1 00:00:52,095 --> 00:00:55,973       I have therefore chosen                this time and place          2 00:00:56,015 --> 00:01:00,269     to discuss a topic on which          ignorance too often abounds      3 00:01:00,311 --> 00:01:03,439            and the truth                    too rarely perceived,         4 00:01:03,481 --> 00:01:07,360    and that is the most important           topic on earth, peace.        5 00:01:08,361 --> 00:01:09,779    What kind of a peace do I mean    6 00:01:09,821 --> 00:01:12,865           and what kind of                   a peace do we seek?          7 00:01:12,907 --> 00:01:17,620           Not a Pax Americana                  enforced on the world        8 00:01:17,662 --> 00:01:20,331       by American weapons of war.     9 00:01:20,373 --> 00:01:21,791        Not the peace of the grave     10 00:01:23,042 --> 00:01:24,544      or the security of the slave.    11 00:01:25,711 --> 00:01:29,006            I am talking about                      genuine peace,           12 00:01:29,048 --> 00:01:33,136     the kind of peace that makes         life on earth worth living.      13 00:01:33,177 --> 00:01:36,139        The kind that enables men                and nations to grow         14 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:37,598               and to hope             15 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,643         and build a better life                 for their children,         16 00:01:40,685 --> 00:01:46,440    not merely peace for Americans     but peace for all men and women.  17 00:01:46,482 --> 00:01:50,862    Not merely peace in our time,            but peace in all time.        18 00:01:50,903 --> 00:01:53,614       [tranquil music playing]       19 00:02:06,252 --> 00:02:08,963     [woman]   That straight, sleek            look that it should have,      20 00:02:09,005 --> 00:02:10,381        and very often you'll find     21 00:02:10,423 --> 00:02:14,552           a zipper hidden                   in the, uh, arm and--         22 00:02:16,762 --> 00:02:18,055           Good afternoon,                   ladies and gentlemen.         23 00:02:18,097 --> 00:02:19,891        You'll excuse the fact              that I'm out of breath,        24 00:02:19,932 --> 00:02:22,518  but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,    25 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:25,188         a tragic thing, from            all indications at this point,    26 00:02:25,229 --> 00:02:26,480             has happened                    in the city of Dallas.        27 00:02:27,940 --> 00:02:29,942       This is Walter Cronkite                  in our newsroom.           28 00:02:29,984 --> 00:02:33,279     Here's a, uh, piece of copy           that was rushed to-- to me      29 00:02:33,321 --> 00:02:35,323           and was torn off                  from the United Press.        30 00:02:35,364 --> 00:02:36,782          President Kennedy                 has been shot in Dallas.       31 00:02:36,824 --> 00:02:39,285              Along with                  Governor Connally of Texas.      32 00:02:39,327 --> 00:02:41,495          They've been taken              to Parkland Hospital there,      33 00:02:41,537 --> 00:02:44,207      where their condition is,                 as yet, unknown.           34 00:02:44,248 --> 00:02:46,959             [reporter 1]                   And just now we've received             reports here at Parkland      35 00:02:47,001 --> 00:02:49,921        that Governor Connally was          shot in the upper left chest,    36 00:02:49,962 --> 00:02:52,256              and the first                      unconfirmed reports         37 00:02:52,298 --> 00:02:54,425            say the President                    was hit in the head.        38 00:02:54,467 --> 00:02:55,885       That's an unconfirmed report    39 00:02:55,927 --> 00:02:57,762            that the President                   was hit in the head.        40 00:02:57,803 --> 00:02:59,096             [reporter 2]                       Police began chasing        41 00:02:59,138 --> 00:03:02,433            an unknown gunman                across the railroad tracks.     42 00:03:02,475 --> 00:03:04,393      Would you see if they need           some coffee or something?       43 00:03:04,435 --> 00:03:05,686             These people                    are awfully shaken up.        44 00:03:05,728 --> 00:03:07,063    They were in the line of fire.    45 00:03:07,104 --> 00:03:08,731      [man]   The President's car                   was some 50 feet          46 00:03:08,773 --> 00:03:10,441      when we heard the first shot.    47 00:03:10,483 --> 00:03:12,944         And then as the car              got directly in front of us,     48 00:03:12,985 --> 00:03:14,779              a gunshot from                     the top of the hill         49 00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,281      hit the President's side--              side of the temple.          50 00:03:17,323 --> 00:03:18,908        [reporter over phone]              Where did the shots come from?  51 00:03:18,950 --> 00:03:21,619          [woman over phone]               The shots came from the hill.    52 00:03:21,661 --> 00:03:22,954        [reporter 3]   Excuse me                  just a moment, John.        53 00:03:22,995 --> 00:03:24,622         Uh, there was just word                  from the hospital          54 00:03:24,664 --> 00:03:27,416        that they have dispatched             a call for a neurosurgeon.     55 00:03:27,458 --> 00:03:29,418          All we can do now                     is pray for him,           56 00:03:29,460 --> 00:03:31,295  and that's about all we can do.    57 00:03:34,298 --> 00:03:36,217    [reporter 4]   President's wife,         Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.    58 00:03:36,259 --> 00:03:39,178      She walked into the hospital.           A priest has been ordered.     59 00:03:39,220 --> 00:03:40,554       Emergency supplies of blood     60 00:03:40,596 --> 00:03:42,265            also being rushed                      to the hospital.          61 00:03:42,306 --> 00:03:44,642     [reporter 5]   Just a moment.           We have a bulletin coming in.    62 00:03:44,684 --> 00:03:46,644        We'll now put you directly            through Parkland Hospital      63 00:03:46,686 --> 00:03:48,980         and KBLX news director,                     Bill Hamdon.            64 00:03:49,021 --> 00:03:50,898             [reporter 6]                    Two priests, who were with     65 00:03:50,940 --> 00:03:53,192            President Kennedy,                     say he is dead.           66 00:03:53,234 --> 00:03:54,318            [woman gasps]             67 00:03:55,820 --> 00:03:57,989  -Just two priests announced it?                -[man] Yes.              68 00:03:58,030 --> 00:03:59,657    But it's not the truth, is it?    69 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:06,706          [Walter Cronkite]            The flash, apparently official,    70 00:04:07,623 --> 00:04:10,001          President Kennedy died       71 00:04:10,042 --> 00:04:12,503               at 1:00 p.m.                     Central Standard Time,       72 00:04:14,297 --> 00:04:16,340         some 38 minutes ago.         73 00:04:19,218 --> 00:04:21,137        [boy]   I just can't see                 why anybody would want       74 00:04:21,178 --> 00:04:24,974       to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all          the things he's done for us.    75 00:04:25,016 --> 00:04:27,768       He tried to keep us from        getting into war and everything.  76 00:04:27,810 --> 00:04:34,984  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        77 00:04:35,026 --> 00:04:37,194    [officer]   All the information              that we have received        78 00:04:37,236 --> 00:04:39,196      now indicates that it did come  79 00:04:39,238 --> 00:04:42,241      from about the fifth or fourth          floor of that building.       80 00:04:43,367 --> 00:04:45,328        We're checking it out now.     81 00:04:45,369 --> 00:04:46,704            10-4 now, and 112.         82 00:04:48,456 --> 00:04:50,708       We found empty rifle hulls,     83 00:04:50,750 --> 00:04:54,045        and it looked like the man          had been there for some time.    84 00:04:54,086 --> 00:04:57,048             [reporter 7]                     Police made a systematic              search     of the building.      85 00:04:57,089 --> 00:04:58,632          They found no weapon.        86 00:04:58,674 --> 00:04:59,884             [reporter 8]                      We just got the word.        87 00:04:59,925 --> 00:05:01,802            Lyndon B. Johnson                     has been sworn in          88 00:05:01,844 --> 00:05:04,638             as the President                    of the United States        89 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:09,226         just prior to a takeoff               to return to Washington.      90 00:05:09,268 --> 00:05:13,731    [reporter 9]   Behind the casket          is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.     91 00:05:13,773 --> 00:05:15,399        They are helping her down.     92 00:05:16,776 --> 00:05:20,404           Now, new President,                  Lyndon Baines Johnson.       93 00:05:20,446 --> 00:05:24,408       We have suffered a loss              that cannot be weighed.        94 00:05:24,450 --> 00:05:26,035            [reporter 10]                   At Bethesda Naval Hospital,     95 00:05:26,077 --> 00:05:28,162             the autopsy team                    has completed work.         96 00:05:28,204 --> 00:05:31,040        Now the body of the slain              President and his widow       97 00:05:31,082 --> 00:05:34,168         are at last brought home                to the White House.         98 00:05:34,210 --> 00:05:36,003    [reporter 11]   Who do you think         would do something like this?    99 00:05:37,838 --> 00:05:40,633     Probably some segregationist            crackpot or something.        100 00:05:40,674 --> 00:05:43,010               Just...                    They had it all planned out.     101 00:05:43,052 --> 00:05:45,888  I really believe that his blood            will be on their hands.       102 00:05:48,307 --> 00:05:50,142            [reporter 12]                       Here is the suspect.                 Can we roll it please?       103 00:05:50,184 --> 00:05:51,602         [Lee Harvey Oswald]             People have given me a hearing    104 00:05:51,644 --> 00:05:53,896     without legal representation                 or anything.             105 00:05:53,938 --> 00:05:55,981    -Did you shoot the President?           -I didn't shoot anybody.       106 00:05:56,023 --> 00:05:58,234            I emphatically                    deny these charges.          107 00:05:58,275 --> 00:06:01,112        [reporter 13]   This is                24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.     108 00:06:01,153 --> 00:06:02,905        He answers the description                  of a young man           109 00:06:02,947 --> 00:06:05,282              sighted at the                  Book Depository Building.      110 00:06:05,324 --> 00:06:07,493     [reporter 14]   Police chased            Oswald into a movie theater.    111 00:06:07,535 --> 00:06:11,122      Police said he fired at them,         killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.  112 00:06:11,163 --> 00:06:13,958  A rifle was found in a building                where he worked.          113 00:06:13,999 --> 00:06:15,960     [reporter 15]   Police refused             to say whether they have      114 00:06:16,001 --> 00:06:18,254             any fingerprints                  from that weapon as yet.      115 00:06:18,295 --> 00:06:21,757         The man obviously was an           excellent shot or very lucky,    116 00:06:21,799 --> 00:06:24,552          in that witnesses               said three shots were fired,     117 00:06:24,593 --> 00:06:26,595         at least two of them                  found their marks.          118 00:06:26,637 --> 00:06:27,972            [reporter 16]                     At the Capitol Rotunda,       119 00:06:28,013 --> 00:06:30,433              there will be                      three short speeches        120 00:06:30,474 --> 00:06:33,310       before the public is allowed           to start viewing the body.     121 00:06:33,352 --> 00:06:36,397    Chief, do you have any concern     for the safety of your prisoner?  122 00:06:36,439 --> 00:06:38,149              [officer]                      No, but because necessary      123 00:06:38,190 --> 00:06:39,942               precautions                    will be taken, of course.      124 00:06:39,984 --> 00:06:41,402        [reporter 17]   Is there             any doubt in your mind, Chief,  125 00:06:41,444 --> 00:06:43,195          that Oswald is the man              who killed the President?      126 00:06:43,237 --> 00:06:44,947    [officer]   I think this is the          man who killed the President.    127 00:06:44,989 --> 00:06:47,032          I'm just a patsy.           128 00:06:47,074 --> 00:06:49,785      [reporter 18]   So great is            the crush outside the Capitol,  129 00:06:49,827 --> 00:06:53,330         that people who have not            been in line can't possibly.    130 00:06:53,372 --> 00:06:54,790    We are now switching to Dallas    131 00:06:54,832 --> 00:06:57,418       where they are about to move            Lee Oswald and whether--      132 00:06:57,460 --> 00:06:58,461              [gunshot]               133 00:06:58,502 --> 00:07:00,171    [reporter 19]   He's been shot.     134 00:07:00,212 --> 00:07:02,506             [indistinct]             135 00:07:02,548 --> 00:07:03,966            [reporter 20]                    There's a man with a gun.      136 00:07:04,008 --> 00:07:05,926              [Cronkite]                         Lee Harvey Oswald,         137 00:07:05,968 --> 00:07:09,430      the man who Dallas police say           killed President Kennedy,      138 00:07:09,472 --> 00:07:11,098             himself is dead.          139 00:07:11,140 --> 00:07:14,185          The man Dallas police                  seized at the scene,        140 00:07:14,226 --> 00:07:17,480        and are holding, has been              identified     as Jack Ruby.     141 00:07:17,521 --> 00:07:21,525    He is being held by the Dallas     police. Now, back to Washington.  142 00:07:23,152 --> 00:07:24,695            [reporter 21]                      Fifty-three countries        143 00:07:24,737 --> 00:07:27,198      are represented in all today.    144 00:07:27,239 --> 00:07:30,701        There are a dozen members             of ruling royal families,      145 00:07:30,743 --> 00:07:33,537          30 foreign ministers.        146 00:07:33,579 --> 00:07:36,207            [reporter 22]                    Things should be all right             in the few months ahead.      147 00:07:36,248 --> 00:07:38,626        [Dwight D. Eisenhower]                   I'm sure the, uh,          148 00:07:38,667 --> 00:07:40,961      entire citizenry of the nation  149 00:07:41,003 --> 00:07:45,549        will stand faithfully                behind the government.        150 00:07:45,591 --> 00:07:49,762  This bizarre sequence of double     killings raise great questions.    151 00:07:49,803 --> 00:07:52,640       Who actually fired the shots              that killed Kennedy?        152 00:07:52,681 --> 00:07:54,558         Was there a conspiracy?       153 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:58,687     The first wound described is      a wound in the back of the head    154 00:07:58,729 --> 00:08:01,023      and would seem to indicate              a shot from behind.          155 00:08:01,065 --> 00:08:02,733           But the doctors                    also said there was          156 00:08:02,775 --> 00:08:04,443        a wound in the throat                    at the front,             157 00:08:04,485 --> 00:08:07,071  which seemed to indicate a shot         from the other direction.       158 00:08:07,112 --> 00:08:09,031    [Cronkite]   The new President,                 Lyndon Johnson,           159 00:08:09,073 --> 00:08:11,158          appointed a commission             of seven prominent Americans    160 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:13,494              to investigate                      the whole affair.          161 00:08:13,536 --> 00:08:16,330        Earl Warren, Chief Justice              of the United States.        162 00:08:16,372 --> 00:08:19,083           Richard B. Russell,                  senator from Georgia.        163 00:08:19,124 --> 00:08:22,002           John Sherman Cooper,                 senator from Kentucky.       164 00:08:22,044 --> 00:08:25,047               Hale Boggs,                representative     from Louisiana.  165 00:08:25,089 --> 00:08:28,092             Gerald R. Ford,                representative from Michigan.    166 00:08:28,133 --> 00:08:30,928             John J. McCloy,                    presidential adviser.        167 00:08:30,970 --> 00:08:34,598             Allen W. Dulles,                    ex-head of the CIA.         168 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,393          Are you convinced                  that he was shot from             the School Book Depository?      169 00:08:37,434 --> 00:08:40,145    Well, I think we better leave             all that, you know.          170 00:08:40,187 --> 00:08:43,607         The evidence report             will cover all-- all of that.     171 00:09:00,666 --> 00:09:03,335            [reporter 23]                      The Warren Commission              makes these major findings.     172 00:09:03,377 --> 00:09:06,088            Lee Harvey Oswald           assassinated President Kennedy.    173 00:09:06,130 --> 00:09:07,840             He did it alone.          174 00:09:07,881 --> 00:09:09,550            He was not a part                     of any conspiracy,         175 00:09:09,592 --> 00:09:11,010       either domestic or foreign.     176 00:09:11,051 --> 00:09:12,386            [reporter 24]                        Some other details         177 00:09:12,428 --> 00:09:14,680           will be of interest                   mainly to historians        178 00:09:14,722 --> 00:09:16,390          and others having                  some special interest.        179 00:09:16,432 --> 00:09:18,809  [reporter 25]   But there was one           further piece of evidence      180 00:09:18,851 --> 00:09:20,936       that the public cannot see.     181 00:09:20,978 --> 00:09:24,106         Abraham Zapruder's film             of the actual assassination.    182 00:09:24,148 --> 00:09:26,775           This murder now                   is the most thoroughly        183 00:09:26,817 --> 00:09:28,986           documented crime                   in American history.         184 00:09:29,028 --> 00:09:30,988            And for those                    who care to pursue it         185 00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:33,657       down to the last detail,                 it's all there.            186 00:09:45,753 --> 00:09:48,672            [Oliver Stone]                     This is Dealey Plaza.        187 00:09:48,714 --> 00:09:52,217               To this day,                   it remains a crime scene.      188 00:09:52,259 --> 00:09:54,803               In the years                    since the Warren Report,      189 00:09:54,845 --> 00:09:57,181             many significant                re-investigations were made     190 00:09:57,222 --> 00:09:59,600             into the murder                    of President Kennedy.        191 00:10:00,976 --> 00:10:03,604            Each one revealed                   new facts and evidence       192 00:10:03,646 --> 00:10:06,940       that shed more light on what         really happened here that day.  193 00:10:09,109 --> 00:10:12,655            Starting in 1975,                after the Watergate scandal,    194 00:10:12,696 --> 00:10:15,366           Senator Frank Church               conducted     an investigation    195 00:10:15,407 --> 00:10:19,536             into the abuses                and crimes of the FBI and CIA.  196 00:10:19,578 --> 00:10:22,706       During that time, the public            learned of the CIA plots      197 00:10:22,748 --> 00:10:24,500      to assassinate foreign leaders  198 00:10:24,541 --> 00:10:27,378           like Patrice Lumumba                of the Republic of Congo      199 00:10:27,419 --> 00:10:30,172        and Fidel Castro of Cuba.      200 00:10:30,214 --> 00:10:34,134            Plots orchestrated               under     Director Allen Dulles.  201 00:10:34,176 --> 00:10:36,387         But the Church committee                 didn't stop there.         202 00:10:36,428 --> 00:10:39,181        Senators Richard Schweiker                  and Gary Hart            203 00:10:39,223 --> 00:10:42,726         were tasked to reexamine            the roles of the CIA and FBI    204 00:10:42,768 --> 00:10:46,563        as the chief investigators            for the Warren Commission,     205 00:10:46,605 --> 00:10:49,650            and look for signs                of conflicts or cover-ups.     206 00:10:50,609 --> 00:10:52,069       J. Edgar Hoover writes,        207 00:10:52,111 --> 00:10:54,405            "Yes, we did have                a relationship with Mr. Ruby    208 00:10:54,446 --> 00:10:57,074  and he acted as our informant."    209 00:10:57,116 --> 00:10:59,993    Now, who said that at the time     of the Warren Commission report?  210 00:11:00,035 --> 00:11:03,872        Did anybody ever imply               that-- that Jack Ruby         211 00:11:03,914 --> 00:11:06,500       was a confidential informant                  for the FBI?            212 00:11:06,542 --> 00:11:10,003        Nobody breathed that.                 That was classified.         213 00:11:10,045 --> 00:11:12,214        [Stone]   Faith in what               the American public was told    214 00:11:12,256 --> 00:11:15,426         by the Warren Commission              was starting to unravel.      215 00:11:15,467 --> 00:11:18,429      The intelligence agencies             did all the wrong things       216 00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:21,098            if they really                were looking for conspiracy      217 00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:23,434            or to find out                  who killed John Kennedy.       218 00:11:23,475 --> 00:11:27,146     [Stone]   The search for real              answers gained momentum.      219 00:11:27,187 --> 00:11:29,440              Then, 12 years                   after the assassination,      220 00:11:29,481 --> 00:11:32,401          the most iconic piece                 of evidence was leaked       221 00:11:32,443 --> 00:11:34,653               and finally                       shown to the public.        222 00:11:34,695 --> 00:11:36,739  It's the film shot by the Dallas  223 00:11:36,780 --> 00:11:40,200         dress manufacturer,                   Abraham Zapruder.           224 00:11:40,242 --> 00:11:43,579        And it's the execution               of President Kennedy,         225 00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:45,372        and, uh, Bob and Dick,        226 00:11:45,414 --> 00:11:46,874       would you please narrate       227 00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:49,042          what we're seeing                  as we show this film?         228 00:11:49,084 --> 00:11:50,753     [Robert Groden]   Now, before              he goes behind the sign,      229 00:11:50,794 --> 00:11:52,463              the President                    is waving to the crowd.       230 00:11:52,504 --> 00:11:54,214          When he comes out from             behind the sign, he is shot.    231 00:11:54,256 --> 00:11:55,924  Then Governor Connally is shot.    232 00:11:55,966 --> 00:11:57,134           [Geraldo Rivera]                    He's already been hit.       233 00:11:57,176 --> 00:11:58,552               [Groden]                        He's already been hit.       234 00:11:58,594 --> 00:12:00,304          [Rivera]   And now?           235 00:12:00,345 --> 00:12:02,973      [Groden]   At the bottom of              the screen, the head shot.     236 00:12:03,015 --> 00:12:05,476       [Rivera]   That's the shot               that blew off his head.       237 00:12:05,517 --> 00:12:07,728  That's the most upsetting thing              I've ever seen.            238 00:12:07,770 --> 00:12:08,979  We'll talk about it in a minute.  239 00:12:09,021 --> 00:12:10,981               [Stone]                     Seeing the shock and brutality  240 00:12:11,023 --> 00:12:13,317       of the actual assassination     241 00:12:13,358 --> 00:12:14,818         caused a public outcry.       242 00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:16,487          The government formed        243 00:12:16,528 --> 00:12:21,784        the House Select Committee           on Assassinations, the HSCA.    244 00:12:21,825 --> 00:12:24,036            The committee                     will come to order.          245 00:12:24,077 --> 00:12:26,622           [Stone]   The HSCA                   re-interviewed witnesses      246 00:12:26,663 --> 00:12:28,165         and took new testimonies      247 00:12:28,207 --> 00:12:30,000               that exposed                    massive inconsistencies       248 00:12:30,042 --> 00:12:32,294            with the original                       Warren Report.           249 00:12:32,336 --> 00:12:34,671  Has any other scientist to date    250 00:12:34,713 --> 00:12:39,676    linked the so-called pristine           bullet to the injuries?        251 00:12:39,718 --> 00:12:41,512      Not that I'm aware of. No.      252 00:12:41,553 --> 00:12:47,768      The Pentagon has destroyed       its Kennedy assassination file,    253 00:12:47,810 --> 00:12:51,021          and we don't know                    why that was done.          254 00:12:51,063 --> 00:12:53,023            [Stone]   But at                 the end of that investigation,  255 00:12:53,065 --> 00:12:55,818              what the HSCA                     learned was considered       256 00:12:55,859 --> 00:12:58,195  too damaging to be made public.    257 00:12:58,237 --> 00:13:00,489               And close to                     a half-million records       258 00:13:00,531 --> 00:13:04,034              were to remain                      sealed until 2029,         259 00:13:04,076 --> 00:13:06,537        a fact that we made clear      260 00:13:06,578 --> 00:13:09,373            at the conclusion                   to our 1991 film,   JFK.       261 00:13:10,874 --> 00:13:12,459          The media controversy                    that accompanied          262 00:13:12,501 --> 00:13:15,379         the film forced Congress               to do something about        263 00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:19,508               the secrecy                      that still surrounded                these classified files.       264 00:13:19,550 --> 00:13:21,802            Hearings were held                     on Capitol Hill.          265 00:13:21,844 --> 00:13:23,303        Most Americans did not        266 00:13:23,345 --> 00:13:25,264    believe or support the verdict    267 00:13:25,305 --> 00:13:27,683       of the Warren Commission                    initially.              268 00:13:27,724 --> 00:13:30,435  And now more than three in four,  269 00:13:30,477 --> 00:13:33,522       according to all recent            samplings of public opinion,     270 00:13:33,564 --> 00:13:36,984        think some conspiracy                    was involved.             271 00:13:37,025 --> 00:13:39,194               And in 1992,                      the John F. Kennedy         272 00:13:39,236 --> 00:13:41,905          Records Collection Act                     was passed.             273 00:13:41,947 --> 00:13:43,282     Clerk will report the title.     274 00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:45,117    Senate 3006, an act to provide    275 00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:47,286         for the expeditious                 disclosure of records         276 00:13:47,327 --> 00:13:50,330    relevant to the assassination        of President John F. Kennedy.     277 00:13:50,372 --> 00:13:52,165               [Stone]                       This act provided funding      278 00:13:52,207 --> 00:13:55,294       and formed the Assassination             Records Review Board,        279 00:13:55,335 --> 00:13:57,379                the ARRB.              280 00:13:57,421 --> 00:14:00,757         The public wasn't going             to have to wait until 2029.     281 00:14:00,799 --> 00:14:03,927             Declassification                     was to begin now.          282 00:14:03,969 --> 00:14:05,554       The board was given a budget    283 00:14:05,596 --> 00:14:07,890               and timeline                  of four years to declassify     284 00:14:07,931 --> 00:14:10,058             and make public                      as many documents          285 00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,728         and records as possible.      286 00:14:12,769 --> 00:14:15,105         They managed to collect                over two million pages       287 00:14:15,147 --> 00:14:18,567         of declassified records                    and artifacts.           288 00:14:18,609 --> 00:14:22,112        They are all housed at the          National Archives in Maryland,  289 00:14:22,154 --> 00:14:24,281             and since then,                   the public has been free      290 00:14:24,323 --> 00:14:28,285             to view, study,                       and investigate.          291 00:14:28,327 --> 00:14:30,954        There is now so much more                   that we know,            292 00:14:30,996 --> 00:14:33,123      and with those facts in hand,    293 00:14:33,165 --> 00:14:35,334             we will go back                      and piece together         294 00:14:35,375 --> 00:14:37,210      what really happened that day,  295 00:14:37,252 --> 00:14:40,297      and discover the reasons why.    296 00:14:42,049 --> 00:14:43,133               Let's begin.            297 00:14:44,843 --> 00:14:46,386              [reporter]                       Something has happened                  in the motorcade.          298 00:14:46,428 --> 00:14:47,471             Standby, please.          299 00:14:47,512 --> 00:14:49,014          [Whoopi Goldberg]                         The JFK case            300 00:14:49,056 --> 00:14:51,433      was such a mass of confusion.    301 00:14:51,475 --> 00:14:53,852               For example,                     the Warren Commission        302 00:14:53,894 --> 00:14:56,772               was limited                       to only three shots,        303 00:14:56,813 --> 00:15:00,067           because three shells             were found on the sixth floor    304 00:15:00,108 --> 00:15:02,194      of the School Book Depository.  305 00:15:02,235 --> 00:15:04,363          [J. Edgar Hoover]                        On that floor,           306 00:15:04,404 --> 00:15:06,990         we found the three     empty           shells that had been fired,     307 00:15:07,032 --> 00:15:08,951               but they had                    characteristics on them       308 00:15:08,992 --> 00:15:10,911      so that our ballistics expert    309 00:15:10,953 --> 00:15:14,081          was able to prove that             they were fired by this gun.    310 00:15:14,122 --> 00:15:15,499           [Lyndon Johnson]                   Any of them fired at me?      311 00:15:15,540 --> 00:15:17,000               [Hoover]                      No, there was never any...     312 00:15:17,042 --> 00:15:18,669              [Johnson]                     All three at the President?     313 00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:21,088               [Hoover]                     All three at the President,                and we have them.          314 00:15:21,129 --> 00:15:22,506              [Goldberg]                       The FBI concluded that       315 00:15:22,547 --> 00:15:24,424            all three bullets                   struck inside the car.       316 00:15:24,466 --> 00:15:26,426         [Hoover]   He was hit                by the first and the third.     317 00:15:26,468 --> 00:15:28,261             The second shot                      hit the governor.          318 00:15:28,303 --> 00:15:29,972              The third shot                      tore a large part          319 00:15:30,013 --> 00:15:32,766       of the President's head off.    320 00:15:32,808 --> 00:15:35,811        The Warren Commission            put itself in a straitjacket.     321 00:15:35,852 --> 00:15:39,106    They could not possibly allow            more than three shots,        322 00:15:39,147 --> 00:15:41,066      because four shots or more      323 00:15:41,108 --> 00:15:43,110          would have clearly                 indicated conspiracy.         324 00:15:43,151 --> 00:15:44,903    And they were not going there.    325 00:15:44,945 --> 00:15:47,030        [James Tague speaking]        326 00:15:53,245 --> 00:15:54,413          scratched my face           327 00:15:54,788 --> 00:15:56,957              [Goldberg]                    Records show the first shot     328 00:15:56,999 --> 00:15:59,292                had missed                      its target completely,       329 00:15:59,334 --> 00:16:02,504            and the final shot                 hit Kennedy in the head.      330 00:16:02,546 --> 00:16:06,341       So, how does one account for     one bullet hitting two victims,    331 00:16:06,383 --> 00:16:08,760        and doing all this damage?     332 00:16:08,802 --> 00:16:11,638            Arlen Specter was                 a Yale Law School graduate     333 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:14,725       working in the Philadelphia           district attorney's office,     334 00:16:14,766 --> 00:16:18,061        when he was asked to serve            on the Warren Commission.      335 00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:22,232       Aha! What if one bullet               made all seven wounds?        336 00:16:22,274 --> 00:16:23,900       Arlen Specter, he is the one    337 00:16:23,942 --> 00:16:26,319            that gave birth to                the single-bullet theory.      338 00:16:26,361 --> 00:16:28,739       What if one bullet went into                 Kennedy's back           339 00:16:28,780 --> 00:16:31,408          and came out his neck,       340 00:16:31,450 --> 00:16:34,578      and then went into Connally's            back, piercing the lung,      341 00:16:34,619 --> 00:16:37,164          destroying four inches               of the right fifth rib,       342 00:16:37,205 --> 00:16:39,207               exiting from                    the front of his chest,       343 00:16:39,249 --> 00:16:40,792                going into                      the back of the wrist,       344 00:16:40,834 --> 00:16:42,836        shattering the distal end                   of the radius.           345 00:16:42,878 --> 00:16:44,421  In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,  346 00:16:44,463 --> 00:16:47,007       that's a big heavy bone                comminuted fracture.         347 00:16:47,049 --> 00:16:48,759                Exits from                     the front of the wrist,       348 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:50,969        goes into his left thigh.      349 00:16:51,011 --> 00:16:53,305          Whatever you want,                   whatever you need,          350 00:16:53,346 --> 00:16:56,308         this bullet happily                and readily obliges you.       351 00:16:56,349 --> 00:16:58,435     It is indeed a magic bullet.     352 00:16:59,770 --> 00:17:02,689     CE-399 was the magic bullet,     353 00:17:02,731 --> 00:17:05,734            and all government                  investigations so far        354 00:17:05,776 --> 00:17:08,320         have treated that bullet      355 00:17:08,361 --> 00:17:11,323              as absolutely                   foundational to this case.     356 00:17:11,364 --> 00:17:13,033            How important                     is chain of custody          357 00:17:13,075 --> 00:17:15,118        in a legal proceeding?        358 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:17,037           Chain of custody                   basically refers to          359 00:17:17,079 --> 00:17:18,580      the integrity of evidence.      360 00:17:18,622 --> 00:17:20,624          If I, uh, pick up                   a piece of evidence          361 00:17:20,665 --> 00:17:22,959          and I transfer it                     to somebody else           362 00:17:23,001 --> 00:17:24,753      for holding or processing,      363 00:17:24,795 --> 00:17:27,255        my name is the first name                   on this list.            364 00:17:27,297 --> 00:17:28,799            The second person                      who touches this          365 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,717           and takes possession                     of it is next.           366 00:17:30,759 --> 00:17:33,470      And if you don't do that,             there's no way to prove        367 00:17:33,512 --> 00:17:35,430          that the evidence                 you collected on day one       368 00:17:35,472 --> 00:17:38,308      is the same one you get on          day 25 when you go to court.     369 00:17:38,350 --> 00:17:40,060       Can you walk us through        370 00:17:40,102 --> 00:17:42,562          the magic bullet's                    chain of custody           371 00:17:42,604 --> 00:17:47,776    from the Parkland employees to       the Secret Service to the FBI?    372 00:17:47,818 --> 00:17:51,029      Well, the magic bullet was       supposedly found on a stretcher    373 00:17:51,071 --> 00:17:52,489          at Parkland Hospital,        374 00:17:52,531 --> 00:17:54,533      and went through several hands  375 00:17:54,574 --> 00:17:57,786            before it got                    to the Secret Service.        376 00:17:57,828 --> 00:18:00,622    Richard Johnsen was the first             Secret Service agent         377 00:18:00,664 --> 00:18:04,459  to handle it, and he carried it          back to Washington, D.C.       378 00:18:04,501 --> 00:18:06,920             When he got back                    to Washington, D.C.,        379 00:18:06,962 --> 00:18:09,214      he gave it to the chief of              the Secret Service,          380 00:18:09,256 --> 00:18:11,216        who was James Rowley.         381 00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:15,303       And at the White House,                    James Rowley             382 00:18:15,345 --> 00:18:18,473      gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,      383 00:18:18,515 --> 00:18:20,433        and Todd then took it                    to the FBI lab            384 00:18:20,475 --> 00:18:23,520    and gave it to Robert Frazier.    385 00:18:23,562 --> 00:18:27,524  We have interesting information             produced by John Hunt,       386 00:18:27,566 --> 00:18:29,943          a private citizen                 who went to the archives       387 00:18:29,985 --> 00:18:31,820      on four or five occasions       388 00:18:31,862 --> 00:18:35,532       to track down the story              about the magic bullet,        389 00:18:35,574 --> 00:18:37,993          and what he found                  was truly astounding.         390 00:18:38,034 --> 00:18:40,370      He practically moved into       391 00:18:40,412 --> 00:18:42,956        the National Archives                 in Washington, D.C.          392 00:18:42,998 --> 00:18:45,083             They allowed him                      to set up a desk          393 00:18:45,125 --> 00:18:48,295             with a computer                     and his own scanner.        394 00:18:48,336 --> 00:18:51,673           And he also, uh,                 did something different.       395 00:18:51,715 --> 00:18:55,093      He didn't interview policemen                and FBI people,           396 00:18:55,135 --> 00:18:58,096            and he wasn't                   swayed by their excuses.       397 00:18:58,138 --> 00:18:59,890         He went straight to,         398 00:18:59,931 --> 00:19:03,685        "This is what you told             and you signed your name."      399 00:19:03,727 --> 00:19:05,520              [Goldberg]                        Working with the FBI        400 00:19:05,562 --> 00:19:07,314          and Warren     Commission                      documents,             401 00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:10,442             John Hunt asked                   the most basic question.      402 00:19:10,483 --> 00:19:13,862         "Was CE-399 in evidence       403 00:19:13,904 --> 00:19:17,115      the same bullet that was found             on the stretcher?"         404 00:19:18,158 --> 00:19:20,243          At 7:30 at night,           405 00:19:20,285 --> 00:19:22,078           this is the day                   of the assassination,         406 00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:24,539         November 22nd, 1963,         407 00:19:24,581 --> 00:19:27,500  a bullet appears in the record,    408 00:19:27,542 --> 00:19:31,504         and it's signed for                   by Robert Frazier,          409 00:19:31,546 --> 00:19:34,466     who is the main investigator               at the FBI lab.            410 00:19:35,717 --> 00:19:37,594  And it's not just one document.    411 00:19:37,636 --> 00:19:40,013     There are multiple documents                that indicate             412 00:19:40,055 --> 00:19:45,727       that Frazier signed for            a bullet at 7:30 that night.     413 00:19:45,769 --> 00:19:48,063          Now, here's where                 things get interesting.        414 00:19:48,104 --> 00:19:51,983         Elmer Lee Todd received            the bullet at the White House    415 00:19:52,025 --> 00:19:56,863       from chief of the Secret              Service, James Rowley.        416 00:19:56,905 --> 00:20:01,159         And Todd documents,                very clearly in writing,       417 00:20:01,201 --> 00:20:05,830         that he got this bullet                     at 8:50 p.m.            418 00:20:05,872 --> 00:20:07,040        How is that possible?         419 00:20:07,082 --> 00:20:09,501        How can Robert Frazier                 receive the bullet          420 00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:13,505            in the lab at 7:30                   from Elmer Lee Todd,        421 00:20:13,546 --> 00:20:16,758         when Todd didn't get                the bullet until 8:50?        422 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,595  You would think that they would       have handled it, uh, you know,    423 00:20:20,637 --> 00:20:22,973     like it would have been gold              going to the bank.          424 00:20:23,014 --> 00:20:24,683        There it is in the record,     425 00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:28,186          someone is lying about              when they got the bullet.      426 00:20:28,228 --> 00:20:29,229            [David Mantik]                     It gets worse, though.       427 00:20:29,271 --> 00:20:30,981       Todd initialed that bullet,     428 00:20:31,022 --> 00:20:35,277     the one that he got at 8:50,     429 00:20:35,318 --> 00:20:37,529          and everyone else                  who touched the bullet        430 00:20:37,570 --> 00:20:39,572     after that initialed it too,     431 00:20:39,614 --> 00:20:40,991        including Robert Frazier.      432 00:20:41,032 --> 00:20:43,618          I went to the archives               to look at this bullet.       433 00:20:43,660 --> 00:20:45,954          And specifically,                 what we want to know is,       434 00:20:45,996 --> 00:20:49,124      do we see Todd's initials                 on this bullet?            435 00:20:49,165 --> 00:20:51,459  He said he initialed the bullet.  436 00:20:51,501 --> 00:20:53,670             It is not there.          437 00:20:53,712 --> 00:20:56,840         Todd's initials are not                 on the magic bullet.        438 00:20:58,675 --> 00:21:01,344  I was very interested in finding       out what the Review Board       439 00:21:01,386 --> 00:21:02,929      would show us about this.       440 00:21:02,971 --> 00:21:06,016        So, we began scouring                   their evidence,            441 00:21:06,057 --> 00:21:08,184           and we found out               something very interesting.      442 00:21:08,226 --> 00:21:10,103             We found out                    that the Warren Report        443 00:21:10,145 --> 00:21:11,855        had from an FBI report        444 00:21:11,896 --> 00:21:13,732         saying that the guys                that found the bullet         445 00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:16,067        later identified that              as the bullet they'd seen.      446 00:21:16,109 --> 00:21:17,819           The internal record                 didn't show that at all.      447 00:21:17,861 --> 00:21:19,696           The internal records                    said this bullet          448 00:21:19,738 --> 00:21:21,531             didn't look like                    that bullet at all.         449 00:21:21,573 --> 00:21:23,992  But the FBI had reported to the         Warren Commission that it did.  450 00:21:24,034 --> 00:21:24,909               They'd lied.            451 00:21:24,951 --> 00:21:26,703      We then talk to the FBI agent    452 00:21:26,745 --> 00:21:28,830      that was supposed to have           carried that bullet around.      453 00:21:28,872 --> 00:21:30,540       His name was Bardwell Odum.     454 00:21:30,582 --> 00:21:32,542           I got Bardwell Odum                      on the phone.            455 00:21:32,584 --> 00:21:35,587      I sent him the documents that          said that he had done this.     456 00:21:35,628 --> 00:21:37,380                 He said,                     "I never had that bullet.      457 00:21:37,422 --> 00:21:39,049        I never showed any bullet                     to anyone.             458 00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:41,009       "If I'd had the bullet,                 there'd be a 302.           459 00:21:41,051 --> 00:21:42,927    "I would have filed a report,          particularly in that area.      460 00:21:42,969 --> 00:21:45,513      Everybody was very uptight       about getting everything right."  461 00:21:45,555 --> 00:21:47,640  So, we scoured for 302 reports.    462 00:21:47,682 --> 00:21:49,559       His name appears nowhere                  in the record.            463 00:21:49,601 --> 00:21:51,519        This is just something               that the FBI invented.        464 00:21:51,561 --> 00:21:54,397           It's conceivable               that some mysterious bullet      465 00:21:54,439 --> 00:21:55,940  showed up from who knows where.    466 00:21:57,067 --> 00:21:58,693       Todd did not initial it,       467 00:21:58,735 --> 00:22:02,822          and it ended up in           the FBI lab as the magic bullet.  468 00:22:02,864 --> 00:22:05,992         One can only surmise             that, somewhere in the FBI,      469 00:22:06,034 --> 00:22:08,745  they realized they had to close        the loop on Oswald's guilt.      470 00:22:08,787 --> 00:22:10,538           And so they just                     switched it out.           471 00:22:10,580 --> 00:22:13,583               Because none                      of the four people,         472 00:22:13,625 --> 00:22:15,418       either the guys at Parkland,    473 00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:16,586                or the two                      Secret Service agents,       474 00:22:16,628 --> 00:22:18,213        could identify the bullet.     475 00:22:18,254 --> 00:22:20,090  The guy who is supposed to have            gotten confirmation that      476 00:22:20,131 --> 00:22:23,385       they did identify the bullet             said he never did it.        477 00:22:23,426 --> 00:22:24,886    And the record supports that.     478 00:22:24,928 --> 00:22:27,097            So, there's--                  there's good reason to be       479 00:22:27,138 --> 00:22:29,808           very suspicious                  about the magic bullet.        480 00:22:29,849 --> 00:22:35,230     The chain of custody doesn't          start from the laboratory.      481 00:22:35,271 --> 00:22:37,899  It starts from the crime scene.    482 00:22:37,941 --> 00:22:40,568        Each piece of evidence              should be photographed,        483 00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:44,781             documented,                    and preserved properly.        484 00:22:45,782 --> 00:22:47,700           From the scene,            485 00:22:47,742 --> 00:22:51,371        evidence is collected,              sent to the laboratory.        486 00:22:51,413 --> 00:22:54,207           We have to keep                    the chain of custody         487 00:22:54,249 --> 00:22:55,542       when they enter the lab.       488 00:22:55,583 --> 00:22:57,001            Who examined?             489 00:22:58,420 --> 00:23:00,755    Who did the further analysis?     490 00:23:00,797 --> 00:23:04,551    And each step have to maintain    491 00:23:04,592 --> 00:23:07,095    until you submit to the court.    492 00:23:07,137 --> 00:23:08,721         If this chain broke,         493 00:23:10,014 --> 00:23:13,017           then my evidence                  becomes inadmissible.         494 00:23:14,853 --> 00:23:16,438              [Goldberg]                         The other problem          495 00:23:16,479 --> 00:23:18,314          is the lack of damage                     to the bullet            496 00:23:18,356 --> 00:23:22,110       after going through two men,              smashing two bones,         497 00:23:22,152 --> 00:23:24,112         and making seven wounds.      498 00:23:24,154 --> 00:23:25,989             Dr. Joseph Dolce          499 00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:30,201      was a much-honored battlefield        surgeon during World War II.    500 00:23:30,243 --> 00:23:32,495                He worked                     for the Warren Commission.     501 00:23:32,537 --> 00:23:36,749  And so they gave us the original     rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,    502 00:23:36,791 --> 00:23:40,628          plus 100 bullets,                     6.5 millimeters.           503 00:23:40,670 --> 00:23:44,048             And we went               and we shot the cadaver wrists,    504 00:23:44,090 --> 00:23:46,885          and in every instance,       505 00:23:46,926 --> 00:23:50,722           the front or the tip               of the bullet was smashed.     506 00:23:50,763 --> 00:23:52,765       Under no circumstances,        507 00:23:52,807 --> 00:23:55,310      do I feel that this bullet              could hit the wrist,         508 00:23:55,351 --> 00:23:56,853        and still not be deformed.     509 00:23:56,895 --> 00:23:58,646              [Goldberg]                       Dolce came to believe        510 00:23:58,688 --> 00:24:01,357             that two bullets                    had struck Connally.        511 00:24:01,399 --> 00:24:03,693           Since Arlen Specter                       pre-screened            512 00:24:03,735 --> 00:24:05,820          the medical witnesses                  for the commission,         513 00:24:05,862 --> 00:24:08,656          Dolce's name is not in                  the Warren Report,         514 00:24:08,698 --> 00:24:11,868            and his testimony                   is not in the volumes.       515 00:24:11,910 --> 00:24:14,370            And even Connally                     refused to accept          516 00:24:14,412 --> 00:24:16,039        the single-bullet theory.      517 00:24:19,083 --> 00:24:21,336      [reporter]   Former Senator                 John Sherman Cooper         518 00:24:21,377 --> 00:24:23,505           is the first member                 of the Warren Commission      519 00:24:23,546 --> 00:24:25,381      to agree to talk on television  520 00:24:25,423 --> 00:24:28,843            about what went on                inside the deliberations.      521 00:24:28,885 --> 00:24:30,720    Yes, there were disagreements.    522 00:24:30,762 --> 00:24:33,431     I think the most serious one     523 00:24:33,473 --> 00:24:36,935           that comes to me                    the most vividly,           524 00:24:36,976 --> 00:24:40,730      of course, is the question       of whether or not the first shot  525 00:24:40,772 --> 00:24:42,649      went through President Kennedy  526 00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:45,068             and then through                     Governor Connally.         527 00:24:45,109 --> 00:24:46,736              [Goldberg]                    Although it never specified     528 00:24:46,778 --> 00:24:48,905         the order of the shots,       529 00:24:48,947 --> 00:24:51,741            the Warren Report                       had one bullet           530 00:24:51,783 --> 00:24:54,494          going through Kennedy                 and Governor Connally,       531 00:24:54,536 --> 00:24:56,204         another missing the car,      532 00:24:56,246 --> 00:24:59,874          hitting a bystander on            Commerce Street, James Tague,    533 00:24:59,916 --> 00:25:02,710            and the final shot               hitting Kennedy in the head.    534 00:25:03,628 --> 00:25:05,964     I could not convince myself      535 00:25:06,005 --> 00:25:09,259         that the same bullet          struck both of them, although...  536 00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:12,428         [reporter] You mean               that you yourself didn't--      537 00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:14,347     Weren't convinced about the         single-bullet theory, which...    538 00:25:14,389 --> 00:25:17,016    No, I wasn't convinced by it.         Neither was Senator Russell.     539 00:25:17,058 --> 00:25:19,102          [Goldberg]   Senator                 Richard Russell of Georgia     540 00:25:19,143 --> 00:25:21,938               did not want                  to serve on the commission.     541 00:25:21,980 --> 00:25:24,065            After he attended                     the first meeting,         542 00:25:24,107 --> 00:25:27,235      he quickly became disenchanted           with the proceedings.        543 00:25:27,277 --> 00:25:30,280          Particularly the roles                  of J. Edgar Hoover         544 00:25:30,321 --> 00:25:34,200       and acting attorney general               Nicholas Katzenbach.        545 00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:37,328        His personal papers at the          University of Georgia Library    546 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:38,955              contain a memo           547 00:25:38,997 --> 00:25:42,792        written after the initial                December 5th, 1963,         548 00:25:42,834 --> 00:25:44,877            executive session.         549 00:25:44,919 --> 00:25:47,297            "Something strange                      is happening.            550 00:25:47,338 --> 00:25:50,425       "Warren and Katzenbach know                all about the FBI          551 00:25:50,466 --> 00:25:53,386           "and are apparently                 planning to show Oswald       552 00:25:53,428 --> 00:25:55,555       "as the only one considered.    553 00:25:55,597 --> 00:25:59,517              This to me is                    an untenable position."       554 00:25:59,559 --> 00:26:02,645       His papers revealed that he            wrote a dissenting opinion     555 00:26:02,687 --> 00:26:04,897           for the presentation                      at the final            556 00:26:04,939 --> 00:26:07,734            commission meeting                    of September 18th.         557 00:26:07,775 --> 00:26:10,403               On that day,                     he shared his concerns       558 00:26:10,445 --> 00:26:11,988         with President Johnson.       559 00:26:50,735 --> 00:26:54,489      [Goldberg]   He also thought         that Oswald     did not act alone.  560 00:26:54,530 --> 00:26:57,450  Russell was strongly influenced              by the Zapruder film        561 00:26:57,492 --> 00:27:00,453           and by the testimony                 of Governor Connally.        562 00:27:00,495 --> 00:27:02,246    I understand there's some, uh,    563 00:27:02,288 --> 00:27:04,666            some question                 in the minds of the experts      564 00:27:04,707 --> 00:27:06,834      about, uh, whether or not       565 00:27:06,876 --> 00:27:09,337     we could both have been hit              by the same bullet,          566 00:27:09,379 --> 00:27:10,880    and that was the first bullet.    567 00:27:10,922 --> 00:27:13,591       Uh, I just don't happen                  to believe that.           568 00:27:13,633 --> 00:27:15,551           I don't believe                  that I will believe it.        569 00:27:15,593 --> 00:27:17,428        [Goldberg]   This forced                the other commissioners       570 00:27:17,470 --> 00:27:20,223      to include Connally's dissent                 in the report.           571 00:27:20,264 --> 00:27:23,643             And as a result,               they could not absolutely deny  572 00:27:23,685 --> 00:27:27,188             the possibility                       of a conspiracy.          573 00:27:27,230 --> 00:27:29,190              Russell became                    the first commissioner       574 00:27:29,232 --> 00:27:32,193               to criticize                  the Warren Report in public.    575 00:27:32,235 --> 00:27:34,070             He was followed                    by commission members        576 00:27:34,112 --> 00:27:38,241           John Sherman Cooper                     and Hale Boggs.           577 00:27:38,282 --> 00:27:41,661         But then Walter Cronkite              interviewed John McCloy       578 00:27:41,703 --> 00:27:45,748       during a four-night special,            co-hosted by Dan Rather.      579 00:27:45,790 --> 00:27:48,543          Are you satisfied                   that as much effort          580 00:27:48,584 --> 00:27:53,089    was put into challenging that        case as into establishing it?     581 00:27:53,131 --> 00:27:54,340             I'll answer                     that in just a moment.        582 00:27:54,382 --> 00:27:56,300     If I may just say one thing,                  I would--               583 00:27:56,342 --> 00:27:57,510           I'd like to say                    in the first place,          584 00:27:57,552 --> 00:27:59,095         I had some questions         585 00:27:59,137 --> 00:28:01,305         as to the propriety                  of my appearing here         586 00:28:01,347 --> 00:28:03,474          as a former member                   of the commission           587 00:28:03,516 --> 00:28:05,727            to comment on              the evidence of the commission.    588 00:28:05,768 --> 00:28:09,230       [Goldberg]   McCloy never             answered Cronkite's question.    589 00:28:09,272 --> 00:28:12,734             But even worse,                 CBS employee Roger Feinman      590 00:28:12,775 --> 00:28:15,111            later discovered                     internal documents          591 00:28:15,153 --> 00:28:17,238              showing McCoy                     consulted extensively        592 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:19,782              on the series                  through his daughter, Ellen,    593 00:28:19,824 --> 00:28:24,620      an administrative assistant to       CBS President Richard Salant.    594 00:28:24,662 --> 00:28:28,124                 In 1992,                      reporter Jerry Policoff       595 00:28:28,166 --> 00:28:31,210            confronted Salant                      and Ellen McCoy           596 00:28:31,252 --> 00:28:34,589       with the documents revealing           John McCloy's instructions     597 00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:36,674       for the content of the show.    598 00:28:36,716 --> 00:28:40,720           Only then did Salant              admit to their concealment.     599 00:28:40,762 --> 00:28:43,473                CBS, NBC,                       and    The New York Times      600 00:28:43,514 --> 00:28:46,392           continued to support                the commission's finding      601 00:28:46,434 --> 00:28:48,186       and never publicly reviewed     602 00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:52,648              the 26 volumes                  of supplemental evidence.      603 00:28:52,690 --> 00:28:55,443     Mr. Dulles, let me put some           of the criticisms to you.       604 00:28:55,485 --> 00:28:56,819               Surely.                605 00:28:56,861 --> 00:28:58,696          Some of the papers               and some of the documents       606 00:28:58,738 --> 00:29:01,240       that are in the archives                 are-- are there            607 00:29:01,282 --> 00:29:04,744     but are withheld from public          view by the FBI, the CIA,       608 00:29:04,786 --> 00:29:07,455      an organization with which           you have some experience.       609 00:29:07,497 --> 00:29:10,291      Is there anything in those              which years from now         610 00:29:10,333 --> 00:29:12,543      when they may be released              will upset applecarts?        611 00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:14,045      Oh, no, I don't think so.       612 00:29:14,086 --> 00:29:17,089        No, I think everything             that really is-- is vital       613 00:29:17,131 --> 00:29:19,133          insofar as forming                 a judgment as to what         614 00:29:19,175 --> 00:29:21,969           really happened                  has been made available.       615 00:29:24,806 --> 00:29:27,725              [Goldberg]                       The Warren Commission              was aware     of something else    616 00:29:27,767 --> 00:29:29,393              that was wrong                     with their evidence.        617 00:29:29,435 --> 00:29:32,522     All kinds of ballistic tests      show that the bullets, in fact,    618 00:29:32,563 --> 00:29:35,024        came from that rifle.                 That was his rifle.          619 00:29:35,066 --> 00:29:37,026               You took                    a picture of him with it.       620 00:29:37,068 --> 00:29:38,820               -No, no.                         -His home prints                     and fingerprints           621 00:29:38,861 --> 00:29:41,030             are all over                 the School Book Depository.      622 00:29:41,072 --> 00:29:42,782           [Marina Porter]                   You have been misinformed.     623 00:29:42,824 --> 00:29:47,286           The ballistics tests             did not prove anything at all.  624 00:29:47,328 --> 00:29:49,413          [reporter]   This is                 the weapon that was used.      625 00:29:49,455 --> 00:29:53,167            A rather well-worn                     military rifle.           626 00:29:53,209 --> 00:29:57,797         We know that Oswald              had possession of that rifle     627 00:29:57,839 --> 00:29:59,507         because we have him                 photographed with it.         628 00:29:59,549 --> 00:30:03,469         And we have his wife              saying that it was, quote,      629 00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:05,888  "Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."    630 00:30:07,265 --> 00:30:09,433               [Stone]                     Is the rifle in evidence today  631 00:30:09,475 --> 00:30:11,102            the same rifle                    the commission said          632 00:30:11,143 --> 00:30:13,062            Oswald ordered                     through the mail?           633 00:30:13,104 --> 00:30:15,231      The rifle that Lee Oswald       634 00:30:15,273 --> 00:30:18,901       allegedly ordered under              an alias of Alex Hidell,       635 00:30:18,943 --> 00:30:21,487     was obtained through Klein's      Sporting Goods store in Chicago.  636 00:30:21,529 --> 00:30:25,241  it was a mail-order, got it out         of American Rifleman magazine.  637 00:30:25,283 --> 00:30:27,535          He wrote on the coupon                      he wanted              638 00:30:27,577 --> 00:30:29,912             a 36-inch model,                    Mannlicher-Carcano,         639 00:30:29,954 --> 00:30:34,208       6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.     640 00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,460            Robert Frazier                  was one of the examiners       641 00:30:36,502 --> 00:30:38,588                and he was                  a firearms expert for the FBI.  642 00:30:38,629 --> 00:30:41,007             And he testified                  that he did measure it,       643 00:30:41,048 --> 00:30:42,008           and the measurement         644 00:30:42,049 --> 00:30:44,093        was 40.2 inches in length,     645 00:30:44,135 --> 00:30:45,761          from barrel to stock.        646 00:30:45,803 --> 00:30:48,264      There's a 4.2-inch difference             in the one he ordered,       647 00:30:48,306 --> 00:30:51,434          versus what they found               in the Book Depository.       648 00:30:51,475 --> 00:30:54,103          [Goldberg]   Klein's                 may have indeed delivered      649 00:30:54,145 --> 00:30:57,440      a different Mannlicher-Carcano              model to Oswald,          650 00:30:57,481 --> 00:31:00,693           but there are other                 anomalies to the story.       651 00:31:00,735 --> 00:31:02,904      The model that Oswald ordered    652 00:31:02,945 --> 00:31:05,281               showed these                    strap attachment points       653 00:31:05,323 --> 00:31:07,783              on the bottom                    of the barrel and stock.      654 00:31:07,825 --> 00:31:10,119           [Brian Edwards]                       In the photograph                  is Lieutenant Carl Day,       655 00:31:10,161 --> 00:31:11,454          with the Dallas Police                      Department             656 00:31:11,495 --> 00:31:13,956           bringing a rifle out                of the Book Depository.       657 00:31:13,998 --> 00:31:17,418      One of the straps at the back         of the gun is on the left side  658 00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:20,463               of the stock                     embedded in the stock.       659 00:31:20,504 --> 00:31:22,506       That's clearly not the rifle               that was ordered,          660 00:31:22,548 --> 00:31:25,676        or at least appears in the          Klein's     Sporting Goods store.  661 00:31:25,718 --> 00:31:28,763    [Goldberg]   The straps shown in         the so-called backyard photos    662 00:31:28,804 --> 00:31:32,808          are on the bottom and             not on the side of the stock.    663 00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:37,063     Marina Oswald took backyard           photographs of Lee Oswald       664 00:31:37,104 --> 00:31:40,316           holding a rifle                  and a pistol on his hip.       665 00:31:40,358 --> 00:31:43,903    And in that first photograph,           that she took three of,        666 00:31:43,945 --> 00:31:49,575            Commission Exhibit                      133A and 133B            667 00:31:49,617 --> 00:31:54,747      show a ring on the ring finger             of the right hand.         668 00:31:54,789 --> 00:31:59,168          133C, the ring appears                  on the left hand.          669 00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:01,671        In fact, the Dallas Police                showed Lee Oswald          670 00:32:01,712 --> 00:32:04,173           one of the pictures              while he was still in custody.  671 00:32:04,215 --> 00:32:06,008        He said, "That's my face,                but I don't remember        672 00:32:06,050 --> 00:32:08,844             ever having that                   picture taken of me."        673 00:32:08,886 --> 00:32:11,263         [Goldberg]   But after              all these questions are asked,  674 00:32:11,305 --> 00:32:13,975  the underlying mystery remains.    675 00:32:14,016 --> 00:32:18,020       Why would anyone use a rifle              in an assassination,        676 00:32:18,062 --> 00:32:20,147  knowing there was a paper trail    677 00:32:20,189 --> 00:32:23,526             that would lead                     right back to them?         678 00:32:23,567 --> 00:32:26,570        Was there a palm print                found on the rifle?          679 00:32:26,612 --> 00:32:31,200  The foremost fingerprint expert       the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,    680 00:32:31,242 --> 00:32:34,704    took that rifle and attempted      to lift prints off of the rifle,  681 00:32:34,745 --> 00:32:36,539       the stock and/or the barrel.    682 00:32:36,580 --> 00:32:38,416             Uh, he testified                  to the Warren Commission      683 00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,168    that he found no usable prints    684 00:32:41,210 --> 00:32:45,047       anywhere on that rifle,             on the metal or the stock.      685 00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:47,883                 But yet,                      Lieutenant Day in Dallas      686 00:32:47,925 --> 00:32:51,095          before the rifle went              to Washington, said he found    687 00:32:51,137 --> 00:32:53,723       a partial palm print on the          trigger guard on the left side  688 00:32:53,764 --> 00:32:57,852      and a partial print underneath          the stock on the barrel.      689 00:32:57,893 --> 00:33:00,062         But Sebastian Latona              said there was no evidence      690 00:33:00,104 --> 00:33:01,480           that a lift had                    even been attempted.         691 00:33:01,522 --> 00:33:03,190               [Stone]                        No partials at all?          692 00:33:03,232 --> 00:33:04,817        Nothing that he could                    use in court.             693 00:33:04,859 --> 00:33:07,319     There has to be eight points              of identification.          694 00:33:07,361 --> 00:33:10,364           He found nothing                  that would match that.        695 00:33:10,406 --> 00:33:14,035         [woman on recorder]                 J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.      696 00:33:14,076 --> 00:33:14,785              [Johnson]                               Yes?                 697 00:33:14,827 --> 00:33:18,581               [Hoover]                        I've seen the reports                on this investigation.        698 00:33:18,622 --> 00:33:22,001            This man, Oswald,                 he had fired three shots.      699 00:33:22,043 --> 00:33:24,045       He then threw the gun aside,    700 00:33:24,086 --> 00:33:30,551  and, uh, he apparently had come     down the five flights of steps.    701 00:33:30,593 --> 00:33:33,220                A stairway                      from the fifth floor.        702 00:33:33,262 --> 00:33:34,889              [Johnson]                         You can prove that?         703 00:33:34,930 --> 00:33:37,224          [Hoover]   Oh, yes.                 Oh, yes, we can prove that.     704 00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:40,227     [Johnson]   Did anybody hear,                  anybody see him?          705 00:33:40,269 --> 00:33:43,105    [Hoover]   Most of the employees     were down on a lower floor, but    706 00:33:43,147 --> 00:33:46,901       he was stopped at the second           floor by a police officer.     707 00:33:46,942 --> 00:33:49,779            And some workers,                some manager in the building    708 00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:51,906  told the police officer, "Well,         he's all right, he works here.  709 00:33:51,947 --> 00:33:53,449          You needn't hold him."       710 00:33:53,491 --> 00:33:55,868           So they let him go.                  That's how he got out.       711 00:33:55,910 --> 00:33:58,162     [Marrion Baker]   At the time             that I heard those shots,      712 00:33:58,204 --> 00:34:02,083     I ran into that building and      made it up to the second floor.    713 00:34:02,124 --> 00:34:05,461    It was approximately a minute          and a half to two minutes.      714 00:34:05,503 --> 00:34:07,963        [Cronkite]   In possibly                 less than two minutes,       715 00:34:08,005 --> 00:34:10,549            investigators came               to the School Book Building     716 00:34:10,591 --> 00:34:12,927             with stopwatches                     and critical eyes.         717 00:34:12,968 --> 00:34:15,888      Not only police and government         agents traced that route,      718 00:34:15,930 --> 00:34:18,390      Chief Justice Warren and some            other commission members      719 00:34:18,432 --> 00:34:19,809          did it for themselves.       720 00:34:21,435 --> 00:34:23,479       I was interested in finding     721 00:34:23,521 --> 00:34:26,315          a specific witness                 to the assassination,         722 00:34:26,357 --> 00:34:28,317      which was Victoria Adams.       723 00:34:29,944 --> 00:34:31,654      She worked on the fourth floor  724 00:34:31,695 --> 00:34:33,989           of the Texas School                     Book Depository,          725 00:34:34,031 --> 00:34:36,367           and she knew Oswald.        726 00:34:36,408 --> 00:34:38,619  I went to the National Archives    727 00:34:38,661 --> 00:34:42,873            searching for                   her original testimony.        728 00:34:42,915 --> 00:34:44,667         I was told that the tape      729 00:34:44,708 --> 00:34:47,503              containing her                    testimony was missing.       730 00:34:47,545 --> 00:34:50,005           And later I learned                      that that tape           731 00:34:50,047 --> 00:34:53,300            had been destroyed                by the Warren Commission.      732 00:34:53,342 --> 00:34:55,553           And so I finally                   ended up finding her         733 00:34:55,594 --> 00:34:58,681             and getting                     her side of the story.        734 00:34:58,722 --> 00:35:02,268          Vicki Adams was 22 at             the time of the assassination,  735 00:35:02,309 --> 00:35:04,228          and she testified                     that immediately           736 00:35:04,270 --> 00:35:07,064       after the assassination,       737 00:35:07,106 --> 00:35:09,316       she ran down the back stairs    738 00:35:09,358 --> 00:35:11,360              to get     outside                 to see what was going on.      739 00:35:12,153 --> 00:35:13,696          If that were true,          740 00:35:13,737 --> 00:35:17,950        she would have seen Oswald               on the back stairs.         741 00:35:17,992 --> 00:35:20,703    But she testified that she saw             and heard no one.           742 00:35:22,037 --> 00:35:24,373             She had realized                 that something was wrong,      743 00:35:24,415 --> 00:35:26,458            because no one                     was believing her.          744 00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,962        So she asked David Belin,              who was questioning her,      745 00:35:30,004 --> 00:35:31,881      "Interview Sandra Styles,       746 00:35:31,922 --> 00:35:35,384           a coworker who went                down the stairs with me."      747 00:35:35,426 --> 00:35:37,803               This became                     a rather serious problem      748 00:35:37,845 --> 00:35:39,597        for the Warren Commission,     749 00:35:39,638 --> 00:35:45,227      because discrediting one woman              was easy to do.           750 00:35:45,269 --> 00:35:48,314             But discrediting                  a corroborating witness,      751 00:35:48,355 --> 00:35:50,733            that may have been                  a little bit tougher.        752 00:35:50,774 --> 00:35:54,528            So Belin said,               "We don't need Sandra Styles,     753 00:35:54,570 --> 00:35:55,446            we have you."             754 00:35:56,614 --> 00:35:57,865                [man]                         We've had Mr. Belin here      755 00:35:57,907 --> 00:35:59,408               with us too,                     one of our counselors        756 00:35:59,450 --> 00:36:01,327             who's been here                    several times, and...        757 00:36:01,368 --> 00:36:05,247        He knows this city now               as very few people do.        758 00:36:05,289 --> 00:36:09,001            [Barry Ernest]                      According to Vicki's                original     FBI testimony,      759 00:36:09,043 --> 00:36:11,587           she left the window                   on the fourth floor         760 00:36:11,629 --> 00:36:15,090         within 15 to 30 seconds                of the assassination.        761 00:36:15,132 --> 00:36:18,427      The Warren Commission elevated          that time to one minute.      762 00:36:18,469 --> 00:36:21,263         She said she arrived                  on the first floor          763 00:36:21,305 --> 00:36:24,099          within 60 seconds                  of the assassination.         764 00:36:24,141 --> 00:36:28,229    The Warren Commission elevated       that time to several minutes.     765 00:36:28,270 --> 00:36:30,689                 So what                      the Warren Commission did      766 00:36:30,731 --> 00:36:33,025             was successfully                     deceive the public         767 00:36:33,067 --> 00:36:36,946     into thinking that Vicki was        just another confused witness.    768 00:36:36,987 --> 00:36:37,988             Case closed.             769 00:36:38,030 --> 00:36:39,448         Reenactments prove,          770 00:36:39,490 --> 00:36:42,076           the report says,                that Oswald did have time,      771 00:36:42,117 --> 00:36:45,287       just enough time to fire           the shots, secret the rifle,     772 00:36:45,329 --> 00:36:47,706  and get down to the second floor               cafeteria.              773 00:36:49,583 --> 00:36:55,381  But in 1999, I found a document          in the National Archives       774 00:36:55,422 --> 00:36:59,301       that had been suppressed                  for 35 years.             775 00:36:59,343 --> 00:37:01,679       It was a letter written        776 00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,557         by Assistant US Attorney                 Martha Jo Stroud.          777 00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:08,727       It was a transmittal letter                    forwarding             778 00:37:08,769 --> 00:37:12,022         Vicki's signed testimony                 to J. Lee Rankin,          779 00:37:12,064 --> 00:37:14,441             the head honcho                  of the Warren Commission's     780 00:37:14,483 --> 00:37:16,902       investigation at that point.    781 00:37:16,944 --> 00:37:19,238        In the last paragraph                   of that letter,            782 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:21,282      almost as an afterthought,      783 00:37:21,323 --> 00:37:25,744       we're introduced to a woman          by the name of Dorothy Garner.  784 00:37:25,786 --> 00:37:29,790            Garner was Vicki's                   immediate supervisor        785 00:37:29,832 --> 00:37:32,835              who had stood                   at the window with Vicki.      786 00:37:32,876 --> 00:37:36,130       The letter quotes Garner              as saying that she saw        787 00:37:36,171 --> 00:37:38,090         Vicki go down the stairs      788 00:37:38,132 --> 00:37:44,013       before she saw Officer Baker             and Roy Truly come up.       789 00:37:44,054 --> 00:37:47,391     When I found and interviewed               Dorothy Garner,            790 00:37:47,433 --> 00:37:49,268      she confirmed everything.       791 00:37:49,310 --> 00:37:52,062        She said that she had been            at the window with Vicki,      792 00:37:52,104 --> 00:37:55,774           that Vicki had left                 the window immediately,       793 00:37:55,816 --> 00:37:59,945        that she actually followed             Vicki outside the office      794 00:37:59,987 --> 00:38:03,907      and to a point where she could       see her going down the stairs.  795 00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:07,286     And during that whole time,             she never saw Oswald.         796 00:38:07,328 --> 00:38:11,040       So the Stroud letter became            a very dangerous document      797 00:38:11,081 --> 00:38:14,001        for the Warren Commission.     798 00:38:14,043 --> 00:38:17,338              [Goldberg]                     Without the Review Board's            declassification process,      799 00:38:17,379 --> 00:38:21,091       we would never have learned          of the corroborating testimony  800 00:38:21,133 --> 00:38:24,928            of three witnesses              that provide powerful evidence  801 00:38:24,970 --> 00:38:27,431           that Oswald was not                    on the sixth floor         802 00:38:27,473 --> 00:38:29,850       at the time of the shooting.    803 00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:45,699    Legally speaking, the autopsy      should have been done in Dallas,  804 00:38:45,741 --> 00:38:48,744       and there was a forensic             pathologist, Earl Rose.        805 00:38:48,786 --> 00:38:51,121               He was there                     to assume jurisdiction       806 00:38:51,163 --> 00:38:53,332          and to do the autopsy.       807 00:38:53,374 --> 00:38:55,501            He was pushed                     up against the wall          808 00:38:55,542 --> 00:38:57,711             and threatened,                        hands on guns,           809 00:38:57,753 --> 00:38:59,630      a lot of expletives and so on.  810 00:38:59,671 --> 00:39:01,465           He followed them                   out of the driveway,         811 00:39:01,507 --> 00:39:04,760        and they took the body              illegally out of Dallas        812 00:39:04,802 --> 00:39:07,596         in violation of the laws               in the state of Texas.       813 00:39:08,889 --> 00:39:10,516              [Goldberg]                        After    Air Force One        814 00:39:10,557 --> 00:39:12,226       left Dallas for Washington,     815 00:39:12,267 --> 00:39:15,521      two of the key doctors who had        tried to save Kennedy's life    816 00:39:15,562 --> 00:39:18,690          at Parkland Hospital,                held a press conference.      817 00:39:18,732 --> 00:39:22,611       They were Dr. Malcolm Perry               and Dr. Kemp Clark.         818 00:39:22,653 --> 00:39:25,072          When were the two                 major points of evidence       819 00:39:25,114 --> 00:39:26,532        revealed by Kemp Clark                 and Malcolm Perry           820 00:39:26,573 --> 00:39:28,367       at the press conference?       821 00:39:28,409 --> 00:39:30,452         Dr. Perry performed                    the tracheotomy            822 00:39:30,494 --> 00:39:32,871       to help Kennedy breathe,       823 00:39:32,913 --> 00:39:35,040        and at a press conference                    right after             824 00:39:35,082 --> 00:39:38,001         the failed resuscitation                 efforts in Dallas,         825 00:39:38,043 --> 00:39:39,628              he was asked,                 "Well, where was the bullet?"    826 00:39:39,670 --> 00:39:41,422  He said, "The bullet looked like         it was coming at him.         827 00:39:41,463 --> 00:39:43,298       He had an entrance wound                 in the throat."            828 00:39:44,383 --> 00:39:45,717           [Douglas Horne]                          Kemp Clarke             829 00:39:45,759 --> 00:39:47,094               was the head                  of neurosurgery at Parkland.    830 00:39:47,136 --> 00:39:50,347        He said that the President                had a gaping wound         831 00:39:50,389 --> 00:39:51,974  in the occipital-parietal area.    832 00:39:52,015 --> 00:39:54,351            That's, you know,                the right rear of the head.     833 00:39:54,393 --> 00:39:56,437        And so the description                  he gave of that            834 00:39:56,478 --> 00:39:59,523       was entirely consistent                with an exit wound.          835 00:39:59,565 --> 00:40:00,858        We have a transcript today     836 00:40:00,899 --> 00:40:02,443            of what they said                  at the press conference.      837 00:40:02,484 --> 00:40:05,696      So it's White House transcript                   1327C.               838 00:40:05,737 --> 00:40:07,281         That's a very important                 historical document,        839 00:40:07,322 --> 00:40:10,451        because the Secret Service            confiscated the videotapes     840 00:40:10,492 --> 00:40:12,286       from the local TV stations.     841 00:40:12,327 --> 00:40:16,206    [Goldberg]   There is, however,          a surviving clip of Dr. Perry    842 00:40:16,248 --> 00:40:19,126            recorded not long                after the press conference.     843 00:40:32,514 --> 00:40:35,267  [Goldberg]   What Clark and Perry             both revealed     that day      844 00:40:35,309 --> 00:40:39,104              would indicate                 an assassin from the front.     845 00:40:39,146 --> 00:40:41,356              And Assistant                  White House Press Secretary     846 00:40:41,398 --> 00:40:43,692       Malcolm Kilduff's statement     847 00:40:43,734 --> 00:40:47,196             seems to support                      this conclusion.          848 00:40:47,237 --> 00:40:53,619  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        849 00:40:55,746 --> 00:40:57,122              [Goldberg]                    The day after the shooting,     850 00:40:57,164 --> 00:41:00,042            Dr. Perry was seen                  by Nurse Audrey Bell,        851 00:41:00,083 --> 00:41:02,377          who had been with him                 in the operating room.       852 00:41:02,419 --> 00:41:05,130  [Audrey Bell]   Saturday morning,             when I got over there,       853 00:41:05,172 --> 00:41:07,382                Dr. Perry                       came up to the office.       854 00:41:07,424 --> 00:41:08,884         I said, "You look awful.      855 00:41:08,926 --> 00:41:11,220               Did you get                      any sleep last night?"       856 00:41:11,261 --> 00:41:13,472      He said, "Well, not too much,    857 00:41:13,514 --> 00:41:17,392  between the calls from Bethesda     that came in during the night."    858 00:41:17,434 --> 00:41:18,894          I said, "What about?"        859 00:41:18,936 --> 00:41:21,939          He said, "Oh, whether               that was an entrance wound     860 00:41:21,980 --> 00:41:23,899             or an exit wound                      in the throat."           861 00:41:23,941 --> 00:41:25,817      He said, "They were wanting me            to change my mind."         862 00:41:26,944 --> 00:41:28,904       In his Warren Commission                    testimony,              863 00:41:28,946 --> 00:41:31,573        he basically retracted                  what he had said           864 00:41:31,615 --> 00:41:33,867           and they forced him                       to back down            865 00:41:33,909 --> 00:41:36,286           and     intimidated him                 on the witness stand.        866 00:41:36,328 --> 00:41:39,039           It was really quite                   embarrassing for me                      as a physician           867 00:41:39,081 --> 00:41:41,667       to see how someone else             who was telling the truth       868 00:41:41,708 --> 00:41:44,253         was basically forced              to recant his own opinion.      869 00:41:44,294 --> 00:41:46,964  Did it occur to you at the time             or did you think,           870 00:41:47,005 --> 00:41:51,218       "Was this an entry wound           or was this an exit wound?"      871 00:41:51,260 --> 00:41:53,762      Actually, I didn't really               give it much thought         872 00:41:53,804 --> 00:41:55,556     and I realized that perhaps      873 00:41:55,597 --> 00:41:57,558          it would have been                 better had I done so.         874 00:41:57,599 --> 00:42:00,561            But I actually                    applied my energies,         875 00:42:00,602 --> 00:42:02,563    and those of us there all did,    876 00:42:02,604 --> 00:42:04,356       to the problem at hand.        877 00:42:04,398 --> 00:42:06,358         And I didn't really                concern myself too much        878 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,735     with how it happened or why.     879 00:42:08,777 --> 00:42:13,282     In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me     880 00:42:13,323 --> 00:42:16,535            on the faculty             at the University of Washington    881 00:42:16,577 --> 00:42:18,537              in the cardiac                      surgery division.          882 00:42:18,579 --> 00:42:22,624         So I got to know Malcolm             when I joined the faculty.     883 00:42:22,666 --> 00:42:24,918             We developed                 a professional relationship,     884 00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:28,589    and we would operate together              on complex cases.           885 00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:34,595    I was particularly interested         in, uh, Dr. Perry's position     886 00:42:34,636 --> 00:42:36,346      with the JFK assassination      887 00:42:36,388 --> 00:42:40,434    because he did the tracheotomy         on him after he was shot.       888 00:42:40,475 --> 00:42:44,521     The problem is that Malcolm             categorically refused         889 00:42:44,563 --> 00:42:48,191           to ever discuss                     the assassination,          890 00:42:48,233 --> 00:42:51,153         uh, and he wouldn't                  answer my questions                 about that neck wound.        891 00:42:51,194 --> 00:42:53,905          And then one night             after we had operated together    892 00:42:53,947 --> 00:42:57,075            for many hours                     on a complex case,          893 00:42:57,117 --> 00:42:59,161          we were sitting in              the surgeons' lounge alone,      894 00:42:59,202 --> 00:43:01,163           drinking coffee,           895 00:43:01,204 --> 00:43:04,916      and I once again asked him             about that neck wound.        896 00:43:04,958 --> 00:43:10,797        And this time, he said             it was an entrance wound,       897 00:43:10,839 --> 00:43:14,801            unquestionably                     an entrance wound.          898 00:43:14,843 --> 00:43:19,097    One of the-- the main reasons      Dr. Perry changed his testimony    899 00:43:19,139 --> 00:43:22,017         and publicly agreed                  it was an exit wound         900 00:43:22,059 --> 00:43:26,021    is a Secret Service agent, uh,          put the pressure on him,       901 00:43:26,063 --> 00:43:28,857  and that person was Elmer Moore.  902 00:43:30,025 --> 00:43:32,486                 In 1970,                      Elmer Moore was the head      903 00:43:32,527 --> 00:43:35,364       of the Secret Service office                   in Seattle             904 00:43:35,405 --> 00:43:38,742        and a graduate student                named Jim Gochenaur          905 00:43:38,784 --> 00:43:40,702         became friends with him,      906 00:43:40,744 --> 00:43:43,455           and he admitted               to Gochenaur that he regretted    907 00:43:43,497 --> 00:43:46,833      putting pressure on Dr. Perry.  908 00:43:46,875 --> 00:43:48,960       So I asked him directly.       909 00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:54,591         I said, "Mr. Moore,              did you pressure Dr. Perry?"     910 00:43:54,633 --> 00:43:55,967       He stopped for a minute.       911 00:43:56,009 --> 00:43:58,387        He says, "Well, I was                 ordered to do that."         912 00:43:58,428 --> 00:43:59,846            He expanded on it.         913 00:43:59,888 --> 00:44:01,306               And he said                      that Inspector Kelley        914 00:44:01,348 --> 00:44:04,851             had ordered him                      to talk with Perry         915 00:44:04,893 --> 00:44:06,812        and, uh, convince him                   that it could be           916 00:44:06,853 --> 00:44:09,564            either an exit                     or an entry wound,          917 00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:12,067         not an entry wound.          918 00:44:12,109 --> 00:44:15,570            And I thought                  it was pretty interesting       919 00:44:15,612 --> 00:44:20,242  that he would admit to something   that's pretty close to a felony.  920 00:44:20,283 --> 00:44:23,036           [Donald Miller]               Elmer Moore     was also in charge  921 00:44:23,078 --> 00:44:24,746                of getting                     the doctors at Parkland       922 00:44:24,788 --> 00:44:27,040        to change their testimony,     923 00:44:27,082 --> 00:44:28,875              and agree                    that there was no big hole      924 00:44:28,917 --> 00:44:32,087      in the back of Kennedy's head.  925 00:44:32,129 --> 00:44:35,006     [Goldberg]   Charles Crenshaw,              a third year resident,       926 00:44:35,048 --> 00:44:38,301        was in the emergency room               at Parkland that day.        927 00:44:38,343 --> 00:44:41,847       He later said in public that         he felt the wounds in Kennedy    928 00:44:41,888 --> 00:44:44,349        originated from the front.     929 00:44:44,391 --> 00:44:46,852         From here, through.          930 00:44:46,893 --> 00:44:49,062            [Gary Aguilar]                 Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,  931 00:44:49,104 --> 00:44:51,565        Conspiracy of Silence,              in the wake of the film    JFK,  932 00:44:51,606 --> 00:44:53,775              saying, "Look,                 I was at Parkland Hospital.     933 00:44:53,817 --> 00:44:56,737           "I saw Kennedy,             I was involved in the treatment,  934 00:44:56,778 --> 00:44:58,447        "and Kennedy's wounds                 were not consistent          935 00:44:58,488 --> 00:45:00,532       "with a shot from above                 and behind because          936 00:45:00,574 --> 00:45:03,285      he had a defect involving           the right rear of his head."     937 00:45:05,495 --> 00:45:07,038         [man over recorder]                   Using the most precise       938 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:08,540           medical terminology                    that you can use.          939 00:45:08,582 --> 00:45:09,958     [Audrey Bell over recorder]                  Okay, let's see,          940 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,295         it was on the right rear      941 00:45:13,336 --> 00:45:17,299         and he shifted the head,             a little bit, to the left,     942 00:45:17,340 --> 00:45:21,636       lifted up the, well, kind of           the matted area, the flap.     943 00:45:21,678 --> 00:45:25,599            And you could see                       the, uh, hole,           944 00:45:25,640 --> 00:45:27,976            and there was, uh,         945 00:45:28,018 --> 00:45:32,314          brain and spinal fluid               dripping down out of it.      946 00:45:32,355 --> 00:45:35,150  Then I noticed it was dripping,         you know, down into a bucket.    947 00:45:37,611 --> 00:45:39,362               [Stone]                           As early as 1981,          948 00:45:39,404 --> 00:45:41,948       copies of the autopsy photos                  were leaked             949 00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:45,118             and distributed                    among JFK researchers.       950 00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:46,787                The image                      of Kennedy's head wound       951 00:45:46,828 --> 00:45:51,458  contradicted what was witnessed            by the Parkland doctors.      952 00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:56,296      I recall the injury being            right along in this area.       953 00:45:59,466 --> 00:46:02,886  [Mantik]   It's as if the autopsy            materials were designed       954 00:46:02,928 --> 00:46:05,347             to hide what                    was really happening,         955 00:46:05,388 --> 00:46:07,766          as opposed to what                they should usually do.        956 00:46:07,808 --> 00:46:12,395      They're supposed to reveal           the full extent of things.      957 00:46:12,437 --> 00:46:14,481        [Goldberg]   The evening                 of the assassination,        958 00:46:14,523 --> 00:46:18,276      the body of President Kennedy          was returned to Washington.     959 00:46:18,318 --> 00:46:21,696        The autopsy was performed            at Bethesda Medical Center,     960 00:46:21,738 --> 00:46:23,782           a naval institution.        961 00:46:23,824 --> 00:46:25,659            All of the top                   forensic pathologists         962 00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:27,202         in the United States         963 00:46:27,244 --> 00:46:30,831      were within one-hour drive            or flying time from D.C.       964 00:46:30,872 --> 00:46:32,874  Not one of them was called upon.  965 00:46:32,916 --> 00:46:34,876            There were two                     Navy pathologists,          966 00:46:34,918 --> 00:46:36,461        Commander James Humes         967 00:46:36,503 --> 00:46:38,547            and his associate,                   J. Thornton Boswell.        968 00:46:38,588 --> 00:46:42,300  These two military pathologists             who had never done          969 00:46:42,342 --> 00:46:45,846    a single gunshot-wound autopsy          in their entire careers.       970 00:46:45,887 --> 00:46:47,430    This is something that really     971 00:46:47,472 --> 00:46:49,432         has to be emphasized                  to every American.          972 00:46:49,474 --> 00:46:51,601            I don't care,                    Democrat, Republican,                liberal, conservative.        973 00:46:51,643 --> 00:46:53,061       This is your president,        974 00:46:53,103 --> 00:46:55,313            and you've got                  multiple gunshot wounds        975 00:46:55,355 --> 00:46:58,567  to determine angles, trajectory,            range, sequence.           976 00:46:58,608 --> 00:46:59,985  And then you've got to correlate  977 00:47:00,026 --> 00:47:01,611          with the multiple               gunshot wounds in Connally.      978 00:47:01,653 --> 00:47:04,197      This is a formidable task             that would have required       979 00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:08,326     two or three major forensic       pathologists to-- to undertake.    980 00:47:08,368 --> 00:47:10,537            So they called                     Humes and Boswell.          981 00:47:10,579 --> 00:47:11,913            They realized                  they were over their head.      982 00:47:11,955 --> 00:47:13,290       They called in an expert       983 00:47:13,331 --> 00:47:15,083        from the Armed Forces               Institute of Pathology,        984 00:47:15,125 --> 00:47:16,668        a guy named Pierre Finck.      985 00:47:16,710 --> 00:47:19,212          Dr. Humes and Boswell                  started the autopsy         986 00:47:19,254 --> 00:47:21,590          before their forensics              consultant even got there,     987 00:47:21,631 --> 00:47:23,592          but they realized              they were in over their head.     988 00:47:23,633 --> 00:47:26,761        So they asked to have                  a medical examiner                   because Dr. Finck,          989 00:47:26,803 --> 00:47:29,931      who is a forensic pathologist,          wasn't doing autopsies.       990 00:47:29,973 --> 00:47:31,600            He hadn't done one                 in more than two years.       991 00:47:31,641 --> 00:47:33,602     So they asked for permission             to bring in somebody         992 00:47:33,643 --> 00:47:37,522    who knew what they were doing.           Permission was denied.        993 00:47:37,564 --> 00:47:40,066              [Aguilar]                      There were a lot of people             at the Bethesda morgue.       994 00:47:40,108 --> 00:47:41,359             The latest count                   by all the researchers       995 00:47:41,401 --> 00:47:43,945            that I know of is                      about 33 people.          996 00:47:43,987 --> 00:47:46,239  There was a gallery, bleachers.    997 00:47:46,281 --> 00:47:49,284        Apparently, all three rows             were filled with people.      998 00:47:49,326 --> 00:47:52,370           These three autopsy          pathologists were given a body,    999 00:47:52,412 --> 00:47:53,580       told, "Here's the body,        1000 00:47:53,622 --> 00:47:55,332       he was shot from behind,                he fell forward,"           1001 00:47:55,373 --> 00:47:57,334           which they wrote                 in their autopsy report,       1002 00:47:57,375 --> 00:47:58,501    figure out how the wounds fit     1003 00:47:58,543 --> 00:48:00,503       the known circumstances                  of the shooting.           1004 00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:04,049    But what this really speaks to        is the fact that the autopsy     1005 00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:05,508        was not in the control                  of the surgeons            1006 00:48:05,550 --> 00:48:07,594            that were charged                       with doing it.           1007 00:48:07,636 --> 00:48:09,721  It was in the control of people                who were there,           1008 00:48:09,763 --> 00:48:12,933          who were telling them                   what they could do                and what they couldn't do.     1009 00:48:12,974 --> 00:48:15,644     [reporter] Let's talk about           those two wounds, Captain.      1010 00:48:15,685 --> 00:48:18,146          You examined this                 whole area of the back.        1011 00:48:18,188 --> 00:48:19,397      [James J. Humes] Yes, sir.      1012 00:48:19,439 --> 00:48:21,107               [Wecht]                 So on the night of the autopsy,    1013 00:48:21,149 --> 00:48:23,151         Humes and Boswell said,       1014 00:48:23,193 --> 00:48:25,236      "Hey, we got a bullet hole           in the President's back,"       1015 00:48:25,278 --> 00:48:28,156              which they                   examined with the finger,       1016 00:48:28,198 --> 00:48:29,616       then with an instrument,                then took x-rays,           1017 00:48:29,658 --> 00:48:31,409       then took out the lungs.       1018 00:48:31,451 --> 00:48:32,661           And no bullets.            1019 00:48:32,702 --> 00:48:34,162            In a murder case,          1020 00:48:34,204 --> 00:48:36,831          that is a very serious                  problem for them.          1021 00:48:36,873 --> 00:48:38,375       So where did that bullet go?    1022 00:48:38,416 --> 00:48:41,127      It was just, like you say,               a work of fiction.          1023 00:48:41,169 --> 00:48:43,463            A call came in                  from the FBI in Dallas.        1024 00:48:43,505 --> 00:48:45,048         A bullet was found.          1025 00:48:45,090 --> 00:48:46,633            Darrell Tomlinson,                    a maintenance man          1026 00:48:46,675 --> 00:48:48,343          at Parkland Hospital,        1027 00:48:48,385 --> 00:48:51,179  trying to get to the men's room,           passing by the ER,          1028 00:48:51,221 --> 00:48:52,931           found the stretchers                   blocking the way,          1029 00:48:52,973 --> 00:48:55,058                bent down,                       moved the stretcher,        1030 00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:56,810         and there was a bullet.       1031 00:48:56,851 --> 00:48:58,186      How did that bullet get there?  1032 00:48:58,228 --> 00:48:59,896        Humes and Boswell came up      1033 00:48:59,938 --> 00:49:02,190            with this totally                     absurd conclusion          1034 00:49:02,232 --> 00:49:04,234     that when the President lay      1035 00:49:04,275 --> 00:49:07,320          on the stretcher,                     supine position,           1036 00:49:07,362 --> 00:49:09,280             and pressure                   was applied to his chest       1037 00:49:09,322 --> 00:49:11,700         for cardiopulmonary                     resuscitation,            1038 00:49:11,741 --> 00:49:15,286          that pressure, applied            anteriorly, forced the bullet,  1039 00:49:15,328 --> 00:49:17,414              which had gone                   deeply into the tissues,      1040 00:49:17,455 --> 00:49:19,082  back out through like a tunnel.    1041 00:49:19,124 --> 00:49:21,376      In and out, a car in reverse.    1042 00:49:21,418 --> 00:49:24,254              And what's                   very important to note is       1043 00:49:24,295 --> 00:49:26,881           bullets don't go                  in and out like that.         1044 00:49:26,923 --> 00:49:30,552     The bullet becomes encased.         But that was their conclusion.    1045 00:49:30,593 --> 00:49:34,055  Keep in mind, they did not know          that there was a bullet hole    1046 00:49:34,097 --> 00:49:35,890           in the front of                   the President's neck.         1047 00:49:35,932 --> 00:49:38,268              Commander.                      Now, Captain Humes,          1048 00:49:38,309 --> 00:49:40,395          how many autopsies                  have you performed?          1049 00:49:40,437 --> 00:49:42,397     [Humes]   Approximately 1,000.     1050 00:49:42,439 --> 00:49:47,068  It wasn't until the next morning          when Humes decided,          1051 00:49:47,110 --> 00:49:48,486    "Hey, maybe we outta talk with    1052 00:49:48,528 --> 00:49:50,947               the surgeons                     at Parkland Hospital."       1053 00:49:50,989 --> 00:49:53,783          Earlier that day, the              doctors at Parkland Hospital    1054 00:49:53,825 --> 00:49:55,618      had determined that the bullet  1055 00:49:55,660 --> 00:49:57,537             had fortuitously                ripped through the trachea.     1056 00:49:57,579 --> 00:50:00,582             So they enlarged                     that bullet hole.          1057 00:50:00,623 --> 00:50:02,834          And now they learned,                  for the first time,         1058 00:50:02,876 --> 00:50:04,878    that there was a tracheostomy     1059 00:50:04,919 --> 00:50:07,130             superimposed                     upon a bullet wound.         1060 00:50:07,172 --> 00:50:09,924      "Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.  1061 00:50:09,966 --> 00:50:11,426            "Now we know!"            1062 00:50:11,468 --> 00:50:14,179      The shot fired from the rear,               entered the back,          1063 00:50:14,220 --> 00:50:16,639            moving around                    2,000 feet per second,        1064 00:50:16,681 --> 00:50:19,517          comes out, then stops,        sees the starched white collar,    1065 00:50:19,559 --> 00:50:22,103  gets frightened to death, plops     into the front of his clothing.    1066 00:50:22,145 --> 00:50:23,772             And that's where                   the bullet came from,        1067 00:50:23,813 --> 00:50:25,774            found by Tomlinson                    on the stretcher.          1068 00:50:25,815 --> 00:50:27,317      Four or five months later,      1069 00:50:27,358 --> 00:50:29,903          under Arlen Specter's                 single-bullet theory,        1070 00:50:29,944 --> 00:50:32,614               that bullet                      has been rejuvenated,                 it's been revitalized.       1071 00:50:32,655 --> 00:50:33,990             That bullet has                       now gone through          1072 00:50:34,032 --> 00:50:35,784        Kennedy, through Connally,     1073 00:50:35,825 --> 00:50:39,996    and now, as of April of 1964,            the Stretcher Bullet,         1074 00:50:40,038 --> 00:50:41,873         Commission Exhibit #399,      1075 00:50:41,915 --> 00:50:43,625             the hero of the                  Warren Commission report,      1076 00:50:43,666 --> 00:50:46,711               is now from                      Connally's left thigh.       1077 00:50:46,753 --> 00:50:48,922        How is that possible?         1078 00:50:48,963 --> 00:50:50,924            It's unbelievable!         1079 00:50:50,965 --> 00:50:53,802  ...which is scientific evidence    1080 00:50:53,843 --> 00:51:00,308       that the wound was made         from behind and passed forward.    1081 00:51:00,350 --> 00:51:03,895    [Aguilar]   Dr. Humes destroyed           his original autopsy notes.     1082 00:51:03,937 --> 00:51:05,772           Now, Dr. Humes,               the chief autopsy pathologist,    1083 00:51:05,814 --> 00:51:07,732           and what we all know                      as doctors,             1084 00:51:07,774 --> 00:51:09,651            notes taken while                   you're doing something       1085 00:51:09,692 --> 00:51:11,152         are much more important,      1086 00:51:11,194 --> 00:51:12,987            and are likely                 to be closer to the truth       1087 00:51:13,029 --> 00:51:15,573    than anything you write later.    1088 00:51:15,615 --> 00:51:18,118           And he admitted that             he'd destroyed autopsy notes.    1089 00:51:18,159 --> 00:51:20,161            You destroyed                     your original notes          1090 00:51:20,203 --> 00:51:21,830     in a medical legal autopsy?      1091 00:51:21,871 --> 00:51:25,333       And remember, that night              Oswald is still alive.        1092 00:51:25,375 --> 00:51:26,835               You're going                      to be asked, doctor,        1093 00:51:26,876 --> 00:51:31,548  at some point in time under oath        to give sworn testimony.       1094 00:51:31,589 --> 00:51:33,800             Why did you                  destroy those notes, doctor?     1095 00:51:33,842 --> 00:51:36,803        Doesn't a pathologist                   keep his notes?            1096 00:51:36,845 --> 00:51:39,514         And he said, "Well,           I destroyed my own autopsy notes  1097 00:51:39,556 --> 00:51:41,933    "because they were splattered          with the President's blood      1098 00:51:41,975 --> 00:51:44,811  and I didn't want them to become     objects of morbid curiosity."     1099 00:51:44,853 --> 00:51:46,354       The third doctor, Dr. Finck,    1100 00:51:46,396 --> 00:51:48,314              who was there,                    also wrote some notes        1101 00:51:48,356 --> 00:51:49,899              and complained                   bitterly about the fact       1102 00:51:49,941 --> 00:51:51,484  that his notes disappeared too.    1103 00:51:51,526 --> 00:51:53,611           He was so upset                 because he had to go home       1104 00:51:53,653 --> 00:51:56,072           and reconstruct               all of his notes from memory.     1105 00:51:58,074 --> 00:51:59,993            The two FBI agents                     at the autopsy,           1106 00:52:00,034 --> 00:52:02,662  Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,    1107 00:52:02,704 --> 00:52:05,623      they reported what they heard              during the autopsy,         1108 00:52:05,665 --> 00:52:08,376           what they heard                   the pathologists say,         1109 00:52:08,418 --> 00:52:10,461       specifically Dr. Humes.        1110 00:52:10,503 --> 00:52:15,049          They were interviewed         by Arlen Specter in early 1964.    1111 00:52:15,091 --> 00:52:19,220        He proceeded to write              very unfavorable comments       1112 00:52:19,262 --> 00:52:21,973     about them in a summary memo               for the record.            1113 00:52:22,015 --> 00:52:23,391       We know with confidence        1114 00:52:23,433 --> 00:52:25,268          why he didn't like                 what they had to say,         1115 00:52:25,310 --> 00:52:27,395          because they were                    providing evidence          1116 00:52:27,437 --> 00:52:29,564    that the single-bullet theory              could not be true.          1117 00:52:29,606 --> 00:52:31,900              [Goldberg]                     Neither Sibert nor O'Neill     1118 00:52:31,941 --> 00:52:34,611          were asked to testify               for the Warren Commission,     1119 00:52:34,652 --> 00:52:37,197         and their written notes                  became classified.         1120 00:52:37,238 --> 00:52:39,741                 In 1997,                    their depositions were taken    1121 00:52:39,782 --> 00:52:42,869           by the Assassination                 Records Review Board.        1122 00:52:42,911 --> 00:52:45,121           [Douglas Horne]                    Both Sibert and O'Neill       1123 00:52:45,163 --> 00:52:48,333        were shown the photographs            of the back of JFK's head,     1124 00:52:48,374 --> 00:52:51,544       the autopsy photographs that          are the most controversial.     1125 00:52:51,586 --> 00:52:53,171          And they both said                    that they didn't           1126 00:52:53,213 --> 00:52:55,215        see anything like that                  at the autopsy.            1127 00:52:55,256 --> 00:52:57,508       O'Neill had said, "It looks             like it's been doctored.      1128 00:52:57,550 --> 00:52:59,052         "I don't mean the photo                  has been doctored.         1129 00:52:59,093 --> 00:53:01,095          It looks like the head             has been put back together,"    1130 00:53:01,137 --> 00:53:02,680          you know, by embalmers               and then photographed."       1131 00:53:02,722 --> 00:53:04,265              That was what                      he said under oath.         1132 00:53:04,307 --> 00:53:06,601         Sibert did not remember       1133 00:53:06,643 --> 00:53:09,395    drawing a diagram of the wound          for the House committee.       1134 00:53:09,437 --> 00:53:11,522         So he drew a new one                for the Review Board.         1135 00:53:11,564 --> 00:53:13,566           And it's one of our              most important wound diagrams.  1136 00:53:13,608 --> 00:53:16,027            And it shows what                could only be an exit defect    1137 00:53:16,069 --> 00:53:17,445  in the right rear of the skull.    1138 00:53:24,452 --> 00:53:26,788    [Goldberg]   This new evidence,                  combined with            1139 00:53:26,829 --> 00:53:29,958            the Review Board's                     declassification                      of 40 witnesses           1140 00:53:29,999 --> 00:53:32,794        who saw a hole in the back                of Kennedy's head,         1141 00:53:32,835 --> 00:53:37,257      constitutes powerful evidence           of a shot from the front.      1142 00:53:38,174 --> 00:53:39,634              (gunshot)               1143 00:53:42,470 --> 00:53:44,180               Who was                     the autopsy photographer?       1144 00:53:44,222 --> 00:53:46,557            John Stringer.            1145 00:53:46,599 --> 00:53:49,143         He was a Navy civilian.               He was widely respected.      1146 00:53:49,185 --> 00:53:50,353        He had written a textbook      1147 00:53:50,395 --> 00:53:52,272          on medical photography                    for the Navy.            1148 00:53:52,313 --> 00:53:53,731                So he was                    the photographer of record.     1149 00:53:53,773 --> 00:53:55,984             He photographed                      the autopsy itself         1150 00:53:56,025 --> 00:53:59,529        and also photographed                the President's brain.        1151 00:53:59,570 --> 00:54:01,739      [Stone]   The autopsy photos              of the President's brain      1152 00:54:01,781 --> 00:54:03,992                are housed                    at the National Archives.      1153 00:54:04,033 --> 00:54:07,078      These photos cannot be scanned               or reproduced,           1154 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:09,998          but are only available                 to be viewed on site        1155 00:54:10,039 --> 00:54:13,835        by researchers authorized               by the Kennedy family.       1156 00:54:13,876 --> 00:54:15,837           [Horne]   Half of                   the brain photos are taken     1157 00:54:15,878 --> 00:54:18,464          of a brain from above,                   superior views,           1158 00:54:18,506 --> 00:54:21,801       which is what Stringer said          he shot of the complete organ.  1159 00:54:21,843 --> 00:54:24,429  But the other half of the brain           photos in the archives        1160 00:54:24,470 --> 00:54:27,849       are taken of the bottom,              called basilar views.         1161 00:54:27,890 --> 00:54:30,810        Now, we were very careful              to question Mr. Stringer      1162 00:54:30,852 --> 00:54:32,854        about all the photographs                      he took,              1163 00:54:32,895 --> 00:54:35,982    and ask him what kind of film         he used for black and white,     1164 00:54:36,024 --> 00:54:37,650          what kind of film                    he used for color.          1165 00:54:37,692 --> 00:54:39,569       Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer     1166 00:54:39,610 --> 00:54:43,573            the color positive               transparencies of the brain,    1167 00:54:43,614 --> 00:54:45,158  and Stringer immediately noted,    1168 00:54:45,199 --> 00:54:47,744        "Well, these aren't Kodak.              These might be Ansco."       1169 00:54:47,785 --> 00:54:50,288    He said, "I don't see the name        of the manufacturer on here,     1170 00:54:50,330 --> 00:54:53,207         but these don't have the           right notches in the corner."    1171 00:54:53,249 --> 00:54:54,959           So Jeremy Gunn said,        1172 00:54:55,001 --> 00:54:57,086          "Did you use this film              with these notches in it?"     1173 00:54:57,128 --> 00:54:58,796           Stringer said, "No."        1174 00:54:58,838 --> 00:55:00,923       "Did you take basilar views            when you shot the brain?"      1175 00:55:00,965 --> 00:55:03,634             And he says,                   "Not as far as I know."        1176 00:55:03,676 --> 00:55:06,179          [Goldberg]   Doesn't               this all lead to the question    1177 00:55:06,220 --> 00:55:09,849      if Stringer did not take these         photographs,     then who did?    1178 00:55:11,726 --> 00:55:14,896              Robert Knudsen                   was a Navy photographer       1179 00:55:14,937 --> 00:55:18,024             who was detailed                to the White House in 1958.     1180 00:55:18,066 --> 00:55:21,235      If you read his obituaries in             The New York Times          1181 00:55:21,277 --> 00:55:22,528         and    The Washington Post,     1182 00:55:22,570 --> 00:55:24,822               you will see                      that he is credited         1183 00:55:24,864 --> 00:55:27,408            with photographing                    Kennedy's autopsy,         1184 00:55:27,450 --> 00:55:30,828      except officially he was not.    1185 00:55:30,870 --> 00:55:34,999        [Horne]   Robert Knudsen                 was not interviewed by                the Warren Commission.       1186 00:55:35,041 --> 00:55:39,045        So they finally found               Robert Knudsen in 1978.        1187 00:55:39,087 --> 00:55:41,214          And to its credit,               the House Select Committee      1188 00:55:41,255 --> 00:55:42,799         did a deposition of him.      1189 00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:45,426           To their discredit,                 they never published it.      1190 00:55:45,468 --> 00:55:49,806     They buried it for 50 years          and it got released in 1993.     1191 00:55:49,847 --> 00:55:51,682    And I know why they buried it,    1192 00:55:51,724 --> 00:55:54,602  because everything he told them         about autopsy photography       1193 00:55:54,644 --> 00:55:56,187            contradicted what                   they thought they knew       1194 00:55:56,229 --> 00:55:57,563         in the official record.       1195 00:55:57,605 --> 00:56:00,316            [Mantik]   After                       his death in 1989,         1196 00:56:00,358 --> 00:56:02,026       his wife was interviewed by     1197 00:56:02,068 --> 00:56:04,445            the Assassination                   Records Review Board.        1198 00:56:16,499 --> 00:56:19,752  He told her that one photograph               in particular,            1199 00:56:19,794 --> 00:56:21,295                presumably                      the back of the head,        1200 00:56:21,337 --> 00:56:23,798        had been severely altered.     1201 00:56:23,840 --> 00:56:25,800            [Jeremy Gunn]                   Where was the wound covered?    1202 00:56:31,347 --> 00:56:34,058     [Jeremy Gunn]   In one sense,             uh, probably worth saying      1203 00:56:34,100 --> 00:56:35,643         that what you're saying                  is very different          1204 00:56:35,685 --> 00:56:37,770                from what                    the United States government    1205 00:56:37,812 --> 00:56:40,022        has said for a long time.      1206 00:56:40,064 --> 00:56:43,609          And why didn't he say                 something to somebody?       1207 00:57:04,630 --> 00:57:06,466               [Horne]                         John Stringer is still       1208 00:57:06,507 --> 00:57:08,092               the autopsy                     photographer of record,       1209 00:57:08,134 --> 00:57:09,886  I think they both took pictures             and I personally think       1210 00:57:09,927 --> 00:57:12,722               that many of                    John Stringer's pictures      1211 00:57:12,763 --> 00:57:14,557              never made it                 into the official collection.    1212 00:57:14,599 --> 00:57:15,850        And a lot of the ones                   we're looking at           1213 00:57:15,892 --> 00:57:17,685      are Robert Knudsen's pictures.  1214 00:57:21,230 --> 00:57:24,525  [Mantik]   Saundra Spencer worked           at the Anacostia Facility,     1215 00:57:24,567 --> 00:57:26,611       a Naval Photographic Center,    1216 00:57:26,652 --> 00:57:29,030       which was quite separate              from the Bethesda lab.        1217 00:57:29,071 --> 00:57:32,366              That weekend,                       she received film.         1218 00:57:32,408 --> 00:57:35,036       [Horne]   The photographs         that Saundra Spencer developed,    1219 00:57:35,077 --> 00:57:37,205           which never made it                into the official record.      1220 00:57:37,246 --> 00:57:39,874        The only evidence we have             of them is her testimony.      1221 00:57:41,709 --> 00:57:43,878             Saundra Spencer                      was visibly upset          1222 00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:46,380          when she looked at the             official     autopsy photographs  1223 00:57:46,422 --> 00:57:49,967          because she said,                  "I developed pictures                of him and his family         1224 00:57:50,009 --> 00:57:52,720        for almost three years         and he never looked like this."    1225 00:57:52,762 --> 00:57:54,972     She said, "He looks terrible            in these photographs."        1226 00:57:59,477 --> 00:58:02,021           -She started to cry.                -[Stone]   In front of                    the Review Board?          1227 00:58:02,063 --> 00:58:04,398  [Horne]   Yes, she started to cry            in front of Jeremy and I      1228 00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:06,275            and the person                     from the archives,          1229 00:58:06,317 --> 00:58:08,819              and she said,                   "He did not look this bad      1230 00:58:08,861 --> 00:58:10,905            in the photographs                 I developed on Sunday."       1231 00:58:10,947 --> 00:58:13,991         He was very cleaned up.               It was very respectful.       1232 00:58:14,033 --> 00:58:16,077      And in one of the photographs                 she developed,           1233 00:58:16,118 --> 00:58:17,870          there was a brain,                    an intact brain,           1234 00:58:17,912 --> 00:58:19,664      sitting next to the body,       1235 00:58:19,705 --> 00:58:21,123  the nude body of the President.    1236 00:58:21,165 --> 00:58:22,917        Strange, first of all,                  that it's intact           1237 00:58:22,959 --> 00:58:26,295  because FBI agent Frank O'Neill           told the Review Board         1238 00:58:26,337 --> 00:58:29,131      that over half of the mass           of the brain was missing.       1239 00:58:31,968 --> 00:58:34,512    [Mantik]   So the brain autopsy                  or autopsies,            1240 00:58:34,554 --> 00:58:37,098         there were probably                    two such events,           1241 00:58:37,139 --> 00:58:41,894       uh, occurred later and          were not done on November 22nd.    1242 00:58:41,936 --> 00:58:43,646          [Aguilar]   Anybody                that's seen the Zapruder film    1243 00:58:43,688 --> 00:58:45,022            can see Kennedy's                       head explodes            1244 00:58:45,064 --> 00:58:46,566           and debris flies                   all over the place.          1245 00:58:46,607 --> 00:58:47,900        Jackie Kennedy climbed out     1246 00:58:47,942 --> 00:58:49,652              onto the trunk                      of the limousine,          1247 00:58:49,694 --> 00:58:52,822              picked up                    a chunk of the President's            brain, had it with her,        1248 00:58:52,863 --> 00:58:54,574    took it in and gave it to, uh,    1249 00:58:54,615 --> 00:58:56,617          one of the doctors                 at Parkland Hospital.         1250 00:58:56,659 --> 00:58:58,911       When you look at the autopsy           photographs of the brain,      1251 00:58:58,953 --> 00:59:00,288             which I've seen                      the originals of,          1252 00:59:00,329 --> 00:59:02,248             you can just see                that the brain is disrupted,    1253 00:59:02,290 --> 00:59:04,250             but very little                  of the tissue is missing.      1254 00:59:04,292 --> 00:59:07,086     Then we look at the autopsy              report of the brain,         1255 00:59:07,128 --> 00:59:09,213          what they call the           supplemental brain examination.    1256 00:59:09,255 --> 00:59:10,798          The brain in evidence                  that's weighed there        1257 00:59:10,840 --> 00:59:12,883           weighs 1,500 grams.         1258 00:59:12,925 --> 00:59:16,304           1500 grams is--                  is above average weight        1259 00:59:16,345 --> 00:59:17,888       of an adult male brain.        1260 00:59:17,930 --> 00:59:20,975         There was one report                  of 8,000 autopsies          1261 00:59:21,017 --> 00:59:23,686      and the average weight of               an adult male brain          1262 00:59:23,728 --> 00:59:25,813           was 1,336 grams.           1263 00:59:25,855 --> 00:59:29,567          So they're saying              that President Kennedy's brain    1264 00:59:29,609 --> 00:59:31,193            was well above                    the average weight.          1265 00:59:31,235 --> 00:59:33,237  Where did all that brain tissue               disappear to?             1266 00:59:33,279 --> 00:59:37,033    That flies around Dealey Plaza        that Jackie has in her hand,     1267 00:59:37,074 --> 00:59:38,743    that everybody is picking off              of their clothes?           1268 00:59:41,579 --> 00:59:44,332              [Chesser]                      There are two photographs           of the brain     at the archives.  1269 00:59:44,373 --> 00:59:46,792         I viewed those in 2015.       1270 00:59:46,834 --> 00:59:49,170          The brain looked to me                   to be distorted.          1271 00:59:49,211 --> 00:59:51,005         My first thought was          that the brain had been sitting    1272 00:59:51,047 --> 00:59:53,049       in a jar of formaldehyde                 for a long time.           1273 00:59:53,090 --> 00:59:56,177           The Review Board                    had a consultant.           1274 00:59:56,218 --> 00:59:59,055                A renowned                      forensic pathologist.        1275 00:59:59,096 --> 01:00:01,766        He looked at the brain              photographs and he said,       1276 01:00:01,807 --> 01:00:04,518           "This is a very                     well-fixed brain.           1277 01:00:04,560 --> 01:00:07,313            It's all gray.                   It's not pink at all.         1278 01:00:07,355 --> 01:00:10,524       "It's been fixed for two        or three weeks in formaldehyde.    1279 01:00:10,566 --> 01:00:11,901           It's been fixed                    at least two weeks,          1280 01:00:11,942 --> 01:00:13,402    maybe as long as three weeks."    1281 01:00:13,444 --> 01:00:15,821         I looked at Jeremy Gunn                 and he looked at me         1282 01:00:15,863 --> 01:00:17,114          and the hair stood up                on the back of my neck,       1283 01:00:17,156 --> 01:00:21,661  because I knew that JFK's brain              was examined...            1284 01:00:21,702 --> 01:00:24,038         less than three days                 after he was killed.         1285 01:00:24,080 --> 01:00:25,790         One can only imagine                   that they wanted           1286 01:00:25,831 --> 01:00:27,667    the-- the damage to the brain     1287 01:00:27,708 --> 01:00:29,794           to be consistent                   with the hypothesis          1288 01:00:29,835 --> 01:00:32,171             that Oswald                     had done the shooting.        1289 01:00:32,213 --> 01:00:34,674        So if you had a defect                 going all the way                 to the back of the head,       1290 01:00:34,715 --> 01:00:36,967        like so many witnesses                  testified to it,           1291 01:00:37,009 --> 01:00:41,389       it might raise questions          about whether that huge defect    1292 01:00:41,430 --> 01:00:44,100      could've cau-- been caused          by a single shot to the head     1293 01:00:44,141 --> 01:00:46,644        as Oswald is supposed                    to have done.             1294 01:00:46,686 --> 01:00:47,895              [Chesser]                       At a teaching hospital,       1295 01:00:47,937 --> 01:00:50,815                there was                       no shortage of brains.       1296 01:00:50,856 --> 01:00:52,149    Autopsies were very frequent.     1297 01:00:52,191 --> 01:00:53,734  Frequently, the brain was saved    1298 01:00:53,776 --> 01:00:56,237    for teaching medical students,    1299 01:00:56,278 --> 01:00:57,905             so it would not                     have been difficult         1300 01:00:57,947 --> 01:01:00,408             to find a brain                       for replacement.          1301 01:01:00,449 --> 01:01:01,826     This is just one more reason     1302 01:01:01,867 --> 01:01:04,495          why this cannot be               President Kennedy's brain       1303 01:01:04,537 --> 01:01:08,416       in the photographs that         we have stored at the archives.    1304 01:01:08,457 --> 01:01:14,088  What we have here... is evidence     that impugns the authenticity     1305 01:01:14,130 --> 01:01:16,757       of the brain photographs            in the National Archives.       1306 01:01:16,799 --> 01:01:18,551     If there was a trial today,      1307 01:01:18,592 --> 01:01:21,762    these brain photographs would        not be admissible as evidence.    1308 01:01:23,764 --> 01:01:25,766            I'd hate to be                    in your shoes today.         1309 01:01:26,767 --> 01:01:27,810    You have a lot to think about.    1310 01:01:27,852 --> 01:01:29,103             You've seen                      much hidden evidence         1311 01:01:29,145 --> 01:01:30,980         the American public                    has never seen.            1312 01:01:32,523 --> 01:01:35,943         You know, going back              to when we were children,       1313 01:01:35,985 --> 01:01:37,987       I think that most of us             in this courtroom thought       1314 01:01:38,028 --> 01:01:40,740          that justice came                into being automatically.       1315 01:01:41,741 --> 01:01:43,242  That virtue was its own reward,    1316 01:01:43,284 --> 01:01:45,327           that-- that good                 would triumph over evil.       1317 01:01:47,037 --> 01:01:50,833         But as we get older,            we know this just isn't true.     1318 01:01:50,875 --> 01:01:53,544       Individual human beings               have to create justice        1319 01:01:53,586 --> 01:01:54,795        and this is not easy,         1320 01:01:56,338 --> 01:01:59,800          because the truth              often poses a threat to power,    1321 01:01:59,842 --> 01:02:03,929  and one often has to fight power      at great risk to themselves.     1322 01:02:03,971 --> 01:02:05,473              [Goldberg]                     The one physician present      1323 01:02:05,514 --> 01:02:08,642        at both Parkland Hospital              and the Bethesda morgue       1324 01:02:08,684 --> 01:02:09,977           was George Burkley,         1325 01:02:10,019 --> 01:02:12,646        Kennedy's personal doctor.     1326 01:02:12,688 --> 01:02:15,983       Arlen Specter did not depose                George Burkley,           1327 01:02:16,025 --> 01:02:20,070       but Burkley did an interview         with the JFK Library in 1967,    1328 01:02:20,112 --> 01:02:22,490       and was asked this question.    1329 01:02:22,531 --> 01:02:23,824        [interviewer speaking]        1330 01:02:31,499 --> 01:02:32,833         [interviewer] I see.         1331 01:02:32,875 --> 01:02:35,211         [Miller]   The reason                he didn't say anything was,     1332 01:02:35,252 --> 01:02:38,714      he was intimately involved                in the coverup.            1333 01:02:38,756 --> 01:02:41,383      [Goldberg]   Burkley signed            the autopsy descriptive sheet    1334 01:02:41,425 --> 01:02:45,429        with a bullet in the back                at the level of T3.         1335 01:02:45,471 --> 01:02:48,015            And he also signed               Kennedy's death certificate,    1336 01:02:48,057 --> 01:02:50,726            which also placed                  that wound in the back.       1337 01:02:50,768 --> 01:02:52,728          That death certificate                      is not in              1338 01:02:52,770 --> 01:02:55,189      the Warren Commission volumes,  1339 01:02:55,231 --> 01:02:58,400        and the descriptive sheet             in the Commission volumes      1340 01:02:58,442 --> 01:03:00,694              does not have                      Burkley's signature.        1341 01:03:02,154 --> 01:03:04,198       In 1977, through his lawyer,    1342 01:03:04,240 --> 01:03:06,534            he wrote a letter                    to Richard Sprague,         1343 01:03:06,575 --> 01:03:08,202        Chief Counsel of the House     1344 01:03:08,244 --> 01:03:10,830             Select Committee                     on Assassinations.         1345 01:03:10,871 --> 01:03:13,207              He said he had                    information indicating       1346 01:03:13,249 --> 01:03:15,459        that others besides Oswald     1347 01:03:15,501 --> 01:03:18,504           must've     participated                in the assassination.        1348 01:03:18,546 --> 01:03:22,049              He was willing                to talk about it at this time.  1349 01:03:22,091 --> 01:03:24,385                 Sprague,                    who made clear his intention    1350 01:03:24,426 --> 01:03:27,054           to fully investigate                 the CIA's involvement,       1351 01:03:27,096 --> 01:03:29,139  was forced out two weeks later.    1352 01:03:29,181 --> 01:03:31,016               Dr. Burkley                  submitted a written statement    1353 01:03:31,058 --> 01:03:33,227      to the House Select Committee,  1354 01:03:33,269 --> 01:03:35,104  but there is no official record    1355 01:03:35,145 --> 01:03:38,399               of him     being                    deposed as a witness.        1356 01:03:38,440 --> 01:03:42,319           In 1982, he told                JFK researcher Henry Hurt,      1357 01:03:42,361 --> 01:03:43,779            "I know there was                   more than one gunman,"       1358 01:03:43,821 --> 01:03:45,197         and when Henry Hurt          1359 01:03:45,239 --> 01:03:47,241          tried to recontact               Burkley for more details,       1360 01:03:47,283 --> 01:03:48,659               Burkley                     cut him off at the knees.       1361 01:03:48,701 --> 01:03:50,202          "I don't want to talk                   about it anymore."         1362 01:03:50,244 --> 01:03:51,579         The very next year,                     Burkley talked            1363 01:03:51,620 --> 01:03:54,290          to Michael Kurtz,                 another JFK researcher,        1364 01:03:54,331 --> 01:03:55,875  told him that he knew there was    1365 01:03:55,916 --> 01:03:57,376             a conspiracy                    to kill the President         1366 01:03:57,418 --> 01:03:58,919           and that he recalled                     an exit wound            1367 01:03:58,961 --> 01:04:01,088              in the back of                  President Kennedy's head.      1368 01:04:01,130 --> 01:04:02,965             Now, that's                 a very significant statement.     1369 01:04:03,007 --> 01:04:05,050  That the only doctor we know of    1370 01:04:05,092 --> 01:04:07,928            who was present at               both Parkland for treatment,    1371 01:04:07,970 --> 01:04:09,597             and at Bethesda                     during the autopsy,         1372 01:04:09,638 --> 01:04:11,891      told Michael Kurtz in 1983      1373 01:04:11,932 --> 01:04:14,268      that Kennedy had an exit wound          in the back of his head.      1374 01:04:14,310 --> 01:04:15,603             When Kurtz tried                   to recontact Burkley,        1375 01:04:15,644 --> 01:04:18,105           Burkley cut him off                      at the knees.            1376 01:04:18,147 --> 01:04:19,857          "I don't want to talk                  about this anymore."        1377 01:04:19,899 --> 01:04:21,233         Dr. Burkley was deceased                    by the time             1378 01:04:21,275 --> 01:04:23,110  the Review Board was impaneled.    1379 01:04:23,152 --> 01:04:25,446    So then Jeremy decided, well,     1380 01:04:25,487 --> 01:04:28,699              we can ask                  the executor of his estate,      1381 01:04:28,741 --> 01:04:30,576      his daughter, to sign a waiver  1382 01:04:30,618 --> 01:04:33,078             so that we could                     go to the law firm         1383 01:04:33,120 --> 01:04:34,747              that Mr. Illig                      used to work for,          1384 01:04:34,788 --> 01:04:35,956      because he was deceased also,    1385 01:04:35,998 --> 01:04:37,291          and see if there were        1386 01:04:37,333 --> 01:04:39,043               any records                     in the file of Mr. Illig      1387 01:04:39,084 --> 01:04:41,128             that would have                     revealed what it was        1388 01:04:41,170 --> 01:04:43,172            he wanted to tell                    the HSCA in detail,         1389 01:04:43,213 --> 01:04:45,132  and she said she would do that.    1390 01:04:45,174 --> 01:04:46,550             And then Jeremy                   called her on the phone,      1391 01:04:46,592 --> 01:04:48,886            she had completely                     changed her mind          1392 01:04:48,928 --> 01:04:50,220              and adamantly                       refused to sign it         1393 01:04:50,262 --> 01:04:52,431      and terminated the phone call.  1394 01:04:57,895 --> 01:04:59,897  The face sheet for the autopsy,    1395 01:04:59,939 --> 01:05:02,816       where it shows the front        and back silhouette of the body,  1396 01:05:02,858 --> 01:05:05,861           where you mark scars             and bullet wounds and things,    1397 01:05:05,903 --> 01:05:08,322            the face sheet                  showed the bullet wound        1398 01:05:08,364 --> 01:05:13,327         in the back at the level              of thoracic vertebra T3,      1399 01:05:13,369 --> 01:05:16,330         which is five and a half                to six inches below.        1400 01:05:16,372 --> 01:05:18,290              [Goldberg]                    That location coincided with    1401 01:05:18,332 --> 01:05:21,835         what Sibert and O'Neill                wrote in their report.       1402 01:05:21,877 --> 01:05:25,464      And in order to make the facts       fit the single-bullet theory,    1403 01:05:25,506 --> 01:05:27,591                one bullet                      doing all this damage,       1404 01:05:27,633 --> 01:05:31,345        the doctors needed an exit            point for the back wound.      1405 01:05:31,387 --> 01:05:34,807       The Warren Commission raised             the wound in the back        1406 01:05:34,848 --> 01:05:37,977          so that it would align             with the alleged exit wound     1407 01:05:38,018 --> 01:05:39,979  in the front of Kennedy's neck.    1408 01:05:40,020 --> 01:05:41,647         Commissioner Gerald Ford      1409 01:05:41,689 --> 01:05:44,149             did this simply                   via the stroke of a pen,      1410 01:05:44,191 --> 01:05:46,735         changing the description                  in their report           1411 01:05:46,777 --> 01:05:49,655  from back, to back of the neck.    1412 01:05:49,697 --> 01:05:51,824             As I recall,                 they said about Gerald Ford      1413 01:05:51,865 --> 01:05:54,451      that he could not chew gum           and walk at the same time.      1414 01:05:54,493 --> 01:05:57,287       Now, all of a sudden, he        becomes a forensic pathologist,    1415 01:05:57,329 --> 01:05:59,999       and a photographer, and           a criminalist, and an expert,     1416 01:06:00,040 --> 01:06:02,751             and he knows                  where the bullet hole was               and he moved it up.          1417 01:06:02,793 --> 01:06:04,920              [Goldberg]                         But then in 1979,          1418 01:06:04,962 --> 01:06:08,340        the House Select Committee            moved it lower in the back     1419 01:06:08,382 --> 01:06:11,010        because they had pictures                 from the autopsy.          1420 01:06:11,051 --> 01:06:12,803         It is conceivable that,                     at the time,            1421 01:06:12,845 --> 01:06:14,763      the Warren Commission thought    1422 01:06:14,805 --> 01:06:18,183            no one would ever                  see the autopsy photos.       1423 01:06:18,225 --> 01:06:20,394          When the Review Board                      declassified            1424 01:06:20,436 --> 01:06:22,521           the notation showing                  what Ford had done,         1425 01:06:22,563 --> 01:06:25,399  the former commissioner replied           that it had nothing to do      1426 01:06:25,441 --> 01:06:27,693        with a conspiracy theory.      1427 01:06:27,735 --> 01:06:30,738            He was only trying                   to be more precise.         1428 01:06:30,779 --> 01:06:34,366      This is directly contradicted           by a conversation Ford had     1429 01:06:34,408 --> 01:06:38,537          with French President               Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.      1430 01:06:38,579 --> 01:06:40,164              Ford told him                       the assassination          1431 01:06:40,205 --> 01:06:42,916             was     not the work                      of one person.           1432 01:06:42,958 --> 01:06:45,085         It was something set up.      1433 01:06:45,127 --> 01:06:47,337       "We were sure it was set up,    1434 01:06:47,379 --> 01:06:50,340           but we were not able                 to discover by whom."        1435 01:06:52,801 --> 01:06:54,178               [Stone]                         With all the documents       1436 01:06:54,219 --> 01:06:56,305               declassified                      by the Review Board,        1437 01:06:56,346 --> 01:06:59,308                we can see                    this scene in a new light.     1438 01:06:59,349 --> 01:07:02,436                In regards                    to the JFK assassination,      1439 01:07:02,478 --> 01:07:06,273           conspiracy theories                are now conspiracy facts.      1440 01:07:07,357 --> 01:07:09,151       The forensics show evidence     1441 01:07:09,193 --> 01:07:10,736           of multiple shooters                      with Oswald,            1442 01:07:10,778 --> 01:07:12,404               not even at                      the sixth floor window       1443 01:07:12,446 --> 01:07:15,074               at the time                      of the assassination.        1444 01:07:15,115 --> 01:07:20,537      And his fingerprints not found       on the supposed murder weapon.  1445 01:07:20,579 --> 01:07:24,291        Still, there was no trial               for Lee Harvey Oswald.       1446 01:07:24,333 --> 01:07:25,584             These people                   have given me a hearing        1447 01:07:25,626 --> 01:07:27,795     without legal representation                 or anything.             1448 01:07:27,836 --> 01:07:29,088              [reporter]                  Did you shoot the President?     1449 01:07:29,129 --> 01:07:31,465  I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.  1450 01:07:31,507 --> 01:07:35,427      [Stone]   Attorney Mark Lane             tried to represent Oswald                in the proceedings,         1451 01:07:35,469 --> 01:07:37,387              but was denied                  by the Warren Commission.      1452 01:08:05,541 --> 01:08:08,377         Did the accused man                   get a fair trial?           1453 01:08:08,418 --> 01:08:09,795            I can tell you                    from my experiences          1454 01:08:09,837 --> 01:08:12,631         having tried several              hundred cases to verdict,       1455 01:08:12,673 --> 01:08:14,842        and being responsible                for thousands of cases        1456 01:08:14,883 --> 01:08:16,093      as head of the criminal courts  1457 01:08:16,135 --> 01:08:17,636               and running                       the homicide bureau,        1458 01:08:17,678 --> 01:08:20,264       that I don't believe there's            any courtroom in America      1459 01:08:20,305 --> 01:08:22,099               where Oswald                    would've been convicted       1460 01:08:22,141 --> 01:08:23,517             on the evidence                      that was presented         1461 01:08:23,559 --> 01:08:25,769      before the Warren Commission.    1462 01:08:25,811 --> 01:08:29,481      [Stone]   Instead of a jury               of 12 American citizens,      1463 01:08:29,523 --> 01:08:32,234           judgment was passed                   by a panel of seven         1464 01:08:32,276 --> 01:08:35,654            appointed wise men                  and career statesmen.        1465 01:08:35,696 --> 01:08:40,075          A judgment perpetuated              by the media at that time.     1466 01:08:40,117 --> 01:08:42,619              Looking at the                   declassified documents,       1467 01:08:42,661 --> 01:08:44,163              we see there's                      even more mystery          1468 01:08:44,204 --> 01:08:47,249        behind Oswald to uncover.      1469 01:08:47,291 --> 01:08:51,086              A man who was,                  in his own words, a patsy.     1470 01:08:51,128 --> 01:08:54,298       Murdered on live television.    1471 01:08:54,339 --> 01:08:57,676             [reporter 1]                   This was the dreary funeral              of Lee Harvey Oswald,        1472 01:08:57,718 --> 01:09:01,430             alleged murderer                   of President Kennedy.        1473 01:09:01,471 --> 01:09:03,891              Burial was in                    an otherwise empty plot       1474 01:09:03,932 --> 01:09:07,060          in Rose Hill Cemetery                  outside Fort Worth.         1475 01:09:07,102 --> 01:09:09,146         A plot that we were told                     was bought             1476 01:09:09,188 --> 01:09:11,398       long ago by Oswald's mother.    1477 01:09:11,440 --> 01:09:14,318            No one was on hand               for the funeral as mourners,    1478 01:09:14,359 --> 01:09:17,821            except the family                      of the dead man.          1479 01:09:17,863 --> 01:09:21,116             [reporter 2]                   Oswald spent his early years                in an orphanage.          1480 01:09:21,158 --> 01:09:25,078            At the age of 17,               he joined the US Marine Corps.  1481 01:09:25,120 --> 01:09:26,830        A year later, he was sent      1482 01:09:26,872 --> 01:09:29,833            to one of the most              secret US bases in the world,    1483 01:09:29,875 --> 01:09:31,668             Atsugi in Japan.          1484 01:09:31,710 --> 01:09:34,129                From here,                   the CIA operated spy flights    1485 01:09:34,171 --> 01:09:35,839           over communist China        1486 01:09:35,881 --> 01:09:38,300                using U-2                       reconnaissance planes.       1487 01:09:40,135 --> 01:09:43,889      [Goldberg]   During the 1975           Church Committee investigation  1488 01:09:43,931 --> 01:09:46,391      of US intelligence activities,  1489 01:09:46,433 --> 01:09:48,268             Committee member                     Richard Schweiker          1490 01:09:48,310 --> 01:09:50,687          remarked about Oswald,       1491 01:09:50,729 --> 01:09:53,357             that everywhere                     you looked with him,        1492 01:09:53,398 --> 01:09:56,944          there are fingerprints                   of intelligence.          1493 01:09:56,985 --> 01:10:00,322          [man]   Many people                  said he was a forthright,                upstanding American         1494 01:10:00,364 --> 01:10:01,907            as a young person,         1495 01:10:01,949 --> 01:10:05,452  and yet they later depicted him            as a Castro-loving,          1496 01:10:05,494 --> 01:10:08,664              Cuban-loving,                     Russian-loving person.       1497 01:10:08,705 --> 01:10:10,332          [Jefferson Morley]                   In the spring of 1963,       1498 01:10:10,374 --> 01:10:12,626            Oswald started                   handing out pamphlets         1499 01:10:12,668 --> 01:10:14,795          for the Fair Play                   for Cuba Committee,          1500 01:10:14,836 --> 01:10:17,631         a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban                   Revolution group          1501 01:10:17,673 --> 01:10:20,425             that was popular                    on college campuses.        1502 01:10:20,467 --> 01:10:23,845          And some of them,              he stamped "544 Camp Street,"     1503 01:10:23,887 --> 01:10:27,599           which was an office               in downtown, uh, New Orleans    1504 01:10:27,641 --> 01:10:30,060                near where                     the CIA's offices were,       1505 01:10:30,102 --> 01:10:31,979         right across the street,                      in fact.              1506 01:10:32,020 --> 01:10:35,065      There was also the home of       the Cuban Revolutionary Council,  1507 01:10:35,107 --> 01:10:37,818                which was                   the leading anti-Castro group.  1508 01:10:37,859 --> 01:10:42,072  Why would a pro-Castro activist              put his headquarters        1509 01:10:42,114 --> 01:10:43,949         in the same headquarters      1510 01:10:43,991 --> 01:10:46,535      as the leading anti-Castro             group in the country?         1511 01:10:48,203 --> 01:10:50,163     'Cause he was a provocateur.     1512 01:10:50,205 --> 01:10:52,749       This gets back to being            an agent or a double agent,      1513 01:10:52,791 --> 01:10:54,793    because he played both roles.     1514 01:10:54,835 --> 01:10:58,839             Here was Oswald                  who had two associations.      1515 01:10:58,880 --> 01:11:01,008           One, he has a group                  of anti-Castro Cubans.       1516 01:11:01,049 --> 01:11:03,343          At the same time,               he was handing out leaflets      1517 01:11:03,385 --> 01:11:04,511            for the Fair Play                    for Cuba committee,         1518 01:11:04,553 --> 01:11:06,513         uh, with the other side                    of the fence.            1519 01:11:06,555 --> 01:11:09,516      So the two groups that had              the most motivation          1520 01:11:09,558 --> 01:11:12,686    to assassinate the President,             he was dealing with.         1521 01:11:13,895 --> 01:11:15,939              [Goldberg]                       And not surprisingly,        1522 01:11:15,981 --> 01:11:19,359        many of these groups were              known and, in some cases      1523 01:11:19,401 --> 01:11:21,695                supported,                      by the US government.        1524 01:11:22,571 --> 01:11:24,990          In the spring of 1963,       1525 01:11:25,032 --> 01:11:29,369      Oswald began associating with         men who, it would be revealed,  1526 01:11:29,411 --> 01:11:33,332          had clear connections             with these government efforts.  1527 01:11:33,373 --> 01:11:35,375  One of these men, David Ferrie,    1528 01:11:35,417 --> 01:11:40,589       had been with Oswald in the          Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,  1529 01:11:40,630 --> 01:11:43,884              and was known                 as     an extreme anti-Communist.  1530 01:11:43,925 --> 01:11:47,679          He was also a trainer                and a pilot for the CIA       1531 01:11:47,721 --> 01:11:50,640  in its secret war against Cuba.    1532 01:11:50,682 --> 01:11:52,184      Oswald was involved with these  1533 01:11:52,225 --> 01:11:55,604           Cuban exile training                activities with Ferrie.       1534 01:11:56,772 --> 01:11:58,899              I do know                     that I saw him one time        1535 01:11:58,940 --> 01:12:02,527              with a man                  by the name of Guy Banister.     1536 01:12:02,569 --> 01:12:05,530     And, uh, what Guy's role was     1537 01:12:05,572 --> 01:12:09,326           in all of this,                  I-- I really don't know.       1538 01:12:09,368 --> 01:12:12,162         [Goldberg]   Banister                was an extreme right-winger     1539 01:12:12,204 --> 01:12:14,331        who was close to the FBI,      1540 01:12:14,373 --> 01:12:17,834                 the CIA,                    and the American Nazi Party.    1541 01:12:17,876 --> 01:12:23,882       Banister gave Oswald his own           office at 544 Camp Street.     1542 01:12:23,924 --> 01:12:26,760             Oswald now began                     to use his office          1543 01:12:26,802 --> 01:12:31,098          to print up and stamp                 pro-Castro literature.       1544 01:12:31,139 --> 01:12:35,227      After the assassination, when          the FBI questioned Banister,    1545 01:12:35,268 --> 01:12:37,938       a former FBI agent himself,     1546 01:12:37,979 --> 01:12:42,025           they did not ask him                     about Oswald.            1547 01:12:42,067 --> 01:12:45,904  At some point, the FBI, I think     probably after the assassination  1548 01:12:45,946 --> 01:12:48,448        decided they didn't--              they wanted to disconnect       1549 01:12:48,490 --> 01:12:50,534         Oswald from the FBI,         1550 01:12:50,575 --> 01:12:53,703    and-- and of course, Banister,       who's associated with the FBI,    1551 01:12:53,745 --> 01:12:56,164           would have to be                  disconnected as well.         1552 01:12:56,206 --> 01:12:57,290        The problem with that,        1553 01:12:57,332 --> 01:12:59,334       many of those handbills had     1554 01:12:59,376 --> 01:13:02,254           the 544 Camp Street                     address on them.          1555 01:13:02,295 --> 01:13:05,882         There was a message             from New Orleans to the Bureau    1556 01:13:05,924 --> 01:13:08,760  written by Special Agent Maynor,  1557 01:13:08,802 --> 01:13:11,596             uh, who actually                    mentioned pamphlets         1558 01:13:11,638 --> 01:13:14,433             that had the 544                 Camp Street address on it.     1559 01:13:14,474 --> 01:13:17,561              And before                     that message was sent,               it was scratched out.         1560 01:13:19,187 --> 01:13:21,565        [Goldberg]   The Warren                Commission pushed the idea     1561 01:13:21,606 --> 01:13:23,942               that Oswald                     was a staunch communist,      1562 01:13:23,984 --> 01:13:26,153             citing evidence                       of his defection          1563 01:13:26,194 --> 01:13:29,656       to the Soviet Union in 1959.    1564 01:13:29,698 --> 01:13:32,576      His trip to Russia raised              a number of questions         1565 01:13:32,617 --> 01:13:34,244     that we wanted to get into.      1566 01:13:34,286 --> 01:13:41,001          For example, when               any American went to Russia      1567 01:13:41,042 --> 01:13:43,628              and renounced                   his American citizenship,      1568 01:13:43,670 --> 01:13:46,006             and subsequently                      changed his mind          1569 01:13:46,047 --> 01:13:49,468         and wanted to come back                   to this country.          1570 01:13:49,509 --> 01:13:51,553  Upon returning to this country,    1571 01:13:51,595 --> 01:13:53,972  there was a thorough debriefing    1572 01:13:54,598 --> 01:13:57,476               by the CIA,             1573 01:13:57,517 --> 01:14:01,521      with one exception, as far          as we can ascertain, Oswald.     1574 01:14:03,106 --> 01:14:06,067           Now, that smacks            of an intelligence relationship.  1575 01:14:06,109 --> 01:14:07,402              [reporter]                  Did you kill the President?      1576 01:14:07,444 --> 01:14:08,945       No, they're taking me in       1577 01:14:08,987 --> 01:14:11,448       because of the fact that           I lived in the Soviet Union.     1578 01:14:13,366 --> 01:14:17,287              [Goldberg]                   State Department Intelligence              Officer Otto Otepka         1579 01:14:17,329 --> 01:14:20,707      had noted the marked increase           in the number of Americans     1580 01:14:20,749 --> 01:14:23,168           defecting to Russia                       at the time.            1581 01:14:23,210 --> 01:14:27,047  He also noted that some of them            came from the military.       1582 01:14:27,088 --> 01:14:30,217         He, therefore, suspected               that some of these men       1583 01:14:30,258 --> 01:14:32,177           were fake defectors.        1584 01:14:32,219 --> 01:14:34,221          They had been assigned                      by the CIA             1585 01:14:34,262 --> 01:14:38,225          to garner intelligence               behind the Iron Curtain.      1586 01:14:38,266 --> 01:14:42,687       He sent a letter to the CIA           asking which ones were real     1587 01:14:42,729 --> 01:14:45,440       and which were their agents.    1588 01:14:45,482 --> 01:14:49,819       Oswald was one of the names                on Otepka's list.          1589 01:14:49,861 --> 01:14:53,281      Otepka's request was forwarded             to James Angleton,         1590 01:14:53,323 --> 01:14:55,283      Chief of Counterintelligence.    1591 01:14:55,325 --> 01:14:59,037       He instructed that there be           no research done on Oswald,     1592 01:14:59,079 --> 01:15:03,291       but Otepka continued to work              on the Oswald case.         1593 01:15:03,333 --> 01:15:05,168        The thing of significance      1594 01:15:05,210 --> 01:15:07,629        was that he was really         interested in Lee Harvey Oswald    1595 01:15:07,671 --> 01:15:10,131      before the assassination,       1596 01:15:10,173 --> 01:15:14,844     and he actually had a study       of these defectors in his safe.    1597 01:15:14,886 --> 01:15:18,098       Well, things got worse.         His office was not only bugged,    1598 01:15:18,139 --> 01:15:20,725        they planted people in             his office to spy on him.       1599 01:15:20,767 --> 01:15:24,604         They started putting                confidential documents                  in his burn bag,           1600 01:15:24,646 --> 01:15:26,189            and then tried                   to blame him in saying        1601 01:15:26,231 --> 01:15:27,941             he's burning                   confidential documents.        1602 01:15:27,983 --> 01:15:30,277          The guy has gone,                     you know, wacko.           1603 01:15:30,318 --> 01:15:32,070       [Goldberg]   As a result,        1604 01:15:32,112 --> 01:15:34,781         he was formally removed              from the State Department      1605 01:15:34,823 --> 01:15:37,951          on November 5th, 1963,       1606 01:15:37,993 --> 01:15:41,162               just 17 days                   before the assassination.      1607 01:15:41,204 --> 01:15:44,874       So you will not see Otepka's           name in the Warren Report.     1608 01:15:44,916 --> 01:15:48,503         And he was not called as            a witness before that body.     1609 01:15:48,545 --> 01:15:50,839        In fact, Angleton, the man     1610 01:15:50,880 --> 01:15:55,093          who had access to all              the Oswald files at the CIA,    1611 01:15:55,135 --> 01:15:57,220               coordinated                      the agency's response        1612 01:15:57,262 --> 01:16:00,807        to the Warren Commission's                    requests.              1613 01:16:00,849 --> 01:16:04,603              [reporter]                      The CIA Deputy Director               of Plans,     Richard Helms,     1614 01:16:04,644 --> 01:16:06,313      swore to the Warren Commission  1615 01:16:06,354 --> 01:16:08,148        that the agency never had      1616 01:16:08,189 --> 01:16:11,443             or contemplated                   any contact with Oswald.      1617 01:16:11,484 --> 01:16:14,446      The line that the CIA fed              the Warren Commission,        1618 01:16:14,487 --> 01:16:17,032     that they really didn't know           anything about this guy.       1619 01:16:17,073 --> 01:16:20,160           We now know that               that was complete nonsense.      1620 01:16:20,201 --> 01:16:23,788                Oswald was                   a figure of intense interest    1621 01:16:23,830 --> 01:16:26,499              for four years                  before the assassination.      1622 01:16:26,541 --> 01:16:30,337  And a dozen senior CIA officers    1623 01:16:30,378 --> 01:16:32,172                were very                     well acquainted with him.      1624 01:16:32,213 --> 01:16:34,841          Everything he did,                     where he went,            1625 01:16:34,883 --> 01:16:37,344       what his politics were,                  his family life.           1626 01:16:37,385 --> 01:16:41,056     I mean, remember, they were           reading his mother's mail.      1627 01:16:41,097 --> 01:16:43,141          That's how closely                 they were watching him        1628 01:16:43,183 --> 01:16:45,935            right up until                    Kennedy was killed.          1629 01:16:45,977 --> 01:16:48,730     And then Kennedy was killed,              Oswald's arrested,          1630 01:16:48,772 --> 01:16:52,275          and they say, "Oh,           we know nothing about this man."  1631 01:16:52,317 --> 01:16:56,154              [Goldberg]                     In fact, ARRB records show     1632 01:16:56,196 --> 01:17:00,367      that Angleton and the CIA were        receiving reports on Oswald     1633 01:17:00,408 --> 01:17:04,245            up until one week                 before the assassination.      1634 01:17:04,287 --> 01:17:06,039            So, you know,                   the whole investigation        1635 01:17:06,081 --> 01:17:09,084           would have been                     totally different           1636 01:17:09,125 --> 01:17:12,337        if-- if the public and            the investigators had known      1637 01:17:12,379 --> 01:17:16,091      just how much the CIA knew          about the alleged lone nut.      1638 01:17:18,677 --> 01:17:22,097     [Goldberg]   One of the places           Oswald leafleted     in front of  1639 01:17:22,138 --> 01:17:25,475             was Clay Shaw's                  International Trade Mart.      1640 01:17:25,517 --> 01:17:30,021        Shaw, who was arrested by            New Orleans DA Jim Garrison     1641 01:17:30,063 --> 01:17:32,565            on charges that he                was part of the conspiracy     1642 01:17:32,607 --> 01:17:34,401        to kill President Kennedy,     1643 01:17:34,442 --> 01:17:38,571           always denied he was                associated with the CIA.      1644 01:17:38,613 --> 01:17:40,532            [interviewer]                 You have never yourself had              any CIA connection?          1645 01:17:40,573 --> 01:17:41,825           None whatsoever.           1646 01:17:41,866 --> 01:17:43,118           Any association                   with the organization?        1647 01:17:43,159 --> 01:17:44,285              Not a one.              1648 01:17:44,327 --> 01:17:45,995              [Goldberg]                     The Review Board has shown     1649 01:17:46,037 --> 01:17:48,456        these denials to be false.     1650 01:17:48,498 --> 01:17:52,001              Shaw was both               a highly valued     contract agent  1651 01:17:52,043 --> 01:17:54,629                 and had                     a covert security clearance     1652 01:17:54,671 --> 01:17:58,591            for a project code                     named QKENCHANT.          1653 01:18:00,677 --> 01:18:02,762           New Orleans attorney                      Dean Andrews            1654 01:18:02,804 --> 01:18:05,390          had worked with Oswald                    in May of '63            1655 01:18:05,432 --> 01:18:08,810         in an attempt to upgrade               his military discharge       1656 01:18:08,852 --> 01:18:11,438      from its "undesirable" status.  1657 01:18:11,479 --> 01:18:16,109      After the assassination, a man       calling himself Clay Bertrand    1658 01:18:16,151 --> 01:18:19,738       phoned Andrews and asked him          to consider going to Dallas     1659 01:18:19,779 --> 01:18:22,240            to defend Oswald.          1660 01:18:22,282 --> 01:18:26,202       Under oath, Clay Shaw denied           that he was Clay Bertrand,     1661 01:18:26,244 --> 01:18:28,121           and Andrews claimed                       that because            1662 01:18:28,163 --> 01:18:30,749       of the medication he was on,    1663 01:18:30,790 --> 01:18:33,209           he had only imagined                    the phone call.           1664 01:18:33,251 --> 01:18:35,628      But today, because of the work  1665 01:18:35,670 --> 01:18:38,131           of the Assassination                 Records Review Board,        1666 01:18:38,173 --> 01:18:41,342           we now have evidence              and 12 people who confirmed     1667 01:18:41,384 --> 01:18:44,220                that Shaw                    used this name as an alias.     1668 01:18:44,262 --> 01:18:47,515          Andrews later admitted                that Shaw was Bertrand       1669 01:18:47,557 --> 01:18:49,476        to author Harold Weisberg,     1670 01:18:49,517 --> 01:18:51,936           but made him promise                   not to reveal this         1671 01:18:51,978 --> 01:18:54,230       until after Andrews' death.     1672 01:18:57,567 --> 01:18:59,319      [John Newman]   In the FBI,       1673 01:18:59,360 --> 01:19:04,032      uh, a stop or flash was placed             on Oswald's files,         1674 01:19:04,073 --> 01:19:07,410         which meant that no one       1675 01:19:07,452 --> 01:19:10,497            could ask for                  a document in those files,      1676 01:19:10,538 --> 01:19:14,083       or no one could even add            a document to those files       1677 01:19:14,125 --> 01:19:18,087        without going through            the FBI's espionage division.     1678 01:19:18,129 --> 01:19:21,049  And that lasted for four years.    1679 01:19:21,090 --> 01:19:24,052          It was essentially                  a blinking red light         1680 01:19:24,093 --> 01:19:26,346      on Oswald's files at FBI.       1681 01:19:27,889 --> 01:19:31,434         On 8 October, 1963,          1682 01:19:31,476 --> 01:19:34,896         an FBI agent whose name                 was Marvin Gheesling        1683 01:19:34,938 --> 01:19:37,816             took that status                   off of Oswald's files.       1684 01:19:39,818 --> 01:19:42,195         What that action did                     was to lower             1685 01:19:42,237 --> 01:19:46,449       Oswald's threat profile                     at the FBI              1686 01:19:46,491 --> 01:19:50,161          just weeks before                the Kennedy assassination.      1687 01:19:50,203 --> 01:19:53,039       And what that would mean              is there was no reason        1688 01:19:53,081 --> 01:19:56,292         to put Oswald's name                on the security index.        1689 01:19:56,334 --> 01:19:58,503                One thing                      about the security index      1690 01:19:58,545 --> 01:20:00,964             is when you have                  a Presidential motorcade      1691 01:20:01,005 --> 01:20:03,508              going through                      a particular route,         1692 01:20:03,550 --> 01:20:04,968       anybody who's on that index     1693 01:20:05,009 --> 01:20:06,803            has to be removed                    from where they are.        1694 01:20:06,845 --> 01:20:08,721              They cannot be                     on the parade route.        1695 01:20:08,763 --> 01:20:10,598       And, of course, that exposes    1696 01:20:10,640 --> 01:20:13,059              the     President                   to a dangerous situation      1697 01:20:13,101 --> 01:20:14,644  that he shouldn't have been in.    1698 01:20:14,686 --> 01:20:18,189        That action at the FBI            didn't happen in isolation.      1699 01:20:18,231 --> 01:20:23,194    The same thing happened at CIA         at exactly the same time.       1700 01:20:23,236 --> 01:20:26,239               [Stone]                       Who was the CIA's liaison                 they chose to work         1701 01:20:26,281 --> 01:20:29,617          with the House Select                   Committee in 1978?         1702 01:20:29,659 --> 01:20:30,702          George Joannides.           1703 01:20:30,743 --> 01:20:32,579         He was the case officer       1704 01:20:32,620 --> 01:20:34,497          for the Cuban students       1705 01:20:34,539 --> 01:20:37,083      who had a series of encounters                with Oswald             1706 01:20:37,125 --> 01:20:38,793        before the assassination.      1707 01:20:38,835 --> 01:20:41,212      And then, 13 years later,       1708 01:20:41,254 --> 01:20:44,048            when Congress                  reopens the investigation,      1709 01:20:44,090 --> 01:20:46,843         the CIA calls Joannides                  out of retirement,         1710 01:20:46,885 --> 01:20:49,053      and make him the point person    1711 01:20:49,095 --> 01:20:51,264               to deal with             the Congressional investigators    1712 01:20:51,306 --> 01:20:53,057      who are looking into the CIA's  1713 01:20:53,099 --> 01:20:55,894              possible role                     in the assassination.        1714 01:20:55,935 --> 01:20:58,104                 The HSCA                      knew nothing about this,      1715 01:20:58,146 --> 01:20:59,939        and I went to Bob Blakey,      1716 01:20:59,981 --> 01:21:02,567               the head of                     the HSCA investigation,       1717 01:21:02,609 --> 01:21:04,903    and I said, "Bob, did you ever         know this guy, Joannides?"      1718 01:21:04,944 --> 01:21:06,905    And he said, "Yeah, you know,           we dealt with him a lot.       1719 01:21:06,946 --> 01:21:08,573         He was the liaison."         1720 01:21:08,615 --> 01:21:11,284      And I said, "Did you know           what he was doing in 1963?"      1721 01:21:11,326 --> 01:21:13,536         And he said, "He wasn't               doing anything in 1963.       1722 01:21:13,578 --> 01:21:15,079                 "We had                      an agreement with the CIA      1723 01:21:15,121 --> 01:21:16,414               "that nobody                      who was operational         1724 01:21:16,456 --> 01:21:18,249               "at the time                      of the assassination        1725 01:21:18,291 --> 01:21:20,418          would be involved                  in the investigation."        1726 01:21:20,460 --> 01:21:24,088     And I said, "Bob, Joannides            was running those Cubans       1727 01:21:24,130 --> 01:21:26,591  "who were in touch with Oswald.           He was running the Cubans      1728 01:21:26,633 --> 01:21:28,801         "who were blaming Castro               for the assassination.       1729 01:21:28,843 --> 01:21:32,513           "He was Dick Helms'                hand-picked man in Miami,      1730 01:21:32,555 --> 01:21:35,600     "controlling the group that         had the most to do with Oswald    1731 01:21:35,642 --> 01:21:37,518          "before and after                    the assassination.          1732 01:21:37,560 --> 01:21:39,896          And then he came along               and he stonewalled you."      1733 01:21:39,938 --> 01:21:42,398       The reason why they brought              Joannides in to do it        1734 01:21:42,440 --> 01:21:45,568               was to hide                    the connection to Oswald.      1735 01:21:45,610 --> 01:21:47,987        He was definitely shocked                      because               1736 01:21:48,029 --> 01:21:50,531          he saw just how clever                    they had been.           1737 01:21:50,573 --> 01:21:53,493        They had gone right to         the heart of his investigation,    1738 01:21:53,534 --> 01:21:55,328           and figured out                    how to paralyze it.          1739 01:21:55,370 --> 01:21:57,246         I remember that he said,                     you know,              1740 01:21:57,288 --> 01:22:00,500       "I'll never believe anything            the CIA tells me again."      1741 01:22:02,710 --> 01:22:05,129              [Goldberg]                   Even the Assassination Records                Review Board            1742 01:22:05,171 --> 01:22:09,133      had trouble getting documents           from government agencies.      1743 01:22:09,175 --> 01:22:12,512            What were some                    of your difficulties                working with the CIA?         1744 01:22:12,553 --> 01:22:16,599    One of the censors at the CIA          was at a meeting with us,       1745 01:22:16,641 --> 01:22:20,186       and there was a document           that we put up on the screen     1746 01:22:20,228 --> 01:22:22,021              and said,                "We are prepared to release it."  1747 01:22:22,897 --> 01:22:24,315      And I asked him, you know,      1748 01:22:24,357 --> 01:22:26,651      "Tell us why we shouldn't              release this record?"         1749 01:22:26,693 --> 01:22:29,320          And it was silence                 for about two minutes.        1750 01:22:29,362 --> 01:22:32,365         And he finally said,              "I know there is a reason,      1751 01:22:32,407 --> 01:22:34,951          I just can't think                    of what it is."            1752 01:22:36,202 --> 01:22:37,870              [Goldberg]                           In late 1992,            1753 01:22:37,912 --> 01:22:41,124              a month after                  the Records Act was passed,     1754 01:22:41,165 --> 01:22:44,627         the Secret Service began                its compliance plan.        1755 01:22:44,669 --> 01:22:47,672         But by January of 1995,       1756 01:22:47,714 --> 01:22:51,801         it had begun destroying                 important documents.        1757 01:22:51,843 --> 01:22:54,637      The destruction of records             is actually referenced        1758 01:22:54,679 --> 01:22:59,434     in the Assassination Records      Review Board final, uh, report.    1759 01:22:59,475 --> 01:23:02,562      Very, um, very disappointing.    1760 01:23:02,603 --> 01:23:04,731          Uh, they were records                 that related to trips        1761 01:23:04,772 --> 01:23:09,485      that President Kennedy had         taken, uh, in the fall of 1963    1762 01:23:09,527 --> 01:23:12,155      prior to him going to Dallas.    1763 01:23:12,196 --> 01:23:14,741          [John R. Tunheim]                 There were many threats made          to President Kennedy's life     1764 01:23:14,782 --> 01:23:16,909          during the year 1963.        1765 01:23:16,951 --> 01:23:18,536    They're called threat sheets.     1766 01:23:18,578 --> 01:23:20,329          And the Secret Service                      fought us              1767 01:23:20,371 --> 01:23:22,582       on release of those records.    1768 01:23:22,623 --> 01:23:24,042            They even enlisted         1769 01:23:24,083 --> 01:23:26,586        Vice President Gore's                  wife to help them,          1770 01:23:26,627 --> 01:23:29,213           because she had                 a very legitimate concern       1771 01:23:29,255 --> 01:23:31,090      for mental health records.      1772 01:23:31,132 --> 01:23:34,343  And the idea was that this might      disclose the names of people     1773 01:23:34,385 --> 01:23:36,304  who had mental health problems.    1774 01:23:36,345 --> 01:23:39,432     In the end, when we required            agencies to disclose,         1775 01:23:39,474 --> 01:23:41,392         to swear under oath                     that they had             1776 01:23:41,434 --> 01:23:43,603             located all                     assassination records,        1777 01:23:43,644 --> 01:23:45,730              had turned                     everything over to us,        1778 01:23:45,772 --> 01:23:49,984      the Secret Service refused       to sign the document under oath.  1779 01:23:50,026 --> 01:23:51,277      I think that was telling.       1780 01:23:53,154 --> 01:23:55,865      [Goldberg]   Few people knew            that there had been at least    1781 01:23:55,907 --> 01:24:00,453         two prior plots to kill              President Kennedy in 1963.     1782 01:24:00,495 --> 01:24:03,289            One was in Chicago                     on November 2nd.          1783 01:24:03,331 --> 01:24:07,085         The second was in Tampa                  on November 18th.          1784 01:24:07,126 --> 01:24:09,796           Kennedy ended up                  not going to Chicago.         1785 01:24:09,837 --> 01:24:11,464       Tell us about that plot.       1786 01:24:11,506 --> 01:24:14,967    An informant, on October 31st,    1787 01:24:15,009 --> 01:24:19,263        an informant named Lee             gave a warning to the FBI       1788 01:24:19,305 --> 01:24:22,308         stating that four Cubans      1789 01:24:22,350 --> 01:24:24,811          were headed to Chicago                  to shoot Kennedy.          1790 01:24:24,852 --> 01:24:28,564    The following day, a landlady        reported to the Chicago police    1791 01:24:28,606 --> 01:24:31,275           that she had rented                  a room to four people        1792 01:24:31,317 --> 01:24:33,319           that had rifles                   with telescopic sights        1793 01:24:33,361 --> 01:24:35,446    and a sketch of the motorcade.    1794 01:24:35,488 --> 01:24:38,616           The FBI passed that                on     to the Secret Service,     1795 01:24:38,658 --> 01:24:41,911        and the Secret Service              botched the surveillance       1796 01:24:41,953 --> 01:24:43,329      of these four individuals.      1797 01:24:43,371 --> 01:24:44,914         Two of them escaped,         1798 01:24:44,956 --> 01:24:47,208     but they actually picked up              two of the snipers,          1799 01:24:47,250 --> 01:24:48,543       and they detained them.        1800 01:24:48,584 --> 01:24:50,670        They were stonewalled                   by the snipers.            1801 01:24:50,711 --> 01:24:52,505           They didn't get                any information out of them.     1802 01:24:52,547 --> 01:24:56,134    While this was going on, there        was another threat coming in     1803 01:24:56,175 --> 01:25:01,097     from another alternate patsy         named Thomas Arthur Vallee,      1804 01:25:01,139 --> 01:25:02,640              who was making                    open and loud threats        1805 01:25:02,682 --> 01:25:04,976              that he would                      assassinate Kennedy.        1806 01:25:05,017 --> 01:25:08,813         They only picked him up        when Kennedy canceled his trip,    1807 01:25:08,855 --> 01:25:12,441             on November 2nd                   at 10:00 in the morning.      1808 01:25:12,483 --> 01:25:16,696       What you found in Vallee            and the whole Chicago plot      1809 01:25:16,737 --> 01:25:20,783  is so many similarities to what       eventually happened in Dallas     1810 01:25:20,825 --> 01:25:23,536           that it can't be                 considered coincidental.       1811 01:25:23,578 --> 01:25:28,124        Vallee, if we compare him            to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.     1812 01:25:28,166 --> 01:25:30,960           He had been posted,               like Oswald, in the Far East    1813 01:25:31,002 --> 01:25:34,172               on a station                   that was linked to the CIA     1814 01:25:34,213 --> 01:25:37,216            because there were              U-2 surveillance planes on it.  1815 01:25:37,258 --> 01:25:41,220      It was easy to portray him         as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,     1816 01:25:41,262 --> 01:25:43,014           a loner, armed.            1817 01:25:43,055 --> 01:25:45,766              Uh, he had                   another intelligence link       1818 01:25:45,808 --> 01:25:48,394     that he shared with Oswald.      1819 01:25:48,436 --> 01:25:51,105         He trained Cuban exiles                     for combat,             1820 01:25:51,147 --> 01:25:53,900  which was a CIA responsibility.    1821 01:25:53,941 --> 01:25:56,944           And Oswald, we know,              at least offered to do that.    1822 01:25:56,986 --> 01:26:01,115    He most likely did train Cuban     exiles, but we know he tried to.  1823 01:26:01,157 --> 01:26:03,618           Oswald, as we know,                        was moved              1824 01:26:03,659 --> 01:26:07,205             from New Orleans                    to Dallas in October        1825 01:26:07,246 --> 01:26:08,873             to be there just                    at the right time...        1826 01:26:09,749 --> 01:26:11,292          for the motorcade.          1827 01:26:11,334 --> 01:26:14,378           And he's placed                    in a tall building,                  where he gets a job.         1828 01:26:14,420 --> 01:26:17,632            He's adjacent                  to the perfect kill zone.       1829 01:26:17,673 --> 01:26:20,551       Now, if we look at what              happened to, uh, Vallee,       1830 01:26:20,593 --> 01:26:23,512         he's moved like a pawn,                      in August,             1831 01:26:23,554 --> 01:26:26,432     from Long Island to Chicago      1832 01:26:26,474 --> 01:26:28,267         to be there in time                   for the motorcade.          1833 01:26:28,309 --> 01:26:29,894     And where does he get a job?     1834 01:26:29,936 --> 01:26:33,231          In a tall building               adjacent to the motorcade       1835 01:26:33,272 --> 01:26:35,900           with a perfect view                     of a kill zone.           1836 01:26:35,942 --> 01:26:38,527            It would have                  forced Kennedy's motorcade      1837 01:26:38,569 --> 01:26:40,780    to do a sharp turn, slow down,    1838 01:26:40,821 --> 01:26:42,240          and be in a point           1839 01:26:42,281 --> 01:26:45,076        where you could've had           perfect triangulation of fire.    1840 01:26:45,117 --> 01:26:46,702            And what about                    the trip to Florida?         1841 01:26:46,744 --> 01:26:48,287          On November 18th,           1842 01:26:48,329 --> 01:26:50,414        Kennedy was scheduled         1843 01:26:50,456 --> 01:26:53,000         to do a 27-mile-long                 motorcade in Tampa.          1844 01:26:53,042 --> 01:26:57,505  Secret Service was very nervous           about the Floridian Hotel      1845 01:26:57,546 --> 01:26:59,257           where the motorcade                    would've gone by.          1846 01:26:59,298 --> 01:27:00,800              It would have                      forced a sharp turn.        1847 01:27:00,841 --> 01:27:03,636      Nobody fired away at him.                But in this case,           1848 01:27:03,678 --> 01:27:08,224         the patsy would've been              a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.     1849 01:27:08,266 --> 01:27:09,934          He was a Cuban exile.        1850 01:27:09,976 --> 01:27:13,938          He attended Fair Play              for Cuba Committee meetings.    1851 01:27:13,980 --> 01:27:16,816        And what do you think               was the relevance of it?       1852 01:27:16,857 --> 01:27:19,777             [Paul Bleau]                       Well, if he had been                 assassinated in Tampa,       1853 01:27:19,819 --> 01:27:22,947         Lopez, he would've been              the, uh, potential patsy,      1854 01:27:22,989 --> 01:27:26,158         if they had to admit                  to a front shot...          1855 01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:28,452      because Oswald was behind.      1856 01:27:28,494 --> 01:27:32,290          There were rumors               that he had assisted Oswald      1857 01:27:32,331 --> 01:27:34,125  in the assassination in Dallas.    1858 01:27:34,166 --> 01:27:37,253             Had anyone--                    anyone tried to speak               to the Warren Commission       1859 01:27:37,295 --> 01:27:38,921        about these incidents?        1860 01:27:38,963 --> 01:27:40,756               [Bleau]                             Abraham Bolden           1861 01:27:40,798 --> 01:27:43,384           was     the first  Black                 Secret Service agent        1862 01:27:43,426 --> 01:27:45,428               assigned to                     the White House detail,       1863 01:27:45,469 --> 01:27:47,471                and he was                     hand-picked by Kennedy.       1864 01:27:47,513 --> 01:27:50,182            He was in Chicago,              uh, when this plot went down.    1865 01:27:50,224 --> 01:27:53,853         So he was there when            the Secret Service was briefed    1866 01:27:53,894 --> 01:27:55,604       about the four snipers.        1867 01:27:55,646 --> 01:27:57,815        And he witnessed how much      1868 01:27:57,857 --> 01:28:00,985               the security                      was lax for Chicago.        1869 01:28:01,027 --> 01:28:04,322        And he also witnessed,              after the assassination,       1870 01:28:04,363 --> 01:28:06,574              the steps                     that were taken to keep        1871 01:28:06,615 --> 01:28:09,285           the Chicago plot                    completely secret.          1872 01:28:09,327 --> 01:28:11,537             No paper trail,                      compartmentalized,         1873 01:28:11,579 --> 01:28:14,290              agents ordered                   to keep silent about it.      1874 01:28:14,332 --> 01:28:17,251           This information                   did not make its way         1875 01:28:17,293 --> 01:28:19,462       to Secret Service agents       1876 01:28:19,503 --> 01:28:21,547     that were protecting Kennedy     1877 01:28:21,589 --> 01:28:24,008        for future motorcades,                 including Dallas.           1878 01:28:24,050 --> 01:28:26,093      [Goldberg]   Secret Service                  Agent Elmer Moore          1879 01:28:26,135 --> 01:28:30,765        was aware of Agent Bolden               and the Chicago plot.        1880 01:28:30,806 --> 01:28:33,809           I met with Elmer                three times face-to-face,       1881 01:28:33,851 --> 01:28:37,063         several phone calls,            very short, one very long one.    1882 01:28:37,104 --> 01:28:40,941          I first asked him,                "Did you ever interview        1883 01:28:40,983 --> 01:28:42,651          Thomas Arthur Vallee?"       1884 01:28:42,693 --> 01:28:44,612       And he says, "Oh, Washington    1885 01:28:44,653 --> 01:28:46,739             wouldn't let me                   see the files on that."       1886 01:28:46,781 --> 01:28:49,325          I said, "Oh, well,                   what about a man,           1887 01:28:49,367 --> 01:28:51,994      a Secret Service agent by           the name of Abraham Bolden?"     1888 01:28:53,454 --> 01:28:55,873  His demeanor completely changed.  1889 01:28:55,915 --> 01:28:59,710     He stood up from his chair,          he pulled out his revolver,      1890 01:28:59,752 --> 01:29:02,880      and he put it on the table             right in front of me.         1891 01:29:02,922 --> 01:29:05,549            He leaned over                   the table and he says,        1892 01:29:05,591 --> 01:29:08,761       "Jim, tell me right now,            who are you working for?"       1893 01:29:11,430 --> 01:29:14,392               I said,                 "I'm an independent researcher."  1894 01:29:15,017 --> 01:29:16,060            He told me...             1895 01:29:18,562 --> 01:29:19,980       in a very loud voice...        1896 01:29:21,774 --> 01:29:24,527      and with a very stern look                  on his face,             1897 01:29:24,568 --> 01:29:27,405          "We finally got him."        1898 01:29:27,446 --> 01:29:29,240               [Bleau]                     Abraham Bolden was one person    1899 01:29:29,281 --> 01:29:31,117  who did try to say what he knew    1900 01:29:31,158 --> 01:29:34,203      to the Warren Commission,              but they blocked him.         1901 01:29:34,245 --> 01:29:35,746     He was blocked from talking      1902 01:29:35,788 --> 01:29:39,458        and eventually railroaded               into some phony crime        1903 01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:41,502            and put into jail                   for a number of years.       1904 01:29:45,965 --> 01:29:48,801               [Stone]                     The National Archives is home              to forensic evidence        1905 01:29:48,843 --> 01:29:51,053       of Kennedy's assassination,     1906 01:29:51,095 --> 01:29:54,432           and government files              regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.    1907 01:29:54,473 --> 01:29:56,892           But the Review Board                   also declassified          1908 01:29:56,934 --> 01:29:59,228              many documents                  regarding Kennedy's plans      1909 01:29:59,270 --> 01:30:01,105       for withdrawal from Vietnam,    1910 01:30:01,147 --> 01:30:03,524            and how he planned                to shape his progressive,      1911 01:30:03,566 --> 01:30:06,527       new American foreign policy.    1912 01:30:06,569 --> 01:30:08,946              A policy that,                      if put in motion,          1913 01:30:08,988 --> 01:30:12,450      would completely derail plans            secretly already set up       1914 01:30:12,491 --> 01:30:14,493       by the Pentagon and the CIA.    1915 01:30:19,665 --> 01:30:22,960           I never realized                 Kennedy was so dangerous              to the establishment.         1916 01:30:24,378 --> 01:30:26,464             Is that why?             1917 01:30:26,505 --> 01:30:27,965      That's the real question,                    isn't it?               1918 01:30:28,007 --> 01:30:29,425                "Why?"                1919 01:30:29,467 --> 01:30:33,721       The "how" and the "who"         is just scenery for the public.    1920 01:30:33,762 --> 01:30:37,099    Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,    1921 01:30:37,141 --> 01:30:39,185          keeps 'em guessing             like some kind of parlor game.    1922 01:30:39,226 --> 01:30:42,605     Prevents 'em from asking the      most important question: "Why?"    1923 01:30:42,646 --> 01:30:45,858       Why was Kennedy killed?                   Who benefited?            1924 01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:47,526          Who has the power                     to cover it up?            1925 01:30:48,235 --> 01:30:49,153                 Who?                 1926 01:30:51,739 --> 01:30:53,365         [Donald Sutherland]                 His first year in office,      1927 01:30:53,407 --> 01:30:56,994            Kennedy must shape               his own policy as President,    1928 01:30:57,036 --> 01:31:00,498  sometimes in conflict with what          his predecessors have done,     1929 01:31:00,539 --> 01:31:03,542      especially in foreign policy.    1930 01:31:03,584 --> 01:31:09,006         And by the fall of 1963,           Kennedy had made many enemies.  1931 01:31:09,048 --> 01:31:12,885      He was working on an American            withdrawal from Vietnam.      1932 01:31:12,927 --> 01:31:16,222         An upcoming State visit                 to Indonesia in '64.        1933 01:31:16,263 --> 01:31:20,476             An independent,            unified democracy in the Congo.    1934 01:31:20,518 --> 01:31:24,104        Through Nasser, a balanced            policy in the Middle East.     1935 01:31:24,146 --> 01:31:27,358        Normalization of relations                    with Cuba.             1936 01:31:27,399 --> 01:31:30,361        And a    détente   with Russia.    1937 01:31:30,402 --> 01:31:33,572            Even going so far                      as to offer them                a joint mission to the moon.    1938 01:31:34,740 --> 01:31:37,868        But back in April of 1961,     1939 01:31:37,910 --> 01:31:41,205          the first stain on his        administration asserted itself.    1940 01:31:43,249 --> 01:31:46,252       Kennedy, who had campaigned           as a strong anti-Communist,     1941 01:31:46,293 --> 01:31:49,171              signed off on                 the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.  1942 01:31:49,213 --> 01:31:50,756         His approval of the plan      1943 01:31:50,798 --> 01:31:53,133              contained two                     distinct limitations.        1944 01:31:53,175 --> 01:31:55,928           America would supply                  arms and equipment,         1945 01:31:55,970 --> 01:31:59,098  but there would be no Americans             in the landing force.        1946 01:31:59,139 --> 01:32:01,600                 Second,                    after preliminary air strikes    1947 01:32:01,642 --> 01:32:03,686          by Cuban exile pilots,       1948 01:32:03,727 --> 01:32:05,771               there would                     only be further strikes       1949 01:32:05,813 --> 01:32:08,107            after the invasion                   secured an airfield.        1950 01:32:09,775 --> 01:32:11,610             Dulles believed                     that Kennedy would,         1951 01:32:11,652 --> 01:32:13,779             like Eisenhower,                   support the operation        1952 01:32:13,821 --> 01:32:17,449         with direct US military               intervention if needed,       1953 01:32:17,491 --> 01:32:20,869        all the while assuring him            it would not be necessary.     1954 01:32:21,996 --> 01:32:23,956  Well, first, I want to say that    1955 01:32:23,998 --> 01:32:26,625          there will not be,                 under any conditions,         1956 01:32:26,667 --> 01:32:29,628      be an intervention in Cuba         by United States armed forces.    1957 01:32:46,895 --> 01:32:49,231             [Sutherland]                   The invasion was a disaster.    1958 01:32:49,273 --> 01:32:52,484       Victory has 100 fathers              and defeat is an orphan.       1959 01:32:52,526 --> 01:32:54,445      Further statements, uh...       1960 01:32:54,486 --> 01:32:56,655      detailed, uh, discussions,      1961 01:32:58,115 --> 01:33:01,493           are not to, uh,                   conceal responsibility        1962 01:33:01,535 --> 01:33:04,330     because I'm the responsible           officer of the Government.      1963 01:33:04,371 --> 01:33:07,666       [Sutherland]   In public,              Kennedy accepted the blame.     1964 01:33:07,708 --> 01:33:09,627               In private,                   he and his brother suspected    1965 01:33:09,668 --> 01:33:12,421              they had been                      lied to by the CIA.         1966 01:33:12,463 --> 01:33:16,842     Allen Dulles confessed that         the mission was bound to fail     1967 01:33:16,884 --> 01:33:18,802    as it was planned by the CIA,     1968 01:33:18,844 --> 01:33:21,180     without US military support.     1969 01:33:21,221 --> 01:33:23,515          He confessed this                   while, uh, preparing         1970 01:33:23,557 --> 01:33:25,684              an article                     for   Harper's Magazine         1971 01:33:25,726 --> 01:33:27,770        with the young editor,                   Willie Morris,            1972 01:33:27,811 --> 01:33:31,649  that he couldn't have done this     with his small group of exiles,    1973 01:33:31,690 --> 01:33:33,108            his Cuban brigade.         1974 01:33:33,150 --> 01:33:36,153        He needed the Marines             and the Air Force to go in,      1975 01:33:36,195 --> 01:33:39,031      and he thought Kennedy was         going to be young and pliable,    1976 01:33:39,073 --> 01:33:41,617      and that in the 11th hour,            Kennedy would be forced        1977 01:33:41,659 --> 01:33:45,204         to send in, uh, the full             might     of the US military.     1978 01:33:45,245 --> 01:33:48,624     [Sutherland]   While drafting                the article in 1965,        1979 01:33:48,666 --> 01:33:50,459         Dulles told his editor,       1980 01:33:50,501 --> 01:33:54,213             "That Kennedy--                  He thought he was a God."      1981 01:33:54,254 --> 01:33:56,465            [David Talbot]                  Jack Kennedy did stand firm.    1982 01:33:56,507 --> 01:33:58,258  He did not send in the military.  1983 01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,261          He did not make it              an even bigger global crisis     1984 01:34:01,303 --> 01:34:02,554         than it already was.         1985 01:34:02,596 --> 01:34:04,932         Kennedy is just furious.      1986 01:34:04,973 --> 01:34:06,517     He knows he's been lied to,      1987 01:34:06,558 --> 01:34:10,771  deceived by his senior military         and intelligence advisers.      1988 01:34:10,813 --> 01:34:15,192      He announces that the agency,         uh, is going to be downsized.    1989 01:34:15,234 --> 01:34:18,362        And he vows famously,                   he tells friends           1990 01:34:18,404 --> 01:34:21,407      he's going to shatter the CIA             into a thousand pieces       1991 01:34:21,448 --> 01:34:23,909     and scatter it to the winds.     1992 01:34:23,951 --> 01:34:27,663      It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs       that angered President Kennedy  1993 01:34:27,705 --> 01:34:29,331         when it came to the CIA.      1994 01:34:29,373 --> 01:34:33,085         In that same month,                   in April of 1961,           1995 01:34:33,127 --> 01:34:37,089      he was also being lied to             about a coup in France,        1996 01:34:37,131 --> 01:34:38,757           a military coup                     that was aimed at           1997 01:34:38,799 --> 01:34:41,427               overthrowing                  President Charles de Gaulle,    1998 01:34:41,468 --> 01:34:43,929       one of our strongest allies.    1999 01:34:43,971 --> 01:34:45,848      [Sutherland]   Allen Dulles,               who had a long history       2000 01:34:45,889 --> 01:34:48,392      of antagonism with de Gaulle,    2001 01:34:48,434 --> 01:34:49,852       falsely reported to Kennedy     2002 01:34:49,893 --> 01:34:52,438          that the vast majority                of the French military       2003 01:34:52,479 --> 01:34:55,107          was staunchly opposed                 to de Gaulle's support       2004 01:34:55,149 --> 01:34:58,527  of Algerian self-determination.    2005 01:34:58,569 --> 01:35:03,031         What he didn't tell him            was that as far back as 1959,    2006 01:35:03,073 --> 01:35:06,243               the CIA had                     discussed his overthrow.      2007 01:35:06,285 --> 01:35:10,038  This coup attempt, orchestrated            by four French generals,      2008 01:35:10,080 --> 01:35:11,707          was quickly put down.        2009 01:35:11,749 --> 01:35:15,711         And several news reports           pointed to Allen Dulles' hand    2010 01:35:15,753 --> 01:35:18,130        in supporting the episode.     2011 01:35:18,172 --> 01:35:20,466             JFK assures                     the French ambassador,        2012 01:35:20,507 --> 01:35:22,301  "I have nothing to do with this.  2013 01:35:22,342 --> 01:35:25,471         I stand in full support               of President de Gaulle."      2014 01:35:25,512 --> 01:35:27,973        But he says something                 very, very alarming.         2015 01:35:28,015 --> 01:35:31,435  He tells the French ambassador,             President Kennedy,          2016 01:35:31,477 --> 01:35:35,105    that "I'm not in full control,     though, of my entire government.  2017 01:35:35,147 --> 01:35:37,316    "I'm not in control of the CIA    2018 01:35:37,357 --> 01:35:39,777        and I can't speak for               what's happening there."       2019 01:35:39,818 --> 01:35:43,405       That's a stunning admission           for a US President to make.     2020 01:35:45,032 --> 01:35:46,867        [Sutherland]   In 1960,         2021 01:35:46,909 --> 01:35:49,787            the Congo had been                 granted     its independence     2022 01:35:49,828 --> 01:35:51,497        from Belgian colonial rule     2023 01:35:51,538 --> 01:35:54,792             and carried out                    a democratic election.       2024 01:35:54,833 --> 01:35:57,169             In the disorder                      of the transition,         2025 01:35:57,211 --> 01:36:00,088              the Belgians,                 backed by England and France,    2026 01:36:00,130 --> 01:36:02,883           sought to eliminate          its charismatic Prime Minister,    2027 01:36:02,925 --> 01:36:05,093             Patrice Lumumba.          2028 01:36:05,135 --> 01:36:08,388                Eisenhower                  and CIA Director Allen Dulles    2029 01:36:08,430 --> 01:36:12,893       favored the European nation            in this colonial conflict.     2030 01:36:12,935 --> 01:36:17,356     Eisenhower gave the go-ahead        to have Lumumba assassinated.     2031 01:36:18,440 --> 01:36:19,691       Kennedy never knew this.       2032 01:36:19,733 --> 01:36:24,488           He gets elected             the following November of 1960,    2033 01:36:24,530 --> 01:36:27,866             and he heads                  in the opposite direction.      2034 01:36:27,908 --> 01:36:29,785         To those new states                    whom we welcome            2035 01:36:29,827 --> 01:36:32,621      to the ranks of the free,       2036 01:36:32,663 --> 01:36:38,627       we pledge our word that            one form of colonial control     2037 01:36:38,669 --> 01:36:41,463      shall not have passed away      2038 01:36:41,505 --> 01:36:46,343        merely to be replaced             by a far more iron tyranny.      2039 01:36:46,385 --> 01:36:48,679       [Sutherland]   But events                 are already in motion.       2040 01:36:48,720 --> 01:36:52,182       With the backing of British          and US intelligence and arms,    2041 01:36:52,224 --> 01:36:56,103       Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces            captured President Lumumba     2042 01:36:56,144 --> 01:36:59,398             at the beginning                     of December 1960.          2043 01:36:59,439 --> 01:37:01,066          [Richard Mahoney]                      Dag Hammarskjold,          2044 01:37:01,108 --> 01:37:04,194        the UN Secretary General,                     calls JFK,             2045 01:37:04,236 --> 01:37:06,488    uh, who's the President-elect                at this point,            2046 01:37:06,530 --> 01:37:08,282      and asked him to intercede      2047 01:37:08,323 --> 01:37:11,159            to get Lumumba                   released from prison.         2048 01:37:11,201 --> 01:37:15,247             When Kennedy                 intervenes to save Lumumba,      2049 01:37:15,289 --> 01:37:18,542           that's a signal                    directly to the CIA          2050 01:37:18,584 --> 01:37:21,753            that they have to               dispatch this guy immediately.  2051 01:37:21,795 --> 01:37:26,216      And so 48 hours before Kennedy         takes the oath of office,      2052 01:37:26,258 --> 01:37:29,428           Lumumba is delivered             into the hands of his enemies.  2053 01:37:29,469 --> 01:37:31,680              He's taken out                    and shot in the head.        2054 01:37:31,722 --> 01:37:34,683        Kennedy doesn't know this                until months later.         2055 01:37:34,725 --> 01:37:36,059        Who finally tells him?        2056 01:37:36,101 --> 01:37:38,729               The CIA?                No, they still keep it a secret.  2057 01:37:38,770 --> 01:37:42,482         He's informed by his          UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.    2058 01:37:42,524 --> 01:37:45,110            His face crumples,                  he's holding his hand,       2059 01:37:45,152 --> 01:37:47,154        he's grimacing in anguish,     2060 01:37:47,195 --> 01:37:51,199  hearing about the assassination              of Patrice Lumumba.         2061 01:37:51,241 --> 01:37:52,451             [Sutherland]                       Within a very short         2062 01:37:52,492 --> 01:37:54,786              period of time                   after the assassination,      2063 01:37:54,828 --> 01:37:58,999            Hammarskjold died                in a mysterious plane crash.    2064 01:37:59,041 --> 01:38:00,834      The photographs show his body    2065 01:38:00,876 --> 01:38:03,670             as the only one                    not burned or charred,       2066 01:38:03,712 --> 01:38:07,925        and he had a playing card,          reportedly the ace of spades,    2067 01:38:07,966 --> 01:38:11,929      stuffed into his shirt collar           above the knot of the tie.     2068 01:38:11,970 --> 01:38:13,972                There are                      controversial documents       2069 01:38:14,014 --> 01:38:16,016        that indicate Allen Dulles     2070 01:38:16,058 --> 01:38:18,143               was involved                 in the sabotage of the plane.    2071 01:38:20,646 --> 01:38:22,564  [Lisa Pease]   John Foster Dulles               and Allen Dulles,          2072 01:38:22,606 --> 01:38:25,067           they felt, you know,                  what they had to say        2073 01:38:25,108 --> 01:38:27,319             was good enough                  for the rest of the world,     2074 01:38:27,361 --> 01:38:29,112            that they knew                  more than the President.       2075 01:38:29,154 --> 01:38:31,198          There were things               they didn't tell Eisenhower      2076 01:38:31,239 --> 01:38:34,076         that they were doing              under his administration.       2077 01:38:34,117 --> 01:38:36,203               [Talbot]                      And actually, Jack Kennedy     2078 01:38:36,244 --> 01:38:39,581         does move     to decapitate                the top of the CIA.         2079 01:38:39,623 --> 01:38:41,833         He lets it be known                   that Allen Dulles,          2080 01:38:41,875 --> 01:38:44,002  as well as his two top advisers,  2081 01:38:44,044 --> 01:38:45,504             Richard Bissell,          2082 01:38:45,545 --> 01:38:47,965        who is also very involved               with the Bay of Pigs,        2083 01:38:48,006 --> 01:38:49,716           and General Cabell,         2084 01:38:49,758 --> 01:38:52,427  who was, uh, the right-hand man                to Allen Dulles.          2085 01:38:52,469 --> 01:38:54,596       So the top three people                    in the CIA,              2086 01:38:54,638 --> 01:38:58,475         Kennedy forces them out             before the end of the year.     2087 01:38:58,517 --> 01:39:01,353     Have you ever committed any         act of violence in your life?     2088 01:39:04,439 --> 01:39:05,440                 No.                  2089 01:39:07,484 --> 01:39:09,152             [Sutherland]                    The existence of communism     2090 01:39:09,194 --> 01:39:10,946       so close to American shores     2091 01:39:10,988 --> 01:39:13,949      kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.    2092 01:39:13,991 --> 01:39:17,035      And the Joint Chiefs of Staff          presented a plan to Kennedy     2093 01:39:17,077 --> 01:39:19,204       called Operation Northwoods,    2094 01:39:19,246 --> 01:39:21,665             whereby the CIA                    would secretly perform       2095 01:39:21,707 --> 01:39:24,167              terrorist acts                     in the United States        2096 01:39:24,209 --> 01:39:26,169         and blame them on Castro      2097 01:39:26,211 --> 01:39:29,381           to justify bombings                 and an invasion of Cuba.      2098 01:39:29,423 --> 01:39:31,383     And you see all these plans      2099 01:39:31,425 --> 01:39:33,969                being sent                   to McNamara and to Kennedy.     2100 01:39:34,011 --> 01:39:35,345               [Horne]                       "Fake an attack by Cubans      2101 01:39:35,387 --> 01:39:37,139               against the                     Guantanamo Bay sentries.      2102 01:39:37,180 --> 01:39:39,641              Sink a US ship                      in Guantanamo Bay          2103 01:39:39,683 --> 01:39:41,059          and blame it on Cuba."       2104 01:39:41,101 --> 01:39:45,564  The one that scares me the most          was very sophisticated.        2105 01:39:45,605 --> 01:39:49,609  Uh, take an airliner and fly it            as a drone over Cuba         2106 01:39:49,651 --> 01:39:51,028        without any people in it,      2107 01:39:51,069 --> 01:39:52,362          with a tape-recording                    that would play,          2108 01:39:52,404 --> 01:39:54,072         "We're under attack                   by Cuban aircraft!          2109 01:39:54,114 --> 01:39:55,991             'Oh, my God,                  they're going to kill us!"      2110 01:39:56,033 --> 01:39:57,242        Blow up the airplane!         2111 01:39:57,284 --> 01:39:58,994       Blow up this huge drone        2112 01:39:59,036 --> 01:40:02,581     and use that to start a war.     2113 01:40:02,622 --> 01:40:05,083      [Sutherland]   The President            declined the recommendation.    2114 01:40:06,376 --> 01:40:08,211           The Northwoods plan                     was our big find          2115 01:40:08,253 --> 01:40:09,921  in the way of military records.    2116 01:40:09,963 --> 01:40:11,173           They are universally                    recognized today          2117 01:40:11,214 --> 01:40:12,716          for their importance.        2118 01:40:12,758 --> 01:40:15,010      It's one of those releases         that the Review Board members,    2119 01:40:15,052 --> 01:40:18,180     the board members themselves          were justifiably proud of       2120 01:40:18,221 --> 01:40:20,182             that came out of                    the JFK Records Act.        2121 01:40:22,309 --> 01:40:24,728        [Stone]   In addition to               the problems with the CIA,     2122 01:40:24,770 --> 01:40:27,981  Kennedy's own military advisers             started pressuring him       2123 01:40:28,023 --> 01:40:29,649        to send troops to Vietnam.     2124 01:40:29,691 --> 01:40:31,526              A country that                     Kennedy had visited         2125 01:40:31,568 --> 01:40:33,695             10 years earlier                     as a Congressman,          2126 01:40:33,737 --> 01:40:36,281         and witnessed firsthand                    how the French           2127 01:40:36,323 --> 01:40:37,908          were losing their war        2128 01:40:37,949 --> 01:40:41,286          against the Viet Minh             in the fight for independence.  2129 01:40:41,328 --> 01:40:42,621        Once he became President,      2130 01:40:42,662 --> 01:40:46,166              Kennedy wanted                   to avoid the same trap.       2131 01:40:46,208 --> 01:40:49,544         The Vietnam decision                is finally arrived at,        2132 01:40:49,586 --> 01:40:51,213            which is NSAM 111,         2133 01:40:51,254 --> 01:40:54,049              where Kennedy                     says no combat troops        2134 01:40:54,091 --> 01:40:55,967  but will increase the advisers.    2135 01:40:56,009 --> 01:40:58,970        And that was his decision,            in the Kennedy presidency.     2136 01:40:59,012 --> 01:41:01,556        never to cross that line.      2137 01:41:03,517 --> 01:41:05,977      [Sutherland]   Near the end             of his first year in office,    2138 01:41:06,019 --> 01:41:07,604        Kennedy received a report      2139 01:41:07,646 --> 01:41:10,315             from Walt Rostow                and General Maxwell Taylor,     2140 01:41:10,357 --> 01:41:12,442            his foreign policy                  and military advisers,       2141 01:41:12,484 --> 01:41:13,985               that called                      for increased training       2142 01:41:14,027 --> 01:41:16,113       of South Vietnamese troops,     2143 01:41:16,154 --> 01:41:17,989            increased bombings                      of the North,            2144 01:41:18,031 --> 01:41:21,159               and the use                       of US combat troops.        2145 01:41:21,201 --> 01:41:22,828              The influence                    on Kennedy's reluctance       2146 01:41:22,869 --> 01:41:24,830       to committing ground troops     2147 01:41:24,871 --> 01:41:28,834       was his ambassador to India,            John Kenneth Galbraith.       2148 01:41:28,875 --> 01:41:31,878    [James K. Galbraith]   My father         went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.    2149 01:41:31,920 --> 01:41:33,505        He went in to talk to him.     2150 01:41:33,547 --> 01:41:37,342     Rostow gestured on his desk          to the, uh, pile of papers.      2151 01:41:37,384 --> 01:41:40,637       The Rostow Taylor report               was plainly visible.         2152 01:41:40,679 --> 01:41:42,639    Uh, my father asked to see it.    2153 01:41:42,681 --> 01:41:44,516            Walt said that                his security classification      2154 01:41:44,558 --> 01:41:46,560        wasn't sufficiently high.      2155 01:41:46,601 --> 01:41:48,270       My father did not think that    2156 01:41:48,311 --> 01:41:51,731            Walt Rostow's                   security classification                was higher than his.         2157 01:41:51,773 --> 01:41:54,609     Uh, and at the given moment,             uh, the phone rang.          2158 01:41:54,651 --> 01:41:56,653           Walt turned to--                   to answer the phone          2159 01:41:56,695 --> 01:41:58,822            and-- and Dad                     picked up the report         2160 01:41:58,864 --> 01:42:01,867              and walked out                  of the office and read it.     2161 01:42:01,908 --> 01:42:04,035         [Sutherland]   Kennedy                 sent Galbraith to Saigon      2162 01:42:04,077 --> 01:42:07,122       to write a report that would         differ in its recommendations    2163 01:42:07,164 --> 01:42:11,168       from what Taylor and Rostow                had given to him.          2164 01:42:11,209 --> 01:42:12,794       Kennedy knew what he wanted     2165 01:42:12,836 --> 01:42:14,462      and he knew what my father          would deliver, which he did,     2166 01:42:14,504 --> 01:42:17,132         which is a very detailed                and skeptical report        2167 01:42:17,174 --> 01:42:19,885       about the efficiency of the           South Vietnamese government,    2168 01:42:19,926 --> 01:42:23,221            about the capacity                  of any military force        2169 01:42:23,263 --> 01:42:25,724              to prevail in                     the security situation       2170 01:42:25,765 --> 01:42:28,560          that was in existence             in South Vietnam at that time.  2171 01:42:28,602 --> 01:42:30,228             [Sutherland]                      Kennedy told Galbraith       2172 01:42:30,270 --> 01:42:33,732         to deliver his report to            Defense Secretary McNamara,     2173 01:42:33,773 --> 01:42:35,901                 and he,                      in turn, gave instructions     2174 01:42:35,942 --> 01:42:39,070         to begin the withdrawal                 to General Harkins,         2175 01:42:39,112 --> 01:42:42,657          the commanding General              of all forces in Vietnam.      2176 01:42:42,699 --> 01:42:45,827      The Pentagon dragged its feet             on formulating plans,        2177 01:42:45,869 --> 01:42:50,749         and McNamara called for              a meeting in May of 1963.      2178 01:42:50,790 --> 01:42:53,835  One of the most important finds              of the Review Board         2179 01:42:53,877 --> 01:42:56,338              are the notes                       from this meeting.         2180 01:42:56,379 --> 01:42:58,340        [Horne]   McNamara said,                 "It's not fast enough.       2181 01:42:58,381 --> 01:42:59,758      I want you to accelerate it."    2182 01:42:59,799 --> 01:43:02,135               He says,                  "I want to pull out 1,000 men,    2183 01:43:02,177 --> 01:43:04,346           uh, in December                  by the end of the year.        2184 01:43:04,387 --> 01:43:06,431       "And I want you to pull out     2185 01:43:06,473 --> 01:43:08,516             complete units,                    not just individuals."       2186 01:43:08,558 --> 01:43:10,936       He wanted units to come out.    2187 01:43:10,977 --> 01:43:13,605             [Sutherland]                    After the withdrawal plan                   was approved,            2188 01:43:13,647 --> 01:43:16,066               Kennedy sent                 Secretary of Defense McNamara    2189 01:43:16,107 --> 01:43:20,612            and General Taylor              to Saigon in September of '63.  2190 01:43:20,654 --> 01:43:23,448           He planned on using                their report as the basis      2191 01:43:23,490 --> 01:43:26,576            to formally order                  the withdrawal to begin.      2192 01:43:26,618 --> 01:43:28,453      Kennedy controlled the report,  2193 01:43:28,495 --> 01:43:30,080               since it was                     actually being written       2194 01:43:30,121 --> 01:43:33,291          under the supervision                   of Bobby Kennedy.          2195 01:43:33,333 --> 01:43:34,960               [Newman]                          Three days later,          2196 01:43:35,001 --> 01:43:36,544              that leaks out                     into the newspapers.        2197 01:43:36,586 --> 01:43:39,130       Then his opponents find out.    2198 01:43:39,172 --> 01:43:40,924            And McGeorge Bundy               says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,    2199 01:43:40,966 --> 01:43:42,467       "if they're talking about it               in the newspapers,         2200 01:43:42,509 --> 01:43:43,843             we might as well                     put it on paper."          2201 01:43:43,885 --> 01:43:46,096             And they put it,                    and it was NSAM 263.        2202 01:43:46,137 --> 01:43:49,349          And that's how it was               actually written and why.      2203 01:43:49,391 --> 01:43:51,309      Well, here's one of the things  2204 01:43:51,351 --> 01:43:52,936            McNamara said                    in the secret debrief.        2205 01:43:52,978 --> 01:43:56,481       He said, "We had agreed,               the President and I,         2206 01:43:56,523 --> 01:43:58,358        "that we had trained them,     2207 01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:00,193            "we had given them                   everything we could.        2208 01:44:00,235 --> 01:44:02,821        "And if they couldn't win,                     too bad.              2209 01:44:02,862 --> 01:44:06,866      We had to get out even if        they were going to be defeated."  2210 01:44:06,908 --> 01:44:10,412       So McNamara and Kennedy had          decided that they were willing  2211 01:44:10,453 --> 01:44:13,498        to pull out of Vietnam               in a losing scenario.         2212 01:44:13,540 --> 01:44:14,666        That's very important.        2213 01:44:16,001 --> 01:44:18,670         But later in that month,                  McGeorge Bundy,           2214 01:44:18,712 --> 01:44:21,298            who's the National                    Security Adviser,          2215 01:44:21,339 --> 01:44:23,300           puts together a memo        2216 01:44:23,341 --> 01:44:25,427           based upon the--                 the truth about the war,       2217 01:44:25,468 --> 01:44:27,595    which is just going terribly.     2218 01:44:27,637 --> 01:44:30,807         And he does it in a way                 to try and make sure        2219 01:44:30,849 --> 01:44:32,934      that Kennedy would be able             to go along with this.        2220 01:44:32,976 --> 01:44:34,519             [Sutherland]                       This is reflected in        2221 01:44:34,561 --> 01:44:36,771          the National Security                   Action Memorandum:         2222 01:44:36,813 --> 01:44:39,649                NSAM 273.              2223 01:44:39,691 --> 01:44:42,902    [Newman]   The way Bundy writes              the first draft of 273       2224 01:44:42,944 --> 01:44:44,529                is to say,                   "Look, we need to intensify     2225 01:44:44,571 --> 01:44:47,407             "the war effort                   against the communists.       2226 01:44:47,449 --> 01:44:49,326             "But the way                     we're going to do it         2227 01:44:49,367 --> 01:44:51,995            is to increase                 South Vietnamese forces."       2228 01:44:52,037 --> 01:44:54,497          There's not a word                 about American forces         2229 01:44:54,539 --> 01:44:56,207      or Americanizing the war.       2230 01:44:58,877 --> 01:45:01,087           While Kennedy's body                 is still in the casket       2231 01:45:01,129 --> 01:45:03,631              in the rotunda                over in the Capitol building,    2232 01:45:03,673 --> 01:45:08,011  is when Johnson changes NSAM 273           to a new version.           2233 01:45:08,053 --> 01:45:10,555          And when it comes                  to the key paragraph,         2234 01:45:10,597 --> 01:45:12,390             paragraph seven,                   which just talks about       2235 01:45:12,432 --> 01:45:15,018             how we're going                    to intensify the war,        2236 01:45:15,060 --> 01:45:16,561  instead of changing a few words,  2237 01:45:16,603 --> 01:45:19,856      there's two big hash marks            through that paragraph,        2238 01:45:19,898 --> 01:45:21,483      and it's completely rewritten.  2239 01:45:21,524 --> 01:45:22,901               And I said--                 I asked Bundy in an interview,  2240 01:45:22,942 --> 01:45:24,694                 I said,                      "Who told you to do that?"     2241 01:45:24,736 --> 01:45:26,404         He said, "Johnson did."       2242 01:45:26,446 --> 01:45:27,989             [Sutherland]                   These changes allowed the US    2243 01:45:28,031 --> 01:45:31,076          to unilaterally engage                 in combat in Vietnam        2244 01:45:31,117 --> 01:45:33,370            rather than simply                 supporting and advising       2245 01:45:33,411 --> 01:45:34,913         South Vietnamese troops.      2246 01:45:35,872 --> 01:45:37,665           And within days,           2247 01:45:37,707 --> 01:45:40,835         we're talking about           sending out the DESOTO missions.  2248 01:45:40,877 --> 01:45:43,505      These-- These naval excursions  2249 01:45:43,546 --> 01:45:46,508           along the coastline                     of North Vietnam          2250 01:45:46,549 --> 01:45:49,219       that ends up with    The Maddox  2251 01:45:49,260 --> 01:45:51,721        and the, and the so-called               Tonkin Gulf attacks.        2252 01:45:51,763 --> 01:45:53,765               And then                    the resolution in Congress      2253 01:45:53,807 --> 01:45:56,851           opening the door               to intervention in Vietnam.      2254 01:45:56,893 --> 01:45:59,521      [Sutherland]   In the Review             Board's declassifications,     2255 01:45:59,562 --> 01:46:01,815             there's evidence                that Johnson was fully aware    2256 01:46:01,856 --> 01:46:04,192               of Kennedy's                   Vietnam withdrawal plans,      2257 01:46:04,234 --> 01:46:05,860           disagreed with them,        2258 01:46:05,902 --> 01:46:08,780      and worked on Robert McNamara           to make him renounce them.     2259 01:46:09,739 --> 01:46:11,574     [Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]     2260 01:46:20,750 --> 01:46:23,169            In retaliation                    for this unprovoked          2261 01:46:23,211 --> 01:46:25,672       attack on the high seas,       2262 01:46:25,713 --> 01:46:27,882                our forces                      have struck the bases        2263 01:46:27,924 --> 01:46:31,928       used     by the North Vietnamese               patrol craft.            2264 01:46:31,970 --> 01:46:34,222             [Sutherland]                       And as declassified                   memos     have revealed,       2265 01:46:34,264 --> 01:46:35,932            by autumn of 1964,         2266 01:46:35,974 --> 01:46:38,643           during his campaign                 against Barry Goldwater,      2267 01:46:38,685 --> 01:46:40,770       Johnson had already decided     2268 01:46:40,812 --> 01:46:43,815            that he was going                to escalate the Vietnam War.    2269 01:46:43,857 --> 01:46:45,442          In fact, the directive                  that would become          2270 01:46:45,483 --> 01:46:47,235        the Tonkin Gulf Resolution     2271 01:46:47,277 --> 01:46:51,531       had been written before the           Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.    2272 01:46:51,573 --> 01:46:53,324               Three months                      before the election,        2273 01:46:53,366 --> 01:46:56,953       Johnson had already planned            for an extensive air war.      2274 01:46:56,995 --> 01:46:59,789             It was to begin                   after his inauguration.       2275 01:47:01,416 --> 01:47:05,628         [Johnson]   We intend                 to convince the communists     2276 01:47:05,670 --> 01:47:10,592        that we cannot be defeated                 by force of arms          2277 01:47:10,633 --> 01:47:12,677          or by superior power.        2278 01:47:17,557 --> 01:47:19,601          [Pease]   When news                   came of Kennedy's death,      2279 01:47:19,642 --> 01:47:22,020           all over the planet,                  people were mourning        2280 01:47:22,061 --> 01:47:24,856                and crying                     and going to embassies.       2281 01:47:24,898 --> 01:47:27,192            In Latin America,                the people just lit candles     2282 01:47:27,233 --> 01:47:29,611       because they didn't even              have electrical power,        2283 01:47:29,652 --> 01:47:31,154           but they wanted                   to honor his killing.         2284 01:47:31,196 --> 01:47:32,947      In the Yucatan Peninsula,       2285 01:47:32,989 --> 01:47:36,826       peasants cleared an area           and planted a peace garden.      2286 01:47:36,868 --> 01:47:38,495     [Philip Muehlenbeck]   Nasser             learned of Kennedy's death     2287 01:47:38,536 --> 01:47:40,955       in the middle of the night.               He got up, dressed,         2288 01:47:40,997 --> 01:47:43,583       went down to his office,                and then realized,          2289 01:47:43,625 --> 01:47:45,668        "Well, there's nothing               I can do about this."         2290 01:47:45,710 --> 01:47:48,213          According to his son,                   Nasser went to a--         2291 01:47:48,254 --> 01:47:51,341       a great state of depression              after Kennedy's death.       2292 01:47:51,382 --> 01:47:54,802         Uh, relations with Egypt              gradually deteriorated,       2293 01:47:54,844 --> 01:47:57,722      and they increasingly shifted                their allegiance          2294 01:47:57,764 --> 01:47:59,516         towards the Soviet Union                      as well.              2295 01:47:59,557 --> 01:48:03,269    A mass was held in the leading         Catholic Church in Cairo,       2296 01:48:03,311 --> 01:48:05,438     which has a capacity of 600.     2297 01:48:05,480 --> 01:48:09,108      They somehow fit 4,000 people               into that church.          2298 01:48:09,150 --> 01:48:11,778            Algeria, which had               special feeling for Kennedy,    2299 01:48:11,819 --> 01:48:13,988             declared a state                  of mourning for a week.       2300 01:48:14,030 --> 01:48:17,408          Flags were flown,                    uh, at half mast.           2301 01:48:17,450 --> 01:48:20,078  The US ambassador to Egypt said    2302 01:48:20,119 --> 01:48:22,956      that he thought the Egyptians              had seen in Kennedy         2303 01:48:22,997 --> 01:48:24,874             the best of what                   they saw in Americans.       2304 01:48:24,916 --> 01:48:28,127     That Kennedy had represented          a kind of ideal of America      2305 01:48:28,169 --> 01:48:30,255        to ordinary Egyptians.        2306 01:48:30,296 --> 01:48:32,215       [Sutherland]   Castro got              the news of Kennedy's death     2307 01:48:32,257 --> 01:48:34,008         while discussing   détente      2308 01:48:34,050 --> 01:48:36,636        with     the French journalist                  Jean Daniel.            2309 01:48:36,678 --> 01:48:40,014            He then exclaimed,                    "This is bad news.         2310 01:48:40,056 --> 01:48:42,016            Everything is now                     going to change."          2311 01:48:44,435 --> 01:48:47,188         When Khrushchev paid his           respects to President Kennedy    2312 01:48:47,230 --> 01:48:49,774         at the American embassy,      2313 01:48:49,816 --> 01:48:52,527            he was reportedly                    holding back tears.         2314 01:48:54,112 --> 01:48:57,031           Robert Kennedy knew          that after his brother's death,    2315 01:48:57,073 --> 01:49:01,494  relations with the Soviet Union              hung in the balance.        2316 01:49:01,536 --> 01:49:07,458    My father, he wanted to convey     a message to Premier Khrushchev    2317 01:49:07,500 --> 01:49:09,210       saying that our family knew     2318 01:49:09,252 --> 01:49:13,006        that the Soviets were not           involved in the assassination.  2319 01:49:13,047 --> 01:49:17,427    That it was a right-wing plot            from our own country.         2320 01:49:17,468 --> 01:49:19,596       In other words, the CIA,       2321 01:49:19,637 --> 01:49:21,931  or forces aligned with the CIA.    2322 01:49:21,973 --> 01:49:24,809       [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]             The day that his brother died,  2323 01:49:24,851 --> 01:49:27,895       my father's first phone call    2324 01:49:27,937 --> 01:49:33,026            was to the CIA                  desk officer at Langley        2325 01:49:33,067 --> 01:49:38,990     and he asked them, "Did your         people conduct this horror?"     2326 01:49:41,117 --> 01:49:43,745               [Talbot]                We know from how Bobby operated    2327 01:49:43,786 --> 01:49:47,582            that terrible day,                   November 22nd, 1963,        2328 01:49:47,624 --> 01:49:50,376             at his home in,                    uh, McLean, Virginia,        2329 01:49:50,418 --> 01:49:55,298    that he immediately suspected         there was not a lone gunman.     2330 01:49:55,340 --> 01:49:56,924           Why do we know this?        2331 01:49:56,966 --> 01:49:59,969      Because he was being told              by his closest aides,         2332 01:50:00,011 --> 01:50:02,513       people like Kenny O'Donnell                 and Dave Powers,          2333 01:50:02,555 --> 01:50:04,015        who were in the limousine      2334 01:50:04,057 --> 01:50:06,726            immediately behind              President Kennedy's limousine.  2335 01:50:06,768 --> 01:50:08,603            They were both                   World War II veterans.        2336 01:50:08,645 --> 01:50:11,189                They knew                     what gunfire sounded like.     2337 01:50:11,230 --> 01:50:13,232       They reported it to him                    that gunfire             2338 01:50:13,274 --> 01:50:15,526          had not just come                   from the-- the rear.         2339 01:50:15,568 --> 01:50:17,403               It had come                      from different sides.        2340 01:50:17,445 --> 01:50:19,822            There was gunfire                  from the front as well.       2341 01:50:19,864 --> 01:50:22,283           It was a crossfire.         2342 01:50:22,325 --> 01:50:25,161            [Kennedy Jr.]                     I was in the East Room,       2343 01:50:25,203 --> 01:50:29,499     with my dad and with Jackie          and a couple of my siblings,     2344 01:50:29,540 --> 01:50:31,834       and Lyndon Johnson came in,     2345 01:50:31,876 --> 01:50:34,796  and told the adults in the room    2346 01:50:34,837 --> 01:50:37,674        that Lee Harvey Oswald                  had been killed,           2347 01:50:37,715 --> 01:50:41,135       and that a man had shot him.    2348 01:50:41,177 --> 01:50:44,681       And I said to my dad and mom                 at that time,            2349 01:50:44,722 --> 01:50:46,140        "Why did he shoot him?        2350 01:50:46,182 --> 01:50:48,685               Did he--                     Did he love our family?"       2351 01:50:48,726 --> 01:50:50,311       And the way that they acted     2352 01:50:50,353 --> 01:50:53,022            was that this only                 compounded the tragedy.       2353 01:50:54,607 --> 01:50:55,983             [Sutherland]                       Many people at home         2354 01:50:56,025 --> 01:50:57,735             felt that after                       Kennedy's death,          2355 01:50:57,777 --> 01:51:01,906        a period of depression and          cynicism overtook the country,  2356 01:51:01,948 --> 01:51:05,576             and that America                was somehow changed forever.    2357 01:51:05,618 --> 01:51:07,245        Our overwhelming disbelief     2358 01:51:07,286 --> 01:51:08,996              in the Warren                     Commission's findings        2359 01:51:09,038 --> 01:51:11,582              contributed to                     increased skepticism        2360 01:51:11,624 --> 01:51:14,252  of all our foundational beliefs               about government.          2361 01:51:17,046 --> 01:51:20,174      But I think Allen Dulles'                  appointment to                   the Warren Commission         2362 01:51:20,216 --> 01:51:23,344        is one of the great frauds               of American history.        2363 01:51:23,386 --> 01:51:26,264      I don't think that even if          you had 10 more commissions,     2364 01:51:26,305 --> 01:51:27,807             you'd never                     get away from the idea        2365 01:51:27,849 --> 01:51:29,392     that maybe there was a plot.     2366 01:51:29,434 --> 01:51:31,769            We just didn't                   find any traces of it.        2367 01:51:31,811 --> 01:51:34,272         What really happened                with Allen Dulles was         2368 01:51:34,313 --> 01:51:37,400       the CIA lobbied to have             him put on the Commission,      2369 01:51:37,442 --> 01:51:40,111      'cause they needed to have one       of their own on the Commission  2370 01:51:40,153 --> 01:51:44,240            to make sure that               certain doors remained closed.  2371 01:51:44,282 --> 01:51:49,996  I think there's a direct thread         between the events of 1963      2372 01:51:50,037 --> 01:51:52,248     and the kind of horror show      2373 01:51:52,290 --> 01:51:56,335        that America is having                to endure right now.         2374 01:51:56,377 --> 01:51:59,213             And I think once                    you kill     a President       2375 01:51:59,255 --> 01:52:01,090         in broad daylight on the            streets of an American city,    2376 01:52:01,132 --> 01:52:03,760            and everyone knows               that powerful forces did it,    2377 01:52:03,801 --> 01:52:07,638         that sends a signal not             only to the American people,    2378 01:52:07,680 --> 01:52:11,392        but to the American media,      to the American future leaders.    2379 01:52:11,434 --> 01:52:14,395     And if America really wants             a democratic society,         2380 01:52:14,437 --> 01:52:17,899  then we should get to the bottom        of this traumatic crime        2381 01:52:17,940 --> 01:52:21,319    that continues to reverberate         throughout American history.     2382 01:52:21,360 --> 01:52:24,739        They poll historians,            they poll the American people,    2383 01:52:24,781 --> 01:52:27,617       and they say, "Who were           the most popular Presidents?"     2384 01:52:27,658 --> 01:52:29,494           Well, one metric                     that you can use           2385 01:52:29,535 --> 01:52:33,915      to objectively-- at least            judge the foreign policy,       2386 01:52:33,956 --> 01:52:36,334  is how many boulevards are named  2387 01:52:36,375 --> 01:52:38,836         after that President                in foreign countries?         2388 01:52:38,878 --> 01:52:42,590       How many hospitals, how many          colleges,     how many schools?    2389 01:52:42,632 --> 01:52:47,094          How many statues are--          are standing     of that President  2390 01:52:47,136 --> 01:52:49,013  in capitals all over the world?    2391 01:52:49,055 --> 01:52:51,098          And in that sense,                   President Kennedy           2392 01:52:51,140 --> 01:52:53,810     beats every other President,                 hands down.              2393 01:52:56,854 --> 01:52:58,481               [Stone]                       Although many of Kennedy's     2394 01:52:58,523 --> 01:53:00,691               progressive                     and unprecedented goals       2395 01:53:00,733 --> 01:53:05,905        and changes in policy were      undone after his assassination,    2396 01:53:05,947 --> 01:53:09,534       a few powerful ones remain.     2397 01:53:09,575 --> 01:53:11,327     I think Mr. Kennedy has done     2398 01:53:11,369 --> 01:53:13,996       some significant things                  in civil rights,           2399 01:53:14,038 --> 01:53:16,541           and I would include                  the Attorney General.        2400 01:53:16,582 --> 01:53:21,504        I think both of these men            are men of genuine goodwill.    2401 01:53:21,546 --> 01:53:24,382           And, uh, I think                 there is a necessity now       2402 01:53:24,423 --> 01:53:26,968          to see the urgency                     of the moment.            2403 01:53:29,554 --> 01:53:32,473         I'm asking from you                an unequivocal assurance       2404 01:53:32,515 --> 01:53:35,476       that you will not bar entry                to these students,         2405 01:53:35,518 --> 01:53:37,645            and that you will                   step aside peacefully,       2406 01:53:37,687 --> 01:53:40,231       do your constitutional duty.    2407 01:53:40,273 --> 01:53:42,900         [Stone]   In showdowns                  using federal troops,        2408 01:53:42,942 --> 01:53:46,195      the Kennedy administration won        admission of Black students     2409 01:53:46,237 --> 01:53:49,574       to the last public colleges                  in the south.            2410 01:53:49,615 --> 01:53:52,618       George Wallace made it clear         that this fight was not over.    2411 01:53:52,660 --> 01:53:56,372         And the-- the South                 this year-- next year         2412 01:53:56,414 --> 01:53:58,791           will decide who                   the next President is,        2413 01:53:58,833 --> 01:54:01,210     whoever the South votes for             will be the President.        2414 01:54:01,252 --> 01:54:03,170         And you're gonna see                    that the South            2415 01:54:03,212 --> 01:54:06,090            is going to be                    against some folks.          2416 01:54:06,132 --> 01:54:08,342         [Stone]   That night,                Kennedy addressed the nation    2417 01:54:08,384 --> 01:54:10,428               in what many                      consider the finest         2418 01:54:10,469 --> 01:54:12,763           Presidential speech                     on civil rights           2419 01:54:12,805 --> 01:54:14,515          since Abraham Lincoln.       2420 01:54:14,557 --> 01:54:17,518      ...and that the rights of             every man are diminished       2421 01:54:17,560 --> 01:54:20,605           when the rights                 of one man are threatened.      2422 01:54:20,646 --> 01:54:24,275           If an American,                because his skin is dark...      2423 01:54:24,317 --> 01:54:29,447      cannot enjoy the full and free         life which all of us want,     2424 01:54:29,488 --> 01:54:31,699            then who among us                      would be content          2425 01:54:31,741 --> 01:54:35,036            to have the color                    of his skin changed?        2426 01:54:35,077 --> 01:54:37,914      One hundred years of delay                  have passed              2427 01:54:37,955 --> 01:54:41,208       since President Lincoln                 freed the slaves,           2428 01:54:41,250 --> 01:54:45,504        yet their heirs, their           grandsons, are not fully free.    2429 01:54:45,546 --> 01:54:50,593         And this nation, for all           its hopes     and all its boasts,  2430 01:54:50,635 --> 01:54:54,764       will not be fully free until           all its citizens are free.     2431 01:54:54,805 --> 01:54:56,223           We face, therefore,         2432 01:54:56,265 --> 01:54:58,517              a moral crisis                  as a country and a people,     2433 01:54:58,559 --> 01:55:00,519         and this is a matter                    which concerns            2434 01:55:00,561 --> 01:55:03,022             this country                   and what it stands for.        2435 01:55:03,064 --> 01:55:06,525     And in meeting it, I ask the      support of all of our citizens.    2436 01:55:06,567 --> 01:55:08,694         Thank you very much.         2437 01:55:08,736 --> 01:55:11,822        [somber music playing]        2438 01:56:11,298 --> 01:56:14,385