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00:00:16,517 --> 00:00:21,563
Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,

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00:00:22,105 --> 00:00:26,318
and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.

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Tyrannosaurus rex.

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An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.

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What kind of an animal was it?

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What did it look like? How did it live?

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Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.

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00:00:45,671 --> 00:00:47,923
And not just about T. rex,

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but the other species
that lived alongside it.

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And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.

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[grunting]

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[David Attenborough]
Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.

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[roars]

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[roars]

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The skies are filled with flying giants.

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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.

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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,

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all facing the struggle to survive.

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[leaves rustling]

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[groaning]

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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.

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[roars]

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[shrieks]

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This is their story.

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The west of South America

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and one of the most desolate places
on this prehistoric planet.

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Few animals venture here,

28
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yet it is the stage for one of the most
extraordinary gatherings on Earth.

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Dreadnoughtus.

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Titanosaurs. Eighty-five feet long
and weighing 40 tons.

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[lowing]

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These are all males,

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and they're many miles
from their rich forest feeding grounds.

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They come here for only one reason:
to fight for the chance to mate.

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Crowds of females
scrutinize the newly arriving males,

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assessing their strength and suitability.

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[roaring]

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The titanosaurs' immense necks

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are supported by
an ultralightweight air-filled skeleton.

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Their hollow neck bones
are connected to a series of bellows

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that inflate bizarre gular air sacs.

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[lowing]

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Those males with the most impressive
displays will attract the most females.

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This huge bull, white with dust,

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has held the center stage for two weeks.

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He weighs nearly 50 tons.

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And his display has, so far,

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intimidated all challengers.

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But this new arrival…

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[lowing continues]

51
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…is not deterred.

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[both roar]

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[roaring]

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[roaring continues]

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Lifting up such a huge body is exhausting.

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It's a battle of endurance.

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As the conflict intensifies,
each fighter tries to wound the other,

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stabbing with sharp dagger-like spikes
on each thumb

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and raking the skin with their teeth.

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Until, eventually…

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the knockout blow.

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The old bull's rule is finally over.

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[titanosaurs bellowing]

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The young victor takes his turn
on the center stage.

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The price of defeat, for some,
is very high.

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Even though some animals
are well adapted to desert conditions,

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their survival is often on a knife-edge.

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Especially here in Asia,

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where, in the height of summer,

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temperatures soar
above 60 degrees Celsius…

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and water evaporates in an instant.

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There are
ferocious-looking reptiles here too.

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But this little lizard
is only a few inches long.

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[fly buzzing]

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Here, getting a meal is never easy.

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[flies buzzing]

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This immense carcass could be promising.

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A dead sauropod.

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A potential feast for many.

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But, strangely, all is quiet.

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[snores]

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Tarbosaurus…

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the equivalent, in this desert, of T. rex.

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-They keep everyone else away.
-[huffs]

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[fly buzzes]

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But for the lizard,
they might bring an opportunity.

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[snoring]

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If there is one thing
that attracts flies more than a carcass…

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it's a sleeping tarbosaur
that has been feeding on that carcass.

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Time to be bold.

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A Velociraptor.

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[crunches]

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Time to be careful.

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Because Velociraptors often hunt together.

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[growls]

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[roars]

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[roars]

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[chitters, screeches]

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[tyrannosaur growls]

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[huffs]

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The tarbosaurs move on.

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[flies buzzing]

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And now the pterosaurs can come down…

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[screeches]

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…and claim a share of the carcass.

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For the little lizard,
the opportunity has gone.

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Making the most of fleeting chances
is key to surviving in the desert,

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and some dinosaurs manage to do so
very effectively indeed.

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Mononykus is a desert specialist.

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Like many desert animals,

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she must patrol a huge area
if she is to find enough food.

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Bare legs help keep her body cool.

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Feathers on her body
shield her from the sun's rays,

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and they provide her with a super sense.

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They form facial discs that help her
detect the faintest of sounds.

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[faint chittering]

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Such hypersensitive directional hearing

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gives her a mental map
of this hollow log and what lies within.

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[chittering]

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She now uses the weapon
that gives this hunter its name.

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Mononykus, single giant claw.

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Just what she needs
to open a termite's nest.

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And she has
another special piece of equipment.

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A flexible tongue
twice the length of her head.

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An excellent protein-packed meal,

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if only termites
weren't quite so irritating.

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Specialists like Mononykus can thrive
in this arid desert.

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[thunder rumbles]

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[warbles]

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But such conditions
don't always stay the same.

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On rare occasions,

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cooler mountain winds sweep in
and mix with the rising hot air.

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A desert storm,
bringing with it welcome rain.

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[squeaks]

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She may never before
have seen the land soaked like this.

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00:17:58,954 --> 00:18:03,041
It transforms this landscape
in unexpected ways.

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Seeds that have been lying dormant
burst into life.

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They transform this arid landscape
in a matter of days.

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And with the vegetation comes
an abundance of food,

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if you know how to catch it.

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[warbling, squeaks]

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[squeaking]

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Enantiornithines, an ancient type of bird.

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00:19:04,144 --> 00:19:06,480
But perhaps a little too big to tackle.

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[warbling]

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00:19:12,569 --> 00:19:16,573
It can be hard adapting
to such a different and unfamiliar world.

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[insect chittering]

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00:19:22,788 --> 00:19:23,789
Oh, dear.

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[warbling]

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Finally, she's got something.

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00:19:49,147 --> 00:19:52,234
But these new challenges will be brief.

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00:19:52,317 --> 00:19:54,945
One thing is certain in the desert:

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00:19:55,028 --> 00:19:58,949
Searing heat and scorched earth
will soon return.

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Flowers will be nothing more
than a distant memory.

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[wind howling]

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00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:15,299
It's not just the unrelenting power
of the sun

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that makes deserts so inhospitable.

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So too do winds.

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Here in central Asia,
they rip across the landscape,

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00:20:28,228 --> 00:20:32,524
drying out the land still further
and uprooting vegetation.

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00:20:42,951 --> 00:20:45,287
Large dinosaurs keep on the move

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to try to cope
with these harsh conditions.

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These duck-billed dinosaurs
are Barsboldia.

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They are long-distance specialists

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and can go without water
for an astonishing length of time.

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00:21:24,034 --> 00:21:27,579
But on rare occasions,
there is an abundance.

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[dinosaurs bellowing]

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00:21:33,919 --> 00:21:35,045
When rain does fall,

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it can seep into the land
and travel great distances underground.

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00:21:41,385 --> 00:21:46,139
Until, in some special places,
the water rises to the surface

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and creates an oasis.

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00:21:51,562 --> 00:21:56,733
Open water attracts desert animals
of every kind from many miles away.

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[warbling]

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Some dwarf everyone else.

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The Mongolian titan.

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00:22:12,583 --> 00:22:14,334
They are colossal.

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00:22:14,418 --> 00:22:16,295
Weighing over 70 tons,

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00:22:16,378 --> 00:22:20,507
they are among the biggest animals
to have ever walked the Earth.

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00:22:23,468 --> 00:22:27,931
A risky place for a tiny Mononykus
to come for a drink.

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There may be a crowd,

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00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:41,570
but if you've got the longest neck
on Earth, you can jump the queue.

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00:23:11,099 --> 00:23:13,977
Such a gathering attracts attention.

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00:23:20,984 --> 00:23:22,319
A tarbosaur.

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00:23:40,379 --> 00:23:42,381
[herd lowing]

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00:24:16,039 --> 00:24:18,458
[herd lowing, grunting]

186
00:24:33,015 --> 00:24:39,563
But like everyone else,
the hunter is here just for water.

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00:24:56,371 --> 00:25:00,417
With so many thirsty mouths
drinking day and night,

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the water doesn't last long.

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The animals disperse,

190
00:25:06,507 --> 00:25:10,886
and once again, the harsh,
arid conditions return.

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00:25:17,893 --> 00:25:21,939
Over millions of years,
water has carved some deserts

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00:25:22,022 --> 00:25:24,483
into spectacular landscapes…

193
00:25:27,236 --> 00:25:30,072
as here in North Africa.

194
00:25:30,155 --> 00:25:35,452
These canyon lands offer some
desert visitors special opportunities.

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00:25:38,288 --> 00:25:43,669
With a 17-foot wingspan,
Barbaridactylus, a type of pterosaur,

196
00:25:43,752 --> 00:25:47,256
can exploit the thermals
with effortless skill…

197
00:25:50,425 --> 00:25:52,594
and so cover great distances,

198
00:25:52,678 --> 00:25:57,099
despite the fact
that some have enormous head crests.

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00:26:15,492 --> 00:26:20,622
Every year, males and females
gather at these special places in the sky

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00:26:20,706 --> 00:26:22,583
in their thousands.

201
00:26:37,681 --> 00:26:42,936
There are no ground predators
on the summits of these isolated plateaus,

202
00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:45,355
so they're safe places on which to land.

203
00:26:45,939 --> 00:26:50,652
Large males select an area
in which to perform their displays…

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00:26:50,736 --> 00:26:52,196
[squawking]

205
00:26:52,279 --> 00:26:55,699
…whilst eager young bachelors
circle overhead.

206
00:27:01,163 --> 00:27:03,874
Territory holders warn off
any challengers.

207
00:27:03,957 --> 00:27:07,169
[squawking]

208
00:27:08,253 --> 00:27:12,216
A message that sometimes needs
to be violently reinforced.

209
00:27:12,299 --> 00:27:14,718
-[growling]
-[squawks]

210
00:27:29,858 --> 00:27:31,276
[screeches]

211
00:27:55,259 --> 00:27:59,680
But you don't necessarily
have to be a heavyweight to succeed.

212
00:28:00,973 --> 00:28:05,310
There are some males
that don't develop the huge head crest.

213
00:28:14,278 --> 00:28:18,657
They are sneaky males
that look like females

214
00:28:20,158 --> 00:28:23,078
and so, can try to remain unnoticed.

215
00:28:23,161 --> 00:28:25,372
[females squawking]

216
00:28:31,211 --> 00:28:33,046
[grunting]

217
00:28:35,257 --> 00:28:37,718
It's a dangerous game to play…

218
00:28:40,637 --> 00:28:44,808
because the large males
are regularly on patrol.

219
00:28:47,811 --> 00:28:49,313
[grunts]

220
00:28:49,396 --> 00:28:51,648
And they perform their displays.

221
00:29:08,582 --> 00:29:11,168
The sneak has been spotted.

222
00:29:16,173 --> 00:29:17,716
[pterosaurs squawking]

223
00:29:37,486 --> 00:29:38,904
But in fact…

224
00:29:40,072 --> 00:29:43,200
he caught the eye of the large male.

225
00:29:45,077 --> 00:29:47,287
[large male grunting]

226
00:29:57,422 --> 00:30:01,051
But the sneak pretends
to be a reluctant female…

227
00:30:07,015 --> 00:30:09,393
and rejects the male's advances.

228
00:30:13,438 --> 00:30:16,149
Now, back to the mission in hand…

229
00:30:17,651 --> 00:30:19,778
and time to make his move.

230
00:30:20,445 --> 00:30:23,448
[grunting]

231
00:30:37,379 --> 00:30:38,797
[both bellowing]

232
00:30:38,881 --> 00:30:40,090
Success.

233
00:31:03,822 --> 00:31:06,200
[bellowing continues]

234
00:31:06,283 --> 00:31:09,203
Large males might seem more attractive,

235
00:31:10,287 --> 00:31:14,208
but the females, it seems,
ensure producing the fittest young

236
00:31:14,291 --> 00:31:17,794
by mating
with as many partners as they can…

237
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:24,510
whether they're impressively adorned
or just sneaky.

238
00:31:39,316 --> 00:31:42,444
It's not just extraordinary,
bizarre animals

239
00:31:42,528 --> 00:31:45,531
that live in the deserts
of the prehistoric planet.

240
00:31:48,408 --> 00:31:52,454
There are strange,
otherworldly landscapes too.

241
00:31:54,206 --> 00:31:56,583
Such as here in South America.

242
00:32:01,839 --> 00:32:04,550
This may look like a dusting of snow,

243
00:32:04,633 --> 00:32:10,556
but these great dunes are composed
not of sand, but of gypsum.

244
00:32:11,306 --> 00:32:16,311
Gypsum is a fine, white mineral
that dissolves in water so easily,

245
00:32:16,395 --> 00:32:21,191
it can only exist in solid form
in the driest areas on Earth.

246
00:32:26,488 --> 00:32:30,993
These dunes are so dry
that living here is almost impossible.

247
00:32:32,828 --> 00:32:36,123
Yet some dinosaurs manage to do so.

248
00:32:39,459 --> 00:32:43,005
Secernosaurus, a type of small hadrosaur.

249
00:32:47,801 --> 00:32:50,846
Although they can survive
on a poor-quality diet,

250
00:32:50,929 --> 00:32:55,309
every decade or so
this area dries out so extremely

251
00:32:55,392 --> 00:32:59,104
that almost all the vegetation
shrivels and dies.

252
00:33:02,524 --> 00:33:07,070
With young to care for,
this could be the end of the herd.

253
00:33:12,326 --> 00:33:15,829
But some of the older,
more experienced individuals

254
00:33:15,913 --> 00:33:19,583
may remember other potential sources
of food and water.

255
00:33:19,666 --> 00:33:21,043
[brays]

256
00:33:21,126 --> 00:33:25,797
And they know that the way to survive
is not to try to leave the desert

257
00:33:25,881 --> 00:33:29,760
but to continue traveling
across its baking dunes.

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00:33:36,725 --> 00:33:42,022
With high winds and shifting sands,
the desert is always on the move.

259
00:33:44,983 --> 00:33:47,110
And that makes navigation tricky.

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00:34:01,083 --> 00:34:03,669
[hadrosaurs grunting]

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00:34:08,215 --> 00:34:11,301
The herd prefers to travel at night.

262
00:34:11,844 --> 00:34:14,847
[insects chirping]

263
00:34:21,603 --> 00:34:23,856
[offspring whining]

264
00:34:23,938 --> 00:34:26,315
[bellows]

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00:34:30,654 --> 00:34:32,197
It's not only cooler

266
00:34:32,281 --> 00:34:37,077
but also reveals a map that could
enable an animal to find its way

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00:34:37,159 --> 00:34:40,414
through the featureless
yet ever-changing desert.

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00:34:42,291 --> 00:34:45,210
A map in the sky.

269
00:34:48,172 --> 00:34:50,132
Like many migrating animals,

270
00:34:50,215 --> 00:34:54,178
hadrosaurs
can recognize celestial signposts.

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00:35:00,475 --> 00:35:04,563
By day, the blistering sun
still beats down from overhead.

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00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:19,953
Even if they can find shade,
this for some could be journey's end.

273
00:35:28,003 --> 00:35:30,881
But there is something else
that may help them.

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00:35:35,928 --> 00:35:40,140
The deep, rumbling sound of waves
crashing onto the distant shoreline

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00:35:40,224 --> 00:35:42,768
travels for miles through the dunes.

276
00:35:44,978 --> 00:35:49,274
The sound is so low
that many animals cannot hear it.

277
00:35:49,358 --> 00:35:54,696
But hadrosaurs can, and so are able
to find their way towards the coast.

278
00:35:57,115 --> 00:36:01,787
But this desert still has one more
obstacle that must be overcome.

279
00:36:03,580 --> 00:36:07,376
Giant coastal dunes block their path.

280
00:36:18,387 --> 00:36:20,806
-[grunts]
-[offspring bleats]

281
00:36:23,767 --> 00:36:28,981
Steep, unstable sand
saps energy with every step.

282
00:36:41,285 --> 00:36:44,496
[grunting, bellowing]

283
00:36:49,626 --> 00:36:51,420
[whines]

284
00:36:54,214 --> 00:36:55,883
[bellowing]

285
00:37:13,317 --> 00:37:15,777
[waves crashing]

286
00:37:20,115 --> 00:37:21,491
They have made it.

287
00:37:21,575 --> 00:37:23,577
[bellowing]

288
00:37:32,794 --> 00:37:38,383
And their first reward is to lick droplets
of water that condense on their skin

289
00:37:38,467 --> 00:37:42,304
from the fog that forms
where dunes and ocean meet.

290
00:37:53,232 --> 00:37:57,986
And this fog also nourishes
a rich coastal paradise.

291
00:38:10,123 --> 00:38:13,752
This is enough to feed the herd for now,

292
00:38:14,253 --> 00:38:18,090
but once it runs out,
they will be forced to move on…

293
00:38:22,219 --> 00:38:25,222
and once more endure the trials of life

294
00:38:25,806 --> 00:38:29,142
in the deserts of the prehistoric planet.

295
00:38:35,816 --> 00:38:37,568
Next on Prehistoric Planet,

296
00:38:37,651 --> 00:38:41,071
one of the strangest dinosaurs
that has ever lived.

297
00:38:41,154 --> 00:38:46,159
A bizarre, duck-billed giant
feeds in a vast inland swamp.

298
00:38:48,078 --> 00:38:50,497
And as fresh water flows
from source to sea,

299
00:38:50,581 --> 00:38:53,834
it shapes the lives of all it touches.

300
00:38:55,127 --> 00:38:58,213
To discover the science
behind the stories,

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00:38:58,297 --> 00:39:02,718
go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.