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Most of us like to drink.
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Often people philosophize
about wine, beer,
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gin or other high-proof alcohol.
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And everyone seems to know
roughly how to handle it.
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So do I.
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However,
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when I try to restrict
my consumption for several months,
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I fail miserably.
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Why?
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Why is it so hard not to drink?
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What do we even know about alcohol?
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For 3 decades
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we've been drinking a little less
in Europe, but worldwide
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people are starting
to drink more and more alcohol.
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The number of people
addicted to alcohol is increasing.
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There are 140 million worldwide
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with around three million
deaths every year.
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Why is alcohol still so successful?
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How can we hide
the dangers of alcohol so well
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while we are drinking?
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ALCOHOL The global intoxication
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I love the centuries-old wine culture
I grew up with.
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There was always a bottle of red wine
on the table in the evening at our house
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and I like my daily glasses of wine
which help me to relax.
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Many of my friends produce their own wine,
just as the farmers here in Sicily.
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Normally I drink one glass for lunch
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and one more with dinner in the evening.
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Then it can be two glasses
with friends around.
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But we stay within the limits.
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It is supposed to be
like an elixir of life.
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What a smell, excellent.
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I am going to embark on a journey
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to find out why we drink,
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what alcohol does to us
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and why we are exceedingly successful
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in blocking its dangers.
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Therefore I am going to talk
to drinkers, alcohol producers,
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psychologists and doctors
around the globe.
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Alcohol is a wonderfully clever drug.
It is quite promiscuous.
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It is a small molecule,
gets in the brain very fast
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and it turns on or turns off
a whole range of different brain areas.
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It turns off the areas
which give us responsibility,
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make us worry, make us anxious.
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So we relax, we feel cheerful.
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We also do crazy things
and sometimes we like that.
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It has a very broad action in the brain.
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It improves mood, reduces stress,
reduces anxiety in small amounts.
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But of course, the more you take
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you get into problems
with intoxication and unsteadiness.
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It's probably fair to say
that every single neuron in the brain,
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those 200 billion neurons in the brain,
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are all affected by alcohol at some point.
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David Nutt talks naturally
about alcohol being a drug.
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Do winegrowers in this region
live in a huge drug cultivation area?
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Is that possible?
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Some people say,
you should never take any drug.
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But usually those people are taking drugs,
they're drinking, taking coffee or tea.
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In fact there is almost no one
in the world that doesn’t take a drug.
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Taking drugs is a very human thing.
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I think it's alongside arts and music.
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It's kind of one
of the defining features of humanity.
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The human brain likes
to seek out ways of improving itself.
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Drugs do that.
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Then cold beer
and good wine are also drugs.
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But why are they
almost never named as such?
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The term "drug" is used
exclusively for illegal intoxicants.
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It is also used
to reassure the alcohol community,
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"We don't have a drug problem.
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We only drink alcohol.
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And that is just a culturally
established consumer product,
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a luxury good,
a food product or whatever."
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But whatever you call it:
psychoactive substance,
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intoxicant or drug, it's all correct.
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Objectively it applies to alcohol
as well as to illegal substances.
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No matter which one you choose,
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you will immediately face
a flood of outrage and denial.
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By negatively stigmatizing
other substances as drugs,
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I unburden myself from the eventual
problem of alcohol consumption.
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That means with every sip
of beer or wine we take drugs.
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But we do not openly admit that.
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So why do we do that?
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Wherever you go every culture
on earth seems to have a way
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of altering their consciousness.
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If they don’t do it with drugs
they do it with breathing or exercise.
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It may have to do
with the realization
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that we are only here
for a final amount of time and...
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what could happen after we die.
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And wanting to have some access
to another dimension of experience.
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You give us wine,
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fruit of the grapevine
and human labour.
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We hold this chalice
towards your presence.
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For it to become
our chalice of salvation.
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Alcohol is a substance which,
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given that we live
in a high performance society,
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can damp the effects of a strenuous
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and nerve-racking day at work.
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It cushions us quite quickly,
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psychologically speaking.
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It makes us come back down in other words.
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Alcohol has the ability
to establish drunkenness layer by layer.
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That means, with only one glass
you can get into a state
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of being slightly high
if you're used to alcohol.
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But you can also drink more
and slowly lose inhibitions
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until becoming unconscious.
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Layer after layer
you can build up drunkenness.
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This cultural ability is taught
and learned at a young age,
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that's for sure.
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You could also decide
to go to a bar somewhere else,
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but inhibitions
would be a lot stronger there
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to act up like this, so to speak.
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Or to come out of your shell.
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Where you can also...
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celebrate excessively in a way.
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To be the goof
for a while and to have fun,
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that's what really counts.
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And to be drunk in a big group
and to have fun and it's simply OK.
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The social setting is even more important
in many ways than the drug itself.
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If you are drinking alcohol
in a romantic... spot,
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where you are having quiet,
sort of you know, music.
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And you're with somebody
that you care about,
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alcohol can serve
a purpose of relaxing and sedating.
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But if you are in a war zone
and or you are in an...
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environment that promotes
gangs and violence,
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alcohol can stimulate
the brain to be disinhibited
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and people can do
very dangerous things.
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So alcohol has a very wide range
of activity in the brain.
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I wouldn’t want alcohol to not be
a part of football
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because it does, it brings people together,
that social side of things.
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And everybody goes to the pub.
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They see their friends.
It is like you see your tribe of people
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and you are talking
and you are building up this...
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atmosphere and this hype
and this feeling before the game.
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I think that the two
just kind of go well together.
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It can be used to really
emphasize experiences
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and that sort of comradery
with this perfect marriage of...
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Yeah, it is a ritual,
it is people going,
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you start at a certain time,
first pint of the day on a match day.
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I remember being 14 at my friend.
She had a house party
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and you know,
quite a few of us were there,
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all having the odd little drink,
alcopop or,
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you know, light weight stuff really.
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But I remember
taking my first sip and that feeling,
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the feeling of the warmth
going through my body,
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and feelings of confidence
that I hadn’t really felt before as well.
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And an energy and I thought,
"This is me. You know I like this."
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And even on that first time I drank,
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I drank way more
than everybody else
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and kind of got myself into
a little bit of... I was drunk.
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And...
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that kind of stage.
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You know,
as we grew older me and my friends,
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15, 16, 17, you go to these parties.
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I noticed that I was the one that was...
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really in a mess.
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And you know in black-out mode,
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so I would do and say all these things
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and I would have no recollection.
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Go on.
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Go on.
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Was that not a foul there?
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Humans have been
drinking alcohol for a long time,
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demonstrably for 10,000 years.
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Only since the industrialization
of its production
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has consumption
increased dramatically.
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Suddenly alcohol was
permanently and constantly available.
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Today annual sales
of the global alcohol market
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are $ 1,300 billion and rising.
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What influence does this industry
have on our consumption?
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Out of the requested
global operating corporations,
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only Carlsberg is willing
to talk to us.
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This is the best time ever
to be in the beer industry.
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And I don't say that glibly
or as a corporate man, I mean that.
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You know I am not a brewer,
I am a drinker, I enjoy beer.
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And there is more beer available
than ever to consumers, more choices.
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And I think that choice will continue.
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You will see people taking
their repertoires expanding.
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The numbers of different beers
that they try will expand
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in different occasions.
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And you will see that revolution
sweeping across the world.
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Consumer buying power is growing.
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Consumers desire to experiment
and try new things
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is expanding very fast.
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And the whole digital revolution
in these markets also
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enables us to reach
millions of consumers.
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You would be insane not to look
at the opportunities in India and China.
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I as a global person
working at Carlsberg,
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I spend a lot of my time
looking at these markets,
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working with the teams there.
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We've got really strong
management teams in these markets
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and it is great growth.
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We’ve recently run
a small event in Beijing
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and we reached
over 123 million consumers
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through our social media platform,
on one event.
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Corporations spend billions
of dollars annually worldwide
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for their alcohol marketing.
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It is a gigantic
advertising machine,
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and Carlsberg is no exception.
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So it was this room,
we had all the Liverpool hops in.
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These four tables,
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full of hops from all the way down,
all up through past the light.
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Cause hops grows really fast,
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every day.
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So we had put
big screens up from here,
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one and a half meters,
all the way down to the end,
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down and up again.
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And we’ve played games
from the last twenty-five years
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of the Liverpool games,
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including premier league games,
champions league games...
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to try to influence the plant,
help it growing
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and try to build in this
Liverpool spirit in our hop cones,
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which we will harvest later on.
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And we used those
for the beer production,
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which we then released and gave away
to the Liverpool fans.
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In the UK we have seen evidence
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to show that children
and young people
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are very heavily exposed
to alcohol marketing messages.
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So much so that they develop
brand loyalty and identity.
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For example a recent study showed
that UK children in primary school
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were more able to identify brands
of major alcohol companies,
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than they were brands
of ice-cream and chocolate biscuits,
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which really is
a very sad state of affairs.
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But it just goes to show
how ubiquitous alcohol marketing is.
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And how alcohol marketing is present
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in every public space
that children are in.
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We often see alcohol promotions
that include
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messages with overly sexualized women
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or include hyper-masculine messages
that can entrench gender stereotypes.
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And we also see an awful amount
of alcohol promotion online
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and on social media sites.
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And this is certainly
a space where
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children and young people
are occupying.
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And it is also a space
that is incredibly unregulated,
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where more subversive
marketing practices take place.
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We don't exclusively drink alcohol
because we saw it in a commercial.
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On the other hand we can learn
quite well from international surveys
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what happens when alcohol is sold
particularly cheap or expensive.
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What happens when alcohol advertising
is allowed or not.
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What happens when alcohol is
constantly available like in Germany,
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at every corner or gas station.
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And what happens
if this is not the case.
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So we can make clear assumptions:
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With an average consumption
of ten litres of pure alcohol
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per capita every year,
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a considerable amount,
ranging from three to four litres,
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can surely be traced back
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to very favourable circumstances
for alcohol consumption.
249
00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,880
10 litres of pure alcohol
in other words about 200 litres of beer,
250
00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,840
85 litres of wine
or 25 litres of whiskey.
251
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:14,160
This quantity per capita presents
the Central European average.
252
00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:16,320
Scandinavia is below this average
253
00:19:16,480 --> 00:19:20,040
and it is even considerably lower
in countries like Italy.
254
00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:23,760
This gap is due
to climatic and cultural reasons.
255
00:19:23,840 --> 00:19:26,440
In Scandinavia
due to state regulation.
256
00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:31,280
There is very strong
and robust international evidence
257
00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:35,480
to show that
restrictions on the affordability,
258
00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,160
availability and promotion of alcohol
259
00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:44,600
will make a major significant contribution
to reducing harms in the society.
260
00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:47,560
Now these three measures have been listed
261
00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:53,040
by the WHO as best-buy policies
that governments should adopt.
262
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:57,200
Now a major obstacle
to progress in this area,
263
00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:59,720
is the activities
of the alcohol industry,
264
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,800
who obviously
have a very vested interest
265
00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:07,360
in trying to encourage sales
and consumption of their products.
266
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:41,560
Today my friends say, "Wow,
you've been dry for over three years now?
267
00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:44,720
How did you do that?
I would never manage."
268
00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:45,840
Then I tell them,
269
00:20:47,120 --> 00:20:48,680
"I'm doing well,
270
00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:50,560
because I'm not feeling bad."
271
00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:57,160
Sobriety didn't help me
discover the things in life...
272
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,920
that would make my life
a lot nicer or more balanced
273
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,200
or more worthy to live
274
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:08,320
as many others said,
275
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:11,840
who wrote about alcohol
or their alcohol related history.
276
00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:13,400
They say, "Wow.
277
00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:18,120
Only since I'm staying sober
I discovered the real beauty of life,
278
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:20,880
the colours, the smells and so on.
279
00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:24,680
Everything is nicer and totally
different..." I don't say that.
280
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:27,880
As long as I didn't get sick from alcohol,
281
00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:32,360
my life was much nicer with alcohol
than it is now without.
282
00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:34,240
No doubt about that.
283
00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:41,920
Eh, cheers.
284
00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:46,720
I am not against alcohol.
285
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:51,640
After all
I have benefitted from it for 30 years.
286
00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:55,840
For the enjoyment, its mood stimulating
effects and as doping.
287
00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:57,440
It didn't do me any harm,
288
00:21:57,520 --> 00:21:59,840
I have no liver damage or anything.
289
00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:04,520
The question why parts of the population,
10, 12 or 15 percent,
290
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,320
end up losing control
291
00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,240
and become serious addicts,
292
00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,280
is a completely different issue.
293
00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:15,840
It is not about alcohol.
294
00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:19,800
As it's not the alcohol
which is to be seen as devil or drug.
295
00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:24,160
It's rather our own mental...
296
00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,920
and maybe even cultural and social...
297
00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:33,480
dimension that hasn't learned
298
00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:38,520
or that fails at a certain moment
to avoid getting sick of alcohol.
299
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:44,200
But what cocktails?
White Russian,
300
00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:46,600
Sex on the Beach,
301
00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:48,000
Espresso Martini.
302
00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:51,960
No... No, stay away from beer
until the end of the night.
303
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:56,720
Stay away from like cider because
that's just going to cause trouble.
304
00:22:57,480 --> 00:22:59,400
It used to be Jäger-bomb...
305
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,240
You have one drink
and the shots as a side drink.
306
00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:06,560
You have the shots a side.
You have a starter which is the cocktail.
307
00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:26,040
I always feel older than I am.
308
00:23:26,120 --> 00:23:28,440
I feel like I was 14
and now it's like I'm 24 now.
309
00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:30,320
And how old are you?
- I'm 18.
310
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:32,840
Have you actually been
out in town before?
311
00:23:32,920 --> 00:23:35,280
Yeah, I went out literally like...
312
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:38,280
I went out on Wednesday
and then on Saturday.
313
00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:43,440
Everyone would say,
"Oh, Sarah again?
314
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:45,000
Drunk again?"
315
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,320
And I guess people
used to find it kind of funny,
316
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:49,960
and it was to an extent.
317
00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,200
As time went by
it wasn’t funny anymore
318
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:56,880
and I was really struggling with it
and I started to think,
319
00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:58,640
"What is wrong with me,
320
00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,240
why can’t I just drink
like everybody else?"
321
00:24:01,320 --> 00:24:03,920
I would go out with every
intention sometimes,
322
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,600
of just having one or two drinks.
323
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:07,720
I’d see my friends do that and they'd go,
324
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:09,840
"We're just going to have two beers,
325
00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:12,160
two glasses of wine
and then we will go home."
326
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,280
But I might go with them for that,
327
00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:19,440
two drinks later, off they go,
you know, and I am saying,
328
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:24,000
"I am not going home, I’ll stay out."
Because I wanted more.
329
00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:36,280
What happens
when you drink alcohol?
330
00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:39,760
It goes down your mouth,
into your stomach, blood and brain.
331
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:42,920
In the brain it starts to work
on a system in the brain
332
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:44,480
called the GABA system.
333
00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:47,960
This is the brain’s main
calming neurotransmitter.
334
00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:50,400
Alcohol calms the brain.
335
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:52,400
Which is why you feel relaxed,
336
00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:53,720
why you feel sociable,
337
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:55,040
why anxiety goes down.
338
00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:59,640
As a result of that or through actions
on other transmitters it does other things.
339
00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:02,840
It can release dopamine,
the get-up-and-go transmitter.
340
00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:07,000
Some people get very animated
and excited when they drink,
341
00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:09,080
because the dopamine is released.
342
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:13,240
It can also release endorphins,
which is why alcohol deadens pain.
343
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:17,720
It possibly also releases serotonin,
a sort of feel-good neurotransmitter.
344
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,840
So alcohol has a range of effects
when its levels are rising in the brain.
345
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:23,800
But if you drink more and more,
346
00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:28,880
then it starts to interact
with another system, the glutamate system.
347
00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:31,000
Glutamate is what keeps you awake.
348
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:34,760
But alcohol blocks that
and eventually you will go to sleep
349
00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:36,640
when your alcohol level is raised.
350
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:41,000
Then eventually you go into a state
of anaesthesia and eventually you'll die,
351
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:44,160
because if you block glutamate
too much, you stop breathing.
352
00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:53,360
I must say, that I was
a mirror drinker for my whole life.
353
00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:57,000
It means
that I didn't aim for drunkenness,
354
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:02,600
but for a constant state
of light stimulation
355
00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:04,120
through alcohol.
356
00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:06,760
However,
357
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:10,800
alcohol can do a whole lot
358
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:15,520
and it has different phases and stages.
359
00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:18,960
Even on a single day of drinking
360
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:21,720
and it can be used in a variety of ways.
361
00:26:22,120 --> 00:26:25,120
It can vitalize and push you.
362
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:27,880
It can calm you down
when you're stressed.
363
00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:29,880
It can...
364
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,160
when writing longer texts
365
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:38,160
or when editing films,
366
00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:43,120
it can round things up
and relax things a bit.
367
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:50,560
Since social recognition
368
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:53,400
and the realization of my work
were so important to me,
369
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:59,560
it was clear to me that I tried
to never take the risk
370
00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:01,960
of my work being diminished
371
00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:05,600
or influenced by alcohol in any way.
372
00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:07,880
But it escalated
373
00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:12,040
until at some point I realized
374
00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:16,960
things were not under control anymore.
375
00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:20,960
The outside world,
my colleagues, my fellows
376
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:25,240
did not notice,
because I wasn't alone.
377
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:29,560
I was surrounded by people
who were on the edge of
378
00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,440
being an enjoyment drinker
to being a risky drinker.
379
00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:35,480
I was a true risky drinker.
380
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:41,320
It happened
that several times a week,
381
00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:44,480
in the evening before going to bed,
382
00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:48,920
to calm me down
and to be able to go to sleep,
383
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:51,840
I would empty a bottle all by myself.
384
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,040
Why do we go to a bar?
385
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:15,640
You could drink at home alone,
but you probably don't want to.
386
00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:19,200
It's above all a social event.
387
00:28:20,320 --> 00:28:22,000
I'd say so, yes.
388
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:28,040
It should be like a harbour where you can
always land, no matter where you are.
389
00:28:28,120 --> 00:28:29,840
And you know that you are
390
00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:32,360
more or less
391
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:33,880
safe for now.
392
00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:35,320
And the rest of the world
393
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:37,680
won't get inside.
394
00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,520
And then
you will need to look after these people.
395
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:46,920
You need to care of them.
396
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:49,480
For many it's...
397
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:51,800
a way to calm down with at first.
398
00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:54,600
And...
399
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:58,200
then something
that beams yourself somewhere else.
400
00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:01,200
Drinking for enjoyment is very rare.
401
00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,760
The ability of coping with alcohol...
402
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:06,320
so that...
403
00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:08,880
so that it...
404
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:11,400
makes a bit more sense
isn't all that easy.
405
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:15,040
Simply getting hammered
is not really a trip
406
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:16,600
or when you finally black out.
407
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,440
A trip is something else.
It's a different state of mind
408
00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,640
where you let yourself go
if it works.
409
00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:28,480
A slight buzz is achieved best alone
410
00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:30,520
or in a small group.
411
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:35,920
Because everyone reacts
differently to alcohol.
412
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:37,760
Alcohol...
413
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:40,120
probably like most other drugs,
414
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:45,600
was originally used mainly
in a spiritual or religious context.
415
00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:48,760
It used to be religious ceremonies
416
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:51,240
in which you would
shoot yourself off together,
417
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:54,400
but it was regulated
who would drink what and how much.
418
00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:56,560
That's not the case anymore.
419
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,320
I think what it was with me was...
420
00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:25,280
When I started drinking alcohol
I realized that
421
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:29,680
all the stresses, all the things
that were going on in my head,
422
00:30:30,160 --> 00:30:34,680
anxieties, fears, worries,
anything negative in my head...
423
00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:38,440
You have a drink
and you forget, you know.
424
00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:40,240
It is party time in your head.
425
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:44,480
Everything that is bothering you
becomes small and irrelevant.
426
00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:48,240
And you just want to keep
that feeling of not caring.
427
00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:50,960
Just not caring, not having
anything to worry about.
428
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:55,240
And the more you have that, the more
you want to keep it. So you drink more.
429
00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,240
That was me, once I had a drop
430
00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:02,360
and I feel like different,
I want to chase that feeling.
431
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:04,920
I want as much of that
as I possibly can.
432
00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:08,640
I would stay out with whoever.
433
00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:12,080
I would make friends
or acquaintances
434
00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:15,160
to enable me to stay out
and continue drinking.
435
00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:32,600
About 10 years ago I decided
436
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:37,280
to analyse the harms of different drugs
using a new scale I developed,
437
00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:41,640
which basically looks
in every single harm a drug can do.
438
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:46,600
It turns out there are 16 different ways
in which a drug can do you harm.
439
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:48,920
There are nine harms to the user.
440
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,800
They range from
killing you when you first drink it,
441
00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:54,440
to damaging your body
or to making you dependent.
442
00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:56,880
And there are 7 harms
drugs do to society.
443
00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:04,160
What popped out was that alcohol
was the most harmful drug in the UK.
444
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:14,240
A lot of people say,
that's ridiculous.
445
00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:18,240
We went back and we got a group
of European experts,
446
00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:22,280
20 countries, 30 experts.
We did the whole thing.
447
00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:24,400
Came up with the same result.
448
00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,600
Across the whole of Europe
alcohol is the most harmful drug.
449
00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:29,680
And the reason is:
450
00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:34,160
The harms of alcohol
to other people, to society are massive,
451
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:35,920
compared with any other drug.
452
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,600
They cause traffic accidents,
453
00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:40,320
are responsible for
a lot of domestic abuse,
454
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:44,760
child-sexual abuse etc.,
also huge health care and policing costs.
455
00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:50,120
When I started telling politicians
456
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:52,680
that drug policy
should be focusing on alcohol,
457
00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:55,000
the government got very upset,
458
00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:58,240
because the alcohol industry
is hugely powerful.
459
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:02,960
It influences politicians consistently,
repeatedly behind the scenes.
460
00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:05,640
That is why I got sacked
as Government Chief Adviser.
461
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:09,080
I said, "Alcohol is the most harmful,
we should be focusing on that."
462
00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,560
The production
of alcoholic beverages
463
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:16,240
is deeply rooted
in many parts of Europe.
464
00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,880
In every European capital
as well as in Brussels
465
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:23,920
powerful lobbying associations
466
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:27,240
represent the interests
of the alcohol producers.
467
00:33:31,520 --> 00:33:35,640
The wine sector
is an enormous agricultural market.
468
00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:38,440
In terms of economy
469
00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:43,320
it is the first agri-food export
in value of the European Union.
470
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:44,960
So we sent...
471
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:51,160
11.3 billion Euros of wine
was exported in 2017
472
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:53,880
outside the European Union
473
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:58,240
and this provides positive trade balance
of almost 9 billion Euros.
474
00:33:58,320 --> 00:34:00,440
So we export a lot.
We don’t import a lot.
475
00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:08,280
Three million people are working
directly in the production of wine.
476
00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:11,320
We used to say
it is an enormous pillar
477
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,159
for the agri-economy
of the European Union.
478
00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:22,840
You are in China
or you are in Brazil,
479
00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:24,400
or you are in...
480
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:25,480
Nigeria...
481
00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:28,560
And people buying a wine
is not just buying a product,
482
00:34:28,639 --> 00:34:31,280
it is buying the image
of the product behind.
483
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,719
It’s a product which is elegant,
484
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:35,679
which is combined with food,
485
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:38,199
which is fine.
486
00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:41,360
So all of these elements
have been transmitted.
487
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,159
Wine is what makes people "people",
488
00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:54,800
because creative people
never drink water.
489
00:34:54,880 --> 00:34:56,199
They only drink wine.
490
00:34:56,280 --> 00:35:00,120
And wine is just...
Now it is business for many people.
491
00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:02,080
Wine is about having a good time.
492
00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:03,480
Drinking wine...
493
00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:04,760
And sharing wine...
494
00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:09,600
Singing songs, writing poetry, having sex.
- One of the most important things...
495
00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:12,280
is sharing the wine
and the love of affection
496
00:35:12,360 --> 00:35:15,880
and true connection between
other people, that’s what it is all about.
497
00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:38,040
We represent roughly
one million jobs in Europe
498
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:40,920
in the field
of direct production and sales,
499
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,720
as well as indirectly of course
many other economical impulses,
500
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,440
in the fields of gastronomy,
hotel industry and tourism.
501
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:54,680
Last year we exported an equivalent
value of 11 billion Euros of liquor.
502
00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:57,480
That means, alongside with wine,
503
00:35:57,560 --> 00:36:02,120
we are at the top of
European food exports.
504
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,000
A very valuable sector...
505
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:08,240
or as the Commissioner of Agriculture
here in Brussels says,
506
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:13,400
"We are one of the crown jewels
in the segment of food exports."
507
00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,680
To find out more
about the specific export machine
508
00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:24,640
of the European alcohol industry
509
00:36:24,720 --> 00:36:26,520
my journey takes me to Nigeria,
510
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,920
one of the growth markets
in global alcohol business.
511
00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,480
For the beer industry
Africa is really
512
00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,120
one of the most promising
places on earth.
513
00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:46,920
The continent is rising.
514
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,160
In many countries the economy
is doing better than...
515
00:36:50,240 --> 00:36:51,680
15 or 20 years ago.
516
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:53,880
There are middle classes
that are rising,
517
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:55,360
there are more and more people
518
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:57,920
who consider themselves
to be middle class.
519
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,240
And they have some spending money.
520
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,120
According to the latest numbers
for every beer sold in Africa,
521
00:37:18,240 --> 00:37:22,280
the profit is almost 50% higher
than in the rest of the world.
522
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,120
One of the main reasons
Africa is so profitable for Heineken,
523
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,440
is that there is little competition.
524
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:34,760
You have three big global players.
525
00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:38,200
Those are AB InBev,
Heineken and Diageo.
526
00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,680
And among them they have
almost the complete market.
527
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,120
Obviously Africa is to the interest
528
00:37:54,240 --> 00:37:56,600
of the alcohol industry,
529
00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,680
because nobody is checking
what they do
530
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:02,840
and the market is growing.
531
00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:05,800
A country like Nigeria
532
00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:09,400
is probably close
to 200 million people right now.
533
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,120
In terms of just commercial interest
534
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:15,080
this is the place to be.
535
00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:29,840
Many people think
that Heineken is only Heineken,
536
00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:34,760
but they really succeeded in creating
local brands that are very strong,
537
00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,600
like Star here,
or you even have a few brands
538
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:39,680
that are a little bit cheaper.
539
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,400
Even though the abstention rate here
540
00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:53,720
is more than 50%,
541
00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:56,080
in I would say in most countries,
542
00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:59,160
maybe all countries in the continent,
543
00:38:59,240 --> 00:39:00,800
except maybe South Africa.
544
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,400
But if you now take out
those who drink
545
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:08,520
and you take a look at
how much they consume,
546
00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:11,880
we see that we are
quite competitive
547
00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:14,200
if not even superior
548
00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:16,880
to many countries
in other parts of the world.
549
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,720
So that is obviously the problem.
550
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:22,920
When people drink here,
they drink to get drunk.
551
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:34,080
This one, they usually take it,
when rain is falling.
552
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:37,280
So they take this one
and directly disappear,
553
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,360
immediately.
554
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,080
So it’s good for the body.
555
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:42,560
It’s Gin,
556
00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:44,960
it’s called "Chelsea", this Gin.
557
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:55,240
In Nigeria,
as in many other African countries,
558
00:39:55,320 --> 00:40:00,520
there are no age restrictions or
other restrictions on the sale of alcohol.
559
00:40:00,640 --> 00:40:04,400
Since the 1960s, per capita
consumption has doubled.
560
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:15,240
One of my interviews I had, was
with a former CEO of Heineken in Nigeria.
561
00:40:15,320 --> 00:40:17,440
He is called Festus Odimegwu.
562
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:21,280
One of the things he told me was
that Heineken launched,
563
00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,680
what was called a hot spot scheme.
564
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:26,600
500 bars were declared hot spots
565
00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:30,720
and you have to know that there is
a myth in many African countries,
566
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:36,160
that Stout beer is good for your sexual
performances. Many drinkers believe that.
567
00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:39,880
So Guinness has benefitted from that
since a long time.
568
00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:44,600
So what they did, they hired
a large group of prostitutes,
569
00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,640
about around 2,000 to 2,500,
570
00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:49,200
to promote the beer.
571
00:40:54,280 --> 00:40:56,960
I would be careful
using the word prostitutes.
572
00:40:57,680 --> 00:41:01,680
I would say
ladies in general were used.
573
00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:04,560
The customers who have
come to the bar,
574
00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:07,600
they are also...
575
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:11,440
encouraged to buy
Legend Extra Stout.
576
00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:16,320
After taking three or four bottles
they get high.
577
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:20,000
They can pick on any of the ladies
who are on duty,
578
00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:23,120
hire a room for one hour.
579
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:25,440
They go into the room,
enjoy themselves,
580
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:28,280
the lady comes back to the stage.
581
00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:30,560
The man too may come
back to the stage,
582
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:32,720
have another bottle or two bottles,
583
00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:36,160
pick another girl and the lady too
can pick another man.
584
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,120
The girls are paid.
585
00:41:39,360 --> 00:41:41,640
They are paid for the service.
586
00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:43,600
That is what they do anyway.
587
00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:47,120
They sell themselves to men.
588
00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:51,160
So for them too,
it would boost their market.
589
00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:53,600
It is a win-win situation.
590
00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:55,440
And for me,
591
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,200
that calls morals into question.
592
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:04,920
It is not something that...
593
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:08,880
I would encourage.
594
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:12,840
This was in the past.
595
00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:15,600
What is still happening
is you have promotion women.
596
00:42:16,240 --> 00:42:18,560
If you have to work for Heineken,
597
00:42:18,640 --> 00:42:21,240
you would have to be curvy,
but not fat.
598
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:24,400
Because most times
they use premium girls, that would...
599
00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:28,240
Premium girls that are outspoken
600
00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:32,080
and that can convince
and that are bold enough.
601
00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:33,800
You can be as pretty as you want,
602
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:36,320
when you are
not bold enough to contact
603
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,600
and confront and talk
to your customer about the brand.
604
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:42,400
The customers
treat you like prostitutes.
605
00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:44,760
They can touch you,
they can touch your butts.
606
00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:46,560
They can touch your body
607
00:42:46,640 --> 00:42:48,960
or say some things like,
"Look how sweet you are."
608
00:42:49,040 --> 00:42:53,760
Probably trying to say some kind
of sexual words to you and all that.
609
00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:55,600
And they can actually try to...
610
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:57,880
abuse you as well.
611
00:42:57,960 --> 00:43:00,360
Thinking about the payment,
we really need the money.
612
00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,240
You have to take your
eyes off and clean your eyes,
613
00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:05,360
go back out there
and face your job again.
614
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:12,720
Promotion women are hired by Heineken
in thirteen African countries.
615
00:43:13,440 --> 00:43:16,320
Since I have revealed
all the bad behaviour
616
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:18,240
that they are often victim of,
617
00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:22,320
Heineken says it has now stopped
in some of the African countries
618
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:23,880
where this takes place.
619
00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:26,680
They won’t tell me
in which countries.
620
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:29,840
It's difficult to control
if they are keeping their word.
621
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:39,400
Even after multiple
interview requests
622
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:43,160
Heineken is not willing
to comment on the events in Africa.
623
00:43:45,480 --> 00:43:48,560
Heineken's story in Africa
is pretty representative
624
00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:52,960
for the way alcohol industry
is conducting business in Africa.
625
00:43:53,080 --> 00:43:56,680
From what I've seen and observed
and from what I've read,
626
00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:59,080
I really see it as a case study.
627
00:44:19,080 --> 00:44:20,760
Anheuser Busch InBev,
628
00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:24,440
the largest global brewery group
based in the US and Belgium,
629
00:44:24,520 --> 00:44:28,680
refuses to allow us to film in their tents
at the Oktoberfest in Munich.
630
00:44:33,160 --> 00:44:35,520
They own several hundred brands.
631
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,800
Budweiser, Corona, Stella Artois,
632
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:41,880
but also Beck's
and Löwenbräu in Germany.
633
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:48,200
Why does the industry so stubbornly
reject communication?
634
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:56,160
Alcohol and health is the big issue.
635
00:44:56,240 --> 00:44:58,000
We are very afraid.
636
00:44:58,080 --> 00:44:59,880
We really think that...
637
00:45:01,480 --> 00:45:03,040
some organizations or...
638
00:45:03,120 --> 00:45:07,000
There’s a push from some part
of the society that wants to...
639
00:45:07,760 --> 00:45:10,000
demonize alcoholic beverages.
640
00:45:10,080 --> 00:45:11,960
If we are not able to defend
641
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:16,360
the right place
of a moderate consumption of wine
642
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,320
within a healthy lifestyle
in our society...
643
00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:21,000
Puhh...
644
00:45:21,840 --> 00:45:23,960
In five or ten years,
645
00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:28,440
we will see a completely different
environment for wine production.
646
00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:35,120
In Germany our state policy
set itself the task
647
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:36,920
to outline health goals.
648
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:40,920
And one of those health goals
is to reduce alcohol consumption.
649
00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:44,040
This process was going
on for several years
650
00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:48,880
and was unofficially massively
influenced by the alcohol industry.
651
00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:52,120
The corresponding documents
were put on display.
652
00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:55,400
It was the alcohol industry
that tried
653
00:45:55,480 --> 00:45:58,560
to influence certain measures
654
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:00,360
and primarily to obstruct those.
655
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:04,720
They even tried to influence
the definition of this goal.
656
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:09,440
Reducing alcohol consumption wasn't
supposed to be the goal anymore.
657
00:46:10,200 --> 00:46:14,080
An industry that has publicly
explained several times,
658
00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:16,440
including the "German Brewer Association",
659
00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:19,240
"We are open to any kind
of alcohol prevention.
660
00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:21,800
We participate in that
and also do it on our own,
661
00:46:22,200 --> 00:46:25,280
as long as it doesn't
reduce the revenue."
662
00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:27,880
The result was that
663
00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:31,560
the health goal to reduce alcohol
consumption in Germany
664
00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:36,040
wasn't thoroughly discussed
and was far from being passed.
665
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:38,480
The work on it was discontinued.
666
00:46:45,280 --> 00:46:49,240
The drinks industry has learned
from the tobacco industry's mistakes.
667
00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:52,480
The tobacco industry lied
about the addictiveness of tobacco,
668
00:46:52,560 --> 00:46:56,320
was exposed and then
essentially had its science
669
00:46:56,560 --> 00:46:58,920
completely undermined.
670
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:01,080
The drinks industry
by contrast says,
671
00:47:01,160 --> 00:47:04,960
"Alcohol is dangerous,
but you've got to drink responsibly."
672
00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:09,000
And I am thinking, "Isn’t the point
of drinking to lose responsibility?"
673
00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:12,640
How many people think, "Oh my goodness,
I am losing responsibility.
674
00:47:12,720 --> 00:47:13,880
I must stop drinking."
675
00:47:13,960 --> 00:47:15,960
But at that time
you are already drunk.
676
00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,520
So they are very clever
and they don’t make...
677
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:20,760
They don’t deny the harms.
They just say,
678
00:47:20,840 --> 00:47:22,760
it is something
you have to put up with,
679
00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:24,720
drinking irresponsibly is your fault.
680
00:47:34,720 --> 00:47:38,800
We are conscious of the risk
of abuse of wine,
681
00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:40,520
of any alcoholic beverage.
682
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,160
We know
that the molecule of alcohol is...
683
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:45,120
is addictive.
684
00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:49,040
We know people who
have been with alcoholism,
685
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:51,880
we know it is a reality
we cannot close our eyes.
686
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:55,360
But we think that integrated...
687
00:47:56,280 --> 00:47:59,320
integrated into a normal life style,
688
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:01,360
in the wine culture,
689
00:48:02,320 --> 00:48:07,920
this risk of getting addicted
is minimized to irrelevant.
690
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:12,360
At the moment we have around
100 projects running
691
00:48:12,440 --> 00:48:14,480
that deal with different aspects
692
00:48:15,240 --> 00:48:18,800
of responsible consumption.
693
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:20,680
This is possible through either
694
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:23,480
awareness campaigns
about "drink-driving"
695
00:48:23,760 --> 00:48:28,600
or training for bartenders
or training for supermarket employees
696
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:31,720
not to sell to minors
697
00:48:32,080 --> 00:48:37,160
or not to sell more products to customers
who already had enough to drink.
698
00:48:37,240 --> 00:48:39,600
In the UK analysis has shown
699
00:48:39,680 --> 00:48:44,520
that 68%, so two-thirds
of alcohol industry profits,
700
00:48:44,640 --> 00:48:48,400
are due to consumers
drinking above the recommended
701
00:48:48,480 --> 00:48:50,720
low risk alcohol guide lines.
702
00:48:51,120 --> 00:48:54,560
Therefore if all UK drinkers
703
00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:57,720
were to heed
the government’s advice
704
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:01,360
on drinking to lower their risk
of health consequences,
705
00:49:01,440 --> 00:49:03,400
UK alcohol industry would lose
706
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:06,480
approximately 13 billion pounds each year.
707
00:49:06,560 --> 00:49:10,560
Alcohol prevention
through the alcohol industry is important
708
00:49:10,680 --> 00:49:14,720
to prevention experts
mainly for one reason:
709
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:18,240
It shows us which
prevention methods don't work.
710
00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:22,480
Alcohol prevention through the industry
is designed not to work
711
00:49:22,560 --> 00:49:25,000
but to look good
while making an effort.
712
00:49:25,360 --> 00:49:29,160
That is why its results
usually aren't evaluated.
713
00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:34,800
I was part of a research team
which analysed
714
00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:40,360
more than 3.000 alcohol industry corporate
social responsibility initiatives.
715
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:44,040
And we found that the overwhelming
majority of initiatives
716
00:49:44,120 --> 00:49:47,240
were not based
on any evidence of effectiveness.
717
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:51,360
They did not employ good
robust evaluation techniques
718
00:49:51,440 --> 00:49:53,640
to measure their success and impact.
719
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,280
And really,
all of this material is branded.
720
00:49:57,920 --> 00:50:00,240
I think,
the majority of these initiatives
721
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:02,560
are simply extensions of marketing
722
00:50:02,640 --> 00:50:06,320
and could be seen as
stakeholder marketing practices.
723
00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:09,800
Whereby major multinational
alcohol companies
724
00:50:09,880 --> 00:50:13,640
are able to win favour
and demonstrate to politicians
725
00:50:13,720 --> 00:50:16,480
they are doing good
and spending money doing good,
726
00:50:16,560 --> 00:50:19,080
when really they are
protecting their profits
727
00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:21,560
and making sure
that no proper evidence based
728
00:50:21,640 --> 00:50:23,680
public health measures
are introduced.
729
00:51:00,560 --> 00:51:04,000
Vulnerable, young woman,
you know, on my own.
730
00:51:05,440 --> 00:51:08,640
I've been fortunate but a lot worse
things could have happened
731
00:51:08,720 --> 00:51:11,200
because not everybody
is a good person
732
00:51:11,280 --> 00:51:14,280
and sometimes people
will prey on the fact that
733
00:51:14,360 --> 00:51:15,520
it is a young person,
734
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,120
it is a young lady who had too much
to drink, or men or whatever it is.
735
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,680
I started to notice that I was
getting myself into more and more
736
00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,040
of these unsavoury
unfavourable positions.
737
00:51:25,120 --> 00:51:29,600
And for so many years my family,
I have two sisters, a good mum,
738
00:51:29,680 --> 00:51:33,600
a good dad and they used
to break their heart
739
00:51:33,680 --> 00:51:35,000
every time I would go out.
740
00:51:35,080 --> 00:51:37,280
As they wouldn’t know
if I would come home.
741
00:51:37,360 --> 00:51:40,400
That was the nature of my drinking
particularly towards the end.
742
00:51:40,480 --> 00:51:43,640
I would got out and I wouldn’t
come home for four days.
743
00:51:43,720 --> 00:51:46,360
My own friends
wouldn’t know where I was.
744
00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:47,960
My phone would be off.
745
00:51:48,320 --> 00:51:51,400
My own little sister one day,
and this will always,
746
00:51:51,480 --> 00:51:53,400
always, stick with me,
747
00:51:53,480 --> 00:51:55,120
had said that she had gone
748
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:59,000
to the field by my house with my dad.
They were looking for my body.
749
00:51:59,160 --> 00:52:01,120
I’m leaving my shoes because...
750
00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:02,800
We will have to walk.
751
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:05,600
We have to keep on feet,
otherwise we are going to fall.
752
00:52:05,680 --> 00:52:07,640
We are off on an adventure.
753
00:52:09,080 --> 00:52:10,120
We love you darl'.
754
00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:11,800
Stop, stop, stop.
755
00:52:22,240 --> 00:52:23,880
Look how good I’m walking.
756
00:52:25,120 --> 00:52:28,480
In my head I still thought,
I am not an alcoholic,
757
00:52:28,560 --> 00:52:30,160
I know I’ve got a problem,
758
00:52:30,240 --> 00:52:32,800
but I was just trying
to figure out what it was,
759
00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:35,920
because there is this stigma
and there is this stereotype
760
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:39,160
of somebody who is an alcoholic
or is a problem drinker.
761
00:52:39,480 --> 00:52:42,320
And I had that stereotype
in my mind that
762
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:47,160
because I was 24 and because
I had a roof over my head
763
00:52:47,240 --> 00:52:50,760
and I had a job and clinging onto my job.
764
00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:53,200
I was looking for differences.
765
00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:55,760
I thought, "I can’t be an alcoholic,
I am not."
766
00:53:03,160 --> 00:53:05,440
I worked in a little shop
at that time.
767
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:08,560
And there was a lady
who always came into the shop
768
00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:10,320
and we would have a little chat.
769
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:14,640
She was called Anna Lisa
and she was lovely and glamorous
770
00:53:14,720 --> 00:53:17,320
and well-spoken
and a very calming person.
771
00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:19,760
I just always felt
a connection with her.
772
00:53:20,080 --> 00:53:21,240
And...
773
00:53:21,320 --> 00:53:24,720
I wasn’t well enough to be in work,
but I forced myself to go in,
774
00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:28,120
because I needed to go into work,
but I was in a mess.
775
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:33,040
I had the shakes,
I mentally was really scatty
776
00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:36,160
and frightened and anxious
and depressed.
777
00:53:36,240 --> 00:53:38,840
I was not
in a good mental space at all.
778
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:40,880
And this lady...
779
00:53:41,080 --> 00:53:44,000
who came in, she came into the shop
and I remember thinking,
780
00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:45,640
"I am so glad to see this lady."
781
00:53:45,720 --> 00:53:48,160
I feel very, you know,
she is calming.
782
00:53:48,960 --> 00:53:52,240
She came up to the desk with things
at the end of the tilt to pay
783
00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:54,360
and said, "How are you?"
784
00:53:54,440 --> 00:53:55,680
And I said,
785
00:53:56,280 --> 00:53:58,240
"I am not very well.
I am really scared.
786
00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:01,520
I don’t know what to do. I think
I have a problem, I need to get to AA."
787
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:03,520
And I was like, wow...
788
00:54:03,880 --> 00:54:05,400
what made me say that,
789
00:54:05,480 --> 00:54:08,320
because I have never ever
felt like that before.
790
00:54:08,440 --> 00:54:12,000
And then this lady,
who is so glamorous and well-spoken
791
00:54:12,080 --> 00:54:15,440
and the good clothes and the handbag
and everything, says to me,
792
00:54:15,720 --> 00:54:18,280
"I have been in recovery
for 6 years,
793
00:54:19,440 --> 00:54:22,560
if you want to take my number
and we can chat
794
00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:25,080
and maybe get to
a meeting together, then..."
795
00:54:25,160 --> 00:54:29,840
You know, so I did, I took her number,
because I saw her and I thought,
796
00:54:30,560 --> 00:54:33,360
"You know what, you don’t
look like a bad person
797
00:54:33,440 --> 00:54:37,200
and you are telling me that you
don’t drink and you’ve turned around."
798
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:39,320
So that was enough for me to go,
799
00:54:39,480 --> 00:54:41,440
okay, let’s see what this is about.
800
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:53,520
Given that I was,
801
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:59,240
from early youth on
a tendentially depressive person,
802
00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:03,320
there are ways to cover
that with many activities
803
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:05,680
such as working and drinking alcohol.
804
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:07,240
But in the long run
805
00:55:07,680 --> 00:55:11,120
it intensifies,
amplifies this depression,
806
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:13,880
because alcohol is of course a...
807
00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:16,720
substance that promotes depression.
808
00:55:17,120 --> 00:55:19,160
"Depressants" is what they're called.
809
00:55:19,360 --> 00:55:20,920
And from there
810
00:55:21,560 --> 00:55:26,880
I went from a risky drinker
to someone suffering from alcohol abuse.
811
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:32,200
It was a linkage
and a chain of 3 or 4 years
812
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:36,600
in which you are permanently
under intense psychological stress
813
00:55:36,880 --> 00:55:39,560
and face difficult challenges.
814
00:55:40,240 --> 00:55:44,400
Several misfortunes,
illnesses, fatalities.
815
00:55:44,960 --> 00:55:47,200
It is like a tilted path.
816
00:55:47,280 --> 00:55:51,240
This descent within a depression
which leads
817
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:55,440
to a loss of inclination to do anything
818
00:55:55,520 --> 00:55:58,560
until the question arises,
"What am I actually alive for?"
819
00:55:58,640 --> 00:56:01,280
Separation from your wife,
it all comes together.
820
00:56:07,360 --> 00:56:09,640
Welcome, Mr. Gallmetzer.
821
00:56:10,240 --> 00:56:12,920
Please come with me.
You know the way.
822
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:14,400
Yes.
823
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:19,560
Sadly we can't tell
824
00:56:19,640 --> 00:56:24,520
the exact moment as of which
you are an alcoholic.
825
00:56:24,840 --> 00:56:27,720
I would give a lot
to be able to tell somebody,
826
00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:31,120
"You can drink
until the 16th of January
827
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:34,240
then you have to be cautious
and rather leave it,
828
00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:37,080
because from the 17th or 18th on
you will be an alcoholic."
829
00:56:37,160 --> 00:56:38,280
That's not possible.
830
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:42,120
But we know that certain people
831
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:44,400
have a higher likelihood
832
00:56:45,040 --> 00:56:48,040
of making that step into addiction.
833
00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:50,280
Those are not
personality based factors,
834
00:56:50,360 --> 00:56:52,040
as we had assumed for a long time.
835
00:56:52,120 --> 00:56:54,680
Today we know
that there is no such thing
836
00:56:54,760 --> 00:56:57,720
as a "type" of predisposition
for an addiction
837
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:01,920
explaining why somebody
suffers from an addiction.
838
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:05,200
But there are
other factors that matter,
839
00:57:05,280 --> 00:57:08,160
especially a very high
alcohol consumption,
840
00:57:08,240 --> 00:57:10,800
a frequent alcohol consumption
841
00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:14,400
and especially the alcohol
consumption because of its effects.
842
00:57:14,480 --> 00:57:17,040
So not drinking out of enjoyment,
843
00:57:17,120 --> 00:57:19,400
complementing a meal for example,
844
00:57:19,480 --> 00:57:24,120
but drinking to achieve
a certain psychological effect.
845
00:57:24,480 --> 00:57:28,320
There's a second mechanism
which amplifies this fatality:
846
00:57:28,520 --> 00:57:31,040
the so-called
"tolerance development".
847
00:57:31,120 --> 00:57:34,000
Meaning that I need
more and more alcohol
848
00:57:34,080 --> 00:57:36,000
to achieve the same effect.
849
00:57:36,080 --> 00:57:40,480
That is more or less your ticket
to suffering from alcohol abuse.
850
00:57:41,280 --> 00:57:43,440
The difference to the first time,
851
00:57:43,960 --> 00:57:47,520
when I told myself, "I'll get
a treatment now and then we'll see",
852
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:49,120
was, that this time I knew
853
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:54,240
that if I went in there, I would have
the will and intention to succeed
854
00:57:55,160 --> 00:57:57,240
in living a life without alcohol.
855
00:57:57,600 --> 00:58:01,120
The most difficult thing
is the thought:
856
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:03,400
"No alcohol ever again. Never."
857
00:58:03,840 --> 00:58:05,040
Given that
858
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:08,440
it had been through your whole life
such a pivotal
859
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,960
doping companion,
enjoyment furnisher and so on...
860
00:58:13,240 --> 00:58:15,120
And on top there was the social aspect.
861
00:58:16,520 --> 00:58:20,240
Drinking is the pinnacle
of doing something good for yourself.
862
00:58:20,360 --> 00:58:24,520
When partying or enjoying yourself
and so on.
863
00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:49,280
Alcohol is a substance that damages
pretty much all body systems.
864
00:59:49,360 --> 00:59:53,240
First of all inside the alimentary canal,
it damages the liver,
865
00:59:53,320 --> 00:59:56,280
the pancreas,
the gastro-intestinal system...
866
00:59:56,360 --> 00:59:58,960
But also the cardiovascular system,
867
00:59:59,080 --> 01:00:01,720
the skin, and of course
the nervous system,
868
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,840
the central one in the brain
as well as the peripheral.
869
01:00:04,920 --> 01:00:08,160
Nerves get damaged
and finally even the bones,
870
01:00:08,240 --> 01:00:10,120
with a toxic bone oedema.
871
01:00:10,200 --> 01:00:14,240
So there is practically no body part
that won't be damaged
872
01:00:14,320 --> 01:00:17,480
by a highly dosed intake of alcohol.
873
01:00:22,360 --> 01:00:25,200
The WHO has pointed out
874
01:00:25,280 --> 01:00:29,680
that 200 illnesses are caused
or worsened by alcohol.
875
01:00:33,920 --> 01:00:35,440
Cancer is
876
01:00:35,520 --> 01:00:39,240
an important secondary disease
caused by too much alcohol.
877
01:00:39,680 --> 01:00:41,880
The cancers are located
in the oral cavity,
878
01:00:41,960 --> 01:00:45,120
the throat, the larynx, the gullet.
879
01:00:45,360 --> 01:00:48,520
There are two other types of cancer
that are very frequent.
880
01:00:48,720 --> 01:00:51,160
You might know
that the colon carcinoma
881
01:00:51,240 --> 01:00:54,640
is one of the most common types
of cancer in Germany and Europe,
882
01:00:54,720 --> 01:00:58,720
alcohol boosts the numbers
of colonic and rectum cancer.
883
01:00:59,040 --> 01:01:01,000
The second one is breast cancer.
884
01:01:01,080 --> 01:01:05,200
Breast cancer is the most common type
of cancer for women
885
01:01:05,280 --> 01:01:06,840
and alcohol enhances that.
886
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:08,400
Young women
887
01:01:08,480 --> 01:01:13,520
who start drinking at the age
of 13, 14, 15, 16, which they do,
888
01:01:13,920 --> 01:01:19,400
have a much higher risk of suffering from
breast cancer 20 or 30 years later in life.
889
01:01:19,680 --> 01:01:21,840
If you're healthy
890
01:01:22,840 --> 01:01:26,080
and not the child
of an alcohol addict,
891
01:01:27,040 --> 01:01:30,160
or suffering from a disease
worsened by alcohol,
892
01:01:31,480 --> 01:01:36,680
then as a male you can handle
a daily quantity of alcohol
893
01:01:36,760 --> 01:01:38,560
corresponding to 1/4 litre of wine.
894
01:01:38,640 --> 01:01:40,280
And half of that as a women.
895
01:01:40,360 --> 01:01:43,760
Women react
much more sensitive to alcohol
896
01:01:43,840 --> 01:01:45,840
for various reasons.
897
01:01:45,920 --> 01:01:50,120
Those reasons aren't fully discovered
but they are debated.
898
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:54,200
Those are the limits
and if we stick to them
899
01:01:54,280 --> 01:01:56,440
we are in the low risk area.
900
01:01:56,520 --> 01:01:59,320
Not in a risk-free area,
but in a low risk area.
901
01:02:04,240 --> 01:02:08,680
In the EU a total of 23 million people
are alcohol-dependent.
902
01:02:09,920 --> 01:02:13,640
Illegal drugs are only
a fraction of this amount.
903
01:02:13,720 --> 01:02:17,240
These numbers have remained
quite stable for several years.
904
01:02:17,320 --> 01:02:19,400
For men, they are declining.
905
01:02:19,480 --> 01:02:22,720
For women, however,
there are permanent growth rates.
906
01:02:25,120 --> 01:02:27,800
Alcohol is more easily available
for women today
907
01:02:27,880 --> 01:02:30,760
and it has become
part of emancipation.
908
01:02:33,600 --> 01:02:35,600
All in all we have to say,
909
01:02:36,040 --> 01:02:39,720
"In Germany we have
a global alcohol problem."
910
01:02:39,840 --> 01:02:41,720
Almost everyone has that.
911
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:46,000
The average alcohol consumption
in Germany is way too high.
912
01:02:46,080 --> 01:02:51,480
Those given 10 litres
of pure alcohol per capita and year.
913
01:02:51,560 --> 01:02:54,320
Per capita and year means:
Every baby is included
914
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:56,360
and every 105 year old.
915
01:02:56,520 --> 01:02:59,920
Those 10 litres of alcohol
consumption per capita and year
916
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:04,440
cannot be consumed in a healthy way.
It is impossible.
917
01:03:04,520 --> 01:03:06,200
The amount is so big
918
01:03:06,280 --> 01:03:09,400
that alcohol problems
affect the entire population.
919
01:03:15,920 --> 01:03:21,520
Why is the government's attitude towards
alcohol so supportive, if a low revenue
920
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:23,920
opposes high expenses.
921
01:03:24,080 --> 01:03:26,840
To be precise,
the expenses caused by alcohol
922
01:03:26,920 --> 01:03:30,360
are about ten times higher
than the alcohol tax revenues.
923
01:03:30,440 --> 01:03:34,560
The tax revenues are down
to a low single-digit billion
924
01:03:34,640 --> 01:03:37,440
but the expenses reach
a double-digit-billion sum,
925
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:39,640
with 20-30 billion at least.
926
01:03:39,720 --> 01:03:42,080
Usually 40 billion are stated.
927
01:03:43,560 --> 01:03:46,560
The essential reason
for this apparent contradiction
928
01:03:46,920 --> 01:03:51,000
is however that the revenues
go into public hands,
929
01:03:51,080 --> 01:03:53,760
all revenues from taxes
go into public hands.
930
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:58,000
The expenses however are initially
paid by the affected persons,
931
01:03:58,080 --> 01:04:00,600
their relatives, family and so on,
932
01:04:00,680 --> 01:04:03,680
by the health insurances
and the pension fund.
933
01:04:03,760 --> 01:04:07,000
Every health insured person
pays for the alcohol problems
934
01:04:07,080 --> 01:04:10,720
even if it's not him
who has the problem, but others.
935
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:12,200
The government doesn't.
936
01:04:12,560 --> 01:04:14,480
The losses are in the long-term.
937
01:04:14,960 --> 01:04:16,560
The tax benefits are immediate.
938
01:04:16,640 --> 01:04:19,320
If you change
the availability of alcohol,
939
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:22,600
then you lose tax revenue
within days.
940
01:04:23,280 --> 01:04:28,400
So politicians prefer
to sacrifice long-term health
941
01:04:28,480 --> 01:04:30,160
for short-time financial gains.
942
01:04:37,440 --> 01:04:39,360
I spent 20 years of my life
943
01:04:39,680 --> 01:04:41,000
dealing...
944
01:04:41,480 --> 01:04:44,120
a drug that wrecks lives.
945
01:04:45,920 --> 01:04:48,360
Everyone goes to a bar
to start their party off.
946
01:04:48,440 --> 01:04:52,040
When you work behind the bar
you start people’s parties.
947
01:04:52,120 --> 01:04:54,280
What other way
to start parties than going,
948
01:04:54,360 --> 01:04:59,040
"Here's a round of shots, let’s all
have one together." Yeah, I mean...
949
01:04:59,120 --> 01:05:01,800
Sometimes it has ruined my life, by...
950
01:05:03,120 --> 01:05:05,040
You know, hell, by going out...
951
01:05:05,120 --> 01:05:07,360
There is a good three
or four years of my life
952
01:05:07,440 --> 01:05:09,160
that I don’t remember very well.
953
01:05:09,240 --> 01:05:12,040
From working hard,
partying hard,
954
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:16,000
working hard, partying hard.
Just doing that seven days a week.
955
01:05:16,080 --> 01:05:19,160
I know that I have done that
to other people’s lives.
956
01:05:20,120 --> 01:05:21,600
And, yeah, I mean...
957
01:05:23,680 --> 01:05:26,080
We are legalized drug dealers.
958
01:05:26,920 --> 01:05:28,760
What can you say about that?
959
01:05:28,840 --> 01:05:31,640
The government licenses us
to sell alcohol,
960
01:05:32,080 --> 01:05:35,520
to sell the most addictive drug
in the world to people.
961
01:05:36,120 --> 01:05:37,960
And takes profit from it.
962
01:05:39,920 --> 01:05:42,000
It is a hard thing to say that...
963
01:05:42,680 --> 01:05:44,160
eventually...
964
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:47,080
being deep
and philosophical about it,
965
01:05:47,160 --> 01:05:49,680
I've probably ruined
a lot of people’s lives.
966
01:05:52,240 --> 01:05:55,800
But I've probably given them
a great time while ruining their lives.
967
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:04,120
One of my researchers
was actually in Parliament
968
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:08,160
looking around because one
of his colleagues was working there
969
01:06:08,920 --> 01:06:10,720
and he took him to a party,
970
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:14,880
a party in Parliament on one of
the big terraces overlooking the Thames.
971
01:06:15,920 --> 01:06:17,320
And it was a free party.
972
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:21,280
Diageo was giving free drinks
to anyone who was there.
973
01:06:21,560 --> 01:06:23,000
He said it was amazing.
974
01:06:23,080 --> 01:06:27,960
I stood there, I watched MPs
and their assistants drinking.
975
01:06:28,040 --> 01:06:31,560
There were several editors
of national newspapers
976
01:06:31,640 --> 01:06:33,000
and they were all drunk.
977
01:06:33,080 --> 01:06:35,760
My student he said to his friend,
978
01:06:35,840 --> 01:06:38,280
"What is this,
is this the Christmas party?"
979
01:06:39,160 --> 01:06:41,000
Thinking is was once a year.
980
01:06:41,320 --> 01:06:43,240
He said, "No, they do that
every two weeks."
981
01:06:43,320 --> 01:06:46,800
Diageo have a free party
every two weeks in Parliament.
982
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,240
You can drink
as much as you like for free.
983
01:06:49,320 --> 01:06:52,120
And who is going to oppose
the drinks industry,
984
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,560
when you got your noses
in the trough every fortnight?
985
01:06:57,160 --> 01:07:00,640
Diageo is a London-based
multinational alcohol company
986
01:07:00,720 --> 01:07:03,760
and one of the largest producers
of spirits in the world.
987
01:07:04,840 --> 01:07:07,760
Diageo is also very strong
in Africa for example,
988
01:07:07,840 --> 01:07:09,440
with Guinness beer.
989
01:07:10,240 --> 01:07:13,880
There is a system in our society
concerning the blind spot
990
01:07:13,960 --> 01:07:16,800
which blanks out
the harmful side of alcohol.
991
01:07:30,080 --> 01:07:32,080
So this place now...
992
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:34,520
this holds some memories for me,
993
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:37,200
but not necessarily
the nicest of memories.
994
01:07:37,320 --> 01:07:41,920
These cobbled streets here
I remember on my 18th birthday.
995
01:07:42,120 --> 01:07:44,720
I came to Liverpool
with a few of my friends.
996
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:45,920
And...
997
01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:49,640
absolutely on your 18th birthday,
people always get drunk when they're 18.
998
01:07:49,720 --> 01:07:51,720
That is your rite
of passage and everything.
999
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:54,200
And the night
had such high expectations.
1000
01:07:54,280 --> 01:07:56,840
I was really looking forward
to coming out here
1001
01:07:56,920 --> 01:08:00,080
and of course
it all went very downhill.
1002
01:08:00,160 --> 01:08:04,000
The amount of times I must have ended up
face down on the cobbles here,
1003
01:08:04,080 --> 01:08:06,520
walking in some heels
that I couldn't walk in,
1004
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:11,200
cut knees, crying, tears and
arguments with friends you know.
1005
01:08:11,280 --> 01:08:14,120
So I’m coming back here now,
it feels...
1006
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:16,240
I'm just...
I’m a different person.
1007
01:08:16,319 --> 01:08:19,600
It is like that girl is dead.
And, you know...
1008
01:08:19,680 --> 01:08:22,279
I wouldn't say she's dead,
I'd say she is asleep
1009
01:08:22,359 --> 01:08:25,240
and we have to try very hard
not to wake her up,
1010
01:08:25,319 --> 01:08:28,479
but that is what comes back to me
when I am here.
1011
01:08:28,560 --> 01:08:32,479
And I look at that girl
with a great deal of sympathy and sadness.
1012
01:08:33,080 --> 01:08:36,600
I am just so grateful
that that's not my life anymore.
1013
01:08:36,680 --> 01:08:38,439
People say to me still now:
1014
01:08:38,520 --> 01:08:41,279
"Oh so you’ve not have
drunk for 2,5 years, 3 years,
1015
01:08:41,359 --> 01:08:45,040
so you could probably have one or two."
And I say, "No!"
1016
01:08:45,120 --> 01:08:47,640
Because if I gave myself a drink,
1017
01:08:47,880 --> 01:08:53,200
little Sarah would wake up
and be back big and as bad as ever before.
1018
01:08:53,279 --> 01:08:55,920
So it is about learning
to live a life,
1019
01:08:56,080 --> 01:08:58,840
where I don’t have alcohol anymore,
1020
01:08:58,920 --> 01:09:01,960
because I know
where that would take me.
1021
01:09:02,040 --> 01:09:05,760
It would take me back to the ground.
So I'm not doing it anymore.
1022
01:09:09,760 --> 01:09:11,960
So that is the
64.000-dollar-question:
1023
01:09:12,040 --> 01:09:13,479
What is better than dope?
1024
01:09:13,560 --> 01:09:18,040
If you can find something that
really feeds your need for excitement,
1025
01:09:18,120 --> 01:09:23,479
or fantasy, or relaxation, but
in a socially redeeming or acceptable way,
1026
01:09:23,560 --> 01:09:25,279
then you have something
better than dope.
1027
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:32,279
What I discovered in research
at the Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital,
1028
01:09:32,359 --> 01:09:34,600
the drug of choice is harmonious
1029
01:09:34,680 --> 01:09:37,279
with your characteristic way
of reducing stress.
1030
01:09:37,359 --> 01:09:40,319
That is why people chose drugs.
If it fits in how you cope,
1031
01:09:40,399 --> 01:09:42,439
it is like a hand in a glove.
1032
01:09:42,520 --> 01:09:44,920
So that got us into the idea
1033
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:48,040
that people are not getting
so much addicted to drugs,
1034
01:09:48,120 --> 01:09:51,000
but addicted to styles of coping
1035
01:09:51,080 --> 01:09:53,399
and self-induced changes
in brain chemistry.
1036
01:09:53,560 --> 01:09:56,120
You can do it with drugs,
you can do it with gambling,
1037
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:58,080
with sex, with crime, with cults.
1038
01:09:58,160 --> 01:10:01,200
There are lots of ways
to change the chemistry of your brain.
1039
01:10:19,360 --> 01:10:22,280
We have the three beacons
of human compulsion:
1040
01:10:22,360 --> 01:10:25,400
arousal, relaxation and fantasy,
you can use it with...
1041
01:10:25,480 --> 01:10:28,400
have it with drugs
or you can have it with activities.
1042
01:10:29,160 --> 01:10:32,360
Once you have realised that,
you start thinking about
1043
01:10:32,440 --> 01:10:35,560
why not orchestrate a social movement
where people can have
1044
01:10:35,640 --> 01:10:38,520
natural ways of changing
their brain chemistry
1045
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:41,880
and come to positive feelings
that are beneficial
1046
01:10:41,960 --> 01:10:43,720
to the individual and the society.
1047
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,440
And I became really involved
in promoting that idea.
1048
01:10:47,640 --> 01:10:50,920
I'd like to get to know
the influence of Harvey Milkman's ideas
1049
01:10:51,000 --> 01:10:53,560
as a solution approach
in two projects.
1050
01:10:53,760 --> 01:10:56,800
The first journey leads me
to Colorado in the USA.
1051
01:10:57,080 --> 01:11:00,320
What we do in "Natural Highs",
it’s a leadership program.
1052
01:11:00,400 --> 01:11:02,320
It’s an education program.
1053
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:04,960
We want to teach
young people and adults
1054
01:11:05,040 --> 01:11:07,280
that you can understand yourself.
1055
01:11:07,400 --> 01:11:10,360
And you can help your friends
understand themselves.
1056
01:11:10,440 --> 01:11:14,600
There are tools that you can do
to support yourself in a healthier way.
1057
01:11:14,720 --> 01:11:18,960
If you want to know
how a drug like alcohol works,
1058
01:11:19,360 --> 01:11:23,480
you have to understand
how our emotional system works.
1059
01:11:23,760 --> 01:11:26,480
Because it is happening
in the same system.
1060
01:11:26,560 --> 01:11:30,440
When you feel a sense
of love and connection,
1061
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:32,760
it is probably serotonin.
1062
01:11:32,880 --> 01:11:35,840
OK, so then there’s serotonin
that is released and then,
1063
01:11:35,920 --> 01:11:37,320
what happens next?
1064
01:11:37,760 --> 01:11:38,920
Where does it go next?
1065
01:11:40,280 --> 01:11:42,400
It gets reabsorbed.
- Yes.
1066
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:46,040
On the other side
there are serotonin receptors
1067
01:11:46,120 --> 01:11:49,120
and when the serotonin
clicks into the receptor,
1068
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:51,280
it creates a new electrical impulse.
1069
01:11:51,360 --> 01:11:56,040
And that is what we feel
as a feeling like love.
1070
01:11:56,480 --> 01:11:57,480
What?
1071
01:11:57,560 --> 01:11:59,200
Isn't that crazy?
- Yes.
1072
01:11:59,280 --> 01:12:01,240
Did you ever know that before?
- No.
1073
01:12:01,320 --> 01:12:03,640
OK. Wouldn’t that be
important to learn?
1074
01:12:03,720 --> 01:12:05,880
Yes.
- Yes, I agree with you.
1075
01:12:05,960 --> 01:12:08,280
Take a moment, close your eyes
1076
01:12:08,360 --> 01:12:10,160
and do a body checking.
1077
01:12:10,960 --> 01:12:13,080
Do a body checking.
1078
01:12:13,880 --> 01:12:17,160
And especially see
if you feel any stress,
1079
01:12:17,680 --> 01:12:19,600
or any anxiety
1080
01:12:19,920 --> 01:12:23,240
or any kind of challenging feelings.
1081
01:12:23,320 --> 01:12:24,320
Just check it.
1082
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:27,480
You can study each drug
and figure out
1083
01:12:27,560 --> 01:12:31,280
which neurotransmitter is actually
getting manipulated by this drug.
1084
01:12:31,360 --> 01:12:33,440
So, in "Natural Highs" we say,
1085
01:12:33,520 --> 01:12:36,160
"Well, if you are drawn
towards a particular drug,
1086
01:12:36,240 --> 01:12:39,400
you have what we call
a favourite neurotransmitter."
1087
01:12:39,480 --> 01:12:42,040
So if you are drawn to cocaine,
1088
01:12:42,120 --> 01:12:45,240
your favourite neurotransmitter
is probably dopamine.
1089
01:12:45,360 --> 01:12:47,280
If you are drawn towards alcohol,
1090
01:12:47,360 --> 01:12:50,360
your favourite neurotransmitter system
is probably GABA.
1091
01:12:51,360 --> 01:12:52,880
You wanna step here, OK.
1092
01:12:53,000 --> 01:12:54,560
Once you know that,
1093
01:12:54,640 --> 01:13:00,360
you can study the particular aspects
of how to move this neurotransmitter,
1094
01:13:00,440 --> 01:13:02,720
even down specifically to,
1095
01:13:02,800 --> 01:13:05,160
"What food would I have to eat
1096
01:13:05,240 --> 01:13:08,000
to produce more of that
neurotransmitter."
1097
01:13:08,880 --> 01:13:13,240
A lot of these neurotransmitters
are also moved by certain activities.
1098
01:13:13,640 --> 01:13:15,680
Go, go...
1099
01:13:29,800 --> 01:13:33,760
We try to create experiences
where kids have the experience
1100
01:13:33,840 --> 01:13:37,280
that I can actually move this
neurotransmitter on my own.
1101
01:13:37,360 --> 01:13:40,200
I already have everything
inside of me that I need.
1102
01:13:40,280 --> 01:13:43,640
Drugs are just copying
these precious chemicals
1103
01:13:43,720 --> 01:13:45,400
that make us feel good.
1104
01:13:45,560 --> 01:13:47,400
Crazy, totally crazy!
1105
01:13:48,920 --> 01:13:51,680
Everything looks sharper.
- Yes, yes.
1106
01:13:52,160 --> 01:13:54,960
It is like you are mobilizing
your own DMT.
1107
01:13:55,040 --> 01:13:57,680
Don’t stop when you feel tired.
1108
01:13:57,760 --> 01:13:59,920
OK, keep going until I say stop.
1109
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:01,120
And...
1110
01:14:01,320 --> 01:14:02,440
Go!
1111
01:14:04,520 --> 01:14:08,160
What we know now, what happens
in terms of brain development
1112
01:14:08,240 --> 01:14:10,920
between the age of 12 and 25,
1113
01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:14,360
it’s very clear
that any use of substances
1114
01:14:14,760 --> 01:14:19,400
will set up patterns that will affect
somebody for the rest of their lives.
1115
01:14:21,440 --> 01:14:26,920
The longer somebody delays any use
of alcohol or any other drug,
1116
01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:29,840
the better it will be in terms
of their mental health.
1117
01:14:40,920 --> 01:14:46,720
And then, if you are up for it,
we can do a little GABA experiment.
1118
01:14:47,040 --> 01:14:50,400
So, GABA gets released naturally,
1119
01:14:50,520 --> 01:14:53,200
when we feel comfortable
in our own skin
1120
01:14:53,440 --> 01:14:56,760
and it gets released through
touch and feeling safe.
1121
01:14:56,840 --> 01:14:59,200
So, what you can do if you'd like,
1122
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:03,880
you can actually find a way
in this web that we have right now.
1123
01:15:03,960 --> 01:15:06,840
We can create
a big kind of like spider web.
1124
01:15:07,080 --> 01:15:08,760
And if you feel like it,
1125
01:15:08,840 --> 01:15:12,440
you can actually find a way
of touching another person,
1126
01:15:12,560 --> 01:15:14,240
if that feels comfortable to you.
1127
01:15:14,320 --> 01:15:17,560
If you don’t want to do it,
you stay in your own space.
1128
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:20,600
You'd be lying to people
if you said,
1129
01:15:20,680 --> 01:15:22,880
that "natural highs"
are the same as drug highs.
1130
01:15:22,960 --> 01:15:25,520
And of course the reason
that people take drugs,
1131
01:15:25,600 --> 01:15:27,640
is because it is so powerful and...
1132
01:15:27,840 --> 01:15:29,440
so long lasting.
1133
01:15:29,680 --> 01:15:32,160
But the brain
is not really wired for that.
1134
01:15:32,240 --> 01:15:33,920
The brain is wired
1135
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,840
for moments of ecstasy
and extended pleasure.
1136
01:15:37,120 --> 01:15:39,680
Extended ecstasy
is neurologically impossible.
1137
01:15:39,760 --> 01:15:42,160
So people will have cause
all kinds of problems,
1138
01:15:42,240 --> 01:15:44,080
because the brain resists this
1139
01:15:44,160 --> 01:15:48,200
like intense dose of dopamine
in the middle part of the brain,
1140
01:15:48,280 --> 01:15:51,400
called the nucleus accumbens.
That’s the pleasure centre.
1141
01:15:51,480 --> 01:15:56,240
All these activities that we are
talking about: art, music, dance, sports...
1142
01:15:56,680 --> 01:16:00,000
They also deliver dopamine
to the nucleus accumbens of the brain.
1143
01:16:00,080 --> 01:16:02,440
So people do experience pleasure.
1144
01:16:06,240 --> 01:16:10,080
More than 20 years ago
a prevention model was started in Iceland
1145
01:16:10,160 --> 01:16:11,760
where the main aim is nothing less
1146
01:16:11,840 --> 01:16:15,480
than changing the drinking habits
of a whole nation permanently
1147
01:16:15,560 --> 01:16:18,240
by directly approaching juveniles.
1148
01:16:18,320 --> 01:16:22,120
We had quite a problem
specifically with alcohol use,
1149
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:23,320
binge drinking.
1150
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:27,120
It was quite usual that you started
drinking when 13 years old.
1151
01:16:27,280 --> 01:16:30,360
You know, alcohol use,
tobacco use, hashish use
1152
01:16:30,440 --> 01:16:33,080
was going up and had been
going up for some years.
1153
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:36,760
It was really important that we
had this sense of emergency,
1154
01:16:36,840 --> 01:16:38,360
that we had to do something.
1155
01:16:38,920 --> 01:16:42,720
I just realized that we are all
the sons of alcoholics.
1156
01:16:42,880 --> 01:16:44,520
And I'm like, yeah, OK.
1157
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:49,200
We have strong leaders
and all political parties stepped behind it
1158
01:16:49,320 --> 01:16:51,640
and said,
"This is what we're going to do."
1159
01:16:51,720 --> 01:16:54,560
That thing that
used to be so Icelandic,
1160
01:16:54,640 --> 01:16:57,080
to drink until you just die,
you know.
1161
01:16:57,200 --> 01:16:59,080
But you don’t see that anymore.
1162
01:16:59,400 --> 01:17:00,680
Thank God.
1163
01:17:08,320 --> 01:17:10,640
The project was
academically accompanied
1164
01:17:10,720 --> 01:17:12,360
by the University of Reykjavik.
1165
01:17:12,440 --> 01:17:15,800
From there all possible
participants were included.
1166
01:17:15,880 --> 01:17:19,200
Researchers, policy makers
and practitioners
1167
01:17:19,280 --> 01:17:22,000
working with
children and adolescents
1168
01:17:22,120 --> 01:17:26,000
came together and
decided to try out a new approach.
1169
01:17:26,560 --> 01:17:30,000
First and foremost
it was evidence-based.
1170
01:17:30,360 --> 01:17:34,080
The questionnaires measure
the risk and protective factors
1171
01:17:34,160 --> 01:17:36,000
in the lives of young people.
1172
01:17:36,080 --> 01:17:38,440
So this is the one that we will be...
1173
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:41,200
carrying out next week,
1174
01:17:41,280 --> 01:17:45,960
in all of the schools
for 16 to 20 year-olds.
1175
01:17:46,040 --> 01:17:49,240
We learned these sort of
key risk and protective factors
1176
01:17:49,320 --> 01:17:50,440
and we started...
1177
01:17:52,160 --> 01:17:53,680
trying to change them.
1178
01:17:58,600 --> 01:18:02,200
Since the project began
Iceland's cities have been investing
1179
01:18:02,280 --> 01:18:06,800
up to 10% of their household budgets in
recreational activities for young people,
1180
01:18:06,880 --> 01:18:08,080
not only in sports,
1181
01:18:08,360 --> 01:18:11,160
but also in music,
dance and creativity.
1182
01:18:12,720 --> 01:18:14,200
The idea was:
1183
01:18:14,400 --> 01:18:17,480
"Can we try creating
healthy communities,
1184
01:18:17,560 --> 01:18:23,000
like communities that give a lot
of opportunities for meaningful days,
1185
01:18:23,080 --> 01:18:24,920
for fun in life,
1186
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:29,880
and through that affect the behaviour
of the group?"
1187
01:18:36,480 --> 01:18:40,840
So, it was not focused on changing
each individual mindset,
1188
01:18:40,960 --> 01:18:44,440
but on changing the community
and through that,
1189
01:18:44,520 --> 01:18:47,240
affecting the behaviour
of adolescents.
1190
01:18:53,640 --> 01:18:55,200
The Icelanders said,
1191
01:18:55,280 --> 01:18:57,080
"Why don’t we give them
natural highs
1192
01:18:57,160 --> 01:18:59,400
before they start
having problems with drugs?
1193
01:18:59,480 --> 01:19:02,200
Why don’t we institute
a social model where
1194
01:19:02,280 --> 01:19:05,920
people don’t even have to get so far
into this from the beginning?"
1195
01:19:08,960 --> 01:19:10,400
In my opinion,
1196
01:19:10,480 --> 01:19:14,160
the most important thing
for coaching children in Iceland
1197
01:19:14,280 --> 01:19:17,720
is to make good,
strong individuals,
1198
01:19:18,280 --> 01:19:20,040
who will later on
1199
01:19:20,120 --> 01:19:24,080
participate in sports or just be
a good member of society.
1200
01:19:24,400 --> 01:19:25,400
So we...
1201
01:19:25,480 --> 01:19:29,600
put emphasis on getting
everybody involved.
1202
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:31,960
We want everybody to be able to play,
1203
01:19:32,040 --> 01:19:34,600
no matter how good they are
when they are young.
1204
01:19:34,680 --> 01:19:36,760
We give everybody
the same chance
1205
01:19:37,320 --> 01:19:40,440
and we don’t only train them
1206
01:19:40,920 --> 01:19:42,720
in the sport technique.
1207
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:45,480
We also want to
train their mental side.
1208
01:19:48,640 --> 01:19:51,720
Over 90 percent
of every child in Iceland
1209
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:55,880
at some point is playing sports
for an official club.
1210
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:00,040
We have the opportunity
1211
01:20:00,800 --> 01:20:04,000
to influence these children
in so many good ways.
1212
01:20:04,760 --> 01:20:07,320
Which foods are good for us?
1213
01:20:10,120 --> 01:20:12,000
Apples, bananas, fish...
1214
01:20:12,880 --> 01:20:13,960
broccoli.
1215
01:20:14,040 --> 01:20:16,520
Most teenagers eventually
1216
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:18,400
try alcohol.
1217
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:19,600
But...
1218
01:20:19,680 --> 01:20:22,800
in sports, we try to delay it
as long as possible.
1219
01:20:22,880 --> 01:20:24,680
And I think it is somehow
1220
01:20:24,760 --> 01:20:28,400
just involved in the team's culture.
1221
01:20:30,040 --> 01:20:33,160
We saw that the family
is a protective factor,
1222
01:20:33,240 --> 01:20:36,560
and there are three elements
within the family,
1223
01:20:36,840 --> 01:20:38,840
that seem to be most important.
1224
01:20:39,760 --> 01:20:41,280
Emotional support:
1225
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:45,520
Believing that you can get support
from your parents, if needed.
1226
01:20:45,720 --> 01:20:47,240
Positive monitoring:
1227
01:20:47,440 --> 01:20:51,280
Do you know, where your adolescents
are on a Saturday night?
1228
01:20:51,360 --> 01:20:53,520
Do you know with whom they are?
1229
01:20:53,760 --> 01:20:56,640
And the third
key protective factor
1230
01:20:56,720 --> 01:20:59,640
was the quantity
of time spent together.
1231
01:21:00,640 --> 01:21:04,520
Which was kind of not very popular
in Iceland at the time,
1232
01:21:04,600 --> 01:21:06,120
because we liked to believe,
1233
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:08,640
that we didn't have to spend
too much time with them.
1234
01:21:08,720 --> 01:21:11,800
We liked to believe
in this idea of quality time,
1235
01:21:12,360 --> 01:21:16,640
where you only have to spend one hour
per weekend with your kid.
1236
01:21:16,720 --> 01:21:18,440
But it's not that simple.
1237
01:21:18,680 --> 01:21:23,040
The more time we spend
with our kids, the better.
1238
01:21:31,360 --> 01:21:35,960
Night out rules
1239
01:21:37,440 --> 01:21:39,480
The best thing about this is,
1240
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:40,960
that it's for everyone.
1241
01:21:41,040 --> 01:21:43,440
So it’s this idea of:
1242
01:21:43,520 --> 01:21:46,880
"You need a village
to bring up a child."
1243
01:21:47,880 --> 01:21:50,560
Making it easier for parents
to be parents,
1244
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:54,600
because if this is the rule
in all of the houses,
1245
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:57,440
you don’t have to argue for,
1246
01:21:57,520 --> 01:22:00,000
why she needs to come home
at eight o'clock.
1247
01:22:00,080 --> 01:22:02,840
Because it says so
on the refrigerator, right?
1248
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:05,320
Yeah.
1249
01:22:07,480 --> 01:22:10,480
The idea behind
the "parental walks", you know,
1250
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:13,880
groups of parents
walking around the neighbourhood,
1251
01:22:13,960 --> 01:22:16,480
is to strengthen the community.
1252
01:22:16,560 --> 01:22:20,360
Seeing to it, that nobody
is outside drunk, late in the night.
1253
01:22:20,440 --> 01:22:23,160
But of course
one of the key ingredients
1254
01:22:23,240 --> 01:22:27,200
of this very good occasion is
for the parents, to get to know each other.
1255
01:22:28,680 --> 01:22:33,280
It is a popular place here for people
to come and people to shop for a long time.
1256
01:22:33,360 --> 01:22:38,400
And here’s an ice cream store
and maybe centre for the neighbourhood,
1257
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:41,200
like shopping and things like that.
1258
01:22:41,760 --> 01:22:46,160
So we walk around here and we look
if there's someone too young inside.
1259
01:22:46,240 --> 01:22:49,280
And we help them
to remember to go home.
1260
01:22:58,200 --> 01:23:03,120
In Iceland advertising and marketing
for alcohol is completely banned
1261
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:08,040
and the sale of alcohol is only possible
in their own, state-run stores.
1262
01:23:09,920 --> 01:23:13,960
This multi-layered prevention model
is extremely successful.
1263
01:23:15,960 --> 01:23:19,680
Regular consumption of alcohol
among 15-year-olds
1264
01:23:19,760 --> 01:23:21,920
dropped from 42% in 1998
1265
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:24,400
to only 5% today.
1266
01:23:33,680 --> 01:23:37,280
The Iceland model shows
that it lies in the hands of governments
1267
01:23:37,360 --> 01:23:40,600
to reduce the population's
alcohol consumption.
1268
01:23:40,680 --> 01:23:43,200
Yes, they even have
the obligation to do so.
1269
01:23:44,920 --> 01:23:46,160
As with any drug,
1270
01:23:46,240 --> 01:23:50,000
much of our dealings with alcohol
is socially conditioned.
1271
01:23:55,520 --> 01:23:57,880
I have been working
for the last 20 years
1272
01:23:57,960 --> 01:24:00,640
in the whole area of drug policy.
1273
01:24:00,720 --> 01:24:04,640
And I started working for
the British government back in 2000.
1274
01:24:04,760 --> 01:24:07,400
And to my horror I discovered
1275
01:24:07,480 --> 01:24:10,400
that there was no definition
of what a drug is.
1276
01:24:11,320 --> 01:24:13,720
Then I started looking
at the UN conventions
1277
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:16,320
and the WHO regulations
on controlled drugs
1278
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:20,120
and I realized that there is
no definition of what a drug is.
1279
01:24:20,920 --> 01:24:23,080
And that of course is a huge problem.
1280
01:24:23,280 --> 01:24:27,080
And that is one of the reasons
why alcohol is considered not a drug
1281
01:24:27,160 --> 01:24:30,760
and drugs like heroin and cocaine
are considered drugs.
1282
01:24:30,880 --> 01:24:34,160
Because the decision is not made
by pharmacologists like me,
1283
01:24:34,240 --> 01:24:35,920
it is made by politicians.
1284
01:24:37,760 --> 01:24:41,520
It only becomes clear to me
during my journey what it means
1285
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,920
that alcohol
is not a pure stimulant but a drug.
1286
01:24:45,640 --> 01:24:49,520
Since then, I am stunned
by the frivolity with which most of us,
1287
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:51,840
myself included, just drink.
1288
01:24:53,040 --> 01:24:56,240
There are hundreds of rules,
I've tried them all.
1289
01:24:56,320 --> 01:24:57,600
They say,
1290
01:24:57,680 --> 01:25:01,800
"Don't drink for one day of the week,
don't drink for one week in a month,
1291
01:25:01,920 --> 01:25:03,760
and don't drink for a whole month."
1292
01:25:03,880 --> 01:25:08,520
Adding it all up you wouldn't
be drinking for half a year per year.
1293
01:25:09,120 --> 01:25:12,400
If I had managed,
I wouldn't ever had any problems.
1294
01:25:12,480 --> 01:25:14,280
Somebody who's capable
1295
01:25:14,400 --> 01:25:17,520
of telling himself not to drink
a single drop once a week,
1296
01:25:17,600 --> 01:25:21,520
then, not do drink a single drop
for one week a month,
1297
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,200
and finally adding one entire month.
1298
01:25:24,280 --> 01:25:25,680
Well, he is not addicted.
1299
01:25:59,160 --> 01:26:03,720
I actually blamed my drinking
on various different things.
1300
01:26:04,080 --> 01:26:07,360
I blamed it on first on the fact
that I was gay
1301
01:26:07,440 --> 01:26:09,440
and afraid to tell people.
1302
01:26:09,800 --> 01:26:12,800
Then I told people
and it didn’t stop me drinking.
1303
01:26:12,880 --> 01:26:15,160
I thought it was, you know,
1304
01:26:15,240 --> 01:26:19,200
from traumatic things in my childhood
and things like that.
1305
01:26:19,280 --> 01:26:21,200
But actually I had a very
1306
01:26:21,720 --> 01:26:24,720
privileged upbringing
compared to a lot of people.
1307
01:26:27,240 --> 01:26:30,040
I find that it’s
a common threat with alcoholics
1308
01:26:30,120 --> 01:26:34,000
that we are all very sensitive,
very vulnerable people.
1309
01:26:34,080 --> 01:26:38,440
So alcohol was our way of coping
in the big bad world.
1310
01:26:38,920 --> 01:26:42,200
When we take away the alcohol
we have to learn how to...
1311
01:26:42,280 --> 01:26:45,920
manage our emotions
and manage our vulnerabilities
1312
01:26:46,080 --> 01:26:49,480
without reaching
for a bottle of beer or alcohol.
1313
01:26:49,560 --> 01:26:52,960
So that is what I am learning
to do on a daily basis now.
1314
01:26:53,520 --> 01:26:56,760
Bettering myself,
getting myself stronger
1315
01:26:56,840 --> 01:27:00,480
so that I’ve got a defence built up
against alcohol if you like.
1316
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:29,320
Every year, 3 billion people die from
consuming alcohol,
1317
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:32,120
1 person every 10 seconds.
1318
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:36,640
That's more victims than through crime,
traffic accidents and illegal drugs combined.