1 00:00:01,020 --> 00:00:03,690 (intense music) 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 4 00:00:15,380 --> 00:00:17,840 - [Narrator] The door slams shut behind me. 5 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:18,790 The light goes out. 6 00:00:20,210 --> 00:00:22,690 I hear other cell doors open and slam shut. 7 00:00:23,570 --> 00:00:26,570 I hear the shooting of bolts and the heavy clanking of keys. 8 00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:29,580 I am in total darkness. 9 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:40,500 - [Man] I believe that this nation should commit itself 10 00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:44,350 to achieving the goal before this decade is out 11 00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:46,020 of landing a man on the moon 12 00:00:46,020 --> 00:00:49,190 and returning him safely to the Earth. 13 00:00:51,210 --> 00:00:54,130 (crowd chattering) 14 00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:08,530 - [Announcer] Passengers arriving at West Air 15 00:01:08,530 --> 00:01:10,450 from the United States. 16 00:01:11,540 --> 00:01:12,380 - [Announcer] Your attention ladies and gentlemen, 17 00:01:12,380 --> 00:01:14,770 good afternoon, this will now serve as this is 18 00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:17,200 the final boarding call, final boarding call. 19 00:01:18,820 --> 00:01:22,100 - Mr. Arthur Rudolf, just arrived from Hamburg? 20 00:01:23,380 --> 00:01:24,980 - Yes, is there a problem? 21 00:01:24,980 --> 00:01:26,610 I'm only here to visit my daughter, 22 00:01:26,610 --> 00:01:29,480 she's driving up from California. 23 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:31,080 - Sir, you need to come with me. 24 00:01:31,950 --> 00:01:32,780 This way. 25 00:01:34,390 --> 00:01:37,060 (intense music) 26 00:01:53,240 --> 00:01:56,560 Can you confirm you are Arthur Louis Hugo Rudolph, 27 00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:59,340 born November 9th, 1906? 28 00:01:59,340 --> 00:02:00,170 - Yes. 29 00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:05,090 - And you were expelled from the United States in 1984? 30 00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:07,090 - I made a voluntary agreement 31 00:02:07,090 --> 00:02:09,410 - And you are on an immigration watch list, 32 00:02:09,410 --> 00:02:11,990 preventing you entering the U.S? 33 00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:13,580 - I'm not going to. 34 00:02:14,750 --> 00:02:16,860 - The office of special investigations 35 00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:19,900 in DC says that you plan to. 36 00:02:21,210 --> 00:02:23,940 That your planning a publicity stunt, 37 00:02:23,940 --> 00:02:26,340 crossing on July 4th at Niagara. 38 00:02:26,340 --> 00:02:30,780 - I deny that the OSI has been persecuting me since 1983. 39 00:02:32,010 --> 00:02:37,010 - Be that as it may, according to this 1993 agreement, 40 00:02:38,150 --> 00:02:40,250 you have admitted to war crimes 41 00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:44,110 and therefore you cannot enter Canada, 42 00:02:45,230 --> 00:02:49,020 not until a formal inquiry as to the facts has been held. 43 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:56,470 - [Man] What do you think about what Canada's tryna do here sir? 44 00:02:56,470 --> 00:02:57,480 - No comment. 45 00:02:57,480 --> 00:02:59,860 - [Man] The hearing was adjourn because Rudolph's lawyer 46 00:02:59,860 --> 00:03:02,320 wants more time to prepare his case. 47 00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:03,230 - [Man] Say goodbye to him, 48 00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:07,660 say (speaking in foreign language) 49 00:03:07,660 --> 00:03:09,990 (sad music) 50 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,580 - Neil Armstrong has just reported back it feels good. 51 00:03:36,580 --> 00:03:39,290 Nine ignition sequence starts, 52 00:03:40,270 --> 00:03:43,090 six, five, four, 53 00:03:45,170 --> 00:03:48,450 three, two, one, zero. 54 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:52,470 All engine running. 55 00:03:52,470 --> 00:03:54,710 Lift off, we have a lift off. 56 00:03:54,710 --> 00:03:56,870 32 minutes past the hour. 57 00:03:56,870 --> 00:04:01,870 Lift off on Apollo 11. 58 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:09,850 - We actually had an informant 59 00:04:11,570 --> 00:04:15,010 who was at a meeting where Rudolf's return 60 00:04:15,010 --> 00:04:17,490 to North America was plotted. 61 00:04:17,490 --> 00:04:19,250 - And then we have that testimony 62 00:04:19,250 --> 00:04:20,890 from the American intelligence officer 63 00:04:20,890 --> 00:04:23,990 at the end of the war, who said, quote, 64 00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:27,760 "100% Nazi, dangerous type, suggest internment." 65 00:04:29,620 --> 00:04:32,680 A lot of things went into this rocket enthusiasm. 66 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:36,870 Number one was that theorist showed in the 1920s 67 00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:39,680 that space flight was not crazy, 68 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:41,620 that it might actually be possible. 69 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:45,370 And particular Hammond Oberg was very important. 70 00:04:45,370 --> 00:04:47,980 His book, "The Rocket into Interplanetary Space" 71 00:04:47,980 --> 00:04:51,560 in 1923 opened up a whole movement in Germany. 72 00:04:51,560 --> 00:04:54,000 Of course Fritz Lang made a famous movie called, 73 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:58,030 "Frau im Mond, The Woman in the Moon" that opened in 1929. 74 00:04:58,030 --> 00:05:00,910 Hermann Oberth listed as the scientific advisor 75 00:05:00,910 --> 00:05:02,350 on the movie, and so one of 76 00:05:02,350 --> 00:05:05,820 the most famous Weimar film director 77 00:05:05,820 --> 00:05:08,800 had made a major movie about going into space. 78 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,730 This is Germany after the loss of the war, 79 00:05:11,730 --> 00:05:14,420 the humiliating defeat, the Versailles treaty, 80 00:05:14,420 --> 00:05:16,500 and they were very enthusiastic, 81 00:05:16,500 --> 00:05:20,170 bought any new technology which might show German greatness. 82 00:05:20,170 --> 00:05:22,440 So there were a lot of reasons to be interested 83 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:26,060 in space travel and interested in developing the rocket 84 00:05:26,060 --> 00:05:28,980 as a weapon and as a way to go into space. 85 00:05:28,980 --> 00:05:31,200 And so there were several people were saying, 86 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:34,770 space flight is real, it can happen, it might happen soon, 87 00:05:34,770 --> 00:05:36,170 they were all very optimistic, 88 00:05:36,170 --> 00:05:38,230 it could happen within a decade or two. 89 00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:40,370 So there was a lot of rocket enthusiasm. 90 00:05:41,450 --> 00:05:42,740 I mean, Rudolph had been involved 91 00:05:42,740 --> 00:05:47,740 with Max Valier back in 1930, who was a great figure 92 00:05:48,260 --> 00:05:50,280 in the early rocket enthusiast community, 93 00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:54,480 was killed in 1930 at the Heylandt factory 94 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:56,030 when Rudolph was present. 95 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:58,780 - [Rudolph] Valier was increasing the trust 96 00:05:58,780 --> 00:06:00,830 of his rocket prototype. 97 00:06:00,830 --> 00:06:04,460 We were taking turns using kindling to ignite the rocket. 98 00:06:05,300 --> 00:06:08,420 There were red spots, a dangerous signal. 99 00:06:09,370 --> 00:06:13,950 I recommended we stop, but Valier increased the trust. 100 00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:17,190 There was an explosion and I was thrown in the air 101 00:06:17,190 --> 00:06:18,930 against a wall. 102 00:06:18,930 --> 00:06:22,010 When I stood up, I realized the rocket had gone. 103 00:06:23,020 --> 00:06:25,690 When I turned him around, I saw that he had been hit 104 00:06:25,690 --> 00:06:26,950 by a piece of shrapnel. 105 00:06:28,010 --> 00:06:31,300 By the time the ambulance came, he was dead. 106 00:06:33,180 --> 00:06:34,790 In the summer of 1932, 107 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:37,470 I was taking part in the rocker demonstration 108 00:06:37,470 --> 00:06:38,600 for the German army. 109 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,440 I saw a very smart young fellow and I asked him, 110 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:44,830 how do you measure trust? 111 00:06:44,830 --> 00:06:48,730 This was the first time I met Wernher von Braun. 112 00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:53,220 In those days he already had the dreams of going to Mars, 113 00:06:53,220 --> 00:06:55,040 going to the moon. 114 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:57,260 We've worked together from that day on. 115 00:06:58,630 --> 00:07:01,960 - Von Braun was well-known as the manager 116 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:03,670 of the V2 rocket project. 117 00:07:03,670 --> 00:07:05,960 So that was not news to anybody. 118 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:09,180 Rudolph was certainly a little more obscure 119 00:07:09,180 --> 00:07:13,740 in the V2 program than he was in the United States. 120 00:07:13,740 --> 00:07:15,680 The bond between Von Braun and Rudolph 121 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,640 was the early rocket experience they had 122 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:23,230 at Kummersdorf and Rudolf tested an engine 123 00:07:23,230 --> 00:07:25,390 and I think Von Braun's conclusion was that, 124 00:07:25,390 --> 00:07:28,060 well the rocket engine wasn't that great 125 00:07:28,060 --> 00:07:30,950 but Rudolph was somebody who knew what he was doing 126 00:07:30,950 --> 00:07:33,190 and he was an engineer we could recruit. 127 00:07:35,810 --> 00:07:38,570 They had bonded over space ideas 128 00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:40,320 in the officer club at Kummersdorf. 129 00:07:41,180 --> 00:07:45,210 And so they stayed up late at night, over beers 130 00:07:45,210 --> 00:07:47,260 and talked about expeditions to the moon 131 00:07:47,260 --> 00:07:48,970 and expeditions to Mars. 132 00:07:48,970 --> 00:07:53,900 - [Man] The chief of the chairmen ordinance department 133 00:07:53,900 --> 00:07:56,470 came to see us at Kummersdorf. 134 00:07:56,470 --> 00:07:58,940 And during that visit of General Baker 135 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:03,190 he questioned us about our progress. 136 00:08:03,190 --> 00:08:07,370 Von Braun did not talk about the weapons we were supposed 137 00:08:07,370 --> 00:08:09,480 to build but about space flight. 138 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:11,620 General Baker was very nice about it. 139 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:14,610 But he he argued with Von Braun and told him, 140 00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:15,990 "Von Braun, you will never make it. 141 00:08:15,990 --> 00:08:18,970 "You will not be able to harness the energies necessary 142 00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:21,220 "to get you into space." 143 00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:24,950 - [Man] Houston, slightly less than one minute to ignition 144 00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:26,430 and everything is go. 145 00:08:26,430 --> 00:08:27,930 - [Houston] Roger. 146 00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:32,120 Ignition. 147 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:34,580 - [Man] We confirm ignition and the thrusters go. 148 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:40,040 - [Narrator] I know I am free, I will be free again soon. 149 00:08:41,390 --> 00:08:44,160 The confidence I have always had comes back to me. 150 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,450 I know that those who give up, never return. 151 00:08:46,450 --> 00:08:49,430 It is in adversity that hope sharpens it's edge. 152 00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:51,940 The fortunate have no need of it. 153 00:08:51,940 --> 00:08:53,510 - [Man] Network, you get it. 154 00:08:55,630 --> 00:08:56,460 Everything up? 155 00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:58,580 - [Man] That's affirmative. 156 00:08:58,580 --> 00:09:00,470 - [Man] Loud and clear. 157 00:09:00,470 --> 00:09:03,030 - [Man] Apollo 11, this is launch operations manager, 158 00:09:03,030 --> 00:09:05,580 the launch team wishes you good luck and god speed. 159 00:09:06,820 --> 00:09:10,240 - [Man] Thank you very much, I know it will be a good one. 160 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:11,770 - [Man] How do read me? 161 00:09:11,770 --> 00:09:13,170 - [Man] CC loud and clear. 162 00:09:13,170 --> 00:09:15,240 - [Man] Okay Neil, have a good one. 163 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:18,450 All right, the CMT on verified program two. 164 00:09:19,680 --> 00:09:21,900 (indistinct radio chatter) 165 00:09:21,900 --> 00:09:23,960 All right, CMT on panel. 166 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:26,740 (indistinct radio chatter) 167 00:09:26,740 --> 00:09:29,490 (rocket rumbles) 168 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:34,740 (eerie music) 169 00:09:51,980 --> 00:09:55,170 - [Man] In three short years, we brought the A4 170 00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:58,430 from a project on paper to a flight system, 171 00:09:58,430 --> 00:10:03,210 which for the first time brought a projectile into space, 172 00:10:03,210 --> 00:10:06,370 and in doing so, every step we took 173 00:10:06,370 --> 00:10:08,220 was a step into the unknown. 174 00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:12,990 - [Von Braun] I was watching through a pair of binoculars 175 00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:14,860 and I just kept my fingers crossed 176 00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:18,220 that I would know that all of a sudden see a fireball 177 00:10:18,220 --> 00:10:21,000 in the sky and finally made it. 178 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,810 This day would be remembered as 179 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:26,500 the day UN space flight was born. 180 00:10:38,180 --> 00:10:41,490 - And this is the site of a V2 attack in Lamberth 181 00:10:41,490 --> 00:10:45,210 on the 4th of January, 1945. 182 00:10:45,210 --> 00:10:50,210 The rockets left Holland at 22 past eight. 183 00:10:50,730 --> 00:10:54,890 So it took very little time, no warning, nothing. 184 00:10:54,890 --> 00:10:57,270 So many people died in the dwellings 185 00:10:57,270 --> 00:10:59,560 because it was in the evening. 186 00:10:59,560 --> 00:11:04,560 Around 39 were killed and 70 injured. 187 00:11:04,770 --> 00:11:09,740 Now this is not the biggest attack, 188 00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:11,530 the most serious V2 attacks 189 00:11:11,530 --> 00:11:16,530 was on New Cross Road in Deptford where 169 people died. 190 00:11:17,820 --> 00:11:19,220 - [Man] Down two and a half. 191 00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:23,260 Forward, forward. 192 00:11:27,010 --> 00:11:30,430 40 feet down, two and a half, picking up some dust. 193 00:11:30,430 --> 00:11:32,490 30 feet, two and a half down. 194 00:11:34,830 --> 00:11:38,440 Four forward, four forward, drift into the right a little. 195 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:40,760 - [Man] 30 seconds. 196 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:43,260 (eerie music) 197 00:11:49,620 --> 00:11:50,790 Contact light. 198 00:11:52,940 --> 00:11:54,960 - [Man] We've had shutdown. 199 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:57,040 - [Man] We copy you down eagle. 200 00:11:57,040 --> 00:11:58,540 (indistinct radio chatter) 201 00:11:58,540 --> 00:12:00,170 - [Man] The eagle has landed. 202 00:12:00,170 --> 00:12:03,290 - [Man] Roger Tranquility, we copy you on the ground, 203 00:12:03,290 --> 00:12:05,190 you got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, 204 00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:07,120 we're breathing again, thanks a lot. 205 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:09,620 (eerie music) 206 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:24,880 - [Neil] That's one small step for man, 207 00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:27,130 one giant leap for mankind. 208 00:12:30,370 --> 00:12:33,990 - [Man] Neil and Buzz, I'm talking to you by telephone 209 00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:35,940 from the oval room at the white house, 210 00:12:35,940 --> 00:12:37,780 and this certainly has to be 211 00:12:37,780 --> 00:12:40,720 the most historic telephone call ever made 212 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:42,630 from the white house. 213 00:12:42,630 --> 00:12:45,410 I just can't tell you how proud we all are 214 00:12:45,410 --> 00:12:47,020 of what you have done. 215 00:12:47,020 --> 00:12:49,720 For every American, this has to be the proudest day 216 00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:53,530 of our lives and for people all over the world, 217 00:12:53,530 --> 00:12:57,970 I am sure that they too join with Americans 218 00:12:57,970 --> 00:13:00,700 in recognizing what an immense feat this is. 219 00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:02,470 - [Interviewer] Did you all look at each other 220 00:13:02,470 --> 00:13:06,120 at that moment feel it was a German victory? 221 00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:07,760 - Yes we thought so. 222 00:13:09,310 --> 00:13:10,820 - [Interviewer] Do you think the Americans 223 00:13:10,820 --> 00:13:13,940 could have got to the moon had it not been for your help? 224 00:13:14,830 --> 00:13:17,790 - In time, yes, but not that early. 225 00:13:46,630 --> 00:13:50,000 (indistinct radio chatter) 226 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:51,080 - [Man] 6915. 227 00:13:52,190 --> 00:13:55,530 - [Man] 11 horrace copy, 13301675, over. 228 00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:59,980 - [Man] Every precaution was taken to protect 229 00:13:59,980 --> 00:14:02,070 the outside world from any possibility 230 00:14:02,070 --> 00:14:04,390 of contamination by moon germs. 231 00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:07,110 Here are the three astronauts walking from the helicopter 232 00:14:07,110 --> 00:14:09,440 to the mobile quarantine facility. 233 00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:15,950 - I found this newspaper 234 00:14:16,830 --> 00:14:21,360 when I cleared up my parents' home last year, 235 00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:27,900 and this obviously was an important one to keep 236 00:14:28,290 --> 00:14:31,660 as I obviously thought of about my uncle 237 00:14:31,660 --> 00:14:36,660 when the event was happening in 1969, how they felt 238 00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:43,360 about this development of the V2 239 00:14:44,220 --> 00:14:49,180 into this wonderful rocket that helped men 240 00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:50,240 to go on the moon. 241 00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,270 There was a real sense of terrible anger, 242 00:14:53,270 --> 00:14:58,270 especially when Von Braun became this hero of America. 243 00:14:59,220 --> 00:15:03,170 And it was in the French magazines like PARIS-MATCH, 244 00:15:03,170 --> 00:15:07,190 this was about modernity, this was about a space age, 245 00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:11,100 it was interviewed, it was received in great honor 246 00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:15,640 by the French scientist, in of all places, the 247 00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:17,800 (speaking in foreign language) 248 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:22,670 and this made the survivors of Dora absolutely furious, 249 00:15:22,670 --> 00:15:27,670 and they kept writing to PARIS-MATCH and the radios, 250 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:30,800 and of course, silence 251 00:15:32,170 --> 00:15:35,110 - In August, 1943, the Nazi leadership responded 252 00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:38,100 to the attack on Peenemunde by the British RAF 253 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,350 and also to bombing in other centers where V2s 254 00:15:42,350 --> 00:15:45,600 was supposed to be produced by deciding to go underground. 255 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,070 So, after a short consultation 256 00:15:48,070 --> 00:15:50,900 they decided to use these tunnels in North Central Germany, 257 00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:53,990 near Nordhausen, to build an underground plant. 258 00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:59,590 - My uncle in his note make reference 259 00:15:59,590 --> 00:16:02,180 to a hall where he worked. 260 00:16:02,180 --> 00:16:05,810 So these would be the smaller halls 261 00:16:07,440 --> 00:16:10,290 that links the tunnels, number 15. 262 00:16:11,570 --> 00:16:16,570 So this is at the beginning and many of his notes include, 263 00:16:17,820 --> 00:16:21,590 "I was in hall 15." 264 00:16:24,250 --> 00:16:28,110 - When we think and talk about German society in general, 265 00:16:28,110 --> 00:16:32,250 thinking about up to 20 million people 266 00:16:32,250 --> 00:16:34,250 that were forced to labor with 267 00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:35,100 the (speaking in foreign language) 268 00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:39,740 in the occupied territories, this was a phenomenon 269 00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:43,010 that of course everybody was aware of. 270 00:16:43,010 --> 00:16:47,490 And they became part of this society 271 00:16:47,490 --> 00:16:51,840 and German society didn't look at it as something unusual 272 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:56,840 or even a crime, and even those people who were not members 273 00:16:56,970 --> 00:16:59,260 of the Nazi party or the SS, 274 00:16:59,260 --> 00:17:03,290 many of them still believed that this is correct, 275 00:17:03,290 --> 00:17:06,820 that racism is correct, and, that there is a hierarchy 276 00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:10,570 between (speaking in foreign language) people. 277 00:17:10,570 --> 00:17:13,670 And of course, seeing all these forced labors, 278 00:17:13,670 --> 00:17:15,870 seeing the concentration camp prisoners, 279 00:17:15,870 --> 00:17:19,060 there was something they thought that this is correct. 280 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:27,680 - In his notes he talks about straight away 281 00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:31,660 boing moved into the tunnel. 282 00:17:31,660 --> 00:17:36,470 The first big jobs are basically to clear the tunnels, 283 00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:38,780 to clear them up, to widen them. 284 00:17:38,780 --> 00:17:43,200 It's awful job, very dusty, they worked 24 hours, 285 00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:46,350 they sleep on the floor on straw 286 00:17:46,350 --> 00:17:50,010 and he won't see the lights, he won't be moved out 287 00:17:50,010 --> 00:17:54,080 of the tunnel until March, 1943. 288 00:17:54,080 --> 00:17:57,460 So this is the period of Dora 289 00:17:57,460 --> 00:17:59,480 that gives it its name, it's hell. 290 00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:33,520 - The first day is terrifying. 291 00:18:35,840 --> 00:18:39,250 The capos and the SS drive us on at an infernal speed. 292 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:42,410 Shouting and raining blows down on us, 293 00:18:42,410 --> 00:18:44,160 threatening us with execution. 294 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:50,280 The noise boars into the brain and sheers the nerves. 295 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:53,700 Arriving at the dormitories, 296 00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,110 we don't even try and reach the bunks. 297 00:18:56,110 --> 00:18:58,610 Drunk with exhaustion, we collapse onto the rocks. 298 00:19:00,110 --> 00:19:03,720 Behind the capos press us on. 299 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:06,080 Those behind trample over the comrades. 300 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,220 Soon, over 1,000 despairing men at the brink 301 00:19:12,220 --> 00:19:14,260 of their existence, racked with thirst, 302 00:19:14,260 --> 00:19:16,680 lie there hoping the sleep which never comes. 303 00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:23,160 The shouting of the guards, the noise of the machines, 304 00:19:24,110 --> 00:19:27,130 the explosions and the ringing 305 00:19:27,130 --> 00:19:30,870 of the locomotives bell, never end. 306 00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:33,370 (eerie music) 307 00:19:43,220 --> 00:19:45,700 - [Announcer] 83 year old Arthur Rudolph with his lawyer 308 00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:47,320 and supporters today. 309 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:50,700 His story began in 1945 when he entered the United States, 310 00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:52,330 part of operation paperclip, 311 00:19:52,330 --> 00:19:54,710 in which dozens of German scientists were brought 312 00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:56,790 into the U.S, Britain and Canada 313 00:19:56,790 --> 00:19:59,660 to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Soviets. 314 00:19:59,660 --> 00:20:01,610 - [Man] Good luck Rudolph. 315 00:20:01,610 --> 00:20:04,110 (eerie music) 316 00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:26,260 - Okay Ms. Kulaszka, your first witness is to character? 317 00:20:26,260 --> 00:20:29,430 - Yes, sir, retired General John Medaris. 318 00:20:29,430 --> 00:20:30,390 I've arranged for him 319 00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:33,300 to give his evidence via satellite video link. 320 00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:34,800 Mr. Clerk, are we ready? 321 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:36,280 - Yes, we're ready to go. 322 00:20:38,830 --> 00:20:40,130 - [Judge] Welcome general. 323 00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:45,490 I just need to swear you in, do you have a Bible at hand? 324 00:20:45,490 --> 00:20:48,280 - Sir, the Bible has been my custom companion 325 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:51,210 these last 30 years, go right ahead. 326 00:20:51,210 --> 00:20:52,800 - Having served in the ordinance Corps 327 00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,290 in army intelligence during the war, 328 00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:57,910 in 1950 general John Medaris 329 00:20:57,910 --> 00:20:59,450 was the first commanding officer 330 00:20:59,450 --> 00:21:02,150 of the ballistic missile agency in Alabama. 331 00:21:02,150 --> 00:21:05,460 He oversaw the involvement of German scientists, 332 00:21:05,460 --> 00:21:09,490 including Arthur Rudolph in American missile development. 333 00:21:09,490 --> 00:21:11,400 He led the Jupiter rocket project, 334 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,500 the West first satellite less than 90 days 335 00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:17,540 after the Soviet launched Sputnik. 336 00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:19,950 After retirement in 1964, 337 00:21:19,950 --> 00:21:23,110 the general was ordained an Anglican priest. 338 00:21:23,110 --> 00:21:24,810 General, why don't you tell us 339 00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:26,820 how you first met Dr. Rudolph 340 00:21:26,820 --> 00:21:28,500 and what you make of his service 341 00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:31,360 in the time that you knew him during his 38 years 342 00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:32,860 in the United States. 343 00:21:33,710 --> 00:21:38,000 - I first met Arthur, Dr. Rudolph, in 1947 344 00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:44,490 when he was with ordinance research at Fort Bliss, Texas. 345 00:21:44,490 --> 00:21:47,980 He was working on the V2s the army had shipped over. 346 00:21:47,980 --> 00:21:51,120 There were about 40 Germans there who had been brought over 347 00:21:51,120 --> 00:21:52,860 at the end of the war. 348 00:21:52,860 --> 00:21:55,440 All of them had been cleared by army intelligence 349 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:57,910 and OMGUS, that is the Office 350 00:21:57,910 --> 00:22:00,780 of Military Government United States, 351 00:22:00,780 --> 00:22:03,240 which was running the American zone of Germany 352 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:04,220 at that time. 353 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:07,390 I was impressed with Arthur. 354 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:11,890 He wasn't an A kid, he was a real engineer 355 00:22:11,890 --> 00:22:14,510 and he was great at taking the ideas 356 00:22:14,510 --> 00:22:16,320 of these blue sky scientists 357 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,580 and turning them into stuff that works. 358 00:22:19,580 --> 00:22:21,980 Then Von Braun always said 359 00:22:21,980 --> 00:22:26,430 "Arthur could take dreams and turn them into machines." 360 00:22:27,420 --> 00:22:30,830 I've recruited him and he became manager 361 00:22:30,830 --> 00:22:34,230 of the whole Pershing missile program. 362 00:22:34,230 --> 00:22:36,860 We worked together for 11 years 363 00:22:36,860 --> 00:22:39,360 before he went to join Von Braun at NASA. 364 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,530 I guess it can be summed up in the fact that in 1960 365 00:22:44,530 --> 00:22:46,390 he was awarded the decoration 366 00:22:46,390 --> 00:22:49,250 for exceptional civilian service, 367 00:22:49,250 --> 00:22:52,310 the highest military award available to civilians. 368 00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:53,420 - Thank you, sir. 369 00:22:53,420 --> 00:22:57,190 And what did you think when you heard in 1984 370 00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:59,610 that Dr. Rudolph had been deported? 371 00:22:59,610 --> 00:23:02,730 - Well, I didn't hear about it straight away, 372 00:23:02,730 --> 00:23:04,930 as it was kept secret by the government 373 00:23:04,930 --> 00:23:06,740 for over nine months. 374 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,880 When I did learn of it, I was horrified. 375 00:23:11,780 --> 00:23:14,290 - Do you know anything about Dr. Rudolph's records 376 00:23:14,290 --> 00:23:16,250 that shows he committed war crimes 377 00:23:16,250 --> 00:23:18,240 of enslavement or persecution? 378 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:19,160 - No, I did not. 379 00:23:20,620 --> 00:23:23,500 He was interrogated by army intelligence 380 00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:25,200 when he was first captured, 381 00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:29,990 and three further times after that, they found nothing. 382 00:23:29,990 --> 00:23:33,490 - Did Dr. Rudolph ever display any antisemitism 383 00:23:33,490 --> 00:23:36,120 or talk about the idea of a master race 384 00:23:36,120 --> 00:23:38,840 or an inferior race and intervention? 385 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:40,390 (speaking in foreign language) 386 00:23:40,390 --> 00:23:43,320 - No, he did not, we built missiles 387 00:23:44,190 --> 00:23:47,090 to keep up in the arms race with the Soviets. 388 00:23:48,060 --> 00:23:51,940 I do know he was a true believer that communism was a real 389 00:23:51,940 --> 00:23:53,950 and present danger to the world, 390 00:23:53,950 --> 00:23:57,590 and that only a well-armed United States of America 391 00:23:57,590 --> 00:23:59,060 could stand in its way. 392 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:03,140 The Berlin wall came down last year 393 00:24:03,140 --> 00:24:06,980 and I am real glad I've lived to see it. 394 00:24:07,980 --> 00:24:11,650 I believe it was because we won the cold war, 395 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:14,620 and it only remained the cold war 396 00:24:14,620 --> 00:24:18,350 because we were always ready to fight a hot one. 397 00:24:18,350 --> 00:24:22,470 America provided the nuclear umbrella 398 00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:25,880 under which the free world, including Canada, 399 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,110 sheltered for 40 years. 400 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:31,650 The work that Arthur did, 401 00:24:33,410 --> 00:24:38,040 work that is now seeing his own Homeland of Germany reunited 402 00:24:39,220 --> 00:24:42,060 was vital to that effort, 403 00:24:42,060 --> 00:24:43,910 and we should all be grateful to him. 404 00:24:45,190 --> 00:24:48,300 - General, I want to thank you for taking the time 405 00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:49,950 to come and talk to us today. 406 00:24:51,570 --> 00:24:55,080 - [Judge] Mr. Mackintosh, your witness. 407 00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:00,220 - During your war service 408 00:25:00,220 --> 00:25:03,080 did you ever visit the underground rocket factory 409 00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:05,060 in the Haas mountains? 410 00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:06,900 - No, I did not. 411 00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:09,550 - Did you visit the slave labor camp, Mittelbau-Dora? 412 00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:12,250 - [John] No I did not. 413 00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:17,280 - Did Dr. Rudolph ever talk about his war service? 414 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:19,490 - No, not in any detail. 415 00:25:20,370 --> 00:25:24,160 - Did you ever talk about his membership of the Nazi party? 416 00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:26,440 - My understanding was that he joined 417 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:30,420 because there was a real fear in Germany in the 1930s 418 00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:33,490 that the communists would take over. 419 00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:35,470 - Do you know he joined the S.A, 420 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:38,240 a kind of paramilitary wing of the party 421 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:41,270 and the forerunner of the SS in 1933? 422 00:25:41,270 --> 00:25:44,670 - No, I did not know that. 423 00:25:44,670 --> 00:25:46,530 - Have you ever read the classified transcripts 424 00:25:46,530 --> 00:25:49,900 of Dr. Rudolph's interrogations in 1945 or 1947? 425 00:25:51,530 --> 00:25:52,840 - No. - Okay. 426 00:25:53,870 --> 00:25:57,240 Thank you general, that's all my questions. 427 00:26:03,620 --> 00:26:05,580 - Operation Overcast was a program 428 00:26:05,580 --> 00:26:09,230 to round up German technical personnel, 429 00:26:09,230 --> 00:26:11,810 send them to the United States for six months 430 00:26:11,810 --> 00:26:16,310 and use them to help the U.S grab German technology, 431 00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:18,620 understand German technology. 432 00:26:18,620 --> 00:26:21,050 Then it evolved into Operation Paperclip, 433 00:26:21,050 --> 00:26:22,880 which was more ambitious, 434 00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:24,990 keeping them for longer periods of time 435 00:26:24,990 --> 00:26:27,290 and eventually immigrating them legally 436 00:26:27,290 --> 00:26:29,080 into the United States 437 00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:30,120 - [Man] (indistinct radio announcement) 438 00:26:30,120 --> 00:26:32,840 To the rear coach car, cafe lounge car, 439 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,490 and forward all sleeping cars and business class. 440 00:26:35,490 --> 00:26:38,050 Last call for a full service breakfast. 441 00:26:40,690 --> 00:26:42,480 - And so when they arrived 442 00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:45,720 they were taken straight to Fort Bliss to work 443 00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:47,560 in White Sands and at Fort Bliss. 444 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:51,090 So essentially what happens is the army decides 445 00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:52,570 that they want to consolidate 446 00:26:52,570 --> 00:26:54,280 the rocket development program. 447 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:56,680 Huntsville arsenal and Redstone arsenal, 448 00:26:57,550 --> 00:26:59,590 which were right next to each other, 449 00:26:59,590 --> 00:27:01,330 happened to be vacant at the time 450 00:27:01,330 --> 00:27:03,870 and seemed to be a really good place, 451 00:27:03,870 --> 00:27:05,340 and if you think about it, 452 00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:08,470 you've got the TVA right there supplying power, 453 00:27:08,470 --> 00:27:11,350 you have the waterway that could take you on a barge, 454 00:27:11,350 --> 00:27:14,150 could take any rocket all the way over to Cape Canaveral. 455 00:27:14,150 --> 00:27:16,070 And then there's some lobbying as well, 456 00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:18,400 of course from Alabama Senators. 457 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:22,980 So that's why they're moved to Huntsville. 458 00:27:22,980 --> 00:27:25,860 They were just a couple of hundred families coming 459 00:27:25,860 --> 00:27:28,810 in with thousands of others, right, at the same time, 460 00:27:28,810 --> 00:27:33,060 yet it seems when you talk to people about it, 461 00:27:33,060 --> 00:27:34,690 they had a huge impact. 462 00:27:34,690 --> 00:27:37,500 So what kind of impact they had depends a little bit 463 00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:38,820 on who you talk to. 464 00:27:38,820 --> 00:27:41,980 I think the impression among many Huntsvillians 465 00:27:41,980 --> 00:27:44,460 was that they had a very large impact, 466 00:27:44,460 --> 00:27:46,480 culturally in particular. 467 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:49,170 - When we came in 1950 to Huntsville 468 00:27:49,170 --> 00:27:51,970 from Fort Bliss in Texas, 469 00:27:51,970 --> 00:27:55,260 we got immediately the assignment to develop 470 00:27:55,260 --> 00:27:57,670 to design the Redstone vehicle. 471 00:27:57,670 --> 00:28:00,310 And in my book, the Redstone engine, 472 00:28:00,310 --> 00:28:02,420 the Redstone propeller system, 473 00:28:02,420 --> 00:28:05,600 is a grown up version of the V2. 474 00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:10,560 - The Marshall center was organized very similarly 475 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,210 to the organization 476 00:28:12,210 --> 00:28:16,270 of Von Braun's big rocket development team at Peenemunde. 477 00:28:17,470 --> 00:28:21,600 - He was definitely one of the people who thought 478 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:26,600 it was wrong and thought that Rudolph was falsely accused 479 00:28:27,250 --> 00:28:30,140 and what was done to him was wrong. 480 00:28:30,140 --> 00:28:34,980 And so there was pretty immediate response. 481 00:28:34,980 --> 00:28:37,710 One person would try to explain why he might've 482 00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:39,580 been investigated in the first place, 483 00:28:39,580 --> 00:28:43,260 others they don't understand how could he possibly 484 00:28:43,260 --> 00:28:46,350 have been found to have done anything wrong 485 00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:50,460 because the army had already investigated everything, right? 486 00:28:50,460 --> 00:28:53,330 They knew everything, so what had changed? 487 00:28:53,330 --> 00:28:55,910 (upbeat music) 488 00:29:06,540 --> 00:29:11,540 - This is a resolution of the city council of Huntsville, 489 00:29:11,850 --> 00:29:15,360 Alabama, signed by the city Council president 490 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:18,690 and the mayor in September of 1985, 491 00:29:18,690 --> 00:29:21,450 defending Rudolph against the allegations against him. 492 00:29:24,150 --> 00:29:25,380 Yeah, I don't go to Huntsville, 493 00:29:25,380 --> 00:29:27,730 I'm not welcome there apparently. 494 00:29:27,730 --> 00:29:32,690 In the Nazi cases, only in the mid to late 70s 495 00:29:32,690 --> 00:29:35,820 was there serious reporting on them 496 00:29:37,210 --> 00:29:39,560 and primarily in the New York Times, 497 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:42,830 but also other major American newspapers. 498 00:29:42,830 --> 00:29:46,110 And that came to the attention of members of Congress, 499 00:29:46,110 --> 00:29:49,550 particularly Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman of Brooklyn. 500 00:29:49,550 --> 00:29:53,340 Liz Holtzman pushed for legislation to be enacted, 501 00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:55,790 and it was in 1978. 502 00:29:55,790 --> 00:30:00,390 It is now known as the Holtzman amendment in her honor 503 00:30:00,390 --> 00:30:04,780 and it rendered participants in Nazi sponsored acts 504 00:30:04,780 --> 00:30:08,200 of persecution deportable from the United States 505 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,080 and it also barred them from entering this country. 506 00:30:12,110 --> 00:30:14,670 She also pushed with some other members of Congress 507 00:30:14,670 --> 00:30:18,680 for the justice department to take the responsibility 508 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:21,220 for these cases away from the immigration service 509 00:30:21,220 --> 00:30:24,110 which had failed and create a unit 510 00:30:24,110 --> 00:30:26,310 in the justice department, criminal division 511 00:30:28,090 --> 00:30:33,090 to investigate and prosecute, hence the birth of OSI in 1979 512 00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:37,060 with strong support from the Congress 513 00:30:37,950 --> 00:30:42,620 and we began investigating and prosecuting these cases. 514 00:30:42,620 --> 00:30:47,620 Well, he appeared to be a grandfatherly looking figure, 515 00:30:47,930 --> 00:30:51,390 he was hoping to talk about the space program 516 00:30:51,390 --> 00:30:55,150 rather than the war, and actually brought a model 517 00:30:55,150 --> 00:30:58,910 of the Saturn five rocket to show us. 518 00:30:58,910 --> 00:31:03,600 - So the U.S law for the OSI and the Holtzman amend 519 00:31:04,820 --> 00:31:09,680 was essentially to force people to leave the country 520 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:11,990 and have the countries where they were involved 521 00:31:11,990 --> 00:31:16,080 in crimes deal with them 522 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:19,530 and not charge them in the United States with war crimes. 523 00:31:19,530 --> 00:31:22,550 And so Rudolph was investigated in the early 80s 524 00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,820 for his involvement in the Mittelwerk. 525 00:31:26,820 --> 00:31:30,770 - We questioned him twice over those two days, 526 00:31:30,770 --> 00:31:33,510 once I think in 82 and once in 1983. 527 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,570 He made very, very damning admissions. 528 00:31:37,570 --> 00:31:40,490 - And it just turned out that he was the only person 529 00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:44,050 that OSI could really pin something on. 530 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,510 - Here's Rudolph, not the hero on the front page 531 00:31:48,510 --> 00:31:52,420 of the New York Times on October 18, 1984, 532 00:31:52,420 --> 00:31:57,420 after the justice department announced his departure 533 00:31:58,130 --> 00:32:00,610 and surrender of citizenship. 534 00:32:00,610 --> 00:32:05,610 And I really can't begin to adequately explain 535 00:32:06,580 --> 00:32:11,040 or convey what a sea change this was 536 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:12,700 in the perception of history. 537 00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:16,660 So for most of the world, this was the revelation 538 00:32:16,660 --> 00:32:18,380 that slave labor was used, 539 00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:20,870 concentration camp inmates were used 540 00:32:20,870 --> 00:32:23,910 under grotesquely inhumane conditions 541 00:32:23,910 --> 00:32:27,510 to build the the V2 missile. 542 00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:31,980 - [Woman] The city of Niagara Falls straddles 543 00:32:31,980 --> 00:32:33,860 the Canadian American border. 544 00:32:33,860 --> 00:32:36,330 For Arthur Rudolph it's an ideal location 545 00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:38,540 to hold a news conference. 546 00:32:38,540 --> 00:32:43,020 - We actually had an informant who was at a meeting 547 00:32:43,020 --> 00:32:47,150 where Rudolph's return to North America was plotted 548 00:32:48,690 --> 00:32:51,550 and we were told that the plan was 549 00:32:51,550 --> 00:32:54,810 that although he can't fly into the United States 550 00:32:54,810 --> 00:32:58,840 because we had placed his name on the immigration watch list 551 00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:00,720 the border control watch list, 552 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,020 he would fly into Pearson international airport 553 00:33:04,020 --> 00:33:08,770 in Toronto, Canada, and there he would meet his supporters, 554 00:33:08,770 --> 00:33:13,190 including an American Congressman, the late Jim Traficant. 555 00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:18,190 They would travel to Niagara Falls, Canada 556 00:33:18,950 --> 00:33:22,830 and then they would march over the peace bridge 557 00:33:22,830 --> 00:33:25,870 into Niagara Falls, New York 558 00:33:25,870 --> 00:33:28,530 - [Woman] Now James Traficant is campaigning 559 00:33:28,530 --> 00:33:30,160 to exonerate Rudolph. 560 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,060 He believes Rudolph is innocent. 561 00:33:33,530 --> 00:33:35,480 - [Judge] Your witness Mr. McIntosh. 562 00:33:39,090 --> 00:33:40,120 - Dr. Rudolph. 563 00:33:43,180 --> 00:33:45,130 Do you deny ever harming a prisoner? 564 00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:47,110 - [Rudolph] Yes. 565 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:50,150 - Did you ever see anyone who reported 566 00:33:50,150 --> 00:33:51,870 to you harm a prison? 567 00:33:51,870 --> 00:33:54,410 - No only Capos, that's the prisoners made foreman 568 00:33:54,410 --> 00:33:58,030 by the SS, or the SS themselves harmed prisoners. 569 00:33:59,070 --> 00:34:00,370 - Did you witness this? 570 00:34:01,670 --> 00:34:03,190 - A few times? 571 00:34:03,190 --> 00:34:04,560 - Did you intervene? 572 00:34:05,820 --> 00:34:08,770 - Perhaps a couple of times, but you see, 573 00:34:08,770 --> 00:34:11,840 I would have become a prisoner myself. 574 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:16,380 - Come on Dr. Rudolph, you were a highly qualified engineer, 575 00:34:16,380 --> 00:34:18,180 a very effective production manager, 576 00:34:18,180 --> 00:34:20,590 as your whole career testifies. 577 00:34:20,590 --> 00:34:22,510 You were vital to the making of a weapon 578 00:34:22,510 --> 00:34:25,500 that Hitler himself believed would turn the war around, 579 00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:27,960 and yet you say you could not affect conditions 580 00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:31,360 at Mittelwerk because the SS would incarcerate you or worse? 581 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,660 - Well that is the way it was. 582 00:34:33,660 --> 00:34:36,530 I tried to Institute a three shift system, 583 00:34:36,530 --> 00:34:40,820 instead of the two 12 hour shifts, but we were refused. 584 00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:43,240 - You tried to change the shift system 585 00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:44,700 because it was better for the prisoners 586 00:34:44,700 --> 00:34:45,900 or better for production? 587 00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:48,540 - Both, it would be better for both! 588 00:34:49,790 --> 00:34:51,170 - Let's look at production. 589 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:54,300 The whole point of slave labor was 590 00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:55,930 that it was the cheapest form of manpower 591 00:34:55,930 --> 00:34:57,120 to produce the weapons. 592 00:34:58,290 --> 00:35:02,020 You blamed your superior, Albin Sawatzky, 593 00:35:02,020 --> 00:35:04,320 for the ruthless exploitation of slave labor. 594 00:35:05,610 --> 00:35:07,640 And yet, according to your testimony 595 00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:10,650 to the office of special investigations in 1982, 596 00:35:11,700 --> 00:35:15,330 when Sawatzky went on sick leave in the fall of 1944, 597 00:35:15,330 --> 00:35:18,400 you achieved a new record for rocket production, 598 00:35:19,540 --> 00:35:22,290 up from 700 a month to 900 a month. 599 00:35:22,290 --> 00:35:26,230 - Yes, yes, it was easier without all the form filling. 600 00:35:28,010 --> 00:35:28,910 - Put it this way. 601 00:35:30,380 --> 00:35:33,110 Are you claiming you knew nothing 602 00:35:33,110 --> 00:35:37,070 about the conditions at camp Dora, conditions in which 603 00:35:37,070 --> 00:35:39,830 no one disputes thousands of people died? 604 00:35:41,610 --> 00:35:43,200 - I am claiming that. 605 00:35:46,010 --> 00:35:51,010 - So, for 22 months, you ran the V2 production line 606 00:35:51,340 --> 00:35:54,820 at Mittelwerk and you never saw an execution, 607 00:35:56,110 --> 00:35:57,830 you never saw a punishment beating, 608 00:35:57,830 --> 00:35:59,740 you never saw a prisoner drop down dead 609 00:35:59,740 --> 00:36:01,920 from exhaustion or hunger? 610 00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:05,040 And all of this in an environment 611 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,220 where the U.S army conservatively estimated 612 00:36:07,220 --> 00:36:09,240 that 20,000 workers died, 613 00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:15,120 the equivalent to one entire workforce during 614 00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:18,050 the period coinciding with your time there. 615 00:36:19,770 --> 00:36:21,220 What did you think was happening 616 00:36:21,220 --> 00:36:24,120 to the workers who one day never again showed up on shift? 617 00:36:26,140 --> 00:36:27,990 Did you think they'd gone on vacation 618 00:36:29,160 --> 00:36:30,460 or didn't you notice? 619 00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:35,490 And perhaps Dr. Rudolph, you didn't notice 620 00:36:35,490 --> 00:36:37,140 because you simply didn't care. 621 00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:42,300 - We were not allowed to talk to the prisons 622 00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:45,090 or interact with them in any way. 623 00:36:45,090 --> 00:36:48,170 That was the entire responsibility of the SS. 624 00:36:48,170 --> 00:36:50,250 I've told you already. 625 00:36:50,250 --> 00:36:54,020 I saw a few things, but there was nothing that we could do. 626 00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:03,240 - Dr. Rudolph, we have a description 627 00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:05,740 of a mass hanging from the prisoners on the shell. 628 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:09,910 He says six to 12 will be hanged together 629 00:37:09,910 --> 00:37:12,470 from a plank suspended on the cranes hooks. 630 00:37:13,570 --> 00:37:15,970 They had their hands tied behind their backs 631 00:37:16,810 --> 00:37:19,800 and wooden gags fastened with wire in their mouths. 632 00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:24,690 Now you say you never saw a hanging 633 00:37:25,550 --> 00:37:28,210 but you did witness the aftermath of an execution, 634 00:37:28,210 --> 00:37:29,310 tell us what happened. 635 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:32,510 - The men had been hanged. 636 00:37:33,780 --> 00:37:38,190 They were suspended from a crossbar that had been lifted 637 00:37:38,190 --> 00:37:41,650 by a static crane in the assembly hall. 638 00:37:43,750 --> 00:37:47,070 - You mean nooses were placed around their necks 639 00:37:47,070 --> 00:37:48,570 while they stood on the floor, 640 00:37:50,100 --> 00:37:53,430 and the plank was raised until they were suspended, 641 00:37:53,430 --> 00:37:56,270 dying slowly of strangulation? 642 00:37:56,270 --> 00:37:57,480 - [Dr. Rudolph] I did not see that. 643 00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:58,820 - You're an engineer Dr. Rudolph, 644 00:37:58,820 --> 00:38:01,270 I'm sure you could work it out from what you saw. 645 00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:05,660 - I guess, I suppose you would say that's right. 646 00:38:06,870 --> 00:38:08,170 - Where the victim's dead? 647 00:38:11,250 --> 00:38:12,080 - Yes. 648 00:38:13,130 --> 00:38:17,510 I saw one poor fellow raise his legs once. 649 00:38:19,070 --> 00:38:20,690 - His final death throes? 650 00:38:23,090 --> 00:38:23,920 - I suppose. 651 00:38:32,890 --> 00:38:35,690 - Most of the bodies have lost their trousers and shoes. 652 00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:38,800 Puddles of urine cover the floor. 653 00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:42,950 Since the ropes are long the body swayed gently 654 00:38:42,950 --> 00:38:44,570 about five feet above the ground 655 00:38:44,570 --> 00:38:47,080 and you have to push them aside as you advance. 656 00:38:48,990 --> 00:38:52,330 You receive bumps from knees and tibia soaked in urine 657 00:38:52,330 --> 00:38:54,770 and the corpses pushed against each other begin 658 00:38:54,770 --> 00:38:56,020 to spin round. 659 00:38:58,470 --> 00:39:01,370 Here and there, truncheons in hand, 660 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:05,220 the SS watch the changing of the shifts. 661 00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:10,320 They're laughing. 662 00:39:20,070 --> 00:39:21,030 - [Mr. McIntosh] Dr. Rudolph, do you know 663 00:39:21,030 --> 00:39:23,680 if the victims were executed after they 664 00:39:23,680 --> 00:39:26,000 had been reported for attempted sabotage? 665 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:30,250 - I don't know the SSO responsible for all discipline. 666 00:39:30,250 --> 00:39:33,550 I heard that the men had been executed 667 00:39:33,550 --> 00:39:37,000 because they had planned an insurrection. 668 00:39:38,030 --> 00:39:40,620 They were Russians I think. 669 00:39:40,620 --> 00:39:41,970 - [Mr. McIntosh] Were people executed 670 00:39:41,970 --> 00:39:43,800 for attempted sabotage? 671 00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:45,060 - I don't know. 672 00:39:45,060 --> 00:39:47,810 - [Mr. McIntosh] You never saw it, you never heard it? 673 00:39:47,810 --> 00:39:48,640 - Correct. 674 00:39:50,830 --> 00:39:53,260 - SS records show that conditions got much worse 675 00:39:53,260 --> 00:39:56,350 in early 1945 with rations reduced 676 00:39:56,350 --> 00:39:58,670 as the allies cut supply lines. 677 00:39:58,670 --> 00:40:02,350 They also show that executions were stepped up. 678 00:40:02,350 --> 00:40:05,720 Presumably the fear of revolt grew as the allies got nearer. 679 00:40:07,030 --> 00:40:12,030 In March, 1945 alone, 163 prisoners were executed 680 00:40:12,050 --> 00:40:17,010 in the tunnels or at Camp Dora, but you saw nothing. 681 00:40:18,260 --> 00:40:21,630 - All I know is that two executions took place 682 00:40:21,630 --> 00:40:24,580 in the tunnel, and I've told you what I saw. 683 00:40:26,030 --> 00:40:30,790 In late March, 1945 we would evacuated from Mittelwerk. 684 00:40:31,810 --> 00:40:35,100 - And that is when the journey away from your past 685 00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:37,550 and to a new life in America began. 686 00:40:42,910 --> 00:40:43,960 No further questions. 687 00:40:47,330 --> 00:40:51,530 - We will now adjourn and resume tomorrow morning. 688 00:40:51,530 --> 00:40:54,030 (eerie music) 689 00:41:24,810 --> 00:41:27,520 - Have I said enough about the nature of the tunnels? 690 00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,240 Have I adequately described the evolution 691 00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:37,170 of that circle of hell beyond even Dante's imagination? 692 00:41:40,730 --> 00:41:45,660 The cold, the sweat, the putrefaction, 693 00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:50,010 the noise of the machines that crushed men 694 00:41:50,010 --> 00:41:53,400 and matter the dust which clung to their skin, 695 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,170 in the lungs, the explosions, 696 00:41:56,170 --> 00:41:59,380 and the feverish changing of the shifts. 697 00:42:04,850 --> 00:42:07,990 Have I made you feel the uneasy companionship 698 00:42:07,990 --> 00:42:09,470 of death and fear? 699 00:42:30,670 --> 00:42:32,270 Others replaced the dead. 700 00:42:34,780 --> 00:42:38,160 Other martyrs from Russia, Belgium, Poland, 701 00:42:39,670 --> 00:42:42,420 Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and France, 702 00:42:44,510 --> 00:42:47,480 who were all assumed to know the vermin of the tunnels. 703 00:42:49,140 --> 00:42:53,150 The hunger, the torture, the blows of forced labor. 704 00:42:55,370 --> 00:42:59,700 It was at dawn I realized how the pyramids were built. 705 00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:02,280 (gentle music) 706 00:43:07,290 --> 00:43:09,250 - I began to read Jean Michel's book. 707 00:43:10,550 --> 00:43:13,100 It was to save at least an eye-opener. 708 00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:16,440 He spoke of how prisoners were worked 709 00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:19,840 under horribly inhumane conditions 710 00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:24,290 in an underground V2 missile factory. 711 00:43:24,290 --> 00:43:27,650 that was part of the Dora Nordhausen concentration camp 712 00:43:27,650 --> 00:43:32,650 in central Germany, I had never heard of that. 713 00:43:32,750 --> 00:43:37,450 Michel said that there were members 714 00:43:37,450 --> 00:43:41,870 of the Von Braun engineering team who were in this factory 715 00:43:43,350 --> 00:43:47,510 and who were helping to supervise the prisoners. 716 00:43:47,510 --> 00:43:50,270 And as I recall, the explanation he gave was 717 00:43:50,270 --> 00:43:53,900 that the SS guards weren't capable of doing that, 718 00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:55,680 they didn't know the fine points 719 00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:58,200 of what bolt got turned here 720 00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:00,290 and what wire was connected to what, 721 00:44:00,290 --> 00:44:04,630 whereas the engineers did, and if a prisoner for instance, 722 00:44:04,630 --> 00:44:09,630 sabotaged a rocket as some prisoners very courageously did, 723 00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,640 it was the engineers who would detect that 724 00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:15,230 and inform the guards. 725 00:44:15,230 --> 00:44:17,010 - The only piece of testimony 726 00:44:17,010 --> 00:44:21,320 you told Dr. Rudolph's American lawyer about in 1983 727 00:44:21,320 --> 00:44:24,860 was the testimony of Miss Hannelore Bannasch, 728 00:44:24,860 --> 00:44:27,100 a management secretary in Mittelwerk, 729 00:44:27,100 --> 00:44:29,800 even though you didn't name her at the time, true? 730 00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:31,210 - Yes. 731 00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,980 - Had the OSI actually spoken to her in 1983 732 00:44:34,980 --> 00:44:37,040 or at any other time? 733 00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:38,940 - [Mr. Sher] No, we had not. 734 00:44:38,940 --> 00:44:43,460 - So her testimony also came from the records 735 00:44:43,460 --> 00:44:45,830 of the 1947 trial? 736 00:44:45,830 --> 00:44:49,840 - Yes, she identified Rudolph as the manager responsible 737 00:44:49,840 --> 00:44:54,070 for passing reports of suspected sabotage to the SS 738 00:44:54,980 --> 00:44:58,160 and that these often led to beatings and executions. 739 00:44:58,160 --> 00:45:03,160 - Okay, now, let's all turn to the translation 740 00:45:03,250 --> 00:45:08,070 of Ms. Bannasch's sworn statement in 1985. 741 00:45:08,070 --> 00:45:11,420 Have you seen this document before Mr. Sher? 742 00:45:11,420 --> 00:45:12,580 - No, I don't believe so. 743 00:45:12,580 --> 00:45:13,830 - Really? 744 00:45:13,830 --> 00:45:16,190 Dr. Rudolph's lawyer in Hamburg, couriered it 745 00:45:16,190 --> 00:45:18,230 to your office in 1985. 746 00:45:18,230 --> 00:45:19,280 - [Mr. Sher] I haven't seen it, 747 00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:21,270 that doesn't mean my office hasn't received it. 748 00:45:21,270 --> 00:45:24,050 - Oh, okay, I see. 749 00:45:24,970 --> 00:45:27,340 Well, now you see that this statement 750 00:45:27,340 --> 00:45:30,770 is made on February 25th, 1985 751 00:45:30,770 --> 00:45:33,490 and is sworn before a public notary. 752 00:45:33,490 --> 00:45:36,170 Ms. Bannasch says that when she eventually obtained 753 00:45:36,170 --> 00:45:39,240 the English translation of her 1947 statement, 754 00:45:39,240 --> 00:45:40,450 she realized it. 755 00:45:40,450 --> 00:45:44,880 I quote, "Does not correspond to my German formulations, 756 00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:47,130 "but can be interpreted with a different meaning 757 00:45:47,130 --> 00:45:50,890 "in the translation and has been interpreted differently." 758 00:45:52,180 --> 00:45:57,180 Mr. Sher, your star witness says she never incriminated 759 00:45:57,220 --> 00:46:00,030 my client in 1947. 760 00:46:00,030 --> 00:46:03,610 - It seems to me she has simply changed her evidence. 761 00:46:04,660 --> 00:46:05,660 - Well, maybe. 762 00:46:07,260 --> 00:46:10,120 And I'd say that is the very essence 763 00:46:10,120 --> 00:46:12,090 of an unreliable witness. 764 00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:21,280 Now, let's go back to 1982. 765 00:46:22,960 --> 00:46:24,980 What made you write that first time 766 00:46:24,980 --> 00:46:29,370 to Dr. Rudolph requesting the first interview in California? 767 00:46:29,370 --> 00:46:31,170 - We had got together enough evidence 768 00:46:31,170 --> 00:46:35,410 to make a case for deportation, that is our job. 769 00:46:35,410 --> 00:46:36,700 The next step is to interview someone. 770 00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:39,390 - You didn't include any specific allegations 771 00:46:39,390 --> 00:46:43,500 in your initial letter of September 14th, 1982, 772 00:46:43,500 --> 00:46:47,820 it merely states your activities between 1939 773 00:46:47,820 --> 00:46:52,770 and 1945 in Germany will be the subject of some questions. 774 00:46:52,770 --> 00:46:56,110 Why so unspecific, why so banal? 775 00:46:56,110 --> 00:47:00,510 - Well, we didn't wanna alert suspects the specific crimes 776 00:47:00,510 --> 00:47:02,700 as that what allow them to potentially prepare 777 00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:04,180 a more elaborate evasion. 778 00:47:04,180 --> 00:47:05,710 - Oh come on! 779 00:47:05,710 --> 00:47:08,490 Isn't it because you had barely anything to go on? 780 00:47:08,490 --> 00:47:12,470 Isn't it because this was just one big fishing expedition? 781 00:47:12,470 --> 00:47:15,400 You do after all ask the subject 782 00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,180 to bring along his own evidence. 783 00:47:17,180 --> 00:47:21,400 I quote, "Bring to the interview all documents, 784 00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,640 "correspondence, and photographs 785 00:47:23,640 --> 00:47:26,060 "which were prepared during or which relate 786 00:47:26,060 --> 00:47:30,700 "to your activities in Europe from 1939 to 1945." 787 00:47:32,810 --> 00:47:35,700 That's a pretty big net if you ask me 788 00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:39,740 - Rudolph was the only one we could make a case against 789 00:47:39,740 --> 00:47:41,600 and we didn't threaten him, 790 00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,230 he made that agreement of his own free will. 791 00:47:44,230 --> 00:47:46,240 - Well why didn't you announce it? 792 00:47:46,240 --> 00:47:48,570 Your first big fish, 793 00:47:48,570 --> 00:47:53,030 your first so-called paperclip immigrant to be deported. 794 00:47:53,030 --> 00:47:57,470 Why wait until nine months after the agreement was made, 795 00:47:57,470 --> 00:48:01,020 and four months after my client was back in Germany? 796 00:48:01,020 --> 00:48:04,290 - The state department didn't want us to announce. 797 00:48:04,290 --> 00:48:05,990 They were having trouble with the Germans 798 00:48:05,990 --> 00:48:08,270 who didn't want this, where happy to have 799 00:48:08,270 --> 00:48:09,390 this individual returning to 'em. 800 00:48:09,390 --> 00:48:11,530 - They must have been even less happy 801 00:48:11,530 --> 00:48:13,960 when they wasted three years trying to prove you were right 802 00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:16,220 to expel 'em in the first place. 803 00:48:16,220 --> 00:48:18,620 Isn't the truth, Mr. Sher, that you 804 00:48:18,620 --> 00:48:21,160 and your zealous colleagues have built 805 00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:24,660 a nice career chasing down vulnerable old men? 806 00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:28,160 - That is not true, that is a vial distortion. 807 00:48:28,160 --> 00:48:30,550 And I know that as your stock in trade, Madam, 808 00:48:30,550 --> 00:48:34,050 you are a Holocaust denier, plain and simple. 809 00:48:34,050 --> 00:48:35,620 We know your purpose here today, 810 00:48:35,620 --> 00:48:39,110 and Rudolph's, is to embarrass the U.S government. 811 00:48:39,110 --> 00:48:40,700 - A denier! 812 00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:43,880 I suppose you refer to my defense 813 00:48:43,880 --> 00:48:47,400 of an individual's constitutional right to free speech, 814 00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:51,960 but it is not my record as a defender that's at issue here. 815 00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:54,650 It is at your record as a prosecutor. 816 00:48:55,590 --> 00:49:00,590 Who could blame my client for wanting his one day in court? 817 00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:02,620 God knows you wouldn't give it to him. 818 00:49:02,620 --> 00:49:04,970 - Believe me Madam, nothing would have made us happier 819 00:49:04,970 --> 00:49:06,590 than to put Rudolph on the stand 820 00:49:06,590 --> 00:49:08,670 and expose him and the militaries, 821 00:49:08,670 --> 00:49:12,800 the U.S militaries complicity in bringing him to the U.S. 822 00:49:13,750 --> 00:49:16,950 Do you think I really believe deportation 823 00:49:16,950 --> 00:49:18,330 is sufficient punishment? 824 00:49:18,330 --> 00:49:20,440 - We all know perfectly well you'd be happy 825 00:49:20,440 --> 00:49:23,150 to intern anyone you say was anywhere near 826 00:49:23,150 --> 00:49:25,500 the German regime during the war. 827 00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:28,370 Guilt by association is good enough for you. 828 00:49:28,370 --> 00:49:30,380 - How can you of all people 829 00:49:30,380 --> 00:49:32,760 make accusations about interment? 830 00:49:32,760 --> 00:49:35,890 You're making a career out of defending death camp guards 831 00:49:35,890 --> 00:49:37,570 and now mass murderers. 832 00:49:37,570 --> 00:49:42,370 - Okay, now that's enough, that's more than enough. 833 00:49:42,370 --> 00:49:46,730 Ms. Kulaszka, do you have any more questions, 834 00:49:46,730 --> 00:49:50,500 and I mean questions, for this witness? 835 00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:53,920 - No sir, I am through with this witness. 836 00:50:00,450 --> 00:50:03,410 - And it just turned out that he was the only person 837 00:50:03,410 --> 00:50:07,380 that OSI could really pin something on. 838 00:50:07,380 --> 00:50:11,510 And even there, I think it was a little marginal. 839 00:50:11,510 --> 00:50:15,300 They used the only thing they had to try to get him to sign 840 00:50:15,300 --> 00:50:19,240 a voluntary agreement to leave, because if it had gone 841 00:50:19,240 --> 00:50:22,420 to a hearing, a denaturalization hearing 842 00:50:22,420 --> 00:50:26,380 to lose his citizenship, he might have successfully pleaded 843 00:50:26,380 --> 00:50:29,100 to a judge that he really wasn't guilty 844 00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:30,980 and he really wanted to help the prisoners, 845 00:50:30,980 --> 00:50:32,380 and it really wasn't fair. 846 00:50:36,680 --> 00:50:38,630 - You're witness, Mr. McIntosh. 847 00:50:41,180 --> 00:50:44,240 - We've heard about why these Nazis weren't investigated 848 00:50:44,240 --> 00:50:47,740 for many years, but how did they remain hidden 849 00:50:47,740 --> 00:50:50,920 in plain sight for so long? 850 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:53,230 Why wasn't the evidence against them obvious? 851 00:50:54,550 --> 00:50:57,370 - Because it had been hidden by the U.S military 852 00:50:57,370 --> 00:50:59,590 and intelligence community. 853 00:50:59,590 --> 00:51:03,350 It took many applications under the 1976 Sunshine Act 854 00:51:03,350 --> 00:51:06,240 to secure the relevant war's end records. 855 00:51:06,240 --> 00:51:11,110 There was a highly organized plot to bring Nazi engineers 856 00:51:11,110 --> 00:51:13,840 to the U.S and then cover it up. 857 00:51:14,810 --> 00:51:19,130 This is what we now know was called Project Paperclip. 858 00:51:19,130 --> 00:51:22,800 It was against a direct presidential order 859 00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:27,800 to allow any active Nazi party member into the U.S. 860 00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:32,490 Military intelligence believed their needs overrode the law, 861 00:51:33,690 --> 00:51:37,250 but many of these immigrants still had damning information 862 00:51:37,250 --> 00:51:41,270 in the files from their first interrogations in 1945. 863 00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:45,040 The name paperclip came from the fact 864 00:51:45,040 --> 00:51:49,110 that the spooks would simply place a paperclip on a file 865 00:51:49,110 --> 00:51:51,990 to tell OMGUS it needed cleaning before it was submitted 866 00:51:51,990 --> 00:51:53,190 to the state department. 867 00:51:54,790 --> 00:51:57,500 - So what have you discovered that was not 868 00:51:57,500 --> 00:51:59,490 in the OMGUS file? 869 00:51:59,490 --> 00:52:04,030 - We found the original records of Rudolph's interrogation 870 00:52:04,030 --> 00:52:05,900 in June, 1945. 871 00:52:06,870 --> 00:52:10,280 It contained Rudolph's Nazi party membership card, 872 00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:15,140 dated 1931, something that never made it to the later file. 873 00:52:15,140 --> 00:52:17,900 It also contained a handwritten note 874 00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:21,100 from that interrogation, which said, quote, 875 00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:25,940 "100% Nazi, dangerous type, 876 00:52:25,940 --> 00:52:29,200 "security threat, suggest internment." 877 00:52:31,480 --> 00:52:34,440 - What was your evidence that Dr. Rudolph was complicit 878 00:52:34,440 --> 00:52:35,810 in the use of slave labor? 879 00:52:35,810 --> 00:52:39,320 - You mean beyond his own testimony and confession? 880 00:52:39,320 --> 00:52:41,880 - Well, he has made it clear that his plea bargain 881 00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:46,490 in 1983 was made under duress and he now withdraws it. 882 00:52:46,490 --> 00:52:47,420 - Is that right? 883 00:52:48,590 --> 00:52:49,420 Okay. 884 00:52:50,450 --> 00:52:55,450 We have gathered a number of files. 885 00:52:55,770 --> 00:52:58,610 The first is an order from the 1947 DAC, 886 00:52:58,610 --> 00:53:03,610 our war crimes trial, is a note from V2 program COSS, 887 00:53:04,090 --> 00:53:06,470 general Kamala to all managers. 888 00:53:06,470 --> 00:53:09,300 Now, almost incredibly, it is complaining 889 00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:11,720 that civilian managers at Mittelwerk 890 00:53:11,720 --> 00:53:15,810 are to stop beating and even stabbing prisoner workers 891 00:53:15,810 --> 00:53:19,410 for quote, "Any petty offense." 892 00:53:19,410 --> 00:53:22,220 Basically Kamala was annoyed that civilian managers 893 00:53:22,220 --> 00:53:23,820 were doing the job of the SS. 894 00:53:24,830 --> 00:53:26,200 The order said. 895 00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:28,620 "If a prisoner is guilty of a violation 896 00:53:28,620 --> 00:53:30,540 "and a written statement of the incident, 897 00:53:30,540 --> 00:53:32,650 "together with a name and number of the prisoners 898 00:53:32,650 --> 00:53:35,520 "should be brought to the attention of the SS." 899 00:53:35,520 --> 00:53:39,220 Now all managers were required to sign a distribution list 900 00:53:39,220 --> 00:53:40,500 to acknowledge receipt. 901 00:53:41,610 --> 00:53:45,740 The capital letters, AR are clearly visible 902 00:53:45,740 --> 00:53:49,810 on that list and it is established no one else 903 00:53:49,810 --> 00:53:51,140 had those initials 904 00:53:52,250 --> 00:53:54,490 - [Announcer] At a lunch recess, a fighting match broke out 905 00:53:54,490 --> 00:53:57,060 between a member of the Jewish defense league and one of 906 00:53:57,060 --> 00:53:58,400 Rudolph's American supporters. - I heard about this trial 907 00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:02,530 in Toronto, and I said, there are documents here 908 00:54:02,530 --> 00:54:05,400 that implicate Rudolf in the decision 909 00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:07,260 to use concentration camp labor. 910 00:54:07,260 --> 00:54:11,200 And he said, "If I get the documents directly from you, 911 00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:14,310 "I will have to name you in court as a witness 912 00:54:14,310 --> 00:54:18,040 "and your identity as doing this will be revealed." 913 00:54:18,040 --> 00:54:21,170 So I said, okay, then in that case I'll just tell you 914 00:54:21,170 --> 00:54:24,210 where the documents are and you go 915 00:54:24,210 --> 00:54:27,870 and you send somebody to Fribourg and get copies of it. 916 00:54:27,870 --> 00:54:31,680 - Mike Neufeld found a reference to it in a book, 917 00:54:31,680 --> 00:54:35,810 in a footnote, a book that from our perspective 918 00:54:35,810 --> 00:54:39,450 was very obscure, a German book, and we then pursued it 919 00:54:39,450 --> 00:54:41,530 with the German federal archive in Freiburg, 920 00:54:41,530 --> 00:54:45,340 but we are absolutely indebted to Mike Neufeld for that. 921 00:54:45,340 --> 00:54:50,340 - Now even more damning is a signed memo dated April 16th, 922 00:54:50,350 --> 00:54:55,300 1943, from Rudolph to the V2 special committee. 923 00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:56,570 It was found in the minutes of a meeting 924 00:54:56,570 --> 00:55:01,200 at the Berlin locomotive works on June 3rd, 1943. 925 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:02,810 It contains the report of a visit 926 00:55:02,810 --> 00:55:05,880 to the HINDCO aircraft factory in Iranian Burg, 927 00:55:05,880 --> 00:55:07,520 North of Berlin. 928 00:55:07,520 --> 00:55:09,280 Now the works have recently ramped up 929 00:55:09,280 --> 00:55:14,280 to 4,000 prisoner workers, and this system has worked well 930 00:55:16,580 --> 00:55:21,580 and the employment of detainees has considerable advantages. 931 00:55:23,060 --> 00:55:27,140 It concludes, production of V2's 932 00:55:27,140 --> 00:55:29,870 can be carried out by detainees. 933 00:55:29,870 --> 00:55:34,380 Now this clearly shows that Dr. Rudolph was an advocate 934 00:55:34,380 --> 00:55:38,040 of slave labor, even before he arrived at Mittelwerk. 935 00:55:38,040 --> 00:55:40,630 - That is a fake, fake. 936 00:55:40,630 --> 00:55:42,590 (speaking in foreign language) 937 00:55:42,590 --> 00:55:43,430 That is a lie. 938 00:55:45,870 --> 00:55:49,080 - Mr. Adjudicator, this evidence was not disclosed 939 00:55:49,080 --> 00:55:51,050 to me until this morning. 940 00:55:51,050 --> 00:55:53,830 Mr. Sher, did you have the alleged evidence 941 00:55:53,830 --> 00:55:56,650 in your possession in 1983? 942 00:55:56,650 --> 00:55:59,050 - No. - Well where did it come from? 943 00:55:59,050 --> 00:56:01,640 - If I may, Mr. Adjudicator. 944 00:56:01,640 --> 00:56:05,070 The Providence of evidence is a sensitive issue. 945 00:56:05,960 --> 00:56:08,030 The source may be under confidentiality 946 00:56:08,030 --> 00:56:10,160 or employment agreements, 947 00:56:10,160 --> 00:56:12,800 but it doesn't dilute its credibility. 948 00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:15,950 - Mr. Macintosh, I don't have to know the source 949 00:56:15,950 --> 00:56:20,790 of every piece of evidence, but if I do not know the source, 950 00:56:20,790 --> 00:56:23,650 that will very much affect my judgment 951 00:56:23,650 --> 00:56:26,220 as to the weight I should give it. 952 00:56:28,090 --> 00:56:28,920 - Thank you. 953 00:56:30,580 --> 00:56:31,960 Mr. Sher. 954 00:56:31,960 --> 00:56:34,110 - It's a remarkable document. 955 00:56:34,110 --> 00:56:38,660 Rudolph reports on his trip and explains that the aircraft 956 00:56:38,660 --> 00:56:42,900 are being assembled by a concentration camp inmates, 957 00:56:42,900 --> 00:56:46,310 that discipline is enforced by the SS 958 00:56:46,310 --> 00:56:49,140 and that it works very, very well there, 959 00:56:49,140 --> 00:56:52,090 and we should do the same thing. 960 00:56:52,090 --> 00:56:54,570 I was astonished when I saw that document 961 00:56:54,570 --> 00:56:57,270 because when we questioned Rudolph, 962 00:56:59,130 --> 00:57:02,610 one of the things he emphasized was the idea that, 963 00:57:02,610 --> 00:57:05,680 well, I certainly would've preferred to have 964 00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:10,680 had civilian labor, Germans, not concentration camp inmates, 965 00:57:11,070 --> 00:57:14,060 that was not my decision. 966 00:57:14,060 --> 00:57:16,500 Well, in fact, it was a decision made 967 00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:18,200 on his own recommendation. 968 00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:23,200 From the Nazi perspective, it had value so to speak, 969 00:57:23,410 --> 00:57:26,520 first of all, the prisoners didn't get paid 970 00:57:26,520 --> 00:57:30,920 or hardly got paid, and they never were free. 971 00:57:30,920 --> 00:57:34,910 They could never talk to anyone about the secrets of the V2 972 00:57:34,910 --> 00:57:39,690 and the factory, because they were never going home. 973 00:57:40,630 --> 00:57:42,500 It really is a smoking gun. 974 00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:48,900 - Mary Duncan, you have been an expert witness since 1971. 975 00:57:49,340 --> 00:57:51,300 You are a member of the advisory board 976 00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:54,500 of the World Association of Document Examiners. 977 00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:55,770 - Yes. 978 00:57:55,770 --> 00:57:57,510 - Can you determine whether a signature 979 00:57:57,510 --> 00:57:59,380 on a document is authentic? 980 00:57:59,380 --> 00:58:00,580 - Yes, I can. 981 00:58:00,580 --> 00:58:02,180 - And is it always possible 982 00:58:02,180 --> 00:58:05,060 to be 100% definitive about that? 983 00:58:05,060 --> 00:58:06,040 - Not always 984 00:58:07,490 --> 00:58:10,740 No one writes their names the same way all the time. 985 00:58:10,740 --> 00:58:14,180 In fact, no one writes their name the same way twice. 986 00:58:14,180 --> 00:58:17,560 And over the years, there's a natural variation. 987 00:58:17,560 --> 00:58:22,560 So looking at the signatures from the 1940s and 80s, 988 00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:27,520 one can see that the formation of the R has changed. 989 00:58:30,580 --> 00:58:32,060 To a more printed version. 990 00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:43,250 However, there are still strong similarities. 991 00:58:44,760 --> 00:58:48,540 I have taken the signature in question, 992 00:58:48,540 --> 00:58:50,700 put it under transparency. 993 00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:53,200 (eerie music) 994 00:59:01,070 --> 00:59:06,070 As you can see it matches extremely well. 995 00:59:11,410 --> 00:59:12,860 - So what is your conclusion? 996 00:59:14,210 --> 00:59:17,250 - My conclusion is that the HINDCO memo 997 00:59:17,250 --> 00:59:20,060 was signed by the same individual who signed 998 00:59:20,060 --> 00:59:22,150 all the samples I was given. 999 00:59:23,320 --> 00:59:24,150 - Thank you. 1000 00:59:25,150 --> 00:59:26,300 No further questions. 1001 00:59:27,950 --> 00:59:30,590 - So what happened with the Mittelwerk at the very end 1002 00:59:30,590 --> 00:59:35,590 was that around the 1st of April, 1945, they got the news 1003 00:59:35,820 --> 00:59:38,410 that the allies were breaking across the Rhine 1004 00:59:38,410 --> 00:59:41,040 and were rushing rapidly in their direction. 1005 00:59:41,040 --> 00:59:45,040 And so SS general Kammler, who was now the chief man 1006 00:59:45,040 --> 00:59:50,040 in charge sent about 500 key engineers to Bavaria. 1007 00:59:50,830 --> 00:59:54,040 And so Von Braun and Rudolph were among this group 1008 00:59:54,040 --> 00:59:56,680 that were sent off to what was supposed to be 1009 00:59:56,680 --> 00:59:58,780 the Alpine redoubt. 1010 00:59:58,780 --> 01:00:03,390 So they left hurriedly right near the beginning of April. 1011 01:00:07,640 --> 01:00:08,980 I mean, certainly at this point 1012 01:00:08,980 --> 01:00:11,400 the technical intelligence in the U.S army, 1013 01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:14,680 the British army, certainly also the Soviets 1014 01:00:14,680 --> 01:00:17,050 and the French were very interested in interviewing 1015 01:00:17,050 --> 01:00:18,380 the V2 leadership. 1016 01:00:18,380 --> 01:00:19,770 Just after that time, 1017 01:00:19,770 --> 01:00:24,590 the U.S army rolled over Nordhausen and Buchenwald. 1018 01:00:24,590 --> 01:00:29,590 - In early April the U.S army is advancing on April 11th, 1019 01:00:30,560 --> 01:00:34,290 the Dora camp, the many sub camps of the Mittelbau complex 1020 01:00:34,290 --> 01:00:39,260 was liberated, but only about 800 prisoners were here. 1021 01:00:39,260 --> 01:00:44,260 about 40,000 were on deportation and death marches 1022 01:00:44,350 --> 01:00:46,440 and thousands were still dying. 1023 01:00:46,440 --> 01:00:49,950 And this is similar to the whole break down 1024 01:00:50,880 --> 01:00:53,960 and of course the SS was also on the move 1025 01:00:53,960 --> 01:00:56,160 and pretty much escaping 1026 01:00:56,160 --> 01:01:01,160 and trying to get to the Western zone 1027 01:01:01,290 --> 01:01:05,690 to be arrested by the British or US army, 1028 01:01:05,690 --> 01:01:08,100 not of course less by the Soviets 1029 01:01:10,060 --> 01:01:15,060 - I was a private first class in company L, 414th regiment, 1030 01:01:15,560 --> 01:01:18,040 104th infantry division. 1031 01:01:18,040 --> 01:01:20,680 - For me that was very interesting to see 1032 01:01:20,680 --> 01:01:25,680 how someone grapples with this past in Huntsville 1033 01:01:26,580 --> 01:01:31,010 who had direct experience with what had happened in Germany. 1034 01:01:31,010 --> 01:01:33,250 - So on the morning of April 11th 1035 01:01:34,120 --> 01:01:37,050 we were totally unprepared for the events of that 1036 01:01:37,050 --> 01:01:38,670 and the following days. 1037 01:01:39,960 --> 01:01:43,000 Reports from civilians and prisoners indicated 1038 01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,770 that the very disorganized enemy had withdrawn 1039 01:01:46,770 --> 01:01:49,430 to positions in the mountains 1040 01:01:49,430 --> 01:01:53,110 and so we advanced on Nordhausen where the full horror 1041 01:01:53,110 --> 01:01:55,850 of man's ultimate inhumanity was revealed 1042 01:01:56,780 --> 01:02:00,100 as the city fell before a heavy artillery attack 1043 01:02:00,100 --> 01:02:01,160 on the 11th. 1044 01:02:02,570 --> 01:02:05,980 Here we discovered a camp of slave laborers who worked 1045 01:02:05,980 --> 01:02:10,540 at the Mittelwerk, some two miles Northwest of Nordhausen. 1046 01:02:11,510 --> 01:02:14,380 A huge underground V bomb facility 1047 01:02:14,380 --> 01:02:18,620 where some 25,000 slave laborers produced 1048 01:02:18,620 --> 01:02:20,980 the V1 and V2 bombs. 1049 01:02:22,050 --> 01:02:26,870 Nearby on the edge of the city was a concentration camp 1050 01:02:26,870 --> 01:02:30,560 where we found some 5,000 corpses 1051 01:02:30,560 --> 01:02:34,830 and some 6,000 others in various stages of decay. 1052 01:02:35,970 --> 01:02:40,070 Corpses were scattered throughout buildings and the grounds, 1053 01:02:40,070 --> 01:02:43,920 some had obviously been killed as a result of our attack, 1054 01:02:43,920 --> 01:02:46,140 fresh blood mixed with stale blood 1055 01:02:47,340 --> 01:02:50,710 and the stench of rotting flesh. 1056 01:02:50,710 --> 01:02:54,150 That stench was overbearing and some of the prisoners 1057 01:02:54,150 --> 01:02:57,200 had been badly burned as well. 1058 01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,580 We did not know that a crematorium was to be found 1059 01:03:00,580 --> 01:03:04,100 at the camp itself where more than 100 individuals 1060 01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:05,690 were burned daily. 1061 01:03:05,690 --> 01:03:10,130 The camp then exceeded the worst possible nightmare, 1062 01:03:10,130 --> 01:03:13,340 men and a few women lay as they had died, 1063 01:03:13,340 --> 01:03:17,970 starved, discolored, and all, both the living and the dead, 1064 01:03:17,970 --> 01:03:21,320 where in the most incredible, indescribable human filth. 1065 01:03:22,320 --> 01:03:25,510 Their striped coats and prison numbers hung 1066 01:03:25,510 --> 01:03:30,420 on their frames as a last token of those who enslaved them. 1067 01:03:31,640 --> 01:03:34,760 It was like stepping back into the dark ages 1068 01:03:35,720 --> 01:03:39,620 to walk into dark cellar rooms, to seek out the living. 1069 01:03:40,520 --> 01:03:42,790 It was like walking into a world apart 1070 01:03:42,790 --> 01:03:44,100 and returning to bring 1071 01:03:44,100 --> 01:03:47,820 those wretched shadow men into daylight. 1072 01:03:47,820 --> 01:03:51,260 Today I see a crime so heinous that I'm ashamed to think 1073 01:03:51,260 --> 01:03:53,300 that I'm a member of the human race. 1074 01:03:54,190 --> 01:03:56,980 I know that we haven't reached a civilized stage 1075 01:03:56,980 --> 01:03:58,920 in any sense. 1076 01:03:58,920 --> 01:04:01,420 Certainly we cannot speak of the middle ages 1077 01:04:01,420 --> 01:04:04,410 or the dark ages of civilization. 1078 01:04:04,410 --> 01:04:07,050 It affected me to such an extent that I wonder 1079 01:04:07,050 --> 01:04:10,940 how there can be a God, a just Supreme being 1080 01:04:10,940 --> 01:04:14,480 that would tolerate such mass suffering by innocent people. 1081 01:04:16,330 --> 01:04:20,250 (speaking in foreign language) 1082 01:06:04,430 --> 01:06:06,840 - Thank you, Mr. McIntosh. 1083 01:06:06,840 --> 01:06:11,300 I'd like you and Ms. Kulaszka to take a few moments each 1084 01:06:11,300 --> 01:06:14,960 to sum up before I reach my verdict. 1085 01:06:14,960 --> 01:06:16,800 You first, Ms Kulaszka. 1086 01:06:23,370 --> 01:06:25,310 - Dr. Rudolph wants to enter Canada 1087 01:06:25,310 --> 01:06:27,390 to visit with his daughter and some friends 1088 01:06:27,390 --> 01:06:28,940 who have come here to meet him. 1089 01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:33,060 He is an old, sick man. 1090 01:06:34,750 --> 01:06:37,720 And if he is denied this opportunity, 1091 01:06:37,720 --> 01:06:39,140 he will not get another one. 1092 01:06:41,030 --> 01:06:44,890 Canada argues that he should not be allowed in 1093 01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:48,320 because he committed crimes in the war, 1094 01:06:48,320 --> 01:06:50,830 and that meant he should have been on the banned list 1095 01:06:50,830 --> 01:06:55,210 of 1945, but that he falsified his way into America 1096 01:06:55,210 --> 01:06:56,810 with the help of the government. 1097 01:06:58,030 --> 01:07:01,240 And no one denies the Nazi regime were responsible 1098 01:07:01,240 --> 01:07:05,340 for war crimes, but to be at the scene of the crime 1099 01:07:05,340 --> 01:07:08,130 does not make you guilty of that crime, 1100 01:07:08,130 --> 01:07:11,880 especially when you had no choice about your presence. 1101 01:07:13,810 --> 01:07:16,960 The OSI acted like a predator, 1102 01:07:17,840 --> 01:07:21,850 bringing down an old and wounded member of the herd 1103 01:07:21,850 --> 01:07:24,090 when he was isolated and vulnerable. 1104 01:07:25,370 --> 01:07:29,810 They threw around unsubstantiated accusations, 1105 01:07:29,810 --> 01:07:32,580 made threats they had no jurisdiction to make, 1106 01:07:33,600 --> 01:07:36,380 and made a vague trail of evidence sound 1107 01:07:36,380 --> 01:07:39,130 like an open and shut case, that's why they cut a deal. 1108 01:07:40,270 --> 01:07:44,300 An agreement that was made under extreme duress 1109 01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:47,050 and for that reason would not survive the scrutiny 1110 01:07:47,050 --> 01:07:50,850 of any court in America and it must not be validated here. 1111 01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:54,970 For justice to mean anything, 1112 01:07:56,750 --> 01:07:58,570 it must be administered in the open 1113 01:07:59,650 --> 01:08:03,650 and not subject to threats and deals offered 1114 01:08:03,650 --> 01:08:06,770 by a bunch of zealots who have somehow acquire 1115 01:08:06,770 --> 01:08:08,910 the status of law enforcement. 1116 01:08:10,610 --> 01:08:15,100 The hounding of this man who has spent 38 years 1117 01:08:15,100 --> 01:08:18,520 in the service of the United States in the cold war 1118 01:08:18,520 --> 01:08:21,670 with a central contribution to the moonshot 1119 01:08:21,670 --> 01:08:24,120 and was rightly honored for it, must stop. 1120 01:08:25,470 --> 01:08:29,530 And you sir should bring it to an end here and now. 1121 01:08:32,500 --> 01:08:33,330 Thank you 1122 01:08:39,960 --> 01:08:41,190 - Mr. McIntosh. 1123 01:08:49,560 --> 01:08:53,940 - There is no statute of limitation on war crimes. 1124 01:08:53,940 --> 01:08:57,550 Age or health are not relevant when we are holding people 1125 01:08:57,550 --> 01:08:59,430 to account for what are some 1126 01:08:59,430 --> 01:09:01,440 of the worst crimes ever committed. 1127 01:09:03,140 --> 01:09:05,200 My learned friend says that being at the scene 1128 01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:08,470 of the crime is not automatically a sign of guilt, 1129 01:09:08,470 --> 01:09:11,160 but when it comes to crimes against humanity, 1130 01:09:11,160 --> 01:09:13,880 we are testing whether they were committed by act 1131 01:09:13,880 --> 01:09:15,020 or by omission. 1132 01:09:16,600 --> 01:09:19,250 In a sense it is a legal enshrinement 1133 01:09:19,250 --> 01:09:23,420 of Edmund Burkes admonishment that for evil to triumph 1134 01:09:23,420 --> 01:09:26,110 all that is required is for good men to do nothing. 1135 01:09:27,150 --> 01:09:29,870 Not sir, that I believe we should dwell 1136 01:09:29,870 --> 01:09:33,400 on the nuance of act or omission, 1137 01:09:33,400 --> 01:09:35,680 or I submit whether or not we are dealing 1138 01:09:35,680 --> 01:09:36,960 with a good man here. 1139 01:09:38,510 --> 01:09:40,570 My learned friend would have us believe 1140 01:09:40,570 --> 01:09:42,630 this is a wronged man, 1141 01:09:42,630 --> 01:09:45,010 bullied by authorities who had called his bluff 1142 01:09:45,010 --> 01:09:47,310 because they had nothing substantial to go on. 1143 01:09:48,290 --> 01:09:51,600 Well, we may all have opinions on how 1144 01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:55,480 the U.S agencies involved here conducted themselves. 1145 01:09:55,480 --> 01:09:57,770 Clearly those complicit in bringing Dr. Rudolph 1146 01:09:57,770 --> 01:09:59,870 and his colleagues to the States in 1945 1147 01:09:59,870 --> 01:10:03,570 have a case to answer, but doubtless never will. 1148 01:10:05,490 --> 01:10:07,170 I do agree with my learned friend, 1149 01:10:07,170 --> 01:10:09,750 justice should be blind but it should never be conducted 1150 01:10:09,750 --> 01:10:10,650 in the dark. 1151 01:10:11,780 --> 01:10:15,340 Now, let us leave aside what might've happened 1152 01:10:15,340 --> 01:10:17,600 and focus on what indisputably did. 1153 01:10:18,570 --> 01:10:21,330 Forcible confinement or enslavement 1154 01:10:21,330 --> 01:10:23,180 as the Canadian criminal code has it. 1155 01:10:24,270 --> 01:10:26,560 In this case, it was used for the purpose 1156 01:10:26,560 --> 01:10:28,930 of building deadly weapons to be fired against 1157 01:10:28,930 --> 01:10:30,480 the prisoner's own home countries. 1158 01:10:30,480 --> 01:10:33,770 Right there are two counts under the code in the category 1159 01:10:33,770 --> 01:10:35,270 of crimes against humanity. 1160 01:10:36,680 --> 01:10:38,840 Now, while committing the crime by omission 1161 01:10:38,840 --> 01:10:42,440 will do for the law, I say there is no doubt 1162 01:10:42,440 --> 01:10:45,120 that through his advocacy of slave labor, 1163 01:10:45,120 --> 01:10:48,530 that Dr. Rudolph was guilty of conspiracy to enslave. 1164 01:10:50,040 --> 01:10:51,410 There is no other explanation 1165 01:10:51,410 --> 01:10:54,110 for the HINDCO works memo of April, 1943. 1166 01:10:56,660 --> 01:10:59,360 I also submit that at the very least by omission, 1167 01:10:59,360 --> 01:11:01,670 Dr. Rudolph is guilty of persecution. 1168 01:11:03,130 --> 01:11:06,310 His assertion of a lack of awareness 1169 01:11:06,310 --> 01:11:09,100 of the appalling conditions and the very frequent deaths 1170 01:11:09,100 --> 01:11:11,080 of prisoners throughout his time at Mittelwerk, 1171 01:11:11,080 --> 01:11:14,780 beggars belief and brings willful blindness 1172 01:11:14,780 --> 01:11:16,220 to a whole new level. 1173 01:11:17,990 --> 01:11:22,990 This is a highly intelligent, highly organized individual, 1174 01:11:24,490 --> 01:11:26,630 perhaps the most proficient production engineer 1175 01:11:26,630 --> 01:11:27,710 of his generation. 1176 01:11:28,810 --> 01:11:32,450 When he took charge, he broke new records for V2 production. 1177 01:11:33,850 --> 01:11:36,470 Are we to believe he didn't notice, 1178 01:11:36,470 --> 01:11:39,220 he took no interest in the conditions of his workers? 1179 01:11:41,560 --> 01:11:44,370 He says he couldn't resist the regime of the SS. 1180 01:11:46,090 --> 01:11:49,120 This was a man whom the Nazis knew was central 1181 01:11:49,120 --> 01:11:50,690 to their wonder weapon, 1182 01:11:50,690 --> 01:11:53,310 their last chance of turning the war around. 1183 01:11:53,310 --> 01:11:57,290 He was vital, second only to his mentor, Wernher von Braun. 1184 01:11:58,840 --> 01:12:00,500 Are we to believe that these people could not 1185 01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:02,430 have made a stand for better conditions 1186 01:12:02,430 --> 01:12:04,030 if they had really cared? 1187 01:12:08,320 --> 01:12:10,850 The prisoners were a means to an end, 1188 01:12:12,590 --> 01:12:14,960 and that end was 800 rockets a month. 1189 01:12:16,650 --> 01:12:19,050 If it were more efficient to work a series 1190 01:12:19,050 --> 01:12:23,180 of shifts to death than to keep one shift fit and healthy, 1191 01:12:24,210 --> 01:12:25,040 then so be it. 1192 01:12:29,190 --> 01:12:32,600 The vengeance two missile really was an exceptional weapon. 1193 01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:36,450 I'm sure it must be the only weapon in history 1194 01:12:36,450 --> 01:12:39,150 to have killed far more people in the making of it 1195 01:12:40,040 --> 01:12:42,040 than were ever killed when it were used. 1196 01:12:43,960 --> 01:12:48,960 Sir, I submit that Dr. Rudolf is guilty of war crimes 1197 01:12:50,810 --> 01:12:52,530 and must be deported. 1198 01:12:55,150 --> 01:12:57,490 (sad music) 1199 01:13:08,050 --> 01:13:11,880 - [Narrator] If in the end, the V2 was to permit man 1200 01:13:11,880 --> 01:13:15,210 to go to the moon, this futuristic program 1201 01:13:15,210 --> 01:13:17,600 did not grant Nazi Germany the possibility 1202 01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:18,580 of winning the war. 1203 01:13:19,680 --> 01:13:22,880 On the contrary, the obsession with rockets 1204 01:13:22,880 --> 01:13:25,400 and the diversion of resources at caused, 1205 01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,150 probably contributed decisively in the precipitation 1206 01:13:28,150 --> 01:13:30,350 of the irreversible fall of the third Reich. 1207 01:13:33,350 --> 01:13:36,160 While the bodies of Dora's martyrs were still warm, 1208 01:13:37,020 --> 01:13:39,840 the allies impassively organized the recovery 1209 01:13:39,840 --> 01:13:42,290 of the V2s and Nazi scientists. 1210 01:13:43,640 --> 01:13:47,770 The curtain lowered on the tragedy of Dora is so opaque, 1211 01:13:47,770 --> 01:13:50,200 that I have come to believe that in the icy domain 1212 01:13:50,200 --> 01:13:52,310 of state reasoning, anything, 1213 01:13:53,660 --> 01:13:56,380 absolutely anything can happen. 1214 01:13:58,990 --> 01:14:01,410 (sad music)