:46,215
All 70 children who were present
on the 23rd of July 1943

2281
03:18:46,315 --> 03:18:47,383
were deported,

2282
03:18:47,483 --> 03:18:50,419
along with most remaining staff
and the director.

2283
03:18:50,519 --> 03:18:54,657
The crèche was closed permanently
in September 1943.

2284
03:18:57,660 --> 03:18:59,395
Demolished.

2285
03:19:04,133 --> 03:19:07,002
24 Plantage Middenlaan.

2286
03:19:07,102 --> 03:19:10,439
The Hollandsche Schouwburg,
or Dutch Theatre.

2287
03:19:10,539 --> 03:19:15,144
This theatre was renamed
the Jewish theatre in October 1941

2288
03:19:15,244 --> 03:19:19,315
and was only open to Jewish
performers and Jewish audiences.

2289
03:19:19,415 --> 03:19:21,550
The newly formed
Jewish Symphony Orchestra

2290
03:19:21,650 --> 03:19:23,285
played here for instance,

2291
03:19:23,385 --> 03:19:27,022
many of whose members had been part
of the Concertgebouw Orchestra

2292
03:19:27,122 --> 03:19:29,425
but were fired
because they were Jewish.

2293
03:19:29,525 --> 03:19:33,062
They could only perform music
by Jewish composers.

2294
03:19:39,268 --> 03:19:44,073
In July 1942 the theatre was changed
into a deportation centre.

2295
03:19:44,173 --> 03:19:47,376
It was renamed Umschlagplatz
Plantage Middenlaan,

2296
03:19:47,476 --> 03:19:50,346
or Plantage Middenlaan
Transfer Facility.

2297
03:19:50,446 --> 03:19:54,750
The facility's first staff members
were the actors from the theatre.

2298
03:19:55,484 --> 03:19:57,119
People were detained at the theatre

2299
03:19:57,219 --> 03:20:00,289
for anything from a few hours
to a few weeks.

2300
03:20:00,389 --> 03:20:02,524
The average stay was five days.

2301
03:20:02,624 --> 03:20:07,029
Usually, three to four hundred people
would be held here at any one time.

2302
03:20:07,129 --> 03:20:11,033
But that figure sometimes rose
to 1,400.

2303
03:20:11,133 --> 03:20:14,169
When evening came, the chairs
were stacked up against the walls

2304
03:20:14,269 --> 03:20:16,538
and straw mattresses
were brought out from the wings,

2305
03:20:16,638 --> 03:20:18,574
and arranged on the floor.

2306
03:20:18,674 --> 03:20:21,143
When they were deported,
the prisoners either walked

2307
03:20:21,243 --> 03:20:22,778
or were taken by tram or truck

2308
03:20:23,078 --> 03:20:25,614
to one of Amsterdam's train stations.

2309
03:20:27,116 --> 03:20:29,485
The guards had their own rooms
on the upper floor.

2310
03:20:29,585 --> 03:20:32,454
The Jewish manager of the facility,
Walter Susskind,

2311
03:20:32,554 --> 03:20:34,590
would frequently supply alcohol
to the guards

2312
03:20:34,690 --> 03:20:35,758
to get them drunk,

2313
03:20:36,058 --> 03:20:37,659
and arrange visits by sex workers

2314
03:20:37,760 --> 03:20:40,062
to keep them occupied
in their rooms.

2315
03:20:40,162 --> 03:20:43,098
Several hundred people managed
to escape from the theatre,

2316
03:20:43,198 --> 03:20:46,034
most of them with the help
of Jewish Council staff.

2317
03:20:46,135 --> 03:20:48,637
Many of the escapees were recaptured.

2318
03:20:48,737 --> 03:20:52,074
A Dutch Jew Hunter would get
seven guilders and 50 cents

2319
03:20:52,174 --> 03:20:54,576
for every person he brought in.

2320
03:20:57,746 --> 03:21:00,816
Wim Henneicke and his group
captured more than 8,000 people

2321
03:21:01,116 --> 03:21:03,419
before the resistance killed him.

2322
03:21:03,519 --> 03:21:05,721
Several people killed themselves
in the theatre,

2323
03:21:05,821 --> 03:21:08,457
for instance
by jumping of the balcony.

2324
03:21:08,557 --> 03:21:10,426
In April 1943,

2325
03:21:10,526 --> 03:21:13,729
the CS6 resistance group
tried to set fire to the theatre,

2326
03:21:13,829 --> 03:21:16,432
but the blaze
was quickly extinguished.

2327
03:21:18,133 --> 03:21:21,503
The deportation centre
was in operation for 16 months.

2328
03:21:21,603 --> 03:21:24,373
Around 50,000 Jews
were deported from here,

2329
03:21:24,473 --> 03:21:26,475
usually first
to transit camp Westerbork

2330
03:21:26,575 --> 03:21:29,244
and from there to concentration camps
and killing centres

2331
03:21:29,344 --> 03:21:30,646
in occupied Europe,

2332
03:21:30,746 --> 03:21:33,282
mainly Auschwitz and Sobibor.

2333
03:21:33,382 --> 03:21:35,651
The last time people were deported
from the facility

2334
03:21:35,751 --> 03:21:38,420
was in November 1943.

2335
03:21:39,321 --> 03:21:42,524
After the war the new owner
wanted to reopen the theatre,

2336
03:21:42,624 --> 03:21:45,160
but some public outrage
prevented this.

2337
03:21:45,260 --> 03:21:49,131
In 1962 a memorial was installed
in the ruined building,

2338
03:21:49,231 --> 03:21:51,433
which since 1993 includes a wall

2339
03:21:51,533 --> 03:21:54,670
with all the family names
of deported Jews.

2340
03:25:00,522 --> 03:25:01,990
Vondelpark.

2341
03:25:05,427 --> 03:25:08,296
Many of the luxurious townhouses
surrounding the park

2342
03:25:08,397 --> 03:25:10,832
served as quarters
for German officers.

2343
03:25:10,932 --> 03:25:13,769
They also confiscated
the pavilion in the park.

2344
03:25:13,869 --> 03:25:17,439
In 1943 German soldiers
exhibited toys there

2345
03:25:17,539 --> 03:25:19,941
that they made in their spare time.

2346
03:25:20,842 --> 03:25:22,811
The Dutch Nazi party, the NSB,

2347
03:25:22,911 --> 03:25:24,913
held midwinter celebrations
in the park,

2348
03:25:25,013 --> 03:25:26,948
to amplify their Germanic heritage.

2349
03:25:28,583 --> 03:25:31,486
In July 1943
The Jewish Weekly announced

2350
03:25:31,586 --> 03:25:33,822
in the "You need to know" section
that,

2351
03:25:33,922 --> 03:25:35,991
"The thoroughfares
in Amsterdam's Vondelpark

2352
03:25:36,091 --> 03:25:38,560
are considered to be
part of the park,

2353
03:25:38,660 --> 03:25:41,663
and these roads are therefore
off-limits for Jews."

2354
03:25:43,999 --> 03:25:46,702
The park was closed
in November 1944,

2355
03:25:46,802 --> 03:25:50,038
because "trees were being sawn
and chopped down everywhere".

2356
03:25:50,338 --> 03:25:51,740
Auctions were even held

2357
03:25:51,840 --> 03:25:54,643
at which it was possible
to place orders for trees.

2358
03:25:57,646 --> 03:26:00,782
Following the closure, a German
encampment and vehicle park

2359
03:26:00,882 --> 03:26:02,984
was set up
at the south end of the park,

2360
03:26:03,085 --> 03:26:05,353
cordoned off with fences
and barbed wire.

2361
03:26:05,454 --> 03:26:08,957
The closure of the park
benefited the bird population.

2362
03:26:09,057 --> 03:26:13,528
Four new species arrived,
including the oriole and the cuckoo.

2363
03:26:24,473 --> 03:26:27,142
186 Willemsparkweg.

2364
03:26:27,442 --> 03:26:30,712
In 1941 men who wanted
to join the Dutch SS

2365
03:26:30,812 --> 03:26:33,148
underwent a physical
assessment here.

2366
03:26:33,448 --> 03:26:36,451
In total around 25,000 Dutch men
volunteered

2367
03:26:36,551 --> 03:26:39,755
to fight in the Armed SS
on the eastern front.

2368
03:26:41,990 --> 03:26:43,425
In 1942

2369
03:26:43,525 --> 03:26:46,728
this building became the regional
headquarters of the Jeugdstorm,

2370
03:26:46,828 --> 03:26:49,498
the Nazi youth organisation.

2371
03:26:52,634 --> 03:26:54,069
Boys aged 16 to 18

2372
03:26:54,169 --> 03:26:57,873
could sign up here for "Germanic
defence sport camps" in Germany.

2373
03:26:57,973 --> 03:27:02,110
An advertisement promised: "You will
return toughened up and strong!"

2374
03:27:04,813 --> 03:27:09,017
In 1943 this became the headquarters
for girl members only.

2375
03:27:09,117 --> 03:27:11,787
The boys went to a bigger building
on Keizersgracht,

2376
03:27:11,887 --> 03:27:15,023
the headquarters
of the now forbidden boy scouts.

2377
03:27:37,813 --> 03:27:39,815
Minerva Harbour.

2378
03:27:42,050 --> 03:27:46,521
In the early morning
of the 6th of May 1941, four men

2379
03:27:46,621 --> 03:27:48,156
Mickey Beelaerts van Blokland,

2380
03:27:48,456 --> 03:27:50,926
an army officer
who had joined the resistance,

2381
03:27:51,026 --> 03:27:52,961
Govert Steen, a pilot,

2382
03:27:53,061 --> 03:27:55,564
Wijbert Lindeman,
an aircraft mechanic,

2383
03:27:55,664 --> 03:27:57,732
and aircraft builder
Wim Boomsma,

2384
03:27:57,833 --> 03:28:01,570
stole a German seaplane
from here and flew it to England.

2385
03:28:01,670 --> 03:28:04,706
The pilot had never flown
a seaplane before.

2386
03:28:04,806 --> 03:28:07,843
Beelaerts van Blokland discovered
the plane, a Fokker T-VIII,

2387
03:28:07,943 --> 03:28:09,678
while on a bicycle trip.

2388
03:28:09,778 --> 03:28:11,513
The men used
an inflatable mattress

2389
03:28:11,613 --> 03:28:13,682
to get to the plane
in the dark.

2390
03:28:13,782 --> 03:28:15,717
The plane was emblazoned
with swastikas,

2391
03:28:15,817 --> 03:28:18,220
and when they reached England
they were shot at.

2392
03:28:18,520 --> 03:28:21,656
The passengers responded
by waving a Dutch flag.

2393
03:28:21,756 --> 03:28:24,025
Steen landed the plane
on the beach at Broadstairs,

2394
03:28:24,125 --> 03:28:26,127
in south-east England.

2395
03:28:27,229 --> 03:28:30,498
Steen retrained in England
as a Royal Air Force pilot.

2396
03:28:30,599 --> 03:28:33,501
In 1942 he was shot down
in France.

2397
03:28:33,602 --> 03:28:35,637
His body was never found.

2398
03:28:35,737 --> 03:28:39,541
Blokland became commander
of the Prinses Irene Brigade,

2399
03:28:39,641 --> 03:28:42,711
a Dutch military unit
largely made up of volunteers

2400
03:28:42,811 --> 03:28:45,180
who took part
in the liberation of Europe.

2401
03:28:46,748 --> 03:28:48,750
500 men from Suriname,

2402
03:28:48,850 --> 03:28:51,720
then a Dutch colony,
volunteered for the Brigade,

2403
03:28:51,820 --> 03:28:53,221
but were refused.

2404
03:28:53,521 --> 03:28:56,958
Piet Gerbrandy, prime minister
of the Dutch government in exile,

2405
03:28:57,058 --> 03:28:59,928
said he did not want "n-words"
in the Brigade.

2406
03:29:00,028 --> 03:29:02,664
They might offend the volunteers
from South Africa.

2407
03:29:03,098 --> 03:29:05,567
The Dutch government in London
did accept the money

2408
03:29:05,667 --> 03:29:07,202
brought together by people
in Suriname

2409
03:29:07,302 --> 03:29:09,838
to buy a Spitfire airplane.

2410
03:29:11,840 --> 03:29:12,908
Hembrug.

2411
03:29:14,809 --> 03:29:16,778
In September 1944,

2412
03:29:16,878 --> 03:29:18,813
the German army placed explosives

2413
03:29:18,914 --> 03:29:20,282
in the main support column

2414
03:29:20,582 --> 03:29:23,218
of the railway bridge
over the North Sea Canal.

2415
03:29:23,318 --> 03:29:24,786
The Dutch government in London

2416
03:29:24,886 --> 03:29:28,089
asked the resistance in Amsterdam
to sabotage this.

2417
03:29:28,924 --> 03:29:31,159
On the night
of the 27th of September

2418
03:29:31,259 --> 03:29:33,061
two members
of the Neptune swimming club

2419
03:29:33,161 --> 03:29:35,830
smeared themselves
with Vaseline and a dark dye,

2420
03:29:35,931 --> 03:29:36,998
swam to the column,

2421
03:29:37,098 --> 03:29:39,601
and let 400 boxes
packed with explosives

2422
03:29:39,701 --> 03:29:41,903
sink to the bottom of the canal.

2423
03:29:42,003 --> 03:29:43,738
When the Wehrmacht found out,

2424
03:29:43,838 --> 03:29:45,707
four German soldiers
guarding the bridge

2425
03:29:45,807 --> 03:29:48,777
were executed
for dereliction of duty.

2426
03:29:48,877 --> 03:29:51,680
The Germans set explosives
on the bridge again.

2427
03:29:51,780 --> 03:29:54,049
Resistance fighter Lies Schouten
sprayed water

2428
03:29:54,149 --> 03:29:56,318
from the bridge
into one of the ducts,

2429
03:29:56,618 --> 03:29:58,019
hoping this would cause
a short circuit

2430
03:29:58,119 --> 03:30:00,322
if the bridge would be blown up.

2431
03:30:01,022 --> 03:30:03,825
She received help
from a German guard.

2432
03:30:07,996 --> 03:30:09,597
Demolished.

2433
03:30:35,623 --> 03:30:39,961
West Harbour Way,
formerly 201 Hemweg.

2434
03:30:44,065 --> 03:30:47,002
The Ford factory produced lorries
with caterpillar tracks

2435
03:30:47,102 --> 03:30:49,637
and other vehicles
for the German army.

2436
03:30:49,738 --> 03:30:52,340
In 1944, almost all the machinery

2437
03:30:52,640 --> 03:30:53,975
was shipped off to Germany,

2438
03:30:54,075 --> 03:30:55,210
as happened with the equipment

2439
03:30:55,310 --> 03:30:57,812
of most factories in Amsterdam.

2440
03:30:57,912 --> 03:30:59,114
After the liberation,

2441
03:30:59,214 --> 03:31:02,217
the factory's directors
were arrested for collaboration,

2442
03:31:02,317 --> 03:31:04,252
but they were released
soon afterwards,

2443
03:31:04,352 --> 03:31:07,889
as were most large-scale
economical collaborators.

2444
03:31:08,790 --> 03:31:11,026
From the 8th of May 1945

2445
03:31:11,126 --> 03:31:14,996
the Canadian Army detained
German prisoners of war here.

2446
03:31:15,096 --> 03:31:16,831
With the permission of the Canadians,

2447
03:31:16,931 --> 03:31:19,868
a German court-martial tried
marines Bruno Dörfer

2448
03:31:19,968 --> 03:31:21,836
and Rainer Beck here.

2449
03:31:22,270 --> 03:31:24,939
They were deserters who had
reported back to their unit

2450
03:31:25,040 --> 03:31:26,908
after liberation.

2451
03:31:28,443 --> 03:31:30,812
Beck and Dörfer
were sentenced to death,

2452
03:31:30,912 --> 03:31:34,916
and on the 13th of May a German
firing squad executed them.

2453
03:31:35,383 --> 03:31:38,286
Rainer Beck had joined the navy
because he was partly Jewish

2454
03:31:38,386 --> 03:31:40,855
and thought he would be safer
in the army.

2455
03:31:40,955 --> 03:31:44,225
He was rehabilitated in 1997.

2456
03:31:46,394 --> 03:31:47,996
Demolished.

2457
03:32:03,111 --> 03:32:06,781
115 to125 Amstel.

2458
03:32:07,282 --> 03:32:09,017
Carré theatre.

2459
03:32:10,085 --> 03:32:11,753
In November 1940

2460
03:32:11,853 --> 03:32:14,923
the trams stopped running
after 7:30pm.

2461
03:32:15,023 --> 03:32:19,027
"Without trams, I can't survive,"
claimed the director of the theatre.

2462
03:32:19,127 --> 03:32:21,062
Matinees frequently sold out,

2463
03:32:21,162 --> 03:32:24,265
but the evening performances
were almost empty,

2464
03:32:24,365 --> 03:32:27,368
so the late shows were put on
at an earlier time.

2465
03:32:28,203 --> 03:32:30,738
Carré continued to be
exceptionally busy.

2466
03:32:30,839 --> 03:32:33,041
People craved entertainment.

2467
03:32:33,775 --> 03:32:36,444
In 1942, comedian Lou Bandy,

2468
03:32:36,744 --> 03:32:38,213
one of the stars of the theatre,

2469
03:32:38,313 --> 03:32:40,215
was arrested
after imitating the walk

2470
03:32:40,315 --> 03:32:43,818
of Reich Commissioner Seyss-Inquart,
who had a limp.

2471
03:32:43,918 --> 03:32:46,387
Bandy was not allowed
to perform anymore.

2472
03:33:19,287 --> 03:33:22,290
VOICE-OVER: In 1943 the German police
raided the theatre

2473
03:33:22,390 --> 03:33:25,560
several times during matinees
of Circus Strassburger,

2474
03:33:25,860 --> 03:33:29,831
searching for men who were evading
forced labour in Germany.

2475
03:33:29,931 --> 03:33:31,132
When a raid occurred,

2476
03:33:31,232 --> 03:33:33,801
staff would take male visitors
to the stalls,

2477
03:33:33,902 --> 03:33:36,838
where they quickly put on
a Circus uniform.

2478
03:33:36,938 --> 03:33:38,973
The Jewish owners
of circus Strassburger

2479
03:33:39,073 --> 03:33:41,809
had fled Germany in 1935.

2480
03:33:41,910 --> 03:33:44,212
In 1939
they transferred ownership

2481
03:33:44,312 --> 03:33:46,581
to their non-Jewish impresario.

2482
03:33:48,116 --> 03:33:51,986
Carré theatre had to close
in autumn 1944.

2483
03:33:52,086 --> 03:33:54,556
The first big show
after the war was called

2484
03:33:54,856 --> 03:33:56,524
"The lights are on again".

2485
03:34:55,183 --> 03:34:59,387
104 to 114 Nieuwe Keizersgracht.

2486
03:34:59,487 --> 03:35:01,656
Dutch-Jewish Hospital.

2487
03:35:01,956 --> 03:35:04,425
This was the largest
Jewish hospital in Amsterdam,

2488
03:35:04,525 --> 03:35:06,594
with almost 300 beds.

2489
03:35:06,894 --> 03:35:09,163
In 1942 and '43,

2490
03:35:09,264 --> 03:35:12,267
Jewish doctors tried to protect
people from deportation

2491
03:35:12,367 --> 03:35:14,469
by carrying out fake operations,

2492
03:35:14,569 --> 03:35:16,437
putting unbroken legs in plaster,

2493
03:35:16,537 --> 03:35:19,674
and administering medication
that induced fever.

2494
03:35:19,974 --> 03:35:22,577
A few of these "patients" died.

2495
03:35:22,677 --> 03:35:26,281
The hospital was closed
in August 1943.

2496
03:35:29,517 --> 03:35:31,185
Demolished.

2497
03:35:51,939 --> 03:35:54,075
88 Vijzelstraat.

2498
03:35:54,676 --> 03:35:57,679
HaKo, corset shop of Hendrik Koot.

2499
03:35:58,413 --> 03:36:01,949
The shop windows were decorated
with portraits of Hitler.

2500
03:36:02,050 --> 03:36:04,052
Koot was a member
of the NSB blackshirts

2501
03:36:04,152 --> 03:36:06,554
and had died following clashes
in the Jewish Quarter

2502
03:36:06,654 --> 03:36:08,523
in February 1941.

2503
03:36:08,623 --> 03:36:12,293
According to the Nazi press
Jews had bitten him to death.

2504
03:36:12,393 --> 03:36:14,996
The NSB gave Koot
a grand funeral.

2505
03:36:15,096 --> 03:36:17,565
The procession passed
his corset shop.

2506
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:20,702
Demolished.

2507
03:36:52,467 --> 03:36:54,268
Rivierenbuurt.

2508
03:36:56,404 --> 03:37:00,208
In 1942, the Rivierenbuurt
in the south of Amsterdam

2509
03:37:00,308 --> 03:37:03,711
was selected as one
of the city's three Jewish areas.

2510
03:37:08,316 --> 03:37:11,786
The neighbourhood had a large
Jewish population before the war.

2511
03:37:12,086 --> 03:37:13,121
In the '30s,

2512
03:37:13,221 --> 03:37:16,290
many refugees from Germany
settled here.

2513
03:37:19,127 --> 03:37:22,497
Now "Jewish Quarter III
contained three hairdressers,

2514
03:37:22,597 --> 03:37:24,465
nine butchers and five cafés"

2515
03:37:24,565 --> 03:37:26,601
designated as "Jewish premises",

2516
03:37:26,701 --> 03:37:29,237
where only Jews could shop.

2517
03:37:31,506 --> 03:37:36,043
Following the introduction
in May 1942 of the yellow star badge,

2518
03:37:36,144 --> 03:37:39,147
some people called this area
"the Milky Way".

2519
03:37:42,049 --> 03:37:43,251
In October that year,

2520
03:37:43,351 --> 03:37:46,387
the German authorities forced
all remaining Jewish residents

2521
03:37:46,487 --> 03:37:49,624
of Jewish Quarter III
to move to Jewish Quarter II,

2522
03:37:49,724 --> 03:37:52,727
the Transvaalbuurt
in the east of the city.

2523
03:38:28,696 --> 03:38:31,365
34B Reguliersgracht.

2524
03:38:32,099 --> 03:38:34,135
Unica fraternity house.

2525
03:38:34,235 --> 03:38:36,504
In 1943 students had to sign

2526
03:38:36,604 --> 03:38:39,707
a declaration of loyalty
to the occupiers.

2527
03:38:39,807 --> 03:38:43,711
Those who refused had to report
for forced labour in Germany.

2528
03:38:43,811 --> 03:38:46,514
A lot of students
went into hiding.

2529
03:38:46,614 --> 03:38:48,649
After most students
had left the house,

2530
03:38:48,749 --> 03:38:51,686
resistance worker Ivo Schöffer
created shelter

2531
03:38:51,786 --> 03:38:54,689
for 12 Jewish refugees
on the upstairs floors,

2532
03:38:54,789 --> 03:38:56,757
which had a separate entrance.

2533
03:38:56,858 --> 03:39:00,394
They included Gideon Kahn
and Judica Kahn-Kalker,

2534
03:39:00,495 --> 03:39:02,163
the wife of Arnold Kahn,

2535
03:39:02,263 --> 03:39:05,633
who had perished
in Buchenwald in 1941.

2536
03:39:05,733 --> 03:39:09,237
The Kahns had been neighbours
of the Schöffer family.

2537
03:39:09,337 --> 03:39:11,205
Ivo Schöffer installed an alarm

2538
03:39:11,305 --> 03:39:13,207
and built secret hiding places
in the house.

2539
03:39:13,875 --> 03:39:15,543
The residents would use a stopwatch

2540
03:39:15,643 --> 03:39:18,846
to practice reaching their hiding
place within two minutes.

2541
03:39:20,448 --> 03:39:22,250
They were never found.

2542
03:39:28,322 --> 03:39:30,925
In 1945, a gable stone was added

2543
03:39:31,225 --> 03:39:32,293
to the façade of the building

2544
03:39:32,393 --> 03:39:34,328
depicting St George and the Dragon,

2545
03:39:34,428 --> 03:39:36,163
accompanied by the Latin motto

2546
03:39:36,264 --> 03:39:38,466
"Submergo ut emergam",

2547
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:42,403
I submerge so I may rise again.

2548
03:40:37,658 --> 03:40:39,260
Leidseplein.

2549
03:40:43,264 --> 03:40:47,635
Physician Frits Dekking
was walking on Leidseplein in 1942

2550
03:40:47,735 --> 03:40:50,538
when he witnessed
a lifechanging event.

2551
03:40:53,908 --> 03:40:56,777
"I saw in front of me,"
he wrote in his memoirs,

2552
03:40:56,877 --> 03:41:00,314
"a detainee being pushed
to the ground by a German policeman,

2553
03:41:00,414 --> 03:41:02,283
who then kicked him in the face.

2554
03:41:02,383 --> 03:41:04,285
Not just once, but continuously,

2555
03:41:04,385 --> 03:41:06,654
with his rotten
German military boots.

2556
03:41:06,754 --> 03:41:09,957
And I was just standing there,
and I did not do a thing.

2557
03:41:10,257 --> 03:41:12,793
I simply stood there, frozen.

2558
03:41:12,893 --> 03:41:15,830
I spent that day wandering
around Amsterdam, thinking,

2559
03:41:15,930 --> 03:41:17,598
'You just stood there
like a schmuck,

2560
03:41:17,698 --> 03:41:19,800
and you can't go on like this.'

2561
03:41:19,900 --> 03:41:23,571
So, from then on I engaged
in all sorts of little activities,

2562
03:41:23,671 --> 03:41:25,673
anti-German ones, that is.

2563
03:41:25,773 --> 03:41:28,376
Nothing heroic or major or anything.

2564
03:41:28,476 --> 03:41:31,812
But it ended up, as you can imagine,
with me in custody.

2565
03:41:34,348 --> 03:41:39,020
That was in 1943,
and I was imprisoned until 1945."

2566
03:42:21,562 --> 03:42:28,569
<i>The coronavirus.</i>

2567
03:42:30,071 --> 03:42:32,873
VOICE-OVER: 241 Lijnbaansgracht.

2568
03:42:33,441 --> 03:42:36,510
Caliënte, an "exotic dance club".

2569
03:42:37,878 --> 03:42:41,115
NSB Blackshirts
attacked the club in 1941,

2570
03:42:41,415 --> 03:42:43,350
when there was already
a ban on dancing,

2571
03:42:43,451 --> 03:42:45,886
but the authorities
were turning a blind eye.

2572
03:42:45,986 --> 03:42:48,622
In 1942, the German occupiers

2573
03:42:48,723 --> 03:42:52,093
banned any music that had
so-called "negroid elements".

2574
03:42:52,393 --> 03:42:59,400
Latin American music
was still allowed.

2575
03:43:14,648 --> 03:43:16,884
VOICE-OVER: 90 Rubensstraat.

2576
03:43:16,984 --> 03:43:20,721
Home of SS Hauptsturmführer
Ferdinand Aus der Fünten,

2577
03:43:20,821 --> 03:43:22,556
leader of the Zentralstelle,

2578
03:43:22,656 --> 03:43:25,526
the Central Office
for Jewish Emigration.

2579
03:43:25,626 --> 03:43:28,729
Aus der Fünten was sentenced
to death in 1950,

2580
03:43:28,829 --> 03:43:32,900
but Queen Juliana commuted
his sentence to life imprisonment.

2581
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:35,803
Aus der Fünten was one of the group
of German war criminals

2582
03:43:35,903 --> 03:43:37,972
held at a prison
in the town of Breda.

2583
03:43:38,639 --> 03:43:40,174
They were known
as the "Breda Four",

2584
03:43:40,474 --> 03:43:43,444
then the "Breda Three"
and finally the "Breda Two".

2585
03:43:53,521 --> 03:43:56,023
VOICE-OVER: The others were German
security chief Willy Lages

2586
03:43:56,123 --> 03:44:00,127
who was released in 1966
and died in 1971,

2587
03:44:00,427 --> 03:44:02,897
deputy Commander of Amersfoort
concentration camp

2588
03:44:02,997 --> 03:44:04,064
Joseph Kotalla,

2589
03:44:04,165 --> 03:44:06,167
who died in the prison
in 1979,

2590
03:44:06,467 --> 03:44:10,204
and Franz Fischer, who had
deported Jews in The Hague.

2591
03:44:12,940 --> 03:44:17,978
Fischer and Aus der Fünten both died
shortly after being released in 1989.

2592
03:44:18,078 --> 03:44:21,682
Intense public discussions
surrounded their releases.

2593
03:44:37,665 --> 03:44:39,934
Central Station.

2594
03:44:40,034 --> 03:44:43,838
Early in the morning
of the 15th of July 1942,

2595
03:44:43,938 --> 03:44:46,607
the first two trains
departed from Central Station

2596
03:44:46,707 --> 03:44:48,876
to transit camp Westerbork.

2597
03:44:48,976 --> 03:44:50,044
The following month,

2598
03:44:50,144 --> 03:44:53,948
the illegal communist newspaper
The Truth issued an appeal:

2599
03:44:54,048 --> 03:44:57,518
"Train drivers, consider
that each train loaded with slaves

2600
03:44:57,618 --> 03:45:01,155
transported by you,
is headed to the slaughterhouse!"

2601
03:45:02,022 --> 03:45:05,259
Dutch Railways drove
around 140 so-called "Jew trains"

2602
03:45:05,559 --> 03:45:07,795
from Amsterdam to Westerbork.

2603
03:45:07,895 --> 03:45:10,264
It is estimated that
a quarter of Amsterdam's Jews

2604
03:45:10,564 --> 03:45:12,700
were deported via this station.

2605
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:15,803
On the request of the Dutch
government in exile,

2606
03:45:15,903 --> 03:45:17,638
train drivers and other personnel

2607
03:45:17,738 --> 03:45:20,674
did go on strike
in September 1944,

2608
03:45:20,774 --> 03:45:22,910
to help the Allied invasion.

2609
03:45:27,548 --> 03:45:29,149
The first trains
with the camp survivors

2610
03:45:29,250 --> 03:45:32,253
arrived in the empty station
shortly after liberation.

2611
03:45:32,553 --> 03:45:35,890
Rita Boas returned
from Ravensbrück via Sweden.

2612
03:45:35,990 --> 03:45:37,524
Later she recalled:

2613
03:45:37,625 --> 03:45:40,561
"I arrived at Central Station
in the evening, in the dark,

2614
03:45:40,661 --> 03:45:42,196
and made myself known.

2615
03:45:42,296 --> 03:45:43,964
I heard people say
we should be glad

2616
03:45:44,064 --> 03:45:45,966
we hadn't been here
in Amsterdam.

2617
03:45:46,066 --> 03:45:47,868
They said they'd been so hungry.

2618
03:45:47,968 --> 03:45:50,838
As if we'd just come in
from St Moritz."

2619
03:46:01,148 --> 03:46:04,618
Of the 107,000 Jews that were
deported from the Netherlands

2620
03:46:04,718 --> 03:46:06,921
only around 5,000 returned.

2621
03:46:07,021 --> 03:46:09,890
75% of Jews did not survive.

2622
03:46:09,990 --> 03:46:13,193
This is the highest percentage
of occupied Western Europe.

2623
03:46:13,294 --> 03:46:18,165
Amsterdam lost more than 60,000
of its 80,000 Jewish inhabitants.

2624
03:46:20,935 --> 03:46:24,838
Regular train service resumed
on the 21st of June 1945,

2625
03:46:24,939 --> 03:46:26,740
to Rotterdam.

2626
03:47:23,931 --> 03:47:25,399
Dam Square.

2627
03:47:28,836 --> 03:47:30,304
In June 1940,

2628
03:47:30,404 --> 03:47:32,272
the German Army Commander
of the city

2629
03:47:32,373 --> 03:47:35,109
had a bandstand erected
in front of the Royal Palace

2630
03:47:35,209 --> 03:47:38,779
to stage a concert by the Music
Corps of the Order Police.

2631
03:47:38,879 --> 03:47:41,415
The stand stayed in place
for the remainder of the war,

2632
03:47:41,715 --> 03:47:45,185
and was used for performances
by German and Dutch Nazis.

2633
03:47:45,285 --> 03:47:48,022
The Nazi press wrote in 1941:

2634
03:47:48,122 --> 03:47:50,257
"Amsterdam's youth
was especially enraptured

2635
03:47:50,357 --> 03:47:57,364
by the punchy marches
and battle songs."

2636
03:48:09,243 --> 03:48:11,779
<i>Sound check, sound check, one...</i>

2637
03:48:12,679 --> 03:48:14,014
VOICE-OVER: 1 Dam Square.

2638
03:48:14,114 --> 03:48:17,117
The Bijenkorf department store.

2639
03:48:17,217 --> 03:48:18,752
In June 1940

2640
03:48:18,852 --> 03:48:21,822
members of the National Socialist
Dutch Workers Party

2641
03:48:21,922 --> 03:48:24,291
smashed eight of the large
shopfront windows.

2642
03:48:24,391 --> 03:48:26,860
Many of the Bijenkorf's staff
were Jewish,

2643
03:48:26,960 --> 03:48:29,763
so German soldiers
were not allowed to visit the shop.

2644
03:48:29,863 --> 03:48:32,066
The lunchroom on the top floor
on the other hand

2645
03:48:32,166 --> 03:48:34,301
was prohibited for Jews.

2646
03:48:34,401 --> 03:48:36,870
The Jewish owners
managed to leave the country.

2647
03:48:36,970 --> 03:48:38,439
In February 1941

2648
03:48:38,739 --> 03:48:41,809
the Germans installed
Dutch collaborators as supervisors.

2649
03:48:41,909 --> 03:48:44,178
They fired all Jewish staff.

2650
03:48:44,278 --> 03:48:46,146
When the yellow star badges
were introduced

2651
03:48:46,246 --> 03:48:48,215
in the spring of 1942,

2652
03:48:48,315 --> 03:48:52,052
resistance group The Spark
produced 300,000 paper stars

2653
03:48:52,152 --> 03:48:56,423
printed with the slogan "Jews
and non-Jews united in battle".

2654
03:48:56,723 --> 03:48:59,326
Some of the stars were thrown
from the roof of the Bijenkorf,

2655
03:48:59,426 --> 03:49:02,162
and fluttered down
onto the streets below.

2656
03:50:32,085 --> 03:50:33,954
VOICE-OVER: 9 Dam Square,

2657
03:50:34,054 --> 03:50:38,325
then 187 to 205 Warmoesstraat.

2658
03:50:39,026 --> 03:50:40,427
In August 1940

2659
03:50:40,527 --> 03:50:43,263
the Commander of the city
set up a German Army Club

2660
03:50:43,363 --> 03:50:44,898
at the Polmans House,

2661
03:50:44,998 --> 03:50:47,434
a part of Hotel Krasnapolsky.

2662
03:50:47,534 --> 03:50:51,338
It welcomed around 1,300 guests
on most days.

2663
03:50:51,438 --> 03:50:53,907
There were billiard
and table tennis tables.

2664
03:50:54,007 --> 03:50:55,075
Large maps on the wall

2665
03:50:55,175 --> 03:50:57,978
showed the progress of the war
on the frontlines.

2666
03:50:58,845 --> 03:51:01,882
500 to 750 members
of the German army

2667
03:51:01,982 --> 03:51:03,517
stayed at the hotel every month,

2668
03:51:03,617 --> 03:51:05,485
as they did
in other luxurious hotels

2669
03:51:05,586 --> 03:51:07,854
like the Amstel and L'Europe.

2670
03:51:07,955 --> 03:51:12,092
Over Christmas and other holidays,
the Nazi-run charity organisation

2671
03:51:12,192 --> 03:51:15,329
Winter Aid
would provide meals to children.

2672
03:51:15,429 --> 03:51:17,965
Every Friday there was
a special screening of films

2673
03:51:18,065 --> 03:51:20,067
for the German Air Force.

2674
03:51:21,268 --> 03:51:24,972
In 1943, Amsterdam police
officers had to come here

2675
03:51:25,072 --> 03:51:26,406
to watch propaganda films

2676
03:51:26,506 --> 03:51:28,442
about the German police
in the Netherlands

2677
03:51:28,542 --> 03:51:30,410
and on the eastern front.

2678
03:51:31,078 --> 03:51:33,146
Anyone making noise
in the auditorium

2679
03:51:33,247 --> 03:51:35,582
could expect a cut in his salary.

2680
03:52:24,031 --> 03:52:26,233
<i>What do we want?
- Climate justice!</i>

2681
03:52:26,333 --> 03:52:28,535
<i>- When do we want it?
- Now!</i>

2682
03:52:28,635 --> 03:52:30,704
<i>- What do we want?
- Climate justice!</i>

2683
03:52:31,004 --> 03:52:32,939
<i>- When do we want it?
- Now!</i>

2684
03:52:33,040 --> 03:52:35,042
<i>Right on! Let's go!</i>

2685
03:53:20,454 --> 03:53:22,656
VOICE-OVER: Dam Square was the location
of many rallies

2686
03:53:22,756 --> 03:53:26,026
by the German Police
or the Dutch Nazi party.

2687
03:53:26,126 --> 03:53:27,461
If they were held elsewhere,

2688
03:53:27,561 --> 03:53:29,629
loudspeakers were sometimes
set up on this

2689
03:53:29,730 --> 03:53:31,765
and other squares in the city.

2690
03:53:32,065 --> 03:53:36,002
In June 1941, Reich Commissioner
Seyss-Inquarts' words

2691
03:53:36,103 --> 03:53:38,238
were sounded over Dam Square:

2692
03:53:38,338 --> 03:53:41,475
"For the 2,000-year-old history
of Europe to make sense,

2693
03:53:41,575 --> 03:53:44,745
Germany has to win,
and not only defeat the Soviets,

2694
03:53:45,045 --> 03:53:47,381
but also their puritan partners
in England

2695
03:53:47,481 --> 03:53:50,016
and above all the Jewish mind."

2696
03:54:17,477 --> 03:54:19,479
In February 1945

2697
03:54:19,579 --> 03:54:22,048
food distribution
reached a new low.

2698
03:54:22,149 --> 03:54:24,351
The Central Kitchens
could only provide a meal

2699
03:54:24,451 --> 03:54:26,820
of a few hundred calories
per day,

2700
03:54:27,120 --> 03:54:30,524
and on the illegal market, food prices
had gone through the roof.

2701
03:54:31,324 --> 03:54:35,462
A loaf of bread cost 200 times
as much as it did a year earlier.

2702
03:54:37,497 --> 03:54:40,767
The illegal communist party
incited women to protest.

2703
03:54:41,067 --> 03:54:44,204
Their newspaper wrote:
"Women, fight for our children.

2704
03:54:44,304 --> 03:54:45,572
Demand more food.

2705
03:54:45,672 --> 03:54:48,675
Don't grumble and complain
but take action!"

2706
03:54:55,715 --> 03:55:00,120
On the 21st of February a group
of 200 women marched to City Hall

2707
03:55:00,220 --> 03:55:02,322
and demanded to see the mayor.

2708
03:55:02,422 --> 03:55:04,558
One of the women
said after the war:

2709
03:55:04,658 --> 03:55:07,661
"With this demonstration we wanted
to make it clear that the mayor

2710
03:55:07,761 --> 03:55:11,531
had to assure that our children
would not die of hunger."

2711
03:55:11,631 --> 03:55:13,733
The mayor did visit
two Central Kitchens,

2712
03:55:13,834 --> 03:55:15,836
confirmed the bad quality of the food

2713
03:55:16,136 --> 03:55:19,206
and promised improvements.
To no avail.

2714
03:55:19,306 --> 03:55:21,608
A week later,
the women marched again,

2715
03:55:21,708 --> 03:55:23,310
this time with their children,

2716
03:55:23,410 --> 03:55:25,745
but the mayor
did not receive them.

2717
03:55:29,182 --> 03:55:30,517
The Germans ordered the Dutch police

2718
03:55:30,617 --> 03:55:32,352
to shoot at the women and children,

2719
03:55:32,452 --> 03:55:34,721
stating large gatherings
were forbidden.

2720
03:55:34,821 --> 03:55:37,424
The police did not follow the orders
this time.

2721
03:55:38,625 --> 03:55:42,462
The Central Kitchens shut down
completely at the end of April.

2722
03:55:46,132 --> 03:55:47,200
Before liberation,

2723
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:51,137
around 4,000 people in Amsterdam
had died from hunger and cold,

2724
03:55:51,238 --> 03:55:53,507
mostly old men and young children.