1 00:00:02,208 --> 00:00:03,833 ♪ 2 00:00:03,958 --> 00:00:06,250 Tonight, a 2,000-year-old mystery 3 00:00:06,333 --> 00:00:09,333 that's confounded top archaeologists. 4 00:00:09,458 --> 00:00:13,917 The world's most famous queen lost without a trace. 5 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,042 Cleopatra is a giant in Egyptian history, 6 00:00:17,125 --> 00:00:20,375 renowned for her cunning across a 21-year rule. 7 00:00:20,458 --> 00:00:23,000 But no one knows what happens to her 8 00:00:23,125 --> 00:00:26,167 after she dies or where she's buried. 9 00:00:26,333 --> 00:00:28,500 This kicks off an incredible mystery 10 00:00:28,542 --> 00:00:30,125 that lasts to this day. 11 00:00:31,292 --> 00:00:34,167 Now we reveal the top theories 12 00:00:34,208 --> 00:00:36,208 surrounding the final resting place 13 00:00:36,292 --> 00:00:38,333 of Egypt's last pharaoh. 14 00:00:38,458 --> 00:00:40,750 The last place we know where Cleopatra was 15 00:00:40,833 --> 00:00:42,958 when she was alive was her palace. 16 00:00:43,042 --> 00:00:44,917 HUGO: If we can find Mark Antony, 17 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:47,667 we could potentially find Cleopatra. 18 00:00:47,708 --> 00:00:52,125 Octavian has her killed and either he dumped her body, 19 00:00:52,208 --> 00:00:56,500 or he left her where she lay in her mausoleum. 20 00:00:56,542 --> 00:00:59,708 LAURENCE: Can new evidence finally uncover 21 00:00:59,792 --> 00:01:02,750 Cleopatra's missing tomb? 22 00:01:02,833 --> 00:01:05,750 ♪ 23 00:01:17,792 --> 00:01:19,708 LAURENCE: November, 2022. 24 00:01:19,792 --> 00:01:24,083 In the ancient Egyptian city of Taposiris Magna, 25 00:01:24,167 --> 00:01:26,083 Kathleen Martínez has been excavating 26 00:01:26,167 --> 00:01:29,667 a ruined temple for the past 17 years. 27 00:01:29,750 --> 00:01:33,083 Martínez is actually a really formidable woman, 28 00:01:33,167 --> 00:01:35,083 and she's a lawyer by training. 29 00:01:35,167 --> 00:01:37,000 She's not an archaeologist of any kind, 30 00:01:37,083 --> 00:01:38,417 but she has this passion. 31 00:01:38,500 --> 00:01:40,292 And so, in 2002, 32 00:01:40,375 --> 00:01:42,833 using her own funds, she decides to take herself 33 00:01:42,875 --> 00:01:44,750 out to Egypt to explore what's there 34 00:01:44,875 --> 00:01:46,417 in Taposiris Magna. 35 00:01:46,542 --> 00:01:47,875 PATRICIA COLETTO: She collaborates with Egypt's 36 00:01:47,958 --> 00:01:49,333 most famous archaeologist, 37 00:01:49,375 --> 00:01:51,667 Dr. Zahi Hawass, because Kathleen 38 00:01:51,792 --> 00:01:54,667 believes that at the site of Taposiris Magna 39 00:01:54,708 --> 00:01:56,125 is the lost tomb 40 00:01:56,208 --> 00:01:59,500 of the famous Egyptian queen Cleopatra. 41 00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:01,458 LAURENCE: It could be a major new lead 42 00:02:01,542 --> 00:02:05,083 in a cold case that goes back thousands of years. 43 00:02:05,167 --> 00:02:08,125 Cleopatra is one of the most powerful women 44 00:02:08,208 --> 00:02:10,875 ever to come out of the ancient Mediterranean world. 45 00:02:10,958 --> 00:02:14,208 She ruled Egypt for 21 years, 46 00:02:14,333 --> 00:02:17,875 from 51 to 30 B.C. 47 00:02:17,958 --> 00:02:20,208 NICOLA: When Cleopatra is 18 years old, 48 00:02:20,208 --> 00:02:23,625 her father, King Ptolemy XII Auletes, dies. 49 00:02:23,708 --> 00:02:26,833 And Cleopatra then sort of ascends to the throne. 50 00:02:26,875 --> 00:02:29,833 But because she's a woman, she can't do it alone. 51 00:02:29,917 --> 00:02:32,417 So her brother is made co-regent. 52 00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:34,000 The thing about her brother, however, 53 00:02:34,083 --> 00:02:36,333 is that he's only ten years old. 54 00:02:36,417 --> 00:02:38,458 Before long, a rivalry ensues, 55 00:02:38,542 --> 00:02:41,000 and those aligned with Cleopatra's younger brother 56 00:02:41,042 --> 00:02:42,833 seek to dethrone her. 57 00:02:42,917 --> 00:02:44,833 LAURENCE: But Cleopatra devises 58 00:02:44,875 --> 00:02:47,000 a clever way to stay in power. 59 00:02:47,083 --> 00:02:50,292 She allies herself with Rome. 60 00:02:50,375 --> 00:02:52,542 HUGO: Cleopatra has two significant 61 00:02:52,625 --> 00:02:55,292 relationships in her life, both of which are 62 00:02:55,292 --> 00:02:58,833 strategic partnerships to keep her on the throne. 63 00:02:58,917 --> 00:03:02,167 PATRICIA: One is a partnership with the great Julius Caesar. 64 00:03:02,208 --> 00:03:04,292 He helps her shore up her power, 65 00:03:04,375 --> 00:03:06,000 and with him, she supposedly has 66 00:03:06,042 --> 00:03:08,000 a son named Caesarion. 67 00:03:08,042 --> 00:03:09,417 LAURENCE: The second? 68 00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:13,167 Caesar's top general, Mark Antony. 69 00:03:13,250 --> 00:03:16,167 In 43 B.C., he becomes part 70 00:03:16,208 --> 00:03:18,917 of a new Roman power structure created 71 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:21,333 after Caesar's assassination. 72 00:03:21,375 --> 00:03:24,375 Rome comes to be ruled by what's called a triumvirate. 73 00:03:24,458 --> 00:03:26,167 This is actually a group of three men: 74 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:28,750 Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidis, 75 00:03:28,833 --> 00:03:30,500 and Octavian. 76 00:03:30,542 --> 00:03:33,250 Wisely, she begins a strategic relationship 77 00:03:33,333 --> 00:03:34,875 with Mark Antony, 78 00:03:34,958 --> 00:03:37,208 who promises to support her rule. 79 00:03:37,292 --> 00:03:41,125 Their romance becomes the stuff of movie lore. 80 00:03:41,125 --> 00:03:43,167 Eventually, Mark Antony is 81 00:03:43,292 --> 00:03:45,292 so smitten with Cleopatra 82 00:03:45,375 --> 00:03:47,375 that he leaves his wife, 83 00:03:47,458 --> 00:03:50,958 moves to Alexandria, and stays with Cleopatra. 84 00:03:51,042 --> 00:03:53,625 Unfortunately for Cleopatra, this ends up having 85 00:03:53,708 --> 00:03:55,708 the opposite effect of what she intended, 86 00:03:55,708 --> 00:03:58,125 because, instead of really getting the support of Rome, 87 00:03:58,208 --> 00:04:00,792 she's got Mark Antony earning the enmity 88 00:04:00,875 --> 00:04:02,333 of everybody back in Rome 89 00:04:02,417 --> 00:04:05,125 for leaving his wife, Octavia, 90 00:04:05,208 --> 00:04:08,250 who was actually Octavian's sister. 91 00:04:08,333 --> 00:04:11,458 So Octavian is furious and declares war against 92 00:04:11,542 --> 00:04:14,250 Mark Antony and Cleopatra. 93 00:04:14,333 --> 00:04:16,167 LAURENCE: After nearly three years of fighting, 94 00:04:16,250 --> 00:04:19,667 in 31 B.C., Octavian's forces 95 00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:21,958 defeat Antony and Cleopatra's armies 96 00:04:22,042 --> 00:04:24,833 and march on Alexandria. 97 00:04:24,875 --> 00:04:26,958 HUGO: As the fighting grows ever closer, 98 00:04:27,042 --> 00:04:31,333 Cleopatra retreats into a mausoleum in her palace. 99 00:04:31,375 --> 00:04:34,792 The rest is the stuff of Shakespearean lore. 100 00:04:34,875 --> 00:04:38,625 PATRICIA: Mark Antony, who's out fighting on the front, 101 00:04:38,708 --> 00:04:41,833 gets a message from one of Cleopatra's servants. 102 00:04:41,875 --> 00:04:44,917 When he opens it, he's horrified to find out 103 00:04:45,042 --> 00:04:47,708 that Cleopatra is dead, that she's killed herself. 104 00:04:49,208 --> 00:04:51,708 Upon hearing the news, Mark Antony attempts 105 00:04:51,792 --> 00:04:54,625 to kill himself by falling on his own sword, 106 00:04:54,708 --> 00:04:57,250 but he fails to take his life. 107 00:04:58,542 --> 00:05:01,208 LAURENCE: Instead, a mortally wounded Antony 108 00:05:01,208 --> 00:05:04,333 is brought to Cleopatra's chambers. 109 00:05:04,458 --> 00:05:07,667 It turns out she hasn't killed herself at all. 110 00:05:07,708 --> 00:05:09,625 At this time, Antony had become 111 00:05:09,708 --> 00:05:12,125 more of a liability than an asset to Cleopatra. 112 00:05:12,208 --> 00:05:14,333 He had no more power in Rome. 113 00:05:14,458 --> 00:05:16,333 NICOLA: She actually asked one of her servants 114 00:05:16,417 --> 00:05:18,458 to go to Mark Antony 115 00:05:18,542 --> 00:05:22,292 and give this message to try to scare him 116 00:05:22,375 --> 00:05:24,833 into surrendering in the hopes that 117 00:05:24,917 --> 00:05:27,250 maybe that would help keep him alive. 118 00:05:27,375 --> 00:05:32,125 Tragically, Antony dies shortly after this. 119 00:05:32,208 --> 00:05:34,750 Cleopatra leaves her tomb, 120 00:05:34,875 --> 00:05:38,375 goes back to the palace, meets with Octavian 121 00:05:38,375 --> 00:05:42,417 with negotiations about her future. 122 00:05:42,500 --> 00:05:46,167 Cleopatra's aspirations is for Caesarion, her son, 123 00:05:46,208 --> 00:05:49,208 to become the king or the ruler of Egypt. 124 00:05:49,292 --> 00:05:51,958 Rome doesn't have kings, but at least he could 125 00:05:52,042 --> 00:05:53,875 be the legitimate heir 126 00:05:53,958 --> 00:05:57,000 of Julius Caesar and the ruler of Rome as well. 127 00:05:57,083 --> 00:05:59,833 Octavian says he will spare her and her children, 128 00:05:59,917 --> 00:06:02,333 but he will never allow the succession. 129 00:06:02,417 --> 00:06:05,500 Cleopatra takes herself back to her palace, 130 00:06:05,583 --> 00:06:08,542 to her mausoleum, considers this deal, 131 00:06:08,542 --> 00:06:10,542 and ultimately decides that she has 132 00:06:10,625 --> 00:06:12,458 nothing left to live for, 133 00:06:12,458 --> 00:06:14,583 and she takes her own life. 134 00:06:14,667 --> 00:06:16,042 LAURENCE: Octavian goes on to become 135 00:06:16,167 --> 00:06:17,375 Rome's first emperor, 136 00:06:17,458 --> 00:06:20,375 and Cleopatra will die 137 00:06:20,375 --> 00:06:23,958 as the last active ruler of the kingdom of Egypt. 138 00:06:25,250 --> 00:06:26,750 HUGO: Early historians tell us 139 00:06:26,833 --> 00:06:29,833 the method of Cleopatra's death is poison. 140 00:06:29,875 --> 00:06:33,292 But in those histories, her story ends there. 141 00:06:33,375 --> 00:06:35,750 NICOLA: This was a time of civil war. 142 00:06:35,833 --> 00:06:38,667 This is a time of occupation of Egypt, 143 00:06:38,708 --> 00:06:41,667 and a lot of stuff has been lost over time. 144 00:06:41,708 --> 00:06:44,208 HUGO: This kicks off an incredible mystery 145 00:06:44,333 --> 00:06:46,458 that lasts to this day. 146 00:06:46,542 --> 00:06:48,500 No one knows what happens to her 147 00:06:48,583 --> 00:06:51,458 after she dies or where she's buried. 148 00:06:52,625 --> 00:06:54,708 LAURENCE: With such limited information, 149 00:06:54,792 --> 00:06:58,083 where should the search for Cleopatra's remains begin? 150 00:06:58,167 --> 00:07:01,375 Cleopatra has a mausoleum and tomb under construction 151 00:07:01,458 --> 00:07:03,500 in her palace when she dies. 152 00:07:03,583 --> 00:07:05,458 So it makes sense that the tomb should be 153 00:07:05,542 --> 00:07:07,333 the first place that we look. 154 00:07:07,458 --> 00:07:11,000 LAURENCE: The challenge is, the tomb is missing. 155 00:07:11,042 --> 00:07:13,417 But in 1996, 156 00:07:13,500 --> 00:07:16,417 a French archaeologist makes a breakthrough. 157 00:07:16,500 --> 00:07:18,667 NICOLA: Frank Goddio is one of the fathers 158 00:07:18,708 --> 00:07:20,292 of underwater archaeology. 159 00:07:20,375 --> 00:07:22,292 He primarily focuses on finding 160 00:07:22,375 --> 00:07:25,875 ancient shipwrecks and also sunken cities. 161 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:28,958 Goddio comes up with a theory as to the location 162 00:07:29,042 --> 00:07:30,417 of Cleopatra's palace. 163 00:07:30,500 --> 00:07:32,667 He believes that it lies due east 164 00:07:32,750 --> 00:07:34,833 of the modern city of Alexandria. 165 00:07:34,958 --> 00:07:36,708 And the reason why we haven't found it 166 00:07:36,833 --> 00:07:38,500 is because it's underwater. 167 00:07:42,833 --> 00:07:44,667 LAURENCE: According to Goddio's research, 168 00:07:44,750 --> 00:07:46,500 the landscape of this region 169 00:07:46,583 --> 00:07:49,875 has changed dramatically since Cleopatra's time. 170 00:07:49,958 --> 00:07:51,917 NICOLA: Frank Goddio reads the ancient sources, 171 00:07:52,042 --> 00:07:55,333 and he learns from them that, in 365 A.D.-- 172 00:07:55,458 --> 00:07:57,875 so, about 400 years after Cleopatra-- 173 00:07:57,875 --> 00:08:01,750 there was a massive earthquake that hit Alexandria, 174 00:08:01,875 --> 00:08:05,625 followed by a tsunami that did a tremendous amount of damage. 175 00:08:05,708 --> 00:08:08,792 Most of the ancient city at that point was destroyed. 176 00:08:08,875 --> 00:08:10,833 ANDREW: This tidal wave is so massive 177 00:08:10,917 --> 00:08:13,292 that it flings ships over houses 178 00:08:13,375 --> 00:08:15,708 and kills over 50,000 people. 179 00:08:15,792 --> 00:08:17,833 And Goddio thinks that might be 180 00:08:17,917 --> 00:08:20,458 what ultimately covers Alexandria 181 00:08:20,542 --> 00:08:23,458 and hides Cleopatra's palace. 182 00:08:23,542 --> 00:08:25,333 LAURENCE: To prove this, 183 00:08:25,458 --> 00:08:27,833 Goddio begins his search in the waters 184 00:08:27,917 --> 00:08:31,708 of modern-day Alexandria's eastern seaport. 185 00:08:31,792 --> 00:08:33,458 ANDREW: Goddio and his team start 186 00:08:33,542 --> 00:08:35,042 by doing high tech scans, 187 00:08:35,125 --> 00:08:36,750 ultimately wanting to create 188 00:08:36,833 --> 00:08:39,667 a master map of the seafloor surface. 189 00:08:39,708 --> 00:08:43,500 NICOLA: They start to see the outlines of columns, 190 00:08:43,583 --> 00:08:46,375 porticos, buildings, even statues. 191 00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:49,458 The team is able to compare 192 00:08:49,542 --> 00:08:51,250 the written sources 193 00:08:51,333 --> 00:08:52,875 with the archaeological mapping, 194 00:08:52,958 --> 00:08:55,167 and they start to see correlations. 195 00:08:55,208 --> 00:08:57,708 So, they know from this that they're on the right track. 196 00:08:57,792 --> 00:09:00,625 It takes years to complete the first initial map. 197 00:09:00,708 --> 00:09:02,500 They are doing this underwater, 198 00:09:02,500 --> 00:09:04,375 and it is so much more difficult 199 00:09:04,458 --> 00:09:06,792 than doing archaeology on the land. 200 00:09:06,875 --> 00:09:08,667 But once they have this master map, 201 00:09:08,708 --> 00:09:11,000 things start to go much quicker. 202 00:09:11,083 --> 00:09:15,750 LAURENCE: In 1998, Goddio strikes paydirt. 203 00:09:15,833 --> 00:09:20,042 He finds the sunken remains of Cleopatra's palace. 204 00:09:20,042 --> 00:09:23,458 NICOLA: The palace has been missing for 2,000 years. 205 00:09:23,542 --> 00:09:26,000 This makes big international headlines. 206 00:09:26,083 --> 00:09:28,417 ANDREW: The thing is, the palace is 207 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,000 entirely covered and filled with mud. 208 00:09:32,125 --> 00:09:35,750 It is very difficult to excavate and explore. 209 00:09:35,833 --> 00:09:38,792 They're confident that Cleopatra is there, 210 00:09:38,875 --> 00:09:42,708 but finding her is going to be extremely difficult. 211 00:09:42,792 --> 00:09:44,833 LAURENCE: After nearly a decade of searching, 212 00:09:44,917 --> 00:09:48,625 Goddio finds no trace of the tomb. 213 00:09:48,708 --> 00:09:52,292 In 2008, Goddio discovers something new. 214 00:09:52,292 --> 00:09:54,292 It's an enormous structure, 215 00:09:54,375 --> 00:09:56,333 as large as a football field. 216 00:09:56,417 --> 00:09:58,167 ANDREW: Goddio has radiocarbon dates 217 00:09:58,250 --> 00:10:01,083 that he's taken from organic pieces of the structure. 218 00:10:01,208 --> 00:10:03,833 And these dates show that it could have been built 219 00:10:03,917 --> 00:10:06,500 during the time of Cleopatra. 220 00:10:06,625 --> 00:10:08,083 LAURENCE: Though the team remains hopeful, 221 00:10:08,167 --> 00:10:10,667 they have not yet discovered the tomb. 222 00:10:10,750 --> 00:10:13,000 To this day, Goddio and his team are 223 00:10:13,042 --> 00:10:15,542 still searching, but they have 224 00:10:15,625 --> 00:10:17,833 barely scratched the surface 225 00:10:17,958 --> 00:10:23,708 of this enormous complex. 226 00:10:23,708 --> 00:10:26,667 LAURENCE: When Cleopatra's palace is found underwater 227 00:10:26,667 --> 00:10:29,000 by archaeologist Frank Goddio, 228 00:10:29,083 --> 00:10:31,000 he believes her tomb should be 229 00:10:31,083 --> 00:10:32,667 somewhere inside. 230 00:10:32,708 --> 00:10:34,667 The last place we know Cleopatra was 231 00:10:34,792 --> 00:10:37,042 when she was alive is her palace, 232 00:10:37,125 --> 00:10:40,083 and that was just discovered underwater 233 00:10:40,167 --> 00:10:41,750 in 1998. 234 00:10:43,125 --> 00:10:45,333 LAURENCE: However, not everyone's convinced 235 00:10:45,375 --> 00:10:47,583 Goddio will find the tomb. 236 00:10:47,708 --> 00:10:49,833 HUGO: First of all, underwater exploration 237 00:10:49,875 --> 00:10:51,833 is incredibly difficult. 238 00:10:51,917 --> 00:10:53,542 Secondly, we believe her tomb was 239 00:10:53,625 --> 00:10:55,333 unfinished when she died. 240 00:10:55,375 --> 00:10:57,292 So the artifacts, relics, 241 00:10:57,375 --> 00:10:59,875 statues, and other signs that would lead us there, 242 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:01,750 they weren't put in place yet. 243 00:11:03,167 --> 00:11:05,417 LAURENCE: But there might be another way 244 00:11:05,542 --> 00:11:08,667 to find Cleopatra's tomb. 245 00:11:08,708 --> 00:11:10,500 HUGO: Even though he dies a traitor, 246 00:11:10,583 --> 00:11:14,042 many Romans are interested in what becomes of Mark Antony. 247 00:11:14,125 --> 00:11:17,125 He was at one point a national hero, 248 00:11:17,208 --> 00:11:20,458 and so there's a chance he'd be easier to track down. 249 00:11:20,542 --> 00:11:22,792 And if we can find Mrk Antony, 250 00:11:22,875 --> 00:11:26,125 we could potentially find Cleopatra. 251 00:11:26,208 --> 00:11:29,292 LAURENCE: Within a few years of Mark Antony's death, 252 00:11:29,417 --> 00:11:32,875 several ancient historians share more details. 253 00:11:33,875 --> 00:11:35,833 HUGO: The Roman custom at the time is 254 00:11:35,917 --> 00:11:37,708 to cremate great leaders. 255 00:11:37,792 --> 00:11:41,167 Mark Antony is cremated, Julius Caesar is cremated, 256 00:11:41,292 --> 00:11:44,583 and, after his death, Octavian will be cremated. 257 00:11:44,583 --> 00:11:46,250 A few decades afterward, 258 00:11:46,333 --> 00:11:47,917 the Greek historian Plutarch 259 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,667 fills in even more details. 260 00:11:50,708 --> 00:11:53,667 Plutarch writes that, after Mark Antony's death, 261 00:11:53,792 --> 00:11:57,542 Octavian has Cleopatra as his prisoner. 262 00:11:57,625 --> 00:12:00,417 But he does allow her, out of clemency, 263 00:12:00,542 --> 00:12:02,917 to go and visit Mark Antony's tomb. 264 00:12:03,042 --> 00:12:05,125 And when she's there, she holds the urn 265 00:12:05,208 --> 00:12:08,625 that has his ashes in it, and she pours out a libation, 266 00:12:08,708 --> 00:12:10,833 as a kind of act of love and piety. 267 00:12:10,875 --> 00:12:13,167 HUGO: So apparently Mark Antony 268 00:12:13,208 --> 00:12:16,292 has been given a tomb for his ashes. 269 00:12:16,375 --> 00:12:20,208 According to Plutarch, after Cleopatra commits suicide, 270 00:12:20,333 --> 00:12:23,917 Octavian is similarly generous with her remains 271 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:26,917 and allows her to be buried with Mark Antony. 272 00:12:30,125 --> 00:12:32,167 Mark Antony's final resting place 273 00:12:32,250 --> 00:12:34,583 hasn't been found either, so there's a chance 274 00:12:34,667 --> 00:12:37,125 that he and the missing Cleopatra are 275 00:12:37,208 --> 00:12:39,875 out there together somewhere. 276 00:12:39,958 --> 00:12:41,875 NICOLA: Plutarch is actually the only source 277 00:12:41,958 --> 00:12:45,125 that we have that says that Cleopatra, after her death, 278 00:12:45,208 --> 00:12:47,125 was placed together with Antony. 279 00:12:47,208 --> 00:12:49,167 We do have other ancient sources 280 00:12:49,292 --> 00:12:52,000 which talk about Octavian's clemency, 281 00:12:52,083 --> 00:12:54,500 his mercy and compassion towards his enemies. 282 00:12:54,542 --> 00:12:58,250 HUGO: Despite all the stories of Octavian's kindness, 283 00:12:58,333 --> 00:13:00,875 many historians believe he didn't treat 284 00:13:00,958 --> 00:13:03,958 Cleopatra's body with respect at all. 285 00:13:05,250 --> 00:13:09,167 There's a saying that history is written by the victors. 286 00:13:09,250 --> 00:13:12,083 That means that authors in Octavian's time are 287 00:13:12,208 --> 00:13:14,958 generally going to write great things about him. 288 00:13:15,042 --> 00:13:19,250 Otherwise they might suffer punishment if they upset him. 289 00:13:19,375 --> 00:13:22,542 NICOLA: As for the accounts of Plutarch, they were 290 00:13:22,625 --> 00:13:26,208 probably just embellished over time. 291 00:13:26,292 --> 00:13:31,167 LAURENCE: Octavian himself also doctors the historical record. 292 00:13:31,250 --> 00:13:33,083 ANDREW: He comes up with a smear campaign 293 00:13:33,167 --> 00:13:35,750 against Cleopatra, labeling her 294 00:13:35,833 --> 00:13:38,542 an evil seductress and traitor, 295 00:13:38,625 --> 00:13:41,000 someone who used their feminine wiles 296 00:13:41,083 --> 00:13:43,875 to brainwash Mark Antony. 297 00:13:43,958 --> 00:13:46,125 HUGO: To me, this suggests that he wouldn't have 298 00:13:46,208 --> 00:13:48,375 given Cleopatra a royal burial 299 00:13:48,458 --> 00:13:50,208 beside Mark Antony. 300 00:13:50,292 --> 00:13:53,833 LAURENCE: Octavian's actions after Cleopatra's death 301 00:13:53,958 --> 00:13:56,083 also speak volumes. 302 00:13:56,167 --> 00:13:58,208 One of the last acts that Cleopatra does 303 00:13:58,292 --> 00:14:02,167 before she dies is she sends her son Caesarion away 304 00:14:02,208 --> 00:14:04,667 away in order to protect him, but after her death, 305 00:14:04,708 --> 00:14:07,375 Octavian sends people to go and find him 306 00:14:07,458 --> 00:14:09,000 and have him killed. 307 00:14:09,083 --> 00:14:11,167 He actually does this by tricking Caesarion 308 00:14:11,208 --> 00:14:13,708 once he's been found. So he tells Caesarion that, 309 00:14:13,792 --> 00:14:18,042 if he returns to Alexandria, he'll be made king of Egypt. 310 00:14:18,167 --> 00:14:22,167 But as soon as Caesarion returns home, he's killed. 311 00:14:22,292 --> 00:14:24,792 The most commonly-told account says 312 00:14:24,875 --> 00:14:26,667 that one of Octavian's bodyguards 313 00:14:26,708 --> 00:14:28,750 strangles him to death. 314 00:14:28,833 --> 00:14:31,708 Keep in mind, this is by the same historians 315 00:14:31,792 --> 00:14:34,000 who say that Octavian was generous 316 00:14:34,042 --> 00:14:35,875 with Cleopatra and Mark Antony. 317 00:14:35,958 --> 00:14:38,917 This is the cleaned-up version of the story. 318 00:14:40,292 --> 00:14:42,667 LAURENCE: Octavian's actions don't stop 319 00:14:42,833 --> 00:14:45,000 with Caesarion's murder. 320 00:14:45,083 --> 00:14:48,875 Antony's oldest son Antyllus is executed... 321 00:14:48,958 --> 00:14:51,042 and Antony's children with Cleopatra-- 322 00:14:51,167 --> 00:14:53,667 he has three of them-- are actually captured, 323 00:14:53,750 --> 00:14:55,875 and they're taken back to Rome, 324 00:14:55,958 --> 00:14:57,833 where they're paraded in chains 325 00:14:57,917 --> 00:15:00,167 as part of Octavian's military triumph. 326 00:15:00,250 --> 00:15:03,292 All of this shows considerable hatred 327 00:15:03,375 --> 00:15:06,792 and contempt for Mark Antony and Cleopatra. 328 00:15:06,875 --> 00:15:08,917 To the new emperor, Antony is the man 329 00:15:09,042 --> 00:15:11,000 who left the Triumvirate, 330 00:15:11,083 --> 00:15:15,500 who left his wife, Octavian's sister, 331 00:15:15,583 --> 00:15:17,292 for another woman, 332 00:15:17,375 --> 00:15:21,292 who left Rome to go and flee to Egypt. 333 00:15:21,375 --> 00:15:23,625 Cleopatra was the foul temptress 334 00:15:23,708 --> 00:15:26,042 who made it all happen. 335 00:15:26,125 --> 00:15:29,083 I think the prevailing opinion among today's scholars 336 00:15:29,167 --> 00:15:31,958 is that if you're going to go digging around Alexandria, 337 00:15:32,042 --> 00:15:35,250 trying to find a carefully-preserved urn 338 00:15:35,333 --> 00:15:39,208 of Cleopatra's ashes beside those of Mark Antony, 339 00:15:39,333 --> 00:15:41,542 you're probably wasting your time. 340 00:15:41,667 --> 00:15:45,167 Once Cleopatra was of no further value as a trophy, 341 00:15:45,250 --> 00:15:49,000 Octavian probably didn't care about her or Antony. 342 00:15:52,792 --> 00:15:54,333 LAURENCE: For more than 2,000 years, 343 00:15:54,417 --> 00:15:57,042 the story of Cleopatra's dramatic suicide 344 00:15:57,167 --> 00:15:59,458 remains mostly unchallenged. 345 00:15:59,542 --> 00:16:01,833 The most famous version of this suicide 346 00:16:01,875 --> 00:16:04,250 comes from Virgil in "The Aeneid," 347 00:16:04,333 --> 00:16:08,042 where he suggests that Cleopatra gets a snake to bite her, 348 00:16:08,167 --> 00:16:10,167 and that's how she dies. 349 00:16:10,250 --> 00:16:12,167 The story then gets elaborated on 350 00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,000 over the years, where some authors suggesting 351 00:16:15,042 --> 00:16:18,125 that the snake is actually an asp. 352 00:16:18,208 --> 00:16:20,375 NICOLA: Plutarch also supports this idea. 353 00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:24,208 And what he says is that Cleopatra has the asp 354 00:16:24,292 --> 00:16:27,208 smuggled into the palace in a basket, 355 00:16:27,292 --> 00:16:29,375 and it was covered over with figs and leaves 356 00:16:29,458 --> 00:16:31,083 so that nobody could see it coming in. 357 00:16:32,708 --> 00:16:36,750 LAURENCE: Today, many historians doubt the snake bite story. 358 00:16:36,875 --> 00:16:39,167 The reason people have a problem with it 359 00:16:39,208 --> 00:16:42,958 is that, at this point, Cleopatra is Octavian's prisoner 360 00:16:43,042 --> 00:16:45,292 and under close guard. 361 00:16:45,375 --> 00:16:48,375 Asps are large. They wriggle and hiss. 362 00:16:48,375 --> 00:16:51,417 So for someone to have brought in a tray of food 363 00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:54,250 with a snake and for it to have gone unnoticed, 364 00:16:54,250 --> 00:16:57,458 well, those would have been the worst guards in history. 365 00:16:57,583 --> 00:16:59,917 NICOLA: Cleopatra is also no fool. 366 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,792 She knows her science and her medicine, 367 00:17:03,875 --> 00:17:06,750 and she is smart enough to figure out 368 00:17:06,833 --> 00:17:08,042 all the things that could go wrong 369 00:17:08,125 --> 00:17:10,250 with this particular plan. 370 00:17:10,333 --> 00:17:13,417 HUGO: She wouldn't have chosen a plan with so many variables. 371 00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:16,000 Those who believe the suicide story think 372 00:17:16,083 --> 00:17:18,250 it's much more likely Cleopatra simply had 373 00:17:18,333 --> 00:17:20,042 a bottle of poison with her 374 00:17:20,125 --> 00:17:23,083 from the moment the Romans arrived at her gates. 375 00:17:24,167 --> 00:17:26,750 LAURENCE: In 2013, bestselling author 376 00:17:26,833 --> 00:17:29,125 and criminal profiler Pat Brown 377 00:17:29,208 --> 00:17:32,125 upends the suicide theory. 378 00:17:32,208 --> 00:17:34,042 ANDREW: Brown looks at Cleopatra's death 379 00:17:34,125 --> 00:17:36,083 like she would any other cold case, 380 00:17:36,208 --> 00:17:38,917 as she's been trained to do throughout her career. 381 00:17:39,042 --> 00:17:40,458 KEVIN: Pat Brown looks at the evidence, 382 00:17:40,542 --> 00:17:43,167 the wounds, the placement of the body, 383 00:17:43,292 --> 00:17:45,958 and she wonders if some of the evidence 384 00:17:46,042 --> 00:17:48,917 was staged or just completely fabricated. 385 00:17:49,042 --> 00:17:51,000 LAURENCE: Brown's conclusion? 386 00:17:51,083 --> 00:17:53,625 Cleopatra's death isn't suicide. 387 00:17:53,708 --> 00:17:56,250 It's cold-blooded murder. 388 00:17:56,375 --> 00:17:57,833 ANDREW: Brown starts by taking 389 00:17:57,917 --> 00:18:00,208 the suicide theory at face value. 390 00:18:00,333 --> 00:18:02,333 She consults with medical examiners, 391 00:18:02,417 --> 00:18:05,417 with herpetologists, to understand 392 00:18:05,417 --> 00:18:09,167 all of the in's and out's of snake poison. 393 00:18:09,250 --> 00:18:10,750 HUGO: According to the historical accounts, 394 00:18:10,833 --> 00:18:13,083 Cleopatra's two maidservants 395 00:18:13,167 --> 00:18:16,500 also die from poisoning shortly after she does. 396 00:18:16,542 --> 00:18:20,917 So how exactly does one snake kill three people? 397 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,625 Is it trained to bite on command? 398 00:18:23,708 --> 00:18:27,500 Does it even have enough venom to kill three women? 399 00:18:27,542 --> 00:18:30,000 ANDREW: The most likely poisonous snakes 400 00:18:30,042 --> 00:18:32,333 that were around during this time in Egypt 401 00:18:32,417 --> 00:18:34,792 were the cobra and the asp. 402 00:18:34,875 --> 00:18:37,667 Although both snakes have enough venom in them 403 00:18:37,708 --> 00:18:39,417 to kill multiple people, 404 00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:41,708 most of the venom is actually discharged 405 00:18:41,708 --> 00:18:43,458 in their very first bite. 406 00:18:43,542 --> 00:18:45,958 And after that, it takes a little while 407 00:18:46,042 --> 00:18:49,000 for them to sort of recharge and reload. 408 00:18:49,125 --> 00:18:50,958 LAURENCE: Fully replenishing their venom 409 00:18:51,042 --> 00:18:53,500 can take a snake days. 410 00:18:53,583 --> 00:18:56,625 HUGO: They don't need a full tank to kill someone, 411 00:18:56,708 --> 00:18:59,458 but it would need to be at least an hour 412 00:18:59,542 --> 00:19:02,042 before someone else could be killed. 413 00:19:02,125 --> 00:19:04,292 There's another timing issue as well. 414 00:19:04,375 --> 00:19:06,125 The amount of time it takes 415 00:19:06,208 --> 00:19:09,042 for the snake bite to kill someone. 416 00:19:09,167 --> 00:19:11,000 ANDREW: Brown points out that in the hours 417 00:19:11,083 --> 00:19:12,458 before Cleopatra's death, 418 00:19:12,542 --> 00:19:15,708 she's exchanging messages with Octavian. 419 00:19:15,792 --> 00:19:18,917 Guards and messengers are going in and out, 420 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:23,708 and dying from a snake bite takes hours, and it's agonizing. 421 00:19:23,833 --> 00:19:25,958 So, we're saying that 422 00:19:26,042 --> 00:19:28,667 nobody noticed this agonizing death 423 00:19:28,750 --> 00:19:30,583 over several hours? 424 00:19:30,667 --> 00:19:34,667 LAURENCE: According to Brown, the outcome would be the same 425 00:19:34,750 --> 00:19:38,542 even if poison was smuggled in via a bottle. 426 00:19:38,625 --> 00:19:40,750 HUGO: Once again, you're left with the same issue. 427 00:19:40,833 --> 00:19:43,500 In fact, it would take slightly longer 428 00:19:43,667 --> 00:19:46,333 for the venom to take effect because it has to get 429 00:19:46,417 --> 00:19:48,667 absorbed into the bloodstream first. 430 00:19:50,042 --> 00:19:52,292 LAURENCE: Once Brown rules out suicide, 431 00:19:52,375 --> 00:19:55,333 she turns her attention to murder. 432 00:19:55,458 --> 00:19:58,000 ANDREW: As Brown and any good criminal profiler knows, 433 00:19:58,125 --> 00:20:00,667 murder requires motive. 434 00:20:00,792 --> 00:20:04,583 And who had the most to gain from Cleopatra's death? 435 00:20:04,667 --> 00:20:06,625 Octavian. 436 00:20:06,708 --> 00:20:08,583 KEVIN: Some people believe that Octavian 437 00:20:08,667 --> 00:20:11,917 would want to keep Cleopatra alive 438 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,333 to display her as a conquered trophy 439 00:20:14,458 --> 00:20:16,292 through the streets of Rome. 440 00:20:16,375 --> 00:20:19,750 He displays the children of Cleopatra and Mark Antony 441 00:20:19,833 --> 00:20:21,500 exactly in this way. 442 00:20:21,625 --> 00:20:23,375 LAURENCE: But according to Brown, 443 00:20:23,458 --> 00:20:26,292 Octavian has a stronger motive to kill Cleopatra 444 00:20:26,375 --> 00:20:28,375 than to keep her alive. 445 00:20:28,458 --> 00:20:31,333 NICOLA: If Cleopatra is still alive, 446 00:20:31,417 --> 00:20:35,500 then Octavian would have somebody 447 00:20:35,583 --> 00:20:39,958 who could stand in the way of his control over Egypt. 448 00:20:40,042 --> 00:20:42,958 Cleopatra is the rightful queen. 449 00:20:43,042 --> 00:20:46,625 HUGO: Octavian already has several non-threatening trophies 450 00:20:46,708 --> 00:20:49,667 to parade around-- her younger children. 451 00:20:49,792 --> 00:20:51,958 They're too young to raise an army 452 00:20:52,083 --> 00:20:53,458 or seize the throne. 453 00:20:54,667 --> 00:20:58,292 LAURENCE: One year after Brown's book, in 2014, 454 00:20:58,375 --> 00:21:00,500 two Greek historians write an article 455 00:21:00,542 --> 00:21:02,875 that reaches the same conclusion. 456 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,708 ANDREW: Gregory Tsoucalas and Markos Sgantzos publish 457 00:21:05,792 --> 00:21:07,458 "The Death of Cleopatra: 458 00:21:07,542 --> 00:21:10,792 Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies?" 459 00:21:10,875 --> 00:21:14,250 In it, they propose that Egypt's last queen 460 00:21:14,333 --> 00:21:17,167 was, in fact, murdered by Octavian. 461 00:21:17,250 --> 00:21:19,375 HUGO: Tsoucalas and Sgantzos say 462 00:21:19,458 --> 00:21:22,167 that all the circumstances point to Cleopatra 463 00:21:22,208 --> 00:21:24,792 being killed by a Roman poison, 464 00:21:24,792 --> 00:21:27,125 and that means murder. 465 00:21:27,208 --> 00:21:29,292 Like all military leaders of the time, 466 00:21:29,375 --> 00:21:32,208 Octavian actually travels with physicians, 467 00:21:32,292 --> 00:21:34,500 and physicians are trained in poisons. 468 00:21:34,542 --> 00:21:36,250 HUGO: The Romans specialize 469 00:21:36,375 --> 00:21:37,667 in a poison that's a mixture 470 00:21:37,750 --> 00:21:41,000 of hemlock, opium, and aconite. 471 00:21:41,042 --> 00:21:43,625 LAURENCE: This poison induces a deep sleep, 472 00:21:43,708 --> 00:21:46,792 resulting in coma, then death. 473 00:21:46,875 --> 00:21:49,042 According to Tsoucalas and Sgantzos, 474 00:21:49,042 --> 00:21:52,000 Octavian has Cleopatra and her servants injected 475 00:21:52,042 --> 00:21:54,500 with this Roman poison, 476 00:21:54,625 --> 00:21:57,500 possibly even using a needle that makes it look like 477 00:21:57,583 --> 00:21:59,667 they've been bitten by a snake. 478 00:21:59,708 --> 00:22:02,333 LAURENCE: Then what happened to Cleopatra's body? 479 00:22:05,917 --> 00:22:09,333 NICOLA: If this is the case, there is no tomb. 480 00:22:09,375 --> 00:22:11,583 Octavian is just kind of trying to move on 481 00:22:11,583 --> 00:22:14,208 from the whole Cleopatra situation. 482 00:22:14,292 --> 00:22:15,833 So, according to their theory, 483 00:22:15,917 --> 00:22:19,625 he has her killed and plants the story 484 00:22:19,708 --> 00:22:23,333 of suicide in order to be able 485 00:22:23,333 --> 00:22:24,750 to kind of tell a nice story 486 00:22:24,833 --> 00:22:26,750 and then move on as quickly as possible. 487 00:22:26,833 --> 00:22:28,500 ANDREW: If he's smart enough to do that, 488 00:22:28,583 --> 00:22:31,667 then he's smart enough to not build her a tomb. 489 00:22:31,708 --> 00:22:34,083 The last thing he needs is a permanent marker 490 00:22:34,083 --> 00:22:36,083 of a once-beloved queen 491 00:22:36,083 --> 00:22:37,792 for people to pilgrimage to 492 00:22:37,875 --> 00:22:39,792 and make offerings to. 493 00:22:39,875 --> 00:22:42,708 HUGO: So, unfortunately, if you subscribe to this theory, 494 00:22:42,833 --> 00:22:46,333 the search for Cleopatra's lost tomb is pointless. 495 00:22:46,375 --> 00:22:49,167 Because Octavian covered his tracks. 496 00:22:49,292 --> 00:22:52,542 Egypt's last pharaoh never gets a tomb. 497 00:22:52,542 --> 00:22:54,458 Her body was destroyed, 498 00:22:54,542 --> 00:22:56,083 dumped, and forgotten. 499 00:23:00,042 --> 00:23:02,125 For thousands of years, Cleopatra's story has been 500 00:23:02,125 --> 00:23:04,000 entwined with her relationship 501 00:23:04,083 --> 00:23:06,250 with Rome's most powerful men. 502 00:23:06,250 --> 00:23:08,375 But in 2010, 503 00:23:08,458 --> 00:23:11,583 an American archaeologist finds evidence 504 00:23:11,667 --> 00:23:13,833 that upends that notion 505 00:23:13,958 --> 00:23:17,958 and offers a new theory about her final days. 506 00:23:21,167 --> 00:23:25,917 In 2010, Ohio State University Professor Duane Roller 507 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,250 publishes "Cleopatra: A Biography." 508 00:23:29,333 --> 00:23:31,625 The real Cleopatra is 509 00:23:31,708 --> 00:23:34,500 notoriously difficult to grasp. 510 00:23:34,583 --> 00:23:36,833 HUGO: Roller's book is one of the best-researched accounts 511 00:23:36,917 --> 00:23:38,542 of Cleopatra around. 512 00:23:38,625 --> 00:23:40,458 In addition to being an archaeologist, 513 00:23:40,542 --> 00:23:42,250 Roller is a classicist. 514 00:23:42,333 --> 00:23:44,500 He can read all of the original accounts 515 00:23:44,583 --> 00:23:46,792 in their original Greek and Latin. 516 00:23:46,917 --> 00:23:49,958 Based on an exhaustive search through the historical record, 517 00:23:50,042 --> 00:23:52,458 he believes that a great deal about Cleopatra 518 00:23:52,542 --> 00:23:56,167 has been misunderstood, and perhaps this can explain 519 00:23:56,250 --> 00:23:59,333 what happens to her after she dies. 520 00:23:59,417 --> 00:24:01,500 First of all, Roller is convinced that 521 00:24:01,583 --> 00:24:04,333 Cleopatra is not subservient 522 00:24:04,375 --> 00:24:08,292 to her Roman lovers or even to Rome at all. 523 00:24:08,375 --> 00:24:11,542 LAURENCE: According to Roller, she carefully manipulates them 524 00:24:11,625 --> 00:24:14,500 to keep her kingdom intact. 525 00:24:14,625 --> 00:24:16,958 DUANE ROLLER: When Cleopatra came to the throne, 526 00:24:17,042 --> 00:24:21,500 she had three surviving siblings who did not get along. 527 00:24:21,583 --> 00:24:24,292 There's all kind of sibling rivalry. 528 00:24:24,375 --> 00:24:25,792 PATRICIA: Cleopatra's Egypt is probably 529 00:24:25,875 --> 00:24:28,083 about to be split in three parts 530 00:24:28,208 --> 00:24:30,667 until she convinces Julius Caesar to help. 531 00:24:30,792 --> 00:24:33,625 ANDREW: She does this in a rather ingenious way. 532 00:24:33,708 --> 00:24:36,542 Roman sources tell us that she has herself 533 00:24:36,625 --> 00:24:38,667 wrapped in a carpet and smuggled 534 00:24:38,708 --> 00:24:40,333 into Caesar's quarters. 535 00:24:40,458 --> 00:24:43,000 When he unrolls this mysterious gift, 536 00:24:43,042 --> 00:24:45,333 there she is in all her regal finery, 537 00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:49,667 ready to negotiate a deal to save Egypt. 538 00:24:49,708 --> 00:24:53,792 After Caesar's death, Cleopatra carefully researches 539 00:24:53,875 --> 00:24:55,375 his successors. 540 00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:57,583 DUANE: When Antony comes to the east, 541 00:24:57,583 --> 00:24:59,667 she very quickly realizes 542 00:24:59,750 --> 00:25:02,625 he is a person to be cultivated. 543 00:25:02,708 --> 00:25:04,917 HUGO: She learns that Mark Antony believes himself 544 00:25:05,042 --> 00:25:08,083 to be the embodiment of the Greek god Dionysus. 545 00:25:08,208 --> 00:25:12,083 And so she hatches a clever plan to earn his favor. 546 00:25:13,208 --> 00:25:16,917 LAURENCE: Dionysus is the god of wine and pleasure, 547 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:19,875 a fact Cleopatra uses to her advantage 548 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,750 when she first meets Antony in 41 B.C. 549 00:25:23,833 --> 00:25:25,958 Knowing his Dionysus fetish, 550 00:25:25,958 --> 00:25:28,667 she arrives dressed up as the Greek goddess Aphrodite, 551 00:25:28,708 --> 00:25:31,667 being fanned by attendants dressed as Cupids. 552 00:25:31,708 --> 00:25:34,958 Almost immediately, Antony is willing to do 553 00:25:35,042 --> 00:25:37,875 just about anything Cleopatra asks of him. 554 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,000 While these stories show cunning on Cleopatra's part, 555 00:25:42,125 --> 00:25:45,875 they suggest that her main tool for manipulation was sex. 556 00:25:45,958 --> 00:25:48,583 But Roller believes that that was not the case. 557 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:53,833 LAURENCE: Instead, Roller believes Cleopatra uses 558 00:25:53,875 --> 00:25:57,000 her negotiation skills to survive. 559 00:25:57,083 --> 00:25:59,375 ANDREW: Despite being a smaller kingdom 560 00:25:59,458 --> 00:26:01,625 with a less powerful military, 561 00:26:01,708 --> 00:26:04,333 Egypt had a lot more money than Rome. 562 00:26:04,417 --> 00:26:09,208 Cleopatra, as it turns out, was phenomenally wealthy. 563 00:26:09,292 --> 00:26:11,333 I believe it's her wealth 564 00:26:11,458 --> 00:26:13,833 and not her sexual prowess 565 00:26:13,833 --> 00:26:17,000 that ultimately dictates how Cleopatra lived 566 00:26:17,042 --> 00:26:18,792 and how she died. 567 00:26:18,875 --> 00:26:20,833 HUGO: Roller examines the work 568 00:26:20,917 --> 00:26:23,083 of the Roman historian Cassius Dio. 569 00:26:23,208 --> 00:26:24,625 In it, he discovers that 570 00:26:24,708 --> 00:26:27,375 Mark Antony initially comes to Cleopatra 571 00:26:27,458 --> 00:26:29,375 because he needs her financial support 572 00:26:29,458 --> 00:26:32,500 to pay off Rome's armies and debts. 573 00:26:32,625 --> 00:26:35,500 DUANE: According to Dio, Cleopatra and Antony had 574 00:26:35,583 --> 00:26:37,167 a financial relationship, 575 00:26:37,208 --> 00:26:40,083 and who knows whether it was all that he needed? 576 00:26:40,208 --> 00:26:43,250 But it certainly helped to sustain him financially, 577 00:26:43,333 --> 00:26:46,917 especially as sources began to dry up in Rome. 578 00:26:48,125 --> 00:26:51,167 LAURENCE: When Octavian defeats Antony in 30 B.C., 579 00:26:51,208 --> 00:26:54,167 he intends to seize Cleopatra's treasure. 580 00:26:54,292 --> 00:26:57,458 But she has other plans. 581 00:26:57,542 --> 00:26:59,167 HUGO: Roller finds evidence that, 582 00:26:59,208 --> 00:27:02,708 in those final days, Cleopatra takes action. 583 00:27:02,833 --> 00:27:05,750 She isn't about to let Octavian get the upper hand. 584 00:27:05,833 --> 00:27:08,875 She still has one final play to make. 585 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:10,667 ANDREW: Cleopatra has her servants 586 00:27:10,708 --> 00:27:13,500 gather up her wealth, everything they can grab, 587 00:27:13,583 --> 00:27:15,250 and she has them amass it 588 00:27:15,250 --> 00:27:19,167 in the safest place she knows: her own mausoleum. 589 00:27:19,250 --> 00:27:22,042 The rest she orders hidden. 590 00:27:22,125 --> 00:27:24,750 When Octavian's forces arrive inside, 591 00:27:24,833 --> 00:27:26,875 she dramatically holds up a torch 592 00:27:26,958 --> 00:27:28,833 and threatens to kill herself 593 00:27:28,917 --> 00:27:31,208 and take all the treasure with her. 594 00:27:31,292 --> 00:27:33,958 HUGO: If this is true, this is an ingenious move. 595 00:27:34,042 --> 00:27:36,458 Cleopatra knows the only thing 596 00:27:36,542 --> 00:27:39,125 Octavian needs from her is her money, 597 00:27:39,250 --> 00:27:42,500 and she can use that as a bargaining tool. 598 00:27:42,583 --> 00:27:44,542 LAURENCE: According to Roller's research, 599 00:27:44,542 --> 00:27:46,125 Cleopatra begins 600 00:27:46,208 --> 00:27:49,167 an extended negotiation with Octavian. 601 00:27:49,250 --> 00:27:52,000 She offers to support him and give over her treasure, 602 00:27:52,083 --> 00:27:54,958 if he agrees to meet certain conditions. 603 00:27:55,042 --> 00:27:57,625 ANDREW: Here, she is holding her wealth hostage 604 00:27:57,708 --> 00:28:00,833 and giving herself time to make other plans. 605 00:28:00,875 --> 00:28:03,333 Among those plans, she finds a way 606 00:28:03,375 --> 00:28:05,583 to smuggle her son out of town. 607 00:28:05,667 --> 00:28:08,250 Next, she has to make plans for herself. 608 00:28:09,458 --> 00:28:10,833 Roller cites the account 609 00:28:10,917 --> 00:28:13,125 of the Roman historian Titus Livius. 610 00:28:13,208 --> 00:28:15,500 In one of Cleopatra's final exchanges 611 00:28:15,542 --> 00:28:17,583 with Octavian, she writes, 612 00:28:17,708 --> 00:28:20,792 "I will not be led in triumph." 613 00:28:20,875 --> 00:28:22,708 This is one of the few times any historian 614 00:28:22,792 --> 00:28:25,917 bothers to write her specific words down, 615 00:28:26,042 --> 00:28:28,917 and it gives us a clue as to what she intended next. 616 00:28:30,583 --> 00:28:32,542 LAURENCE: Roller writes that Cleopatra then 617 00:28:32,542 --> 00:28:35,708 orchestrates her own death by poisoning, 618 00:28:35,792 --> 00:28:39,833 which takes place in August of 30 B.C. 619 00:28:39,875 --> 00:28:41,375 NICOLA: If she's planned this out 620 00:28:41,458 --> 00:28:43,292 down to the last detail, 621 00:28:43,375 --> 00:28:45,333 many historians believe 622 00:28:45,375 --> 00:28:47,167 that she made 623 00:28:47,208 --> 00:28:48,833 one final arrangement. 624 00:28:48,917 --> 00:28:50,333 And that explains why her tomb 625 00:28:50,417 --> 00:28:52,417 has yet to be found. 626 00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:59,167 HUGO: Upon her death, Cleopatra orders her body 627 00:28:59,250 --> 00:29:03,000 smuggled out of the palace and buried in an unmarked grave. 628 00:29:03,042 --> 00:29:06,792 This way, her enemies will never find her. 629 00:29:06,875 --> 00:29:09,875 Is it possible she pulled this off to have her body 630 00:29:09,958 --> 00:29:13,500 smuggled out of a palace swarming with Roman soldiers? 631 00:29:13,583 --> 00:29:15,500 I think the answer is yes. 632 00:29:15,583 --> 00:29:17,792 PATRICIA: Cleopatra had so much wealth, 633 00:29:17,875 --> 00:29:20,167 she could have bribed every Roman in the palace. 634 00:29:20,208 --> 00:29:22,000 This is how she could have made arrangements 635 00:29:22,042 --> 00:29:24,083 for her secret burial. 636 00:29:24,167 --> 00:29:27,792 LAURENCE: If Cleopatra was successful, where is her tomb? 637 00:29:27,875 --> 00:29:29,458 NICOLA: So if this is the case, 638 00:29:29,542 --> 00:29:33,000 and Cleopatra made her own funeral arrangements, 639 00:29:33,083 --> 00:29:36,458 that means that we would have to stop looking 640 00:29:36,542 --> 00:29:40,208 for any kind of evidence of a Roman-style burial 641 00:29:40,292 --> 00:29:42,042 in ash urns 642 00:29:42,125 --> 00:29:45,208 and start thinking like an Egyptian. 643 00:29:45,333 --> 00:29:47,458 HUGO: This would mean Cleopatra didn't end up 644 00:29:47,542 --> 00:29:49,417 in Alexandria at all. 645 00:29:49,542 --> 00:29:51,708 Now, we have a whole new world 646 00:29:51,792 --> 00:29:57,250 of possibilities to explore. 647 00:29:57,250 --> 00:29:59,708 LAURENCE: In 2002, Dominican attorney 648 00:29:59,708 --> 00:30:02,458 Kathleen Martínez sets out to find 649 00:30:02,542 --> 00:30:05,000 Cleopatra's lost tomb. 650 00:30:06,042 --> 00:30:07,667 HUGO: Ever since she was a young child, 651 00:30:07,833 --> 00:30:10,833 Martínez has been fascinated with Egypt. 652 00:30:10,917 --> 00:30:13,167 Her family encouraged the law career. 653 00:30:13,292 --> 00:30:15,333 But eventually, she gives it all up 654 00:30:15,375 --> 00:30:18,292 to become an archaeologist in Egypt. 655 00:30:18,375 --> 00:30:21,000 NICOLA: The one mystery that she wants to solve 656 00:30:21,083 --> 00:30:24,542 beyond anything else is the mystery of Cleopatra's tomb. 657 00:30:24,625 --> 00:30:26,667 Like many modern day historians, 658 00:30:26,750 --> 00:30:30,542 she respects and admires Cleopatra 659 00:30:30,625 --> 00:30:32,375 as a brilliant queen. 660 00:30:32,458 --> 00:30:35,333 And she can't imagine that a queen would have 661 00:30:35,417 --> 00:30:38,583 allowed herself to be desecrated after death. 662 00:30:38,667 --> 00:30:42,250 ANDREW: Martínez believes that Cleopatra is way too smart 663 00:30:42,375 --> 00:30:45,042 not to have seen her own death coming. 664 00:30:45,125 --> 00:30:47,000 She knows that Octavian is either 665 00:30:47,042 --> 00:30:49,958 going to have her executed or use her as a puppet 666 00:30:50,042 --> 00:30:51,792 by parading her around. 667 00:30:51,875 --> 00:30:53,708 So she plans for her death 668 00:30:53,792 --> 00:30:55,292 and has her handmaidens 669 00:30:55,375 --> 00:30:57,667 smuggle her body out of Alexandria. 670 00:30:57,708 --> 00:30:59,167 But where do you look? 671 00:30:59,208 --> 00:31:02,917 Martínez believes that she has the answer. 672 00:31:03,042 --> 00:31:06,875 LAURENCE: Like many pharaohs, Cleopatra shapes her image 673 00:31:06,875 --> 00:31:09,333 around one of the Egyptian gods. 674 00:31:09,417 --> 00:31:12,000 During her reign, Cleopatra considers herself 675 00:31:12,083 --> 00:31:14,250 a living representation of Isis, 676 00:31:14,375 --> 00:31:17,083 a goddess of fertility and motherhood 677 00:31:17,167 --> 00:31:19,458 and wife to the god-king Osiris. 678 00:31:19,458 --> 00:31:23,167 If Cleopatra was able to choose her own resting place, 679 00:31:23,208 --> 00:31:25,500 Martínez is confident it would have been 680 00:31:25,583 --> 00:31:28,375 a temple of Isis or Osiris. 681 00:31:34,125 --> 00:31:37,667 ANDREW: The problem is, there are a lot of temples 682 00:31:37,750 --> 00:31:40,958 dedicated to both Isis and Osiris. 683 00:31:41,042 --> 00:31:44,792 To locate the right one, Dr. Martínez relies 684 00:31:44,875 --> 00:31:47,708 on Greek geographer Strabo's descriptions 685 00:31:47,833 --> 00:31:49,333 of ancient Egypt. 686 00:31:49,417 --> 00:31:51,000 PATRICIA: Based on Strabo's writing, 687 00:31:51,083 --> 00:31:53,750 Martínez locates 21 temples 688 00:31:53,750 --> 00:31:56,250 associated with Osiris and Isis. 689 00:31:56,333 --> 00:31:58,667 She looks at these 21 locations 690 00:31:58,708 --> 00:32:00,750 and realizes that almost all of them 691 00:32:00,833 --> 00:32:02,583 have already been thoroughly explored. 692 00:32:02,667 --> 00:32:04,375 All except one: the temple 693 00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:07,750 at the ancient ruins of Taposiris Magna. 694 00:32:07,833 --> 00:32:09,625 Looking at the scant historical records, 695 00:32:09,708 --> 00:32:12,333 Martínez believes it's only been lightly surveyed, 696 00:32:12,417 --> 00:32:16,458 and it's only 30 miles from Alexandria. 697 00:32:16,542 --> 00:32:18,333 This must be the place. 698 00:32:18,417 --> 00:32:20,542 NICOLA: Martínez gets in touch with Egypt's 699 00:32:20,625 --> 00:32:23,292 chief archaeologist, a man called Zahi Hawass, 700 00:32:23,375 --> 00:32:26,958 who agrees to show her around Taposiris Magna. 701 00:32:27,042 --> 00:32:28,667 PATRICIA: From the moment she arrives, 702 00:32:28,708 --> 00:32:32,500 she feels certain that the great Queen Cleopatra is here. 703 00:32:32,542 --> 00:32:35,250 LAURENCE: In order to excavate the site, 704 00:32:35,333 --> 00:32:39,208 Dr. Martínez needs permission from the Egyptian government. 705 00:32:39,292 --> 00:32:41,708 Initially, the Egyptians kind of make fun of her. 706 00:32:41,792 --> 00:32:43,750 They blow her off because, after all, 707 00:32:43,833 --> 00:32:48,083 what would a lawyer by trade 708 00:32:48,167 --> 00:32:51,167 know about ancient Egyptian archaeology? 709 00:32:51,208 --> 00:32:53,125 ANDREW: But Martínez persists, 710 00:32:53,208 --> 00:32:57,292 and she agrees to fund the venture entirely on her own. 711 00:32:57,375 --> 00:32:59,333 Finally, they do grant her a license, 712 00:32:59,417 --> 00:33:02,958 the first ever given to a Latin American expedition. 713 00:33:03,042 --> 00:33:04,833 There's just one catch: 714 00:33:04,917 --> 00:33:08,667 the license is only good for eight weeks. 715 00:33:08,750 --> 00:33:11,500 HUGO: Anyone who knows anything about archaeological digs 716 00:33:11,583 --> 00:33:14,375 knows that this is an impossible challenge. 717 00:33:14,458 --> 00:33:18,125 Excavations are a slow and tedious process. 718 00:33:18,208 --> 00:33:21,417 It can take eight months to find a single artifact, 719 00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:24,833 and once you find it, it can take a long time 720 00:33:24,958 --> 00:33:26,958 to excavate it safely. 721 00:33:27,042 --> 00:33:28,583 So an eight week deadline 722 00:33:28,667 --> 00:33:31,042 to excavate an entire site 723 00:33:31,125 --> 00:33:34,000 really limits what you're able to do. 724 00:33:34,083 --> 00:33:36,958 LAURENCE: Undeterred, Martínez and her team 725 00:33:37,042 --> 00:33:41,292 start digging at Taposiris Magna in 2004. 726 00:33:41,375 --> 00:33:44,250 The clock is ticking down. For seven whole weeks, 727 00:33:44,333 --> 00:33:46,958 Martínez finds absolutely nothing. 728 00:33:47,042 --> 00:33:49,625 And then, almost like something out of a movie, 729 00:33:49,708 --> 00:33:52,375 on the last day of the dig, 730 00:33:52,458 --> 00:33:55,625 Martínez discovers what looks to be 731 00:33:55,708 --> 00:33:57,000 a hidden shaft 732 00:33:57,083 --> 00:33:59,625 by the north gate of the temple. 733 00:34:02,375 --> 00:34:03,958 LAURENCE: Inside the shaft, 734 00:34:04,042 --> 00:34:07,250 she discovers two secret chambers. 735 00:34:07,333 --> 00:34:10,500 And in those chambers, Martínez finds something important. 736 00:34:10,542 --> 00:34:14,500 These are small gray tablets with Greek inscriptions. 737 00:34:14,542 --> 00:34:18,167 The tablets Martínez finds are called foundation deposits. 738 00:34:18,208 --> 00:34:20,167 During constructions of the time, 739 00:34:20,250 --> 00:34:23,042 tablets like that were left behind to give information 740 00:34:23,125 --> 00:34:25,958 on the construction of the building. 741 00:34:26,042 --> 00:34:27,833 KEVIN: When Martínez cleans the tablets 742 00:34:27,917 --> 00:34:29,167 and reads the Greek, she learns that 743 00:34:29,208 --> 00:34:31,042 the Taposiris Magna complex 744 00:34:31,125 --> 00:34:33,917 was built by Ptolemy IV, 745 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,500 Cleopatra's great-great- great grandfather. 746 00:34:37,583 --> 00:34:40,000 HUGO: Initially, people thought Martínez's theory 747 00:34:40,083 --> 00:34:42,250 was far-fetched. They believed that 748 00:34:42,333 --> 00:34:44,500 no one was digging at Taposiris Magna 749 00:34:44,625 --> 00:34:46,542 because there was nothing to find. 750 00:34:46,625 --> 00:34:49,458 Now, Martínez has found something. 751 00:34:51,083 --> 00:34:53,250 LAURENCE: The Egyptian government allows Martínez 752 00:34:53,333 --> 00:34:55,042 to extend the dig. 753 00:34:55,125 --> 00:34:57,042 Energized by their find, 754 00:34:57,125 --> 00:34:59,542 the team brings in new technology. 755 00:34:59,625 --> 00:35:02,292 NICOLA: In 2008, Martínez and her team 756 00:35:02,375 --> 00:35:04,333 bring in ground-penetrating radar. 757 00:35:04,417 --> 00:35:07,125 And they're quickly able to ascertain 758 00:35:07,208 --> 00:35:09,167 that there are a whole series of tunnels 759 00:35:09,250 --> 00:35:11,167 underneath Taposiris Magna, 760 00:35:11,250 --> 00:35:14,250 about 68 feet beneath the surface. 761 00:35:14,333 --> 00:35:16,667 And just below these corridors, 762 00:35:16,750 --> 00:35:25,750 they find something that just makes their jaws drop. 763 00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:28,958 LAURENCE: In 2008, archaeologist Kathleen Martínez 764 00:35:28,958 --> 00:35:31,500 and her team are exploring the ruins 765 00:35:31,583 --> 00:35:34,667 of the Egyptian temple of Taposiris Magna. 766 00:35:34,750 --> 00:35:38,708 They're looking for Cleopatra's tomb. 767 00:35:39,708 --> 00:35:42,208 ANDREW: As they sweep the area with ground-penetrating radar, 768 00:35:42,208 --> 00:35:44,208 they suddenly see what appears to be 769 00:35:44,208 --> 00:35:47,000 a network of underground corridors. 770 00:35:47,083 --> 00:35:50,500 And these corridors lead to multiple chambers. 771 00:35:50,542 --> 00:35:54,167 Martínez believes that these are burial chambers. 772 00:35:54,250 --> 00:35:57,875 Martínez is not about to miss this discovery. 773 00:35:57,958 --> 00:35:59,333 She's going in herself. 774 00:35:59,375 --> 00:36:01,500 She has her team lower her down 775 00:36:01,542 --> 00:36:03,917 into the tunnels themselves. 776 00:36:04,042 --> 00:36:07,167 HUGO: From there, she enters into one of the chambers, 777 00:36:07,250 --> 00:36:09,458 and she finds the head of a statue. 778 00:36:09,542 --> 00:36:12,458 And can you believe it? It's Cleopatra. 779 00:36:14,375 --> 00:36:18,333 She also finds a mask that resembles Mark Antony. 780 00:36:18,458 --> 00:36:20,083 PATRICIA: It's extraordinary to think 781 00:36:20,208 --> 00:36:21,750 that other archaeological teams 782 00:36:21,833 --> 00:36:23,333 have explored this site 783 00:36:23,375 --> 00:36:25,375 and declared that there was nothing to find, 784 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:28,917 when all these wonderful artifacts have been discovered. 785 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,833 LAURENCE: Next, Martínez and her team 786 00:36:31,875 --> 00:36:35,125 uncover hundreds of bronze coins. 787 00:36:35,208 --> 00:36:38,792 ANDREW: These coins bear the image of Cleopatra, 788 00:36:38,792 --> 00:36:41,458 so obviously they're from the time of Cleopatra. 789 00:36:41,542 --> 00:36:45,000 They also suggest that this is a place of pilgrimage 790 00:36:45,083 --> 00:36:47,333 for Egyptians who left those coins. 791 00:36:47,375 --> 00:36:49,542 KEVIN: With each of these discoveries, 792 00:36:49,625 --> 00:36:52,292 the team becomes increasingly convinced 793 00:36:52,375 --> 00:36:54,042 that they're going to find 794 00:36:54,167 --> 00:36:55,792 the tomb of Cleopatra. 795 00:36:57,500 --> 00:36:59,875 LAURENCE: But just as Martínez believes she's on the verge 796 00:36:59,958 --> 00:37:01,292 of a major breakthrough, 797 00:37:01,375 --> 00:37:03,417 unrest in North Africa 798 00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,250 brings her progress to a halt. 799 00:37:06,333 --> 00:37:10,167 Democracy, democracy, let us live in liberty. 800 00:37:10,167 --> 00:37:13,000 ANDREW: It's complete chaos in the Arab world. 801 00:37:13,083 --> 00:37:15,667 You have Libya's leader, Muammar Gaddafi, 802 00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:18,333 who is deposed and also murdered. 803 00:37:18,458 --> 00:37:21,333 And then, in 2011, Egyptian president 804 00:37:21,417 --> 00:37:24,667 Hosni Mubarak is overthrown. 805 00:37:24,708 --> 00:37:26,833 LAURENCE: With all of Egypt in turmoil, 806 00:37:26,875 --> 00:37:31,333 Dr. Martínez has no choice but to suspend her dig. 807 00:37:31,417 --> 00:37:33,708 ANDREW: This is a worst case scenario for Martínez, 808 00:37:33,833 --> 00:37:36,833 because once an expedition is suspended, 809 00:37:36,958 --> 00:37:38,833 there is no guarantee that 810 00:37:38,875 --> 00:37:40,333 it will ever start up again. 811 00:37:41,375 --> 00:37:43,750 LAURENCE: Fortunately, in 2014, 812 00:37:43,833 --> 00:37:46,125 stability returns. 813 00:37:46,208 --> 00:37:49,000 KEVIN: The project is able to start again, 814 00:37:49,042 --> 00:37:50,583 and they discover new artifacts, 815 00:37:50,708 --> 00:37:53,208 more links to Cleopatra herself, 816 00:37:53,292 --> 00:37:56,083 but no tomb. 817 00:37:56,083 --> 00:37:57,167 PATRICIA: Martínez doesn't give up. 818 00:37:57,250 --> 00:37:59,375 In 2021, she finds 819 00:37:59,458 --> 00:38:01,500 16 more burial chambers 820 00:38:01,542 --> 00:38:03,833 with many skeletons and mummies. 821 00:38:03,875 --> 00:38:05,708 Two of these mummies are 822 00:38:05,708 --> 00:38:07,833 incredibly special, because they appear 823 00:38:07,875 --> 00:38:11,667 to be royalty and buried side by side, like lovers. 824 00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:14,000 One of them is adorned with a crown 825 00:38:14,042 --> 00:38:16,000 that's decorated with horns. 826 00:38:16,042 --> 00:38:18,042 The other has gilded decorations 827 00:38:18,125 --> 00:38:20,375 that look like a wide necklace. 828 00:38:20,458 --> 00:38:22,667 Most importantly, the two mummies have 829 00:38:22,708 --> 00:38:26,792 golden tongues nestled in their jawbones. 830 00:38:26,875 --> 00:38:29,250 Golden tongues are a very important part 831 00:38:29,333 --> 00:38:31,333 of ancient Egyptian culture. 832 00:38:31,375 --> 00:38:34,583 In the Book of the Dead, gold tongues ensure 833 00:38:34,667 --> 00:38:37,000 that the deceased will be able to speak, 834 00:38:37,083 --> 00:38:40,167 eat and drink in the afterlife. 835 00:38:40,208 --> 00:38:43,083 NICOLA: A crown, golden tongues, 836 00:38:43,167 --> 00:38:45,333 gilded decorations. 837 00:38:45,417 --> 00:38:48,000 This was obviously the tomb 838 00:38:48,125 --> 00:38:50,750 of no ordinary couple. 839 00:38:50,875 --> 00:38:52,500 LAURENCE: Could these possibly be 840 00:38:52,625 --> 00:38:56,500 the mummified bodies of Antony and Cleopatra? 841 00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:58,625 ANDREW: The mummies are eventually X-rayed, 842 00:38:58,708 --> 00:39:01,417 and while it is found that they are male and female, 843 00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,208 no further identification can be made. 844 00:39:04,333 --> 00:39:06,167 Martínez concludes that, while the mummies 845 00:39:06,208 --> 00:39:08,500 are promising, if this really was 846 00:39:08,542 --> 00:39:11,375 the tomb of Cleopatra, it would probably be 847 00:39:11,458 --> 00:39:14,208 much grander-- but who knows? 848 00:39:14,333 --> 00:39:17,375 If Cleopatra and Antony had to be smuggled out 849 00:39:17,458 --> 00:39:20,417 at the last minute, maybe the tomb wouldn't be so grand. 850 00:39:21,625 --> 00:39:25,042 LAURENCE: A year later, Dr. Martínez's team makes 851 00:39:25,125 --> 00:39:28,208 an even more exciting discovery. 852 00:39:28,292 --> 00:39:31,500 PATRICIA: Recently, in 2022, Martínez's team 853 00:39:31,583 --> 00:39:34,167 found a long tunnel, 60 feet underground. 854 00:39:34,292 --> 00:39:36,042 ANDREW: The tunnel is attached 855 00:39:36,125 --> 00:39:38,333 to a newly-found temple of Isis 856 00:39:38,375 --> 00:39:40,125 that's part of the complex. 857 00:39:40,208 --> 00:39:41,625 This is where Martínez believes that 858 00:39:41,708 --> 00:39:44,125 Cleopatra and possibly Antony 859 00:39:44,208 --> 00:39:45,875 are both buried. 860 00:39:45,958 --> 00:39:49,083 KEVIN: If Cleopatra does in fact have a tomb, 861 00:39:49,167 --> 00:39:52,167 I think Martínez really is looking in the right direction. 862 00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:54,208 And what she has produced so far 863 00:39:54,208 --> 00:39:56,625 only strengthens her theory 864 00:39:56,708 --> 00:39:59,417 that she is looking in the right place. 865 00:39:59,542 --> 00:40:02,000 I think that this is a possibility, 866 00:40:02,125 --> 00:40:05,167 although there are a lot of possibilities out there. 867 00:40:05,250 --> 00:40:07,208 No matter what, 868 00:40:07,292 --> 00:40:10,792 the investigations at Taposiris Magna 869 00:40:10,792 --> 00:40:13,750 will give us more information than we had before. 870 00:40:13,833 --> 00:40:15,583 And it looks like it'll give us 871 00:40:15,583 --> 00:40:18,333 more information on the time of Cleopatra 872 00:40:18,417 --> 00:40:20,125 and hopefully Cleopatra herself. 873 00:40:24,375 --> 00:40:26,500 In the hunt for Cleopatra, 874 00:40:26,542 --> 00:40:28,208 Kathleen Martínez may have 875 00:40:28,292 --> 00:40:30,083 her work cut out for her. 876 00:40:30,208 --> 00:40:32,125 The new section she's exploring 877 00:40:32,208 --> 00:40:33,500 at Taposiris Magna 878 00:40:33,625 --> 00:40:36,208 is mostly underwater. 879 00:40:36,292 --> 00:40:38,500 Undeterred, Martínez calls 880 00:40:38,583 --> 00:40:40,542 this phase of her dig, quote, 881 00:40:40,625 --> 00:40:43,083 the beginning of a new journey. 882 00:40:43,167 --> 00:40:44,500 Only time will tell 883 00:40:44,583 --> 00:40:46,500 if she's on the right track. 884 00:40:46,542 --> 00:40:48,125 I'm Laurence Fishburne. 885 00:40:48,208 --> 00:40:49,375 Thank you for watching 886 00:40:49,500 --> 00:40:52,000 "History's Greatest Mysteries."