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[phone dialing]

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[line ringing]

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Levy 911, what is the
address of your emergency?

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There was just a wreck.

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A head-on collision
right here--

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Oh, my God Almighty.

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[phones dialing]

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Hello?

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They just had a bad accident
in front of the BP station.

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I don't know how bad it is,
but it sounded nasty.

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Okay, we've got--we've got
multiple 911 calls, sir.

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[phones dialing]

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Yes, ma'am, a little car,
a little sportscar.

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A little black car
and a semi car

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went under a semi-truck.

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Come on underneath
the truck.

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Took the top of the car off.

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Okay, are the vehicles
in the road?

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No, vehicle--he went way
off the road.

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Went off into the ditch
and went to the woods.

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Ran off
probably a quarter mile

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from where the wreck happened.

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I watched it happen.

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Okay, sir, is there
any obvious injuries?

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I mean, he's dead as hell.

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He--he's dead?

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Yeah, it's kind of obvious.

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A fatal crash
involving a Tesla.

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- Tesla.
- Tesla.

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Related to
the Autopilot mode.

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- Autopilot mode.
- We've heard warnings

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about the dangers
of this technology.

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Tesla is under fire.

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Critics have been
calling for changes

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to Tesla's Autopilot software.

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Tweets and retweets
from Tesla CEO Elon Musk,

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pointing out that other
auto companies are involved

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in far more fatal crashes.

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How did a Tesla on Autopilot
slam into a tractor-trailer?

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Why didn't the built-in
safety system stop it?

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Who's to blame:
the driver or the car?

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It is my honor to welcome
to the stage Mr. Elon Musk.

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[cheers and applause]

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Welcome, everyone,
to the Model 3 unveil.

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[audience shouting]

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For years, Elon Musk
is talked about being

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on the verge
of self-driving car technology.

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No hands. No feet. Nothing.

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Elon Musk approaches
this a way a lot of people

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in Silicon Valley do: they are
often telling you things

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about how the future will be.

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Getting in a car will be like
getting in an elevator.

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You just tell it
where you want to go,

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and it takes you there
with extreme levels of safety.

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And that'll be normal.

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[applause]

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Musk is certainly
a visionary.

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"Time" Magazine's Person
of the Year has been released:

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Elon Musk,
the Tesla and SpaceX CEO,

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for driving society's
most daring

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and disruptive transformations.

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Elon Musk wanted to disrupt
and revolutionize

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the auto industry.

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And Autopilot
was kind of a halo.

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It gave Tesla this image
of the way they like

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to be portrayed
as a technology company.

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The difference is that
the stakes are higher

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for the technology.

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Whoa. It nearly drove us
into the Subaru there.

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We're talking about
physical cars on the road,

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and we're talking
about lives at stake.

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Yet another driver
caught on camera

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apparently asleep
at the wheel.

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But will it end the question
of how much control drivers

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should really hand over
to the computers in their car?

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Tesla is under a lot more
scrutiny now

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than it has been before.

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And part of that
is in their marketing.

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The rollout of the latest version

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of its self-driving
technology.

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Wow. Oh, my God! Okay. Okay.

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There's this enormous
gray area

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Tesla's willing to explore.

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Ahh!

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This is very
uncomfortable so far.

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How much do you push the edge
of the envelope?

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My car should get over here.

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Okay, that was--
that was great.

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That was really great.

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That was one of those times
where I was like,

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okay, it can do it.

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Like, I know it can do it.

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It just needs to do it
every time.

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♪ ♪

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This technology is eventually

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going to enable
the car to drive itself.

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And that's what I am testing.

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Navigate to the East Greenwich
Super Charger.

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What Tesla calls
Early Access Program--

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it's a group of owners
that test software,

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but it's not public.

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You can see
what the car sees here.

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It sees the pedestrians.

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It sees that
this is a pickup truck

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that has come up behind us.

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This is a scary street.

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See how narrow this is?

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See how hesitant it is, though,
while it's going by these cars?

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It--it's learning.
It's not there yet.

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You know, people believe
that it's gonna happen,

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or else you wouldn't
do it, right?

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I think that the average
is like 35,000,

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36,000 auto deaths a year
in just the United States.

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And I think
90-something percent

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of those are human error.

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I believe that autonomy
is necessary

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to end virtually all traffic
deaths in this country.

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I think that Elon Musk
is somebody that comes along,

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like, once in a generation.

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♪ ♪

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Now, Elon Musk, I think,

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is a name known to everybody
who thinks about the future.

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Musk's fascination
with technology

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dates to his childhood
in South Africa.

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Where I grew up
was extremely violent.

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I got punched
in the face many times.

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I almost got beaten
to death once.

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And I think,
if you have not been punched

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in the face with a fist,

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you don't know what--you have
no idea what it's like.

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He hated going to school,

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because the other kids
liked to follow him home,

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and they would throw soda cans
at his head.

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So he sought refuge
in computer games,

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which got him into coding.

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When you were a kid,
you programmed a game?

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Blaster, it's called?

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Yeah, it's a simple game.

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By 17, you were on a plane
from South Africa.

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Yeah. I kind of wanted to be

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where the cutting edge
of technology was.

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Part of the reason I got
interested in technology--

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maybe the reason--
was video games.

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I worked at a gaming startup,

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which weirdly was called
Rocket Science.

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Yeah.

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[laughter]

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Fate loves irony.

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In summer of '94,
Elon came as a summer intern.

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He was kinda introverted,

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so he fit right into
the rest of the group.

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Very, very interested in world
building, in storytelling.

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We thought Elon was gonna be
an entrepreneur, clearly.

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You had a bring stint
at Stanford.

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- That's right.
- A Ph. D. in Applied Physics?

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Applied Physics,
Material Science.

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But then the Internet
came along,

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and it seemed like
I could either do a Ph. D.

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and watch the internet happen,
or I could participate

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and help build it
in some fashion.

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So, I started a company
with my brother

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and a friend of mine,
Greg Kouri,

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and created Zip2,
where the initial idea

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was to create software
that could help

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bring the media companies online.

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You know, it's hard
to remember a time

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without the ubiquity of, like,
Google Maps and other things,

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and the expectation that,
if you're gonna find anything,

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there is a digital path
to finding it.

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And none of that existed
in 1995.

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I think it was very
forward-thinking.

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That's what makes
a great entrepreneur.

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Elon had a very
strong personality,

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so sometimes he would get
into arguments with people,

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and they would be
pretty intense.

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He's not the kind of guy
who went out for beers

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with people and saw movies
and things like that.

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He basically just worked.

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I started off being the CEO.
But after we got VC funding,

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the venture capitalists wanted
to hire a professional CEO.

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Elon was always asking me,

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like, what should
his title be?

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You know,
what should his role be?

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I think, more than anything,

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he wanted
to be the face of Zip2.

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Wow. I can't believe
it's actually here.

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That's pretty wild, man.

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Elon was clearly, like,

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one of the most driven people
I've ever known.

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A year ago, Musk sold
his software company, Zip2.

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He took the $22 million
he made from Zip2.

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He obviously
could have retired.

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But instead, he just worked
to start his next company,

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X.com, which became PayPal.

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The company was sold to eBay
in '02 for $1.5 billion.

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I think Elon wants to make
a dent in the world.

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We all have
a finite amount of time.

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If you can move the needle,
then why not?

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And the capital allowed him
to do things

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that were really important.

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After PayPal,
I started debating

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between either solar,
electric car, or space.

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I thought, like,
nobody is gonna be

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crazy enough to do space,
so I better do space.

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So, we embarked on that journey
to create SpaceX in 2002.

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And in the beginning,
I wouldn't--actually

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00:09:00,313 --> 00:09:01,783
wouldn't even
let my friends invest

208
00:09:01,817 --> 00:09:03,152
because I didn't want
to lose their money.

209
00:09:03,186 --> 00:09:06,325
- Stage 1.
- We have liftoff indication.

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00:09:06,358 --> 00:09:08,196
Before all the drama
of SpaceX,

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00:09:08,229 --> 00:09:11,202
I think Tesla has
actually been probably 2/3

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00:09:11,235 --> 00:09:14,876
of my total drama dose
of a time.

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♪ ♪

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In 2003, my business partner
at the time, Martin Eberhard,

215
00:09:23,392 --> 00:09:27,000
and I were getting really
concerned about climate change.

216
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We knew that you could
make electric cars.

217
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So we started Tesla Motors.

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We began looking
at raising significant money.

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We visited Elon
at SpaceX's original office,

220
00:09:42,397 --> 00:09:43,901
and there was a couple
of things

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00:09:43,934 --> 00:09:46,305
that were really different
about pitching to Elon.

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First, he understood
the mission immediately.

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It's very important that we
accelerate the transition away

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00:09:52,685 --> 00:09:55,390
from gasoline, you know,

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for environmental reasons,
for economic reasons,

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for national security reasons.

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The other thing is some of
the feedback

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00:10:02,204 --> 00:10:04,642
that we'd get from the regular
venture community

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00:10:04,676 --> 00:10:09,218
was that the idea
is just kinda too crazy.

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When you're pitching someone
who's building a rocket ship

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directly on the other side
of the glass panel,

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00:10:14,762 --> 00:10:16,900
you know, that you're
in the conference room,

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00:10:16,933 --> 00:10:18,202
you kinda feel
he's not gonna say

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00:10:18,236 --> 00:10:19,873
that your idea is too crazy.

235
00:10:21,676 --> 00:10:23,246
I could have been the CEO
from day one,

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00:10:23,279 --> 00:10:25,851
but the idea of being CEO
of two startups

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00:10:25,885 --> 00:10:30,928
at the same time
was not appealing.

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00:10:30,961 --> 00:10:33,099
Elon was
Chairman of the Board,

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00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:34,769
and he would check
in every month.

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♪ ♪

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One of Elon's things--
he said, you know,

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you only get to
introduce the car once.

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00:10:40,981 --> 00:10:43,386
So you kinda wanna make it
as good as you can get it.

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00:10:43,419 --> 00:10:45,658
And when we unveiled it,
we did it in Los Angeles.

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00:10:46,258 --> 00:10:48,864
We've got a zero-emission
sportscar

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00:10:48,897 --> 00:10:51,035
that can go head-to-head
with a Ferrari

247
00:10:51,068 --> 00:10:52,070
and a Porsche and win.

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00:10:52,972 --> 00:10:54,341
The governor,
Arnold Schwarzenegger,

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00:10:54,374 --> 00:10:56,078
at the time,
you know, shows up.

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00:10:56,111 --> 00:10:59,853
And he's kinda big,
and the car's kinda small.

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00:10:59,886 --> 00:11:01,121
And I was worried that,
you know,

252
00:11:01,155 --> 00:11:02,758
the Governor
might get stuck in the car,

253
00:11:02,792 --> 00:11:04,896
and that would be, like,
a, you know, PR nightmare.

254
00:11:04,929 --> 00:11:06,432
But he really liked it.
In fact, he ended up

255
00:11:06,465 --> 00:11:08,035
ordering one
a little bit later.

256
00:11:10,941 --> 00:11:13,145
But there were a lot
of unexpected challenges

257
00:11:13,179 --> 00:11:14,949
developing,
you know, the Roadster.

258
00:11:16,085 --> 00:11:18,422
And that's when Elon began
to get much more involved,

259
00:11:18,456 --> 00:11:21,328
because, you know,
we were in trouble.

260
00:11:21,362 --> 00:11:26,372
2008 was brutal.
Tesla almost went bankrupt.

261
00:11:26,405 --> 00:11:28,911
We closed our financing round

262
00:11:28,944 --> 00:11:31,215
6:00 p. m.,
Christmas Eve, 2008.

263
00:11:31,248 --> 00:11:34,154
It was the last hour of the
last day that it was possible.

264
00:11:34,187 --> 00:11:36,058
And I thought, okay,
I got to bite the bullet

265
00:11:36,091 --> 00:11:38,764
and run the company,

266
00:11:40,768 --> 00:11:42,170
'cause there's just
too much at stake.

267
00:11:42,204 --> 00:11:44,408
♪ ♪

268
00:11:44,441 --> 00:11:48,049
From the time Elon became
CEO to now,

269
00:11:48,082 --> 00:11:49,919
I mean,
Tesla's changed the way

270
00:11:49,953 --> 00:11:51,823
people think about
electric vehicles.

271
00:11:51,856 --> 00:11:55,163
"Consumer Reports" says
this is the best car

272
00:11:55,196 --> 00:11:58,737
they've tested in the history
of the magazine.

273
00:11:58,770 --> 00:12:02,344
When Tesla went public,
that was incredibly important.

274
00:12:02,377 --> 00:12:05,083
He was able to push Tesla
to grow

275
00:12:05,116 --> 00:12:07,020
and become much bigger
much faster

276
00:12:07,053 --> 00:12:09,424
than I think most people
had thought possible.

277
00:12:09,458 --> 00:12:13,934
Tesla, surpassing a
$1 trillion valuation today.

278
00:12:13,967 --> 00:12:16,740
Elon Musk is now the
richest person on the planet.

279
00:12:16,773 --> 00:12:18,376
♪ ♪

280
00:12:18,409 --> 00:12:21,883
His pace of innovation
is kind of unmatched.

281
00:12:21,917 --> 00:12:25,323
He can take more risks
than any human can now,

282
00:12:25,356 --> 00:12:28,129
simply because he has
the resources

283
00:12:28,162 --> 00:12:29,799
that allow him to do things

284
00:12:29,832 --> 00:12:33,472
that would be irresponsible
or insane for anybody else.

285
00:12:39,852 --> 00:12:42,825
[light music]

286
00:12:42,858 --> 00:12:48,402
♪ ♪

287
00:12:48,436 --> 00:12:50,139
I love the acceleration.

288
00:12:50,173 --> 00:12:52,077
I love the fact
that it's electric.

289
00:12:52,110 --> 00:12:55,116
And I love the fact that
people are interested in Tesla

290
00:12:55,149 --> 00:12:56,920
as a brand
and interested in the car.

291
00:12:56,953 --> 00:12:58,824
I like talking about it.

292
00:12:58,857 --> 00:13:01,896
2012, 2013, when they first
released their Model S,

293
00:13:01,930 --> 00:13:03,432
I thought it was just
a very cool car.

294
00:13:03,466 --> 00:13:06,205
And at the time, you know,
it was pretty revolutionary.

295
00:13:06,238 --> 00:13:07,942
Like, I believed
in their mission.

296
00:13:07,975 --> 00:13:11,115
Electric car can in fact
be the best car in the world.

297
00:13:11,148 --> 00:13:12,952
[cheers and applause]

298
00:13:12,985 --> 00:13:15,524
I think I had Elon Musk
up on a pedestal.

299
00:13:15,557 --> 00:13:17,862
You know, he was kind of a hero
at the time.

300
00:13:17,895 --> 00:13:20,166
♪ ♪

301
00:13:20,199 --> 00:13:21,970
I would follow his tweets.

302
00:13:22,003 --> 00:13:24,241
Think I have a mug with his
face on it somewhere at home.

303
00:13:25,611 --> 00:13:28,517
This was the first one
that I got.

304
00:13:28,550 --> 00:13:30,119
Somebody gave it to me.

305
00:13:30,153 --> 00:13:37,133
The Tesla community is,
I think, rare, for any brand.

306
00:13:37,167 --> 00:13:41,008
I think that any company
would kill

307
00:13:41,041 --> 00:13:47,087
to have that level of fandom
and devotion.

308
00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:48,389
People that are
the diehard fans,

309
00:13:48,422 --> 00:13:49,926
they have a bunch
of different names.

310
00:13:51,295 --> 00:13:53,132
Like the Musketeers.

311
00:13:53,165 --> 00:13:55,871
And they think whatever
Elon Musk says is,

312
00:13:55,904 --> 00:13:57,173
you know, gold, basically.

313
00:13:57,207 --> 00:13:59,144
Elon Musk, how much
do I have to beg

314
00:13:59,177 --> 00:14:00,848
to get a selfie with you?

315
00:14:00,881 --> 00:14:03,319
Sure, I'll do a selfie.

316
00:14:03,352 --> 00:14:05,223
Sure.
If your customers love you,

317
00:14:05,256 --> 00:14:09,031
your odds of success
are dramatically higher.

318
00:14:09,064 --> 00:14:11,503
♪ ♪

319
00:14:11,536 --> 00:14:14,976
Josh was a real
Tesla enthusiast.

320
00:14:15,009 --> 00:14:18,416
He was very happy
with the decision he made

321
00:14:18,449 --> 00:14:20,319
in buying that car.

322
00:14:20,353 --> 00:14:22,323
That's the last picture of him.
- Yep.

323
00:14:22,357 --> 00:14:24,494
Right after the vacation.

324
00:14:26,398 --> 00:14:27,935
Before the accident.

325
00:14:27,968 --> 00:14:30,941
[melancholy music]

326
00:14:30,974 --> 00:14:32,110
♪ ♪

327
00:14:32,143 --> 00:14:33,479
I was trying to think about

328
00:14:33,513 --> 00:14:35,450
how I first met Josh
the other day,

329
00:14:35,483 --> 00:14:38,155
the exact timing
that I met him.

330
00:14:39,659 --> 00:14:43,934
Mark Nelson and I were working
on a computer program

331
00:14:43,967 --> 00:14:45,604
for the NAVY EOD forces.

332
00:14:45,637 --> 00:14:48,476
EOD stands for explosive
ordinance disposal.

333
00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:52,016
Most people know it
by bomb disposal.

334
00:14:52,050 --> 00:14:56,559
I was with a friend of mine
in San Diego, Ken Falke.

335
00:14:56,593 --> 00:15:00,934
And he introduced me
to this young sailor,

336
00:15:00,968 --> 00:15:02,404
Josh Brown.

337
00:15:02,437 --> 00:15:05,309
From maintenance
to training plans

338
00:15:05,343 --> 00:15:07,080
to whatever it might have been,

339
00:15:07,113 --> 00:15:10,353
this entire detachment
was automated,

340
00:15:10,386 --> 00:15:12,925
thanks to Josh Brown.

341
00:15:12,958 --> 00:15:14,695
What attracted him to it?

342
00:15:14,729 --> 00:15:17,066
I think it was the excitement.

343
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,237
He liked to be doing things.

344
00:15:21,308 --> 00:15:25,483
Man, this is actually
a fairly treacherous bottom.

345
00:15:25,517 --> 00:15:28,022
Just in case you doubt
this is me.

346
00:15:28,055 --> 00:15:29,491
Hello, there.

347
00:15:29,525 --> 00:15:33,265
I think that might even get
the motorcycle in there. Bye.

348
00:15:33,299 --> 00:15:34,936
You get up in the morning
and you decide,

349
00:15:34,969 --> 00:15:37,407
"Well, today, I'm gonna go
for a three-mile run

350
00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:41,315
"and maybe a 1,000-yard swim,
just to kind of get warmed up.

351
00:15:41,348 --> 00:15:43,319
"And then maybe
I'll go diving today

352
00:15:43,352 --> 00:15:46,659
"or go parachuting or,
you know,

353
00:15:46,693 --> 00:15:48,964
go blow something up."

354
00:15:48,997 --> 00:15:50,366
It's interesting, too.
Like, a lot of people

355
00:15:50,399 --> 00:15:52,203
kind of think, you know,
these people

356
00:15:52,237 --> 00:15:54,207
who go and stand on landmines

357
00:15:54,241 --> 00:15:57,548
and render them safe
have a death wish.

358
00:15:57,581 --> 00:16:00,119
It's just the opposite.
You know, they do it

359
00:16:00,153 --> 00:16:03,459
because they know
that somebody's gotta do it.

360
00:16:03,492 --> 00:16:07,400
It's a profession
where people just don't have

361
00:16:07,433 --> 00:16:10,641
more than one chance
to make mistakes.

362
00:16:10,674 --> 00:16:12,678
I used to call him
the professor sometimes,

363
00:16:12,711 --> 00:16:15,617
because, you know, he was just
so up on everything.

364
00:16:15,651 --> 00:16:18,590
Oh, geez.
Car's doing it all itself.

365
00:16:18,623 --> 00:16:21,529
What am I gonna do
with my hands down here?

366
00:16:21,563 --> 00:16:23,265
His relationship
to technology

367
00:16:23,299 --> 00:16:25,369
was really symbiotic.

368
00:16:25,403 --> 00:16:27,741
I mean,
it was totally connected.

369
00:16:27,775 --> 00:16:30,112
And when he called and said,
"Hey, I got a surprise car

370
00:16:30,146 --> 00:16:31,381
I want to show you,"

371
00:16:31,415 --> 00:16:33,319
I wasn't surprised
when it was a Tesla.

372
00:16:33,352 --> 00:16:35,223
It was a beautiful
looking car,

373
00:16:35,256 --> 00:16:38,329
and he loved it.

374
00:16:38,362 --> 00:16:40,199
He wanted to know

375
00:16:40,233 --> 00:16:43,038
how everything worked
in that Tesla.

376
00:16:43,072 --> 00:16:45,343
All right, so this video
is gonna show some driving

377
00:16:45,376 --> 00:16:49,050
in some hills and turns,
so that you can see

378
00:16:49,084 --> 00:16:50,554
how it's gonna react
to different things.

379
00:16:50,587 --> 00:16:53,760
Overall, it actually does
a fantastically good job.

380
00:16:53,793 --> 00:16:55,296
He and the car, you know,

381
00:16:55,329 --> 00:16:59,137
were a match made
in heaven, you know?

382
00:16:59,170 --> 00:17:00,741
He was perfectly suited

383
00:17:00,774 --> 00:17:04,381
for being on the bleeding
edge of technology.

384
00:17:04,414 --> 00:17:08,322
And, you know, he had done
a lot riskier things,

385
00:17:08,355 --> 00:17:11,128
you know, in his lifetime.

386
00:17:11,161 --> 00:17:13,132
Well, I made it.

387
00:17:13,165 --> 00:17:15,036
That was--that was
quite sporting.

388
00:17:15,069 --> 00:17:16,438
[laughter]

389
00:17:20,446 --> 00:17:23,419
[tense music]

390
00:17:23,452 --> 00:17:29,164
♪ ♪

391
00:17:29,197 --> 00:17:31,435
Elon was looking
for somebody to come in

392
00:17:31,468 --> 00:17:34,307
and help him
really leverage his time.

393
00:17:34,341 --> 00:17:36,478
I had had a career
as a serial entrepreneur,

394
00:17:36,512 --> 00:17:37,848
and I said to him
several times,

395
00:17:37,881 --> 00:17:39,284
like,
"I don't think I'm your guy.

396
00:17:39,317 --> 00:17:41,255
You need a big company
car guy."

397
00:17:41,288 --> 00:17:43,425
And he kept saying,
"No, I don't.

398
00:17:43,459 --> 00:17:45,096
I need a fellow entrepreneur."

399
00:17:45,129 --> 00:17:47,233
And then he called me one day
and said,

400
00:17:47,267 --> 00:17:48,536
"I have a question for you."

401
00:17:48,570 --> 00:17:51,241
He said, "Tell me about
the meaning of your work.

402
00:17:51,275 --> 00:17:53,546
You are gonna be able
to change the world at a scale

403
00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:55,182
that you won't be able
to change the world

404
00:17:55,216 --> 00:17:57,688
in your own companies."

405
00:17:57,721 --> 00:18:00,694
And that's what got me
at the end of the day.

406
00:18:00,727 --> 00:18:04,669
Elon had a very specific way
of motivating people.

407
00:18:04,702 --> 00:18:07,741
And that was he would say
really cool things,

408
00:18:07,775 --> 00:18:09,444
like science fiction things.

409
00:18:09,477 --> 00:18:12,551
And he would make you believe
that you could do it.

410
00:18:12,584 --> 00:18:14,522
At some point in the future,
like, maybe five

411
00:18:14,555 --> 00:18:16,358
or six years from now,
I think we'll be able

412
00:18:16,391 --> 00:18:19,732
to achieve true
autonomous driving,

413
00:18:19,765 --> 00:18:22,571
where you could literally
get in the car, go to sleep,

414
00:18:22,605 --> 00:18:24,441
and wake up
at your destination.

415
00:18:24,474 --> 00:18:27,380
He is proposing that
there is a better way.

416
00:18:27,413 --> 00:18:29,619
And I did really believe
in the goals

417
00:18:29,652 --> 00:18:32,625
of the-of the team
and Autopilot.

418
00:18:32,658 --> 00:18:39,304
♪ ♪

419
00:18:39,337 --> 00:18:42,243
In 2014,
the group was put together

420
00:18:42,276 --> 00:18:44,615
for Autopilot and autonomy.

421
00:18:44,649 --> 00:18:47,453
I was one of
the early team members.

422
00:18:47,487 --> 00:18:49,859
The naming happened
before I arrived,

423
00:18:49,892 --> 00:18:54,568
but it obviously is
a familiar term in aviation.

424
00:18:54,602 --> 00:18:57,373
You know, a car ought
to be like a plane.

425
00:18:57,407 --> 00:18:59,144
And we trust airplanes
to do this.

426
00:18:59,177 --> 00:19:00,580
We ought to be able
to trust cars.

427
00:19:01,381 --> 00:19:03,586
[beep]
- Please route us through.

428
00:19:03,620 --> 00:19:06,592
Roger. You're now
under automatic control.

429
00:19:06,626 --> 00:19:07,795
Hands-off steering.

430
00:19:07,828 --> 00:19:09,932
[luxurious music]

431
00:19:09,965 --> 00:19:11,569
What people need to realize
is this is

432
00:19:11,602 --> 00:19:13,339
a very, very old idea.

433
00:19:13,372 --> 00:19:15,343
♪ ♪

434
00:19:15,376 --> 00:19:17,380
Over, you know,
the past decades,

435
00:19:17,413 --> 00:19:21,622
you've had efforts to build
self-driving cars.

436
00:19:21,656 --> 00:19:24,862
In the 2000s, DARPA,
which is a research arm

437
00:19:24,895 --> 00:19:27,367
of the U. S. Department
of Defense,

438
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:28,870
put on these contests.

439
00:19:28,903 --> 00:19:30,640
Welcome to the DARPA
Grand Challenge.

440
00:19:30,674 --> 00:19:31,909
The objective:

441
00:19:31,943 --> 00:19:34,849
create a self-navigating
autonomous vehicle.

442
00:19:34,882 --> 00:19:37,554
After one of these contests,
Google got interested.

443
00:19:37,588 --> 00:19:41,629
Google is developing
a robocar that drives itself.

444
00:19:41,662 --> 00:19:43,633
And over the past ten years,

445
00:19:43,666 --> 00:19:46,405
the self-driving car
industry ramps up.

446
00:19:46,438 --> 00:19:50,312
And Elon Musk of course is not
gonna wanna miss out on that.

447
00:19:50,346 --> 00:19:56,224
♪ ♪

448
00:19:56,258 --> 00:19:57,493
There was a bit of a mantra

449
00:19:57,528 --> 00:20:00,433
that would explain
Elon's approach.

450
00:20:00,466 --> 00:20:02,336
And that mantra was
that history is changed

451
00:20:02,370 --> 00:20:04,474
by unreasonable men.

452
00:20:04,508 --> 00:20:06,211
We were literally trying
to change

453
00:20:06,244 --> 00:20:08,215
transportation worldwide.

454
00:20:09,652 --> 00:20:10,821
I remember the first time

455
00:20:10,854 --> 00:20:12,390
I walked in
to Tesla's headquarters,

456
00:20:12,423 --> 00:20:14,729
where the Autopilot team sits.

457
00:20:14,762 --> 00:20:19,872
And there was a little sign
on a pillar in that group,

458
00:20:19,905 --> 00:20:21,274
with a number on it.

459
00:20:21,308 --> 00:20:22,511
And I asked one
of the engineers,

460
00:20:22,544 --> 00:20:24,515
"What's that about?"
And he said,

461
00:20:24,548 --> 00:20:25,884
"That's the number of people
that die

462
00:20:25,917 --> 00:20:27,721
"on U. S. highways every year.

463
00:20:27,755 --> 00:20:29,357
"That's why we're here.

464
00:20:29,390 --> 00:20:31,562
We're here to save lives."

465
00:20:31,596 --> 00:20:35,704
Most other companies working
on self-driving car at the time

466
00:20:35,737 --> 00:20:38,710
were building heavily
on top of lidar.

467
00:20:38,743 --> 00:20:41,448
Lidar--light detection
and ranging.

468
00:20:41,481 --> 00:20:43,853
By bouncing pulses of light
from a sensor,

469
00:20:43,887 --> 00:20:45,624
the vehicle's
autonomous systems

470
00:20:45,657 --> 00:20:48,897
can figure out how far away
objects are, allowing it to--

471
00:20:48,930 --> 00:20:50,934
And it can see
through situations

472
00:20:50,967 --> 00:20:54,007
that your cameras
might struggle with.

473
00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:57,848
And that's what is one
of the attractions to lidar.

474
00:20:57,881 --> 00:20:59,284
It seemed like
the right decision

475
00:20:59,317 --> 00:21:01,021
for a lot of companies,
and for Tesla,

476
00:21:01,054 --> 00:21:03,325
that was just not on the table.

477
00:21:04,728 --> 00:21:08,636
Lidar was too expensive
and very breakable.

478
00:21:08,670 --> 00:21:11,542
Margins are thin,
and every little bit matters.

479
00:21:11,576 --> 00:21:14,648
They have to get cars out
into the world today,

480
00:21:14,682 --> 00:21:16,953
and they have to sell them.

481
00:21:16,986 --> 00:21:19,959
And so the challenge
that we took on was:

482
00:21:19,992 --> 00:21:24,735
could you achieve autonomy
with radar and sonar

483
00:21:24,768 --> 00:21:26,806
and images from cameras?

484
00:21:26,839 --> 00:21:28,375
So, if you're Elon Musk,

485
00:21:28,408 --> 00:21:31,014
he's gonna turn that
into a positive, right?

486
00:21:31,047 --> 00:21:33,720
He's gonna tell the rest
of the world--the language

487
00:21:33,753 --> 00:21:35,924
he's often liked to use--
that, "It's a crutch."

488
00:21:35,957 --> 00:21:38,028
Lidar ends up being, like,
somewhat of a crutch.

489
00:21:38,061 --> 00:21:41,769
He starts to say,
very early on, internally,

490
00:21:41,803 --> 00:21:43,740
and then
pretty soon externally,

491
00:21:43,773 --> 00:21:46,444
that Tesla can build
a self-driving car

492
00:21:46,478 --> 00:21:47,848
just with cameras.

493
00:21:47,881 --> 00:21:50,821
You can absolutely be
superhuman with just cameras.

494
00:21:50,854 --> 00:21:52,524
As human beings,
we have two eyes,

495
00:21:52,558 --> 00:21:54,060
and we manage not to
run into each other,

496
00:21:54,093 --> 00:21:56,031
for the most part, when we're
walking down the street.

497
00:21:56,064 --> 00:21:58,870
So the idea was, if you put
eight cameras around a car,

498
00:21:58,903 --> 00:22:01,809
and essentially gave
that camera eight eyes,

499
00:22:01,843 --> 00:22:03,580
you could keep it very safe

500
00:22:03,613 --> 00:22:05,382
from the other vehicles
that are around it.

501
00:22:06,886 --> 00:22:10,059
There was nothing
theoretically preventing that

502
00:22:10,092 --> 00:22:11,061
from happening.

503
00:22:11,094 --> 00:22:12,831
Like, you know, humans do it,

504
00:22:12,865 --> 00:22:14,535
and so there must be a way

505
00:22:14,568 --> 00:22:16,672
eventually for us
to do it with cameras.

506
00:22:16,706 --> 00:22:20,747
There was no deep research
phase, where various vehicles

507
00:22:20,780 --> 00:22:24,020
were outfitted
with a range of sensors.

508
00:22:24,053 --> 00:22:26,358
Many team members
would have liked that.

509
00:22:26,391 --> 00:22:29,130
Instead, the conclusion
was made first,

510
00:22:29,163 --> 00:22:31,001
and then the tests
and development activities

511
00:22:31,034 --> 00:22:34,407
began to prove
that conclusion correct.

512
00:22:35,810 --> 00:22:39,417
A big Silicon Valley company
plans a major announcement.

513
00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:41,154
Last night at an event
in Southern California.

514
00:22:41,187 --> 00:22:42,423
- Holy shit!
- Whoa.

515
00:22:42,456 --> 00:22:45,062
Oh, shit.
Oh, my God.

516
00:22:45,095 --> 00:22:46,866
The first announcement
for Autopilot

517
00:22:46,899 --> 00:22:49,404
was in the fall of 2014.

518
00:22:49,437 --> 00:22:50,941
Welcome, everyone.
[cheering]

519
00:22:50,974 --> 00:22:53,813
So, we've been able
to accelerate Autopilot.

520
00:22:53,846 --> 00:22:55,850
At the time,
what they're building

521
00:22:55,884 --> 00:22:59,157
is really
a driver-assisted system.

522
00:22:59,190 --> 00:23:02,998
The human must stay diligent,

523
00:23:03,031 --> 00:23:04,133
must keep their eyes
on the road,

524
00:23:04,167 --> 00:23:05,135
ready to take over at any time.

525
00:23:05,169 --> 00:23:07,774
That's very different
from a self-driving car.

526
00:23:07,808 --> 00:23:09,945
It'll detect if there's a car
in your blind spot.

527
00:23:09,979 --> 00:23:13,686
But Elon Musk,
and by extension Tesla,

528
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,624
decided they were gonna
tell people

529
00:23:15,657 --> 00:23:18,763
that we're on the way
to a self-driving car.

530
00:23:18,796 --> 00:23:20,533
That's gonna be
a selling point.

531
00:23:20,567 --> 00:23:22,003
We have the Autopilot
section here.

532
00:23:22,036 --> 00:23:23,405
And you can watch it.

533
00:23:23,438 --> 00:23:24,675
It'll read
the speed limit signs,

534
00:23:24,708 --> 00:23:26,512
so we
increase speed from 25 to 30.

535
00:23:26,545 --> 00:23:27,648
It's following
the white lines.

536
00:23:27,814 --> 00:23:28,917
It's following
the white lines.

537
00:23:29,652 --> 00:23:32,758
The car can do
almost anything.

538
00:23:32,791 --> 00:23:35,195
He was up there
in the lights,

539
00:23:35,229 --> 00:23:36,933
making all sorts of wild claims

540
00:23:36,966 --> 00:23:39,605
about the capabilities
of that particular system.

541
00:23:39,638 --> 00:23:42,811
In fact, when you get home,
you'll actually be able to

542
00:23:42,844 --> 00:23:44,815
just step out of the car

543
00:23:44,848 --> 00:23:46,852
and have it park itself
in your garage.

544
00:23:46,886 --> 00:23:48,923
At some point,
he cracked a joke about

545
00:23:48,957 --> 00:23:51,494
how he was gonna say something

546
00:23:51,529 --> 00:23:53,933
that his engineers would hear
for the first time.

547
00:23:53,967 --> 00:23:58,175
And then something-something
I'd like to do--

548
00:23:58,208 --> 00:24:00,145
which I think many of our
engineers will be hearing this

549
00:24:00,179 --> 00:24:03,218
in real time--
[laughter]

550
00:24:03,251 --> 00:24:06,525
is have the charge connector
plug itself in.

551
00:24:06,559 --> 00:24:08,563
[laughter]

552
00:24:08,596 --> 00:24:11,234
Like an articulating--
like, sort of a snake.

553
00:24:11,267 --> 00:24:13,005
And I thought to myself, buddy,

554
00:24:13,038 --> 00:24:15,075
you already said a lot
that your engineers

555
00:24:15,109 --> 00:24:17,514
are hearing for the first time.

556
00:24:17,547 --> 00:24:21,087
The other thing that is
really heightened inside Tesla

557
00:24:21,121 --> 00:24:22,958
is you've got Elon Musk

558
00:24:22,991 --> 00:24:26,632
really driving the aura
around these cars.

559
00:24:26,666 --> 00:24:30,239
Autopilot was a very strong
focus of Elon.

560
00:24:30,272 --> 00:24:33,613
He sort of created
Tesla's brand around it.

561
00:24:33,646 --> 00:24:39,090
You know, I'm confident that,
in less than a year,

562
00:24:39,123 --> 00:24:42,798
you'll be able to go from
highway onramp to highway exit

563
00:24:42,831 --> 00:24:44,735
without touching any controls.

564
00:24:44,768 --> 00:24:46,004
[applause]

565
00:24:46,037 --> 00:24:47,607
So people start buying this.

566
00:24:47,641 --> 00:24:50,847
And even then--and this
is typical of Tesla,

567
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:53,218
and Silicon Valley
in general--

568
00:24:53,251 --> 00:24:55,022
it wasn't ready.

569
00:24:55,055 --> 00:24:58,896
Then there's all this pressure
inside Tesla to get it done.

570
00:24:58,930 --> 00:25:02,036
Elon sets crazy ambitious
goals for himself,

571
00:25:02,069 --> 00:25:04,240
and then that translates
to crazy ambitious goals

572
00:25:04,273 --> 00:25:05,710
for people around him.

573
00:25:05,744 --> 00:25:08,583
So, often we describe
to recruits,

574
00:25:08,616 --> 00:25:10,285
you are not joining
the regular army here.

575
00:25:10,319 --> 00:25:12,624
You're joining special forces.

576
00:25:12,657 --> 00:25:17,868
♪ ♪

577
00:25:17,901 --> 00:25:22,944
I got to be an approved
Autopilot tester back in 2014.

578
00:25:22,978 --> 00:25:25,149
The first time
I drove the car,

579
00:25:25,182 --> 00:25:27,854
went across an intersection
in a neighborhood,

580
00:25:27,888 --> 00:25:31,862
and the car went full brake
for about half a second,

581
00:25:31,896 --> 00:25:34,267
and then immediately
full throttle.

582
00:25:36,037 --> 00:25:38,543
It was really
sort of a wakeup call.

583
00:25:38,576 --> 00:25:40,112
This is very experimental.

584
00:25:40,145 --> 00:25:42,684
I'm testing the latest
version of Autopilot

585
00:25:42,718 --> 00:25:43,753
every week.

586
00:25:43,786 --> 00:25:47,326
We wanna make sure
that our testing is exhaustive

587
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,667
before we release the software.

588
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:52,269
♪ ♪

589
00:25:52,303 --> 00:25:54,107
A lot of the
software updates were pushed

590
00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:56,044
to Elon Musk's own car.

591
00:25:56,077 --> 00:25:58,616
Certainly, his opinions
were the ones

592
00:25:58,649 --> 00:26:01,856
that were always keeping
the team on their toes.

593
00:26:01,889 --> 00:26:04,928
But what it also does
is it focuses the team

594
00:26:04,962 --> 00:26:08,736
on certain short-term
appeasement projects,

595
00:26:08,770 --> 00:26:11,241
as opposed to developing

596
00:26:11,274 --> 00:26:13,813
a more total,
complete solution.

597
00:26:15,817 --> 00:26:19,123
I was concerned about the fact
that the software

598
00:26:19,157 --> 00:26:24,802
simply wasn't validated across
a wide range of roadways.

599
00:26:24,835 --> 00:26:27,607
And if this is the first step,

600
00:26:27,641 --> 00:26:31,682
in terms of this technology's
relationship to the public,

601
00:26:31,715 --> 00:26:35,957
then, you know, it doesn't
paint a pretty picture.

602
00:26:35,990 --> 00:26:40,299
And so I started considering
other opportunities.

603
00:26:40,332 --> 00:26:42,871
I mean, I almost--this may
sound a little complacent,

604
00:26:42,904 --> 00:26:44,775
but I almost view it as,
like, a solved problem.

605
00:26:44,808 --> 00:26:46,712
Like, we know exactly
what to do,

606
00:26:46,745 --> 00:26:49,117
and we'll be there
in a few years.

607
00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:55,663
Are self-driving cars

608
00:26:55,697 --> 00:26:57,066
closer than we think?

609
00:26:57,099 --> 00:26:59,938
Well, a few days ago,
Tesla CEO Elon Musk tweeted,

610
00:26:59,972 --> 00:27:02,176
"Autopilot goes to wide
release on Thursday."

611
00:27:02,209 --> 00:27:04,046
Unveiled
an Autopilot system,

612
00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,954
which allows cars to change
lanes by themselves.

613
00:27:07,988 --> 00:27:11,060
It takes a lot of the tedious
aspects of driving

614
00:27:11,094 --> 00:27:13,198
and alleviates
it from your concern

615
00:27:13,231 --> 00:27:17,039
as you're driving
on a long stretch of a highway.

616
00:27:17,072 --> 00:27:19,110
We were really excited
to not only show

617
00:27:19,143 --> 00:27:20,647
the technology to the world,

618
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,084
but also show the potential
of the technology.

619
00:27:23,118 --> 00:27:24,220
You know, in fact, comfortably

620
00:27:24,253 --> 00:27:27,961
within three years, the car
will be able to take you

621
00:27:27,994 --> 00:27:29,397
from point to point--
like, basically

622
00:27:29,430 --> 00:27:31,769
from your driveway to work--

623
00:27:31,802 --> 00:27:33,205
without you touching anything.

624
00:27:33,238 --> 00:27:35,910
And you could be asleep
the whole time.

625
00:27:35,944 --> 00:27:39,183
Tesla, in putting out
material blog posts,

626
00:27:39,217 --> 00:27:42,022
made it clear self-driving cars
are not here,

627
00:27:42,056 --> 00:27:43,659
they are a long way away.

628
00:27:50,272 --> 00:27:53,378
When it comes to Tesla
and Elon Musk,

629
00:27:53,411 --> 00:27:57,888
the message is constantly
going up and down

630
00:27:57,921 --> 00:27:59,156
and up and down, right?

631
00:27:59,190 --> 00:28:01,829
And Elon can change his mind
at any moment.

632
00:28:01,862 --> 00:28:03,733
He can say one thing
at one moment,

633
00:28:03,766 --> 00:28:05,837
and then he'll say something
completely different.

634
00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:16,157
The car can
do almost anything.

635
00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:20,800
The expectation is that someone
is paying attention to the road

636
00:28:20,833 --> 00:28:23,305
and is ready to take over
if there is an issue.

637
00:28:28,381 --> 00:28:32,289
What people need to realize
is that it's very easy

638
00:28:32,323 --> 00:28:33,793
to say these things.

639
00:28:33,826 --> 00:28:35,395
And there's no check on him.

640
00:28:35,429 --> 00:28:37,366
They advise you to keep your
hands on the steering wheel

641
00:28:37,399 --> 00:28:39,036
when using the auto-steer,

642
00:28:39,070 --> 00:28:42,376
but as we're in testing,
you really don't need to.

643
00:28:42,409 --> 00:28:44,748
I think, for a lot
of the Tesla fans,

644
00:28:44,781 --> 00:28:49,891
they focus in on the things
that Elon Musk says

645
00:28:49,925 --> 00:28:51,461
that they want to hear.

646
00:28:53,064 --> 00:28:57,373
So when he says self-driving
is a solved problem,

647
00:28:57,406 --> 00:28:58,809
that's what they hear,

648
00:28:58,843 --> 00:29:01,080
and that's what
they pay attention to.

649
00:29:01,114 --> 00:29:02,483
I had an investor say to me,

650
00:29:02,517 --> 00:29:05,757
"You guys have embarked
on a really virtuous path,

651
00:29:05,790 --> 00:29:07,293
but it's gonna be
a difficult path."

652
00:29:07,326 --> 00:29:10,399
And I said, "Why?" He said,
"Well, we're also, you know,

653
00:29:10,432 --> 00:29:12,771
investors in the largest pharma
companies in the world,"

654
00:29:12,804 --> 00:29:16,444
and it's expected that people
will die in a drug trial."

655
00:29:16,477 --> 00:29:20,085
And it happens largely outside
of the spotlight of the media."

656
00:29:20,118 --> 00:29:22,557
A number of videos hit
the internet showing drivers

657
00:29:22,590 --> 00:29:24,226
going hands-free,

658
00:29:24,260 --> 00:29:28,034
playing games, even sleeping
while the car's in motion.

659
00:29:28,068 --> 00:29:30,272
He pointed that
"your challenge is gonna be

660
00:29:30,305 --> 00:29:32,911
quite different with Autopilot,"

661
00:29:32,944 --> 00:29:37,486
because people don't expect to
tolerate deaths on a highway,"

662
00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:39,323
and it's going to be
in the spotlight."

663
00:29:39,925 --> 00:29:43,298
Somebody is gonna get
in an accident.

664
00:29:43,331 --> 00:29:45,035
Will Tesla be liable for that?

665
00:29:45,068 --> 00:29:46,505
If there's unfortunately
an accident,

666
00:29:46,538 --> 00:29:49,443
the driver is in control
of the car.

667
00:29:51,615 --> 00:29:53,451
I remember Josh
talking to me

668
00:29:53,485 --> 00:29:55,556
about the Autopilot system.

669
00:29:55,590 --> 00:29:58,596
I wasn't there yet,
in terms of the technology.

670
00:29:58,629 --> 00:29:59,998
You know, he was all-in.

671
00:30:00,032 --> 00:30:03,171
All right, so this is
the new 7.0 firmware

672
00:30:03,204 --> 00:30:05,175
for the Tesla Model S.

673
00:30:05,208 --> 00:30:07,914
I believe that he felt,
you know, very qualified

674
00:30:07,947 --> 00:30:11,254
as to how those features,
you know, worked.

675
00:30:11,287 --> 00:30:13,224
He would create these videos.

676
00:30:13,258 --> 00:30:15,930
This is gonna be a busy intersection,

677
00:30:15,963 --> 00:30:19,170
just so you can see
how it reacts with the traffic.

678
00:30:19,203 --> 00:30:21,007
He was studying it
with an eye toward,

679
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:23,144
"How can I help other people

680
00:30:23,178 --> 00:30:25,349
get the best
out of their Tesla, too?"

681
00:30:25,382 --> 00:30:27,854
Here's a turn
that the auto-steer

682
00:30:27,887 --> 00:30:29,558
is probably going to do
very, very poorly,

683
00:30:29,591 --> 00:30:33,198
'cause it's in a turn
that's very sharp.

684
00:30:33,231 --> 00:30:35,035
And yep, it said take control,

685
00:30:35,068 --> 00:30:36,872
and he immediately
took control.

686
00:30:36,905 --> 00:30:38,943
♪ ♪

687
00:30:38,976 --> 00:30:42,483
I remember something about
how Josh had said

688
00:30:42,517 --> 00:30:44,521
the car had helped
possibly save his life,

689
00:30:44,554 --> 00:30:46,925
because of something
that occurred on the road.

690
00:30:48,161 --> 00:30:50,465
[horn blaring]

691
00:30:55,543 --> 00:31:01,020
Josh told me that Elon
retweeted the video.

692
00:31:01,054 --> 00:31:03,358
And he was so happy about it.

693
00:31:03,391 --> 00:31:05,930
Sort of in the midst
of this--you know,

694
00:31:05,963 --> 00:31:08,569
this great wave of technology
and what's happening.

695
00:31:08,602 --> 00:31:11,608
And yeah, it was just
a great moment for him.

696
00:31:16,250 --> 00:31:17,554
[phone dialing]

697
00:31:17,587 --> 00:31:19,624
[line ringing]

698
00:31:19,658 --> 00:31:22,664
Levy 911, what is the
address of your emergency?

699
00:31:22,697 --> 00:31:24,333
There was just a wreck.

700
00:31:24,366 --> 00:31:25,570
A head-on collision
right here--

701
00:31:25,603 --> 00:31:27,439
Oh, my God Almighty.

702
00:31:27,473 --> 00:31:32,684
♪ ♪

703
00:31:32,717 --> 00:31:38,328
I was here at work,
and probably heard about

704
00:31:38,361 --> 00:31:41,969
the accident an hour
after it happened.

705
00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:46,077
Ken called me.

706
00:31:46,110 --> 00:31:50,419
Told me that Josh had been
killed in a car accident.

707
00:31:52,657 --> 00:31:55,162
Josh and his family
had just been on a vacation

708
00:31:55,195 --> 00:31:58,101
to Disney World, in Orlando,

709
00:31:58,134 --> 00:32:01,608
and that he had said
goodbye to everybody,

710
00:32:01,642 --> 00:32:03,646
jumped in his car.

711
00:32:03,679 --> 00:32:06,484
I, Corporal Daphne Yunker,
of the Florida Highway Patrol,

712
00:32:06,518 --> 00:32:08,421
am conducting
a criminal investigation.

713
00:32:08,455 --> 00:32:12,162
I noticed the car come over
the upper grade

714
00:32:12,196 --> 00:32:13,666
and start coming down,

715
00:32:13,699 --> 00:32:17,941
and the semi turned left,
started crossing the highway.

716
00:32:17,974 --> 00:32:22,049
I thought the car
was gonna stop, and it didn't.

717
00:32:22,082 --> 00:32:25,623
It was like a white explosion,
a cloud.

718
00:32:25,656 --> 00:32:29,965
Only thing I could think
of was how could this happen?

719
00:32:29,998 --> 00:32:35,008
And my heart was broken
for his family.

720
00:32:40,653 --> 00:32:44,995
I was--I was incredulous,
and it was a real blow.

721
00:32:45,028 --> 00:32:48,501
Of all people. Of all people.

722
00:32:48,536 --> 00:32:51,174
It did not seem to speed up
or slow down.

723
00:32:51,207 --> 00:32:54,046
Drove right through
a little grove of trees

724
00:32:54,079 --> 00:32:56,284
at the--at someone's
property line.

725
00:32:56,317 --> 00:32:58,254
The first question I think
that went through my mind

726
00:32:58,288 --> 00:33:01,327
after the accident--
was he in self-drive?

727
00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:03,732
It was devastating, obviously,
to lose a friend,

728
00:33:03,766 --> 00:33:05,503
but it was--
what was frustrating,

729
00:33:05,536 --> 00:33:09,210
I think, to me,
was knowing that,

730
00:33:09,243 --> 00:33:12,684
you know, that maybe he was on
that front edge of technology,

731
00:33:12,717 --> 00:33:16,057
maybe a little bit further
than we would have all liked.

732
00:33:17,627 --> 00:33:19,798
How do you think that
that particular crash

733
00:33:19,831 --> 00:33:22,035
that day
could have been prevented?

734
00:33:22,069 --> 00:33:26,678
♪ ♪

735
00:33:26,712 --> 00:33:28,616
I don't know,
because I didn't see anything

736
00:33:28,649 --> 00:33:31,420
that was--you know,
I don't know.

737
00:33:33,491 --> 00:33:35,195
When I heard
about Josh's accident,

738
00:33:35,228 --> 00:33:38,167
it was personal, in that sense,

739
00:33:38,201 --> 00:33:40,806
that it felt like we'd lost
a member of a family.

740
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:44,814
♪ ♪

741
00:33:44,848 --> 00:33:47,052
Elon had
an all-hands meeting

742
00:33:47,085 --> 00:33:48,354
for the Autopilot team.

743
00:33:50,325 --> 00:33:52,095
It was just that, you know,
this had happened,

744
00:33:52,129 --> 00:33:56,470
and we're doing all we could
to figure it out,

745
00:33:56,505 --> 00:34:02,182
and, you know, we do want
to try to make Autopilot safe.

746
00:34:04,086 --> 00:34:05,488
At the time of that crash,
I was aware

747
00:34:05,523 --> 00:34:08,629
that people were trusting
the system to do things

748
00:34:08,662 --> 00:34:12,135
that it was not designed
or capable of doing.

749
00:34:12,169 --> 00:34:14,774
The fact that that
sort of accident happened

750
00:34:14,808 --> 00:34:17,513
was obviously tragic,
but it wasn't really--

751
00:34:17,547 --> 00:34:19,416
wasn't something that--

752
00:34:19,450 --> 00:34:20,720
it was going to happen.

753
00:34:22,557 --> 00:34:24,360
It was going to happen.

754
00:34:28,903 --> 00:34:31,842
[light music]

755
00:34:31,875 --> 00:34:38,154
♪ ♪

756
00:34:39,524 --> 00:34:41,394
It was the middle of June.

757
00:34:41,427 --> 00:34:44,567
I got an email
from our investigatory team

758
00:34:44,601 --> 00:34:47,172
that there had been
a Tesla fatality.

759
00:34:47,205 --> 00:34:51,615
♪ ♪

760
00:34:51,648 --> 00:34:53,852
The National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration,

761
00:34:53,886 --> 00:34:57,827
or NHTSA, has the authority
to regulate unreasonable risk

762
00:34:57,860 --> 00:34:59,263
to safety on the roads.

763
00:35:01,535 --> 00:35:05,475
Evening of June 29th, we had
scheduled a call with Tesla.

764
00:35:05,509 --> 00:35:07,580
Our general counsel
let them know

765
00:35:07,614 --> 00:35:09,784
we'd be opening
this investigation

766
00:35:09,818 --> 00:35:12,289
and that it would be made
public the following day.

767
00:35:13,826 --> 00:35:16,297
At that point,
Elon Musk came on

768
00:35:16,330 --> 00:35:19,436
and just sort of
started shouting.

769
00:35:19,470 --> 00:35:20,806
He was really, really upset

770
00:35:20,840 --> 00:35:22,877
that we'd be opening
a public investigation,

771
00:35:22,910 --> 00:35:27,386
accusing us
of singling Tesla out.

772
00:35:27,419 --> 00:35:29,356
Made the point several times
that, you know,

773
00:35:29,390 --> 00:35:33,164
this was one fatality
out of more than 35,000 a year,

774
00:35:33,197 --> 00:35:35,836
so why were we
picking on Tesla

775
00:35:35,870 --> 00:35:37,607
and suggesting
that he would sue us

776
00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:39,276
for opening this investigation.

777
00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:43,752
I was surprised to hear Elon
on the call.

778
00:35:43,786 --> 00:35:46,357
I was surprised to hear
how angry he was.

779
00:35:48,328 --> 00:35:50,198
But ultimately,
none of that mattered.

780
00:35:50,231 --> 00:35:53,171
Our job was only to worry
about the safety,

781
00:35:53,204 --> 00:35:55,375
and this was
a clear issue of safety

782
00:35:55,408 --> 00:35:57,580
that needed to be investigated.

783
00:35:59,483 --> 00:36:02,623
The driver of the semi
reported that the Navy vet

784
00:36:02,657 --> 00:36:06,297
was watching a movie
while driving.

785
00:36:06,330 --> 00:36:08,702
Not very long
after the accident,

786
00:36:08,736 --> 00:36:10,372
there were all these people

787
00:36:10,405 --> 00:36:13,378
saying
really just crass things,

788
00:36:13,411 --> 00:36:18,555
claiming, you know, that Josh
was watching a program.

789
00:36:20,526 --> 00:36:22,530
That's not Josh.

790
00:36:22,563 --> 00:36:23,966
Guarantee you that's not Josh.

791
00:36:23,999 --> 00:36:25,569
What investigators
are looking for

792
00:36:25,603 --> 00:36:29,176
is the data leading up
to the accident.

793
00:36:30,646 --> 00:36:34,687
One of the huge challenges
of the system at the time

794
00:36:34,721 --> 00:36:39,531
was trying to differentiate
between a truck

795
00:36:39,564 --> 00:36:42,402
and a bridge--
and a overhead bridge.

796
00:36:42,436 --> 00:36:44,541
You know, when a truck
is parked perpendicular

797
00:36:44,574 --> 00:36:46,410
to the road
and blocking the way,

798
00:36:46,444 --> 00:36:48,549
the system might think of it
as a overhead bridge,

799
00:36:48,582 --> 00:36:51,888
and so it was safe to kind of
continue driving through it.

800
00:36:51,922 --> 00:36:53,726
Tesla posted to their blog,

801
00:36:53,759 --> 00:36:55,930
calling this incident
a tragic loss.

802
00:36:55,963 --> 00:36:58,501
Tesla said the car ran into
a tractor-trailer

803
00:36:58,535 --> 00:36:59,938
because the software
didn't notice

804
00:36:59,971 --> 00:37:05,850
the white side of the truck
in the brightly lit sky.

805
00:37:05,883 --> 00:37:07,352
After the crash,

806
00:37:07,385 --> 00:37:11,260
I think Tesla and Musk
were pretty defensive.

807
00:37:11,293 --> 00:37:12,864
If, in writing some article
that's negative,

808
00:37:12,897 --> 00:37:14,500
you effectively
dissuade people

809
00:37:14,534 --> 00:37:15,770
from using autonomous vehicle,

810
00:37:15,803 --> 00:37:16,938
you're killing people.

811
00:37:16,972 --> 00:37:19,343
In the statement that Tesla
put out,

812
00:37:19,376 --> 00:37:21,815
they more or less said
it was driver error.

813
00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:26,390
They reminded people you have
to keep your eyes on the road.

814
00:37:26,424 --> 00:37:27,827
They didn't say Joshua Brown

815
00:37:27,860 --> 00:37:29,430
didn't keep his eyes
on the road,

816
00:37:29,463 --> 00:37:31,300
but that's what
they were implying.

817
00:37:31,333 --> 00:37:32,770
Tesla says you should keep
your hands

818
00:37:32,804 --> 00:37:35,408
on the steering wheel
during the Autopilot.

819
00:37:35,442 --> 00:37:37,713
The question then is...
- both: What is the point?

820
00:37:37,747 --> 00:37:38,715
- We both said it.
- If I have to hold on

821
00:37:38,749 --> 00:37:40,418
to the wheel?

822
00:37:40,452 --> 00:37:42,790
Elon had already talked
a pretty big game

823
00:37:42,824 --> 00:37:44,994
about what this technology
was going to do.

824
00:37:45,996 --> 00:37:47,633
It's kinda hard
to reel it back

825
00:37:47,667 --> 00:37:49,904
if you've already raised
people's expectations

826
00:37:49,938 --> 00:37:51,173
and excitement.

827
00:37:51,207 --> 00:37:54,012
Do you have any regrets about
how Tesla rolled out Autopilot

828
00:37:54,046 --> 00:37:55,783
in the cars?

829
00:37:55,816 --> 00:37:57,987
No, I think--I think we did
the right thing.

830
00:37:58,020 --> 00:38:00,693
You know, it's basically
advanced driver's assistance,

831
00:38:00,726 --> 00:38:02,395
at this point.

832
00:38:02,429 --> 00:38:04,366
Every single step we took,
at least from our standpoint,

833
00:38:04,399 --> 00:38:07,507
was to reduce complacency
in the use of Autopilot

834
00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:09,009
and to improve safety.

835
00:38:09,042 --> 00:38:13,084
♪ ♪

836
00:38:13,117 --> 00:38:15,556
This is new technology
that's on the roads.

837
00:38:15,589 --> 00:38:17,359
People have
a lot of questions.

838
00:38:17,392 --> 00:38:19,898
This one crash was
an opportunity to sort of say,

839
00:38:19,931 --> 00:38:21,701
is there a technological
problem here

840
00:38:21,735 --> 00:38:24,406
with this--you know,
with this Autopilot suite?

841
00:38:26,678 --> 00:38:28,982
The first thing we did
was go to Tesla and say,

842
00:38:29,016 --> 00:38:31,922
"Hey, give us all the data
you have on crashes

843
00:38:31,955 --> 00:38:33,057
on where Autopilot is in use."

844
00:38:35,629 --> 00:38:37,098
What we knew is that
there were a lot of crashes.

845
00:38:37,132 --> 00:38:39,036
And this is not surprising
and necessarily

846
00:38:39,069 --> 00:38:40,639
a cause for concern.

847
00:38:40,673 --> 00:38:44,948
There are a lot of crashes
on the roadways in the U. S.

848
00:38:44,981 --> 00:38:47,118
So yeah, there's
38 separate crashes

849
00:38:47,152 --> 00:38:49,356
that we're looking at here.

850
00:38:49,389 --> 00:38:51,928
The world doesn't know
about these other crashes,

851
00:38:51,962 --> 00:38:54,399
because Tesla
hasn't made it public.

852
00:38:54,433 --> 00:38:57,607
Tesla's saying
Autopilot is safer,

853
00:38:57,640 --> 00:38:59,577
but what we're seeing
with these crashes

854
00:38:59,611 --> 00:39:01,480
are these gray areas.

855
00:39:01,515 --> 00:39:03,852
In the Tesla case,
what we were looking at was:

856
00:39:03,886 --> 00:39:05,121
was there a pattern showing

857
00:39:05,154 --> 00:39:07,092
that there is
a technological defect,

858
00:39:07,125 --> 00:39:08,929
or that people
were using Autopilot

859
00:39:08,962 --> 00:39:11,735
beyond the way that
it was designed to be used?

860
00:39:11,768 --> 00:39:13,572
The internal pressure was,

861
00:39:13,605 --> 00:39:15,475
"We gotta get this problem
solved, pronto."

862
00:39:17,547 --> 00:39:18,916
When Autopilot
first came out,

863
00:39:18,949 --> 00:39:21,387
the main way of making sure
the driver

864
00:39:21,420 --> 00:39:23,124
was paying attention--
it could detect

865
00:39:23,157 --> 00:39:25,796
whether your hand
was on the steering wheel.

866
00:39:25,829 --> 00:39:28,100
It would let you keep your hand
off the steering wheel

867
00:39:28,134 --> 00:39:30,873
for minutes at a time--three,
four, five minutes.

868
00:39:31,841 --> 00:39:34,714
It was just too long
between those warnings.

869
00:39:34,747 --> 00:39:36,685
What we had to do was struggle
with how to do that

870
00:39:36,718 --> 00:39:39,791
in an elegant way that would
keep consumers engaged

871
00:39:39,824 --> 00:39:43,599
and not--and not cause them to
ignore or be frustrated by it.

872
00:39:43,632 --> 00:39:45,636
After weeks of controversy
and questions

873
00:39:45,669 --> 00:39:46,805
about the safety
of it's Autopilot drivers.

874
00:39:46,838 --> 00:39:48,474
What it calls
major improvements

875
00:39:48,508 --> 00:39:49,844
to its Autopilot software.

876
00:39:50,846 --> 00:39:53,050
They announced there would be
this press conference,

877
00:39:53,084 --> 00:39:54,386
and Elon would talk about it.

878
00:39:54,988 --> 00:39:56,925
Something quite
significant is,

879
00:39:56,958 --> 00:39:59,530
if the user ignores
repeated warnings,

880
00:39:59,564 --> 00:40:01,433
more than three times
in an hour,

881
00:40:01,467 --> 00:40:04,908
then the driver will have to
park the car and restart it.

882
00:40:04,941 --> 00:40:08,582
There would be more frequent
warnings, shorter intervals,

883
00:40:08,615 --> 00:40:10,552
up to three minutes.

884
00:40:10,586 --> 00:40:12,623
You would get a chime
to remind you

885
00:40:12,657 --> 00:40:15,896
to put your hands back on.

886
00:40:15,930 --> 00:40:19,069
But that's still a system
that has a lot of gaps.

887
00:40:19,102 --> 00:40:21,608
In terms of taking your eyes
off the road,

888
00:40:21,641 --> 00:40:24,514
30 seconds is an eternity.

889
00:40:24,547 --> 00:40:26,618
I really feel like
we've struck a great balance

890
00:40:26,651 --> 00:40:31,661
between improving the safety
and improved the usefulness.

891
00:40:31,695 --> 00:40:35,669
I remember Elon talked about
how it was gonna be the radar

892
00:40:35,703 --> 00:40:40,879
that was sort of
first-rank or priority one.

893
00:40:40,913 --> 00:40:44,721
We're making much
more effective use of radar.

894
00:40:44,754 --> 00:40:49,496
I just thought radar
has been around for 75 years.

895
00:40:49,530 --> 00:40:53,505
If they could do this now,
why didn't they do it before?

896
00:40:53,538 --> 00:40:55,141
I think the timing
was significant.

897
00:40:55,174 --> 00:40:59,917
I mean, it was right
after this tragic accident.

898
00:40:59,951 --> 00:41:02,990
And they were trying
to make it sound like,

899
00:41:03,024 --> 00:41:04,994
"We got this under control."

900
00:41:05,028 --> 00:41:06,931
Obvious question
I have to ask:

901
00:41:06,965 --> 00:41:09,771
would the improvements
have mitigated

902
00:41:09,804 --> 00:41:12,710
or saved, say,
Josh Brown's life?

903
00:41:12,743 --> 00:41:15,214
♪ ♪

904
00:41:15,248 --> 00:41:17,820
We believe it would have.

905
00:41:17,853 --> 00:41:21,226
And so, the truck would have
been seen by the radar only,

906
00:41:21,260 --> 00:41:23,230
and braking would
have been engaged.

907
00:41:26,538 --> 00:41:29,042
These things cannot be said
with absolute certainty,

908
00:41:29,076 --> 00:41:31,246
but we believe
it is very likely that,

909
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,652
yes, it would have.

910
00:41:39,597 --> 00:41:40,899
Yeah, I mean, there have been
so many announcements of,

911
00:41:40,933 --> 00:41:42,001
like, autonomous EV startups.

912
00:41:42,035 --> 00:41:43,270
I'm waiting for my mom
to announce one.

913
00:41:43,304 --> 00:41:44,574
Okay.
[laughter]

914
00:41:44,607 --> 00:41:47,212
It's like, "Mom, you too?"
[laughter]

915
00:41:47,245 --> 00:41:49,182
Speaking of that, when you're
talking about the sales,

916
00:41:49,216 --> 00:41:52,523
you have booked
how many orders for--

917
00:41:52,556 --> 00:41:54,292
- It's on the order of 400,000.
- 400,000.

918
00:41:54,326 --> 00:41:56,096
It's quite surprising, actually.

919
00:41:56,130 --> 00:41:58,602
I mean, the--

920
00:41:58,635 --> 00:42:00,839
'cause we didn't do
any advertising.

921
00:42:00,873 --> 00:42:02,843
Elon had, I think,
in some ways,

922
00:42:02,877 --> 00:42:04,246
a personal point of pride

923
00:42:04,279 --> 00:42:07,586
to be able to move faster
than the competition.

924
00:42:07,620 --> 00:42:11,260
[cheers and applause]

925
00:42:11,293 --> 00:42:13,698
The company was betting
its survival

926
00:42:13,732 --> 00:42:15,903
on the success of the Model 3.

927
00:42:15,936 --> 00:42:18,007
And the fact that Autopilot
was gonna be on it,

928
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:19,877
I think
was a huge selling point.

929
00:42:19,911 --> 00:42:22,550
If you think about fully
autonomous vehicles,

930
00:42:22,583 --> 00:42:25,254
how far do you think we are
from that becoming a reality?

931
00:42:25,288 --> 00:42:27,727
I think we're basically

932
00:42:27,760 --> 00:42:30,866
less than two years
away from complete autonomy.

933
00:42:30,899 --> 00:42:33,638
- Wow.
- Complete. Safer than a human.

934
00:42:33,672 --> 00:42:35,709
As with a lot of what
happens with Elon,

935
00:42:35,743 --> 00:42:38,247
he doubles down on it
over and over and over again.

936
00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:40,017
And he continues
with his message, right,

937
00:42:40,051 --> 00:42:41,755
that, you know,
this is gonna be

938
00:42:41,788 --> 00:42:43,625
a safe thing for the world.

939
00:42:43,658 --> 00:42:45,161
You know,
the Joshua Brown crash

940
00:42:45,194 --> 00:42:47,600
was in the spring of 2016.

941
00:42:47,633 --> 00:42:50,773
By the fall of 2016,
the entire Autopilot team

942
00:42:50,806 --> 00:42:53,779
essentially quit
what they were doing,

943
00:42:53,812 --> 00:42:57,185
and they all chipped in
on this video

944
00:42:57,218 --> 00:43:00,926
to show just how autonomous,

945
00:43:00,959 --> 00:43:02,863
so to speak,
their car could be.

946
00:43:02,897 --> 00:43:05,869
[rock music]

947
00:43:05,903 --> 00:43:12,750
♪ ♪

948
00:43:19,329 --> 00:43:21,668
Do you remember this video?

949
00:43:21,701 --> 00:43:23,337
Yeah.

950
00:43:23,370 --> 00:43:25,976
Changed lanes,
and stopped just in--

951
00:43:26,009 --> 00:43:27,312
just short of a crosswalk.

952
00:43:27,345 --> 00:43:29,884
We're turning right onto--
yeah, kind of

953
00:43:29,917 --> 00:43:31,286
in front of traffic, but--

954
00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:35,261
It's very slick, but
the video does not give you

955
00:43:35,294 --> 00:43:39,136
a full impression
of what is actually happening.

956
00:43:39,169 --> 00:43:40,873
The people that were
putting it together

957
00:43:40,906 --> 00:43:43,812
were sitting right behind me.

958
00:43:43,845 --> 00:43:47,185
And the Autopilot group was
running lap after lap that day,

959
00:43:47,218 --> 00:43:49,055
to try to get a clean lap.

960
00:43:49,089 --> 00:43:53,732
At one point, the car,
while in Autopilot mode,

961
00:43:53,765 --> 00:43:55,736
hit a fence.

962
00:43:55,769 --> 00:43:58,374
They patched the car up,
and they did another run.

963
00:43:58,407 --> 00:43:59,977
And so, at the very end
of the day,

964
00:44:00,011 --> 00:44:02,115
apparently
the clean lap came in.

965
00:44:02,148 --> 00:44:04,019
They started editing it
all together.

966
00:44:04,052 --> 00:44:06,056
♪ ♪

967
00:44:06,089 --> 00:44:07,993
This was meant to be
a demo video

968
00:44:08,027 --> 00:44:09,864
of what the team was
working on and developing,

969
00:44:09,897 --> 00:44:13,204
and what its capability
could deliver in the future.

970
00:44:13,237 --> 00:44:15,074
I think my biggest problem
with the video

971
00:44:15,107 --> 00:44:18,147
was the first line
that says it's the driver

972
00:44:18,180 --> 00:44:20,051
was only there
for legal reason.

973
00:44:20,084 --> 00:44:22,055
♪ ♪

974
00:44:22,088 --> 00:44:23,792
I think
it's definitely language

975
00:44:23,825 --> 00:44:25,461
that's designed for marketing.

976
00:44:25,494 --> 00:44:27,766
We are trying to imply
that the thing

977
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:29,236
is fully capable
of self-driving,

978
00:44:29,269 --> 00:44:33,077
and only the evil regulators
are holding us back.

979
00:44:33,110 --> 00:44:34,179
They sort of portrayed it
as something

980
00:44:34,212 --> 00:44:35,381
as all their cars can do,

981
00:44:35,414 --> 00:44:38,454
and that, I don't think,
was really fair.

982
00:44:38,487 --> 00:44:41,393
[cheering]

983
00:44:41,426 --> 00:44:43,030
Not too long after that,

984
00:44:43,063 --> 00:44:45,836
Tesla started offering
an official service called

985
00:44:45,869 --> 00:44:51,881
Full Self-Driving, capital FSD,
for as much as $10,000.

986
00:44:51,915 --> 00:44:53,384
Now, in the short-term,

987
00:44:53,417 --> 00:44:56,056
what they and everybody else
was really buying

988
00:44:56,089 --> 00:44:59,162
was the promise
that this is gonna happen.

989
00:44:59,195 --> 00:45:01,466
The idea was we were putting
the hardware on every car

990
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:03,838
in advance
of having the software.

991
00:45:03,872 --> 00:45:06,811
It was a gutsy move
because then the software

992
00:45:06,844 --> 00:45:10,919
had to be developed
to deliver the capability.

993
00:45:10,953 --> 00:45:12,488
We're still on track
for being able

994
00:45:12,523 --> 00:45:15,796
to go cross-country,
from L. A. to New York

995
00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:18,100
by the end of the year,
fully autonomous.

996
00:45:18,133 --> 00:45:20,505
There was a sincere belief
inside of Tesla, and Elon

997
00:45:20,539 --> 00:45:21,941
had the sincere belief that

998
00:45:21,975 --> 00:45:24,112
hey, we're just
around the corner.

999
00:45:24,145 --> 00:45:25,816
A lot of people at the time believed

1000
00:45:25,849 --> 00:45:27,820
that Tesla had an advantage

1001
00:45:27,853 --> 00:45:30,291
in getting self-driving
to the market first,

1002
00:45:30,324 --> 00:45:33,097
because it already had
all the cars on the road

1003
00:45:33,130 --> 00:45:35,234
that could be collecting data
all the time,

1004
00:45:35,268 --> 00:45:39,442
and that data would help train
the computer to be better.

1005
00:45:39,476 --> 00:45:41,179
So, you've already got
a fleet of Teslas

1006
00:45:41,213 --> 00:45:43,384
driving all these roads.
- Yeah.

1007
00:45:43,417 --> 00:45:45,288
You're accumulating
a huge amount of data.

1008
00:45:45,321 --> 00:45:46,891
Yes.

1009
00:45:46,925 --> 00:45:50,298
I expected to see
sophisticated infrastructure

1010
00:45:50,331 --> 00:45:54,239
to collect that data,
to process that data.

1011
00:45:54,272 --> 00:45:57,078
The reality was a lot
of the types of data

1012
00:45:57,111 --> 00:45:59,416
that you would want to collect
from the car,

1013
00:45:59,449 --> 00:46:03,157
like video data,
high-quality images,

1014
00:46:03,190 --> 00:46:06,998
there was neither the hardware
nor the backend infrastructure

1015
00:46:07,031 --> 00:46:10,872
to allow that volume of data
to reach Tesla.

1016
00:46:10,906 --> 00:46:14,346
And so that rate
of learning wasn't great.

1017
00:46:16,183 --> 00:46:18,922
Elon, he put eight cameras
on the car.

1018
00:46:18,955 --> 00:46:20,358
I don't think that was enough,

1019
00:46:20,391 --> 00:46:22,963
because they were
not redundant,

1020
00:46:22,997 --> 00:46:24,967
other than the front cameras.

1021
00:46:25,001 --> 00:46:27,539
You really need redundancy, so
if one of these sensors fails,

1022
00:46:27,573 --> 00:46:30,912
the car can either stop itself
in a safe manner

1023
00:46:30,946 --> 00:46:32,850
or it can continue driving.

1024
00:46:32,883 --> 00:46:35,321
There was a small space
right in front of the car

1025
00:46:35,354 --> 00:46:40,097
that was completely out of the
view for any of the cameras.

1026
00:46:40,131 --> 00:46:41,934
And so, you know, a small dog

1027
00:46:41,968 --> 00:46:44,907
or a baby could crawl
in front of the car,

1028
00:46:44,940 --> 00:46:47,078
and a car wouldn't be able
to know

1029
00:46:47,111 --> 00:46:51,253
whether it's safe to move
forward or start to drive.

1030
00:46:56,163 --> 00:46:58,233
It was hard for me
to personally believe

1031
00:46:58,267 --> 00:47:00,872
that promise was gonna be
lived up to,

1032
00:47:00,906 --> 00:47:02,208
that we could be confident

1033
00:47:02,241 --> 00:47:04,547
that this was gonna enable
full self-driving.

1034
00:47:04,580 --> 00:47:07,318
♪ ♪

1035
00:47:07,352 --> 00:47:09,957
Sometime after
the Joshua Brown crash,

1036
00:47:09,990 --> 00:47:13,063
the head of Autopilot
left Tesla.

1037
00:47:13,097 --> 00:47:14,332
You know,
it just gave the image

1038
00:47:14,366 --> 00:47:16,370
of some sort
of instability there.

1039
00:47:16,403 --> 00:47:18,975
There was a sense that
when Elon felt that things

1040
00:47:19,009 --> 00:47:20,111
were not going well,

1041
00:47:20,144 --> 00:47:23,017
there was efforts
to shake things up.

1042
00:47:23,050 --> 00:47:26,256
There were members of the team
that I learned were fired.

1043
00:47:26,289 --> 00:47:29,864
I never knew why.
They just stopped showing up.

1044
00:47:29,897 --> 00:47:32,870
[tense music]

1045
00:47:32,903 --> 00:47:34,305
♪ ♪

1046
00:47:34,339 --> 00:47:38,447
Theranos was happening
during that same time period.

1047
00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:41,019
And a lot of the stories
were kind of, like,

1048
00:47:41,053 --> 00:47:42,388
at the back of my mind,

1049
00:47:42,422 --> 00:47:46,263
and it just definitely
made me question a lot more

1050
00:47:46,296 --> 00:47:51,874
about what's behind
some of this public optimism.

1051
00:47:51,908 --> 00:47:56,651
♪ ♪

1052
00:47:56,684 --> 00:47:58,253
After I left Tesla,

1053
00:47:58,287 --> 00:48:01,627
I felt like I had
to do a bit of soul searching,

1054
00:48:01,661 --> 00:48:06,403
just because I feel like
sometimes it seems like

1055
00:48:06,436 --> 00:48:09,042
people and companies

1056
00:48:09,075 --> 00:48:12,248
were being rewarded
not for telling the truth

1057
00:48:12,281 --> 00:48:15,922
but in fact for doing
maybe a bit of the opposite.

1058
00:48:15,956 --> 00:48:20,264
♪ ♪

1059
00:48:20,297 --> 00:48:22,368
It was my last day
on the job at NHTSA

1060
00:48:22,401 --> 00:48:26,109
when we were ready
to release that report.

1061
00:48:26,143 --> 00:48:28,147
It was the end
of the Obama Administration,

1062
00:48:28,180 --> 00:48:30,552
and so we made sort of
an internal commitment

1063
00:48:30,585 --> 00:48:34,192
to say we're not gonna
leave this to the next guys.

1064
00:48:34,225 --> 00:48:37,131
A months-long investigation
into Tesla's Autopilot system

1065
00:48:37,165 --> 00:48:39,002
has wrapped up.
- There was no defect,

1066
00:48:39,035 --> 00:48:40,572
and therefore there
will be no recall

1067
00:48:40,605 --> 00:48:42,275
related to Tesla's Autopilot.

1068
00:48:42,308 --> 00:48:45,582
Essentially
clearing the company.

1069
00:48:45,615 --> 00:48:48,353
I was a little bit dumbfounded.

1070
00:48:48,387 --> 00:48:53,063
The system couldn't see
a tractor-trailer,

1071
00:48:53,096 --> 00:48:55,100
and that's not a defect?

1072
00:48:55,134 --> 00:48:58,474
♪ ♪

1073
00:48:58,508 --> 00:49:00,277
So, this is--you know,
it's a little complicated,

1074
00:49:00,311 --> 00:49:02,649
and almost counterintuitive,
right?

1075
00:49:02,683 --> 00:49:06,123
Autopilot didn't even engage
to try to stop that crash.

1076
00:49:06,156 --> 00:49:08,093
But the fact of the matter
is Autopilot

1077
00:49:08,127 --> 00:49:12,468
wasn't designed to stop
every crash in every instance.

1078
00:49:12,502 --> 00:49:15,040
It was a driver-assistance
system.

1079
00:49:15,074 --> 00:49:17,546
It wasn't a full
self-driving system.

1080
00:49:17,579 --> 00:49:20,084
Tesla issued a statement
saying it appreciated

1081
00:49:20,117 --> 00:49:22,321
the thoroughness
of the investigation.

1082
00:49:22,355 --> 00:49:25,361
My personal point of view
was it's clear this technology

1083
00:49:25,394 --> 00:49:27,198
is being misused right now.

1084
00:49:27,231 --> 00:49:30,070
We saw people were pushing
the limits on the system,

1085
00:49:30,104 --> 00:49:31,406
but--and this was early on

1086
00:49:31,439 --> 00:49:33,545
in the deployment
of the technology,

1087
00:49:33,578 --> 00:49:37,318
and at the time, there wasn't
enough data to show

1088
00:49:37,351 --> 00:49:39,489
that there was
a technological defect here.

1089
00:49:40,525 --> 00:49:44,767
I remember the day the news
came out that crashes dropped

1090
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:49,577
40% after the Autopilot
component was added.

1091
00:49:49,610 --> 00:49:51,547
A lot of news articles
repeated it

1092
00:49:51,581 --> 00:49:53,317
because NHTSA had said it,

1093
00:49:53,350 --> 00:49:55,755
and that gave it
some legitimacy.

1094
00:49:55,789 --> 00:49:58,561
You know, I mean, if the
regulators are saying it,

1095
00:49:58,595 --> 00:50:01,233
it must be true.

1096
00:50:01,266 --> 00:50:03,103
You know, I think that's
an unfortunate statistic

1097
00:50:03,136 --> 00:50:05,474
that didn't probably belong
in the report.

1098
00:50:05,509 --> 00:50:07,513
It was based on data
provided by the company

1099
00:50:07,546 --> 00:50:09,182
that hadn't been sort of

1100
00:50:09,215 --> 00:50:12,421
independently verified
or vetted.

1101
00:50:12,455 --> 00:50:15,160
Eventually,
some independent researchers

1102
00:50:15,194 --> 00:50:16,764
started looking
at the crash data

1103
00:50:16,797 --> 00:50:20,070
and didn't believe
it was valid.

1104
00:50:20,104 --> 00:50:23,277
But Tesla was very eager
to pick up on that statistic

1105
00:50:23,310 --> 00:50:26,717
and use it to sort of say
"not only is Autopilot good,

1106
00:50:26,751 --> 00:50:28,420
it's better than human drivers."

1107
00:50:28,453 --> 00:50:31,794
NHTSA did a study on
Tesla's Autopilot version 1,

1108
00:50:31,827 --> 00:50:33,731
which was relatively primitive,

1109
00:50:33,765 --> 00:50:38,040
and found that it was a 45%
reduction in highway accidents.

1110
00:50:38,073 --> 00:50:40,679
You know, I think that was
a successful PR move

1111
00:50:40,712 --> 00:50:42,381
on their part.

1112
00:50:42,415 --> 00:50:45,487
Musk and Tesla,
they're master marketers.

1113
00:50:50,164 --> 00:50:53,136
[light music]

1114
00:50:53,170 --> 00:50:54,773
♪ ♪

1115
00:50:54,807 --> 00:50:57,679
What scares you the most
about autonomous cars?

1116
00:50:57,713 --> 00:51:01,654
I think people are wildly
underestimating the complexity

1117
00:51:01,687 --> 00:51:03,725
of bringing automation
into this system.

1118
00:51:06,797 --> 00:51:09,168
My name is Christopher Hart.
I am the former Chairman

1119
00:51:09,202 --> 00:51:12,241
of the National Transportation
Safety Board.

1120
00:51:12,275 --> 00:51:14,178
The NTSB is the federal agency

1121
00:51:14,212 --> 00:51:15,715
that was created
to investigate

1122
00:51:15,749 --> 00:51:17,786
transportation accidents
and make recommendations

1123
00:51:17,819 --> 00:51:19,188
to try to prevent
the accidents

1124
00:51:19,222 --> 00:51:21,761
from happening again.

1125
00:51:21,794 --> 00:51:24,399
When I first heard
about that Tesla crash,

1126
00:51:24,432 --> 00:51:27,405
I knew enough about automation
from my own aviation experience

1127
00:51:27,438 --> 00:51:29,677
that I knew it was not gonna be
as simple as people thought.

1128
00:51:30,679 --> 00:51:34,352
It took a year-plus
to investigate.

1129
00:51:34,385 --> 00:51:37,559
Then, September 2017,
there was a public hearing.

1130
00:51:37,592 --> 00:51:38,795
Welcome to the boardroom

1131
00:51:38,828 --> 00:51:40,832
of the National Transportation
Safety Board.

1132
00:51:40,865 --> 00:51:43,538
We were very curious
about this particular crash.

1133
00:51:43,571 --> 00:51:47,779
And the further we got into it,
the more we started realizing

1134
00:51:47,813 --> 00:51:49,650
that, wow,
there are a lot of issues here

1135
00:51:49,683 --> 00:51:51,386
that really need
to be looked at.

1136
00:51:51,419 --> 00:51:52,723
It is our sincere hope

1137
00:51:52,756 --> 00:51:55,729
that the lessons learned
from this tragedy

1138
00:51:55,762 --> 00:51:59,135
can help prevent
future tragedies.

1139
00:51:59,168 --> 00:52:03,778
An accident is rarely
the result of just one factor.

1140
00:52:03,811 --> 00:52:07,318
In this crash, one would be,
of course, the truck driver

1141
00:52:07,351 --> 00:52:11,192
pulling across the lane,
when he shouldn't have.

1142
00:52:11,226 --> 00:52:14,365
But I would say that there was
also the automation complacency

1143
00:52:14,399 --> 00:52:17,572
associated with the design
of the Tesla vehicle.

1144
00:52:19,342 --> 00:52:20,578
For up to ten seconds,

1145
00:52:20,612 --> 00:52:22,481
that there would have been
a line of sight

1146
00:52:22,516 --> 00:52:24,853
between this Tesla
and the vehicle

1147
00:52:24,887 --> 00:52:26,524
that was crossing
in front of him,

1148
00:52:26,557 --> 00:52:30,699
there was the opportunity
to avoid this crash.

1149
00:52:30,732 --> 00:52:33,671
We could not determine
exactly what he was doing

1150
00:52:33,705 --> 00:52:36,811
in this crash.

1151
00:52:36,844 --> 00:52:38,447
We certainly heard
those rumors

1152
00:52:38,480 --> 00:52:41,219
about the driver
watching videos.

1153
00:52:41,252 --> 00:52:43,958
But we had no evidence
of that at all.

1154
00:52:43,991 --> 00:52:46,564
Did you find any evidence
at all

1155
00:52:46,597 --> 00:52:48,233
that the driver of the Tesla

1156
00:52:48,266 --> 00:52:51,373
may have been watching a movie
while driving this car?

1157
00:52:51,406 --> 00:52:53,276
We looked through his laptop,

1158
00:52:53,310 --> 00:52:56,449
and there was no movies
on that laptop.

1159
00:52:56,483 --> 00:53:00,357
We, at the NTSB, really feel
like the drivers

1160
00:53:00,391 --> 00:53:04,867
have the tendency to disengage
when the Autopilot

1161
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:07,939
is engaged
with the Tesla vehicle.

1162
00:53:07,973 --> 00:53:09,810
Complacency creeps
in over time,

1163
00:53:09,843 --> 00:53:12,348
and you develop overconfidence
with the system.

1164
00:53:12,381 --> 00:53:15,387
I was concerned about the use
of the term "Autopilot,"

1165
00:53:15,421 --> 00:53:16,724
because there are
too many people

1166
00:53:16,757 --> 00:53:18,226
who construe
the term "Autopilot"

1167
00:53:18,260 --> 00:53:21,534
to mean human-engagement
no longer necessary.

1168
00:53:21,567 --> 00:53:23,504
They advise you to keep your
hands on the steering wheel

1169
00:53:23,538 --> 00:53:24,907
when using the auto-steer,

1170
00:53:24,940 --> 00:53:28,514
but as we're in testing,
you really don't need to.

1171
00:53:28,548 --> 00:53:30,585
[beeping]
- The Autopilot

1172
00:53:30,618 --> 00:53:31,987
is supposed to have a system

1173
00:53:32,021 --> 00:53:35,595
where it can detect
driver engagement.

1174
00:53:35,628 --> 00:53:36,997
There were periods
of time--

1175
00:53:37,031 --> 00:53:39,502
almost of six minutes--
where his hands

1176
00:53:39,536 --> 00:53:41,907
were not even detected
to be on the steering wheel.

1177
00:53:41,941 --> 00:53:44,813
We felt that the system
of determining

1178
00:53:44,847 --> 00:53:49,422
driver engagement was poor.

1179
00:53:49,455 --> 00:53:51,326
Another issue is
at that time,

1180
00:53:51,359 --> 00:53:52,996
no manufacturer had a system

1181
00:53:53,029 --> 00:53:55,602
to reliably sense
crossing traffic.

1182
00:53:55,635 --> 00:53:57,572
That's why these systems
are supposed to be used

1183
00:53:57,606 --> 00:54:00,845
only on roads that
don't have crossing traffic.

1184
00:54:00,879 --> 00:54:03,885
This road, Highway 27A,
in Florida,

1185
00:54:03,918 --> 00:54:07,491
was not a limited access road.
But the question is,

1186
00:54:07,526 --> 00:54:10,297
if the system is not supposed
to be operated

1187
00:54:10,330 --> 00:54:13,336
on anything
other than a highway,

1188
00:54:13,370 --> 00:54:16,844
why does the system allow it
to be operated

1189
00:54:16,877 --> 00:54:19,616
in other types of roadways?

1190
00:54:19,650 --> 00:54:22,823
It's like having a swimming
pool without a fence around it.

1191
00:54:22,856 --> 00:54:25,494
It's a--it's an attractive nuisance.

1192
00:54:25,528 --> 00:54:28,534
Tesla allowed the driver
to use the system

1193
00:54:28,568 --> 00:54:31,540
outside of the environment
for which it was designed.

1194
00:54:31,574 --> 00:54:35,380
The result was a collision
that, frankly,

1195
00:54:35,414 --> 00:54:36,584
should have never happened.

1196
00:54:38,654 --> 00:54:41,326
The ultimate paradox is that
the better the automation gets

1197
00:54:41,359 --> 00:54:43,831
after removing the human,
the more challenging

1198
00:54:43,865 --> 00:54:48,006
the human-automation
interface issues become.

1199
00:54:48,039 --> 00:54:49,510
While the human is the most

1200
00:54:49,543 --> 00:54:50,879
unpredictable
and variable part

1201
00:54:50,912 --> 00:54:53,383
of the whole system,
it is also, at the same time,

1202
00:54:53,416 --> 00:54:55,053
the most adaptable part
of the system

1203
00:54:55,087 --> 00:54:58,026
when you need adaptation.

1204
00:54:58,059 --> 00:54:59,796
I think Elon is an IT wizard,

1205
00:54:59,830 --> 00:55:02,501
and I think that IT wizardry
is going to help us

1206
00:55:02,536 --> 00:55:05,007
get where we want to go,
but we need to do it in a way

1207
00:55:05,040 --> 00:55:07,746
that encompasses
the human element as well.

1208
00:55:07,779 --> 00:55:09,683
I think that
the manufacturers

1209
00:55:09,716 --> 00:55:15,628
have a role in preventing
this automation complacency.

1210
00:55:15,662 --> 00:55:19,068
You can't buy a production
model self-driving car

1211
00:55:19,101 --> 00:55:22,374
from any automobile
maker today.

1212
00:55:22,408 --> 00:55:25,113
Anyone who says that you can
is misleading you,

1213
00:55:25,147 --> 00:55:27,919
and anyone who leaves
that impression

1214
00:55:27,953 --> 00:55:30,057
is leaving
the wrong impression.

1215
00:55:32,896 --> 00:55:36,069
To Tesla, we issued several
recommendations--

1216
00:55:36,102 --> 00:55:39,710
basically,
do not allow the system

1217
00:55:39,743 --> 00:55:41,412
to be operated on roadways

1218
00:55:41,446 --> 00:55:44,485
where it's not designed
to be operated.

1219
00:55:44,520 --> 00:55:47,559
And another recommendation
was you need a better way

1220
00:55:47,592 --> 00:55:49,763
of determining
driver engagement.

1221
00:55:49,796 --> 00:55:54,038
I do feel that if those recs
are accomplished,

1222
00:55:54,071 --> 00:55:55,508
safety will be improved.

1223
00:55:56,710 --> 00:55:57,879
Tesla releasing a statement

1224
00:55:57,913 --> 00:56:01,085
saying customer safety
comes first.

1225
00:56:01,119 --> 00:56:03,958
Boulder Crest is a nonprofit
that takes care

1226
00:56:03,991 --> 00:56:06,462
of men and women
who are suffering with PTSD.

1227
00:56:08,734 --> 00:56:10,505
The building
we're standing in today

1228
00:56:10,538 --> 00:56:12,976
is the Josh Brown Center
for Innovation.

1229
00:56:13,009 --> 00:56:15,013
We had this great
dedication ceremony

1230
00:56:15,047 --> 00:56:16,684
the day we opened this.

1231
00:56:16,717 --> 00:56:18,053
The family came back to us

1232
00:56:18,086 --> 00:56:20,457
with this amazing paragraph
that they wanted

1233
00:56:20,490 --> 00:56:24,131
the Director of the Boulder
Crest Institute to read.

1234
00:56:24,165 --> 00:56:27,973
Joshua believed, and our
family continues to believe,

1235
00:56:28,006 --> 00:56:30,177
that the new technology
going into cars

1236
00:56:30,210 --> 00:56:31,914
and the move
to autonomous driving

1237
00:56:31,947 --> 00:56:33,985
has already saved many lives.

1238
00:56:34,018 --> 00:56:36,155
Change always comes
with risks,

1239
00:56:36,189 --> 00:56:37,892
and zero tolerance for deaths

1240
00:56:37,926 --> 00:56:41,634
would totally stop innovations
and improvements.

1241
00:56:41,667 --> 00:56:44,706
Nobody wants tragedy
to touch their family.

1242
00:56:44,740 --> 00:56:47,111
But expecting to identify
all limitations

1243
00:56:47,144 --> 00:56:48,915
of an emerging technology,

1244
00:56:48,948 --> 00:56:52,622
and expecting perfection
is not feasible either.

1245
00:56:52,656 --> 00:56:54,693
And that, to me, just--
I mean, it--

1246
00:56:54,726 --> 00:56:56,764
I think it brought tears
to everybody in that audience

1247
00:56:56,797 --> 00:56:58,601
that knew Josh Brown.

1248
00:56:58,634 --> 00:57:01,439
Part of Joshua's legacy
is that the accident

1249
00:57:01,472 --> 00:57:02,709
drove additional improvements,

1250
00:57:02,742 --> 00:57:05,480
making the new technology
even safer.

1251
00:57:05,515 --> 00:57:08,486
Our family takes solace
and pride in the fact

1252
00:57:08,521 --> 00:57:11,492
that our son is making
such a positive impact

1253
00:57:11,527 --> 00:57:13,998
on future highway safety.

1254
00:57:14,031 --> 00:57:15,535
We all sat there and thought,

1255
00:57:15,568 --> 00:57:19,208
we have to learn a lesson
from what happened.

1256
00:57:19,241 --> 00:57:20,945
When you think of somebody
like Josh,

1257
00:57:20,979 --> 00:57:22,749
who was on that leading edge,

1258
00:57:22,782 --> 00:57:25,487
he was gonna test that car.

1259
00:57:25,521 --> 00:57:27,124
I think there's
a false sense of security

1260
00:57:27,157 --> 00:57:30,030
when you put these options
in front of people.

1261
00:57:36,677 --> 00:57:37,812
Wouldn't hurt to have
more love in the world.

1262
00:57:37,846 --> 00:57:39,115
How you gonna fix that?

1263
00:57:39,148 --> 00:57:40,551
You have a love machine
you're working on?

1264
00:57:40,585 --> 00:57:41,687
[laughter]

1265
00:57:41,720 --> 00:57:45,260
No, but probably spend
more time with your friends

1266
00:57:45,293 --> 00:57:48,099
and less time on social media.

1267
00:57:50,237 --> 00:57:52,742
I mean, the only thing
I've kept is Twitter,

1268
00:57:52,776 --> 00:57:54,478
because I kinda, like,
need some means

1269
00:57:54,513 --> 00:57:56,750
of getting a message out,
you know?

1270
00:57:58,053 --> 00:58:00,992
I think Elon Musk
definitely understands

1271
00:58:01,025 --> 00:58:02,261
the power of his celebrity.

1272
00:58:02,294 --> 00:58:05,868
Elon, what do you think about
dogecoin going crazy right now?

1273
00:58:05,902 --> 00:58:08,173
[people shouting]

1274
00:58:08,206 --> 00:58:11,079
I think that's part of
how he operates.

1275
00:58:11,112 --> 00:58:13,149
That's why he's on Twitter
all the time.

1276
00:58:13,183 --> 00:58:17,157
You use your tweeting to
kind of get back at critics.

1277
00:58:17,191 --> 00:58:19,563
- Rarely.
- You kinda have little wars

1278
00:58:19,596 --> 00:58:20,631
with the press.

1279
00:58:20,665 --> 00:58:22,000
Twitter is a war zone.

1280
00:58:22,034 --> 00:58:24,105
He sort of
doesn't have a filter.

1281
00:58:24,138 --> 00:58:26,009
Elon Musk
was on Twitter today

1282
00:58:26,042 --> 00:58:27,211
calling one of the divers

1283
00:58:27,244 --> 00:58:29,750
in that cave rescue
a pedophile.

1284
00:58:29,783 --> 00:58:31,954
Elon Musk shook up
the stock market

1285
00:58:31,987 --> 00:58:33,557
this afternoon with
a tweet that read,

1286
00:58:33,591 --> 00:58:36,262
"I'm considering
taking Tesla private."

1287
00:58:36,295 --> 00:58:38,634
I think it kinda
goes both ways.

1288
00:58:38,667 --> 00:58:41,807
He can say things, and he can
get people believing them.

1289
00:58:44,613 --> 00:58:46,884
New tonight at 5:00,
Tesla has published

1290
00:58:46,917 --> 00:58:49,321
its first quarterly
safety report.

1291
00:58:49,355 --> 00:58:52,194
In 2018,
Tesla started releasing

1292
00:58:52,227 --> 00:58:55,200
these Autopilot
safety statistics,

1293
00:58:55,233 --> 00:58:57,839
and have continued
to release data.

1294
00:58:57,872 --> 00:58:59,843
On the surface,
they looked like

1295
00:58:59,876 --> 00:59:01,312
they presented a good picture.

1296
00:59:01,345 --> 00:59:03,216
We publish the safety stats,
like, basically,

1297
00:59:03,249 --> 00:59:07,559
miles driven on Autopilot
and miles driven manually.

1298
00:59:07,592 --> 00:59:09,095
It was a factor
of ten difference.

1299
00:59:09,128 --> 00:59:10,598
This is not subtle.

1300
00:59:10,631 --> 00:59:14,038
But it was just
broad numbers.

1301
00:59:14,071 --> 00:59:16,977
It's not really a fair
comparison to say Teslas

1302
00:59:17,010 --> 00:59:19,850
are dramatically safer than
all other cars on the road,

1303
00:59:19,883 --> 00:59:21,820
because all other cars
on the road

1304
00:59:21,854 --> 00:59:23,824
can include
20-year-old vehicles

1305
00:59:23,858 --> 00:59:25,962
that are not in good repair.

1306
00:59:25,995 --> 00:59:29,068
If you think about the miles
that Tesla drives on Autopilot,

1307
00:59:29,101 --> 00:59:31,205
almost all those are gonna be
freeway cruising miles.

1308
00:59:31,239 --> 00:59:33,209
Those miles
are incredibly safe.

1309
00:59:33,243 --> 00:59:35,715
City streets, parking lots,
things like that,

1310
00:59:35,748 --> 00:59:37,619
those are much more likely
to have incidents.

1311
00:59:39,623 --> 00:59:41,125
I believe that
they're presenting data

1312
00:59:41,159 --> 00:59:42,729
that makes them look the best,

1313
00:59:42,762 --> 00:59:45,233
that is still
technically accurate.

1314
00:59:47,672 --> 00:59:50,845
It's Tesla and Elon Musk
providing data

1315
00:59:50,878 --> 00:59:53,216
to support
their point of view,

1316
00:59:53,249 --> 00:59:55,120
but that's not a full picture.

1317
00:59:55,153 --> 00:59:57,157
I don't think that
gives you enough data

1318
00:59:57,191 --> 00:59:58,627
to really make a judgment.

1319
00:59:58,661 --> 01:00:00,731
People can say, "Oh, well,
you're playing

1320
01:00:00,765 --> 01:00:02,201
with the statistics."

1321
01:00:02,234 --> 01:00:03,838
I'm like, we're not fiddling
with the statistics.

1322
01:00:03,871 --> 01:00:06,375
The truth is that people
are actually not great

1323
01:00:06,409 --> 01:00:09,883
at driving
these two-ton death machines.

1324
01:00:09,916 --> 01:00:12,287
Then, March of 2018--

1325
01:00:12,321 --> 01:00:13,791
Fatal crash and fire

1326
01:00:13,824 --> 01:00:16,028
involving a Tesla
in Mountain View.

1327
01:00:16,062 --> 01:00:21,339
That's when the Walter Huang
crash happens in California.

1328
01:00:21,372 --> 01:00:24,178
It was at a point
where the freeway splits,

1329
01:00:24,211 --> 01:00:26,750
and the Autopilot
became confused,

1330
01:00:26,783 --> 01:00:29,288
and he ran straight into
a concrete barrier.

1331
01:00:29,321 --> 01:00:32,327
38-year-old Walter Huang
had a wife and two kids.

1332
01:00:32,361 --> 01:00:36,435
The NTSB is investigating
that fatal crash and fire.

1333
01:00:36,469 --> 01:00:40,177
Tesla was a party
to our investigation.

1334
01:00:40,210 --> 01:00:42,982
But one of the rules
of being a party

1335
01:00:43,016 --> 01:00:45,988
is that the parties
can't release information

1336
01:00:46,022 --> 01:00:48,961
about the active investigation.

1337
01:00:48,994 --> 01:00:52,100
Tesla released data saying
Walter Huang had his hands

1338
01:00:52,134 --> 01:00:54,773
off the wheel for six seconds
before the crash.

1339
01:00:55,942 --> 01:00:58,914
I called Elon Musk and said
they would have to abide

1340
01:00:58,948 --> 01:01:00,685
by our party agreement.

1341
01:01:00,718 --> 01:01:02,254
And then a few days later,

1342
01:01:02,287 --> 01:01:06,362
Tesla was releasing information
about the crash.

1343
01:01:06,395 --> 01:01:08,299
Tesla released another
statement that read,

1344
01:01:08,333 --> 01:01:10,237
"The only way for this
accident to have occurred

1345
01:01:10,270 --> 01:01:13,276
is if Mr. Huang was not
paying attention to the road."

1346
01:01:13,309 --> 01:01:17,852
Tesla needed to be removed
from that investigation.

1347
01:01:17,886 --> 01:01:21,459
And so I called. Elon was,
I would say, argumentative.

1348
01:01:21,492 --> 01:01:26,269
He indicated that
he was going to sue the NTSB.

1349
01:01:26,302 --> 01:01:28,841
There was an attempt
to bully us into submission.

1350
01:01:28,874 --> 01:01:31,212
But we didn't back down,
and he hung up on us.

1351
01:01:33,149 --> 01:01:35,855
That night,
Tesla put out a press release

1352
01:01:35,888 --> 01:01:39,829
saying that
they were resigning.

1353
01:01:39,863 --> 01:01:42,301
Tesla announced it's leaving
the investigation

1354
01:01:42,334 --> 01:01:44,004
into the deadly crash,

1355
01:01:44,038 --> 01:01:44,940
but the NTSB says

1356
01:01:44,973 --> 01:01:48,213
it kicked the electric car
maker out first.

1357
01:01:48,246 --> 01:01:51,720
It was sort of like,
"You can't fire me, we quit"

1358
01:01:51,753 --> 01:01:53,089
sort of a thing.

1359
01:01:53,122 --> 01:01:55,360
The system worked
as described,

1360
01:01:55,393 --> 01:01:57,431
which is that
it's a hands-on system.

1361
01:01:57,464 --> 01:02:00,170
It is not
a self-driving system.

1362
01:02:02,307 --> 01:02:06,349
♪ ♪

1363
01:02:06,382 --> 01:02:08,453
Today, we meet to consider
a collision

1364
01:02:08,486 --> 01:02:11,760
involving a Tesla Model X SUV.

1365
01:02:11,793 --> 01:02:14,298
♪ ♪

1366
01:02:14,331 --> 01:02:17,237
We do know that
in the Mountain View crash,

1367
01:02:17,271 --> 01:02:20,176
the driver was
engaged continuously

1368
01:02:20,210 --> 01:02:22,314
with playing a video game.

1369
01:02:22,347 --> 01:02:24,184
It would be easy to say
the driver

1370
01:02:24,218 --> 01:02:25,821
was not acting responsibly.

1371
01:02:25,855 --> 01:02:29,963
However, it also shows
that there's great potential

1372
01:02:29,996 --> 01:02:34,138
for there to be this automation
complacency to creep in.

1373
01:02:34,171 --> 01:02:37,545
In 2017, we issued
two recommendations

1374
01:02:37,578 --> 01:02:40,952
to six automobile manufacturers.

1375
01:02:40,985 --> 01:02:46,262
And of the six, one
manufacturer has ignored us,

1376
01:02:46,295 --> 01:02:50,103
and that manufacturer
is Tesla.

1377
01:02:50,136 --> 01:02:53,409
All of our recommendations
are based on tragic events.

1378
01:02:53,443 --> 01:02:56,817
And when someone doesn't
respond or doesn't act,

1379
01:02:56,850 --> 01:02:57,986
that's heartbreaking,

1380
01:02:58,019 --> 01:03:00,423
especially when you see
another accident

1381
01:03:00,457 --> 01:03:02,294
that could have been prevented

1382
01:03:02,327 --> 01:03:06,268
had those recommendations
been implemented.

1383
01:03:06,302 --> 01:03:08,373
What started as an ordinary
drive to work

1384
01:03:08,406 --> 01:03:10,578
ended in tragedy
for a father and husband

1385
01:03:10,611 --> 01:03:13,483
from suburban Lake Worth Beach
driving a Tesla.

1386
01:03:13,517 --> 01:03:16,322
In March of 2019,
the next fatality

1387
01:03:16,355 --> 01:03:21,032
that we became aware of
was Jeremy Banner.

1388
01:03:21,065 --> 01:03:25,040
We saw the almost
identical crash

1389
01:03:25,073 --> 01:03:27,077
that we saw
in the Joshua Brown case.

1390
01:03:29,214 --> 01:03:32,254
You've got a Tesla
being operated on Autopilot.

1391
01:03:32,287 --> 01:03:34,024
We've got a tractor-trailer

1392
01:03:34,058 --> 01:03:37,598
that is pulling
across the road.

1393
01:03:37,632 --> 01:03:41,472
We've got a driver does not
attempt any evasive steering.

1394
01:03:41,506 --> 01:03:44,044
Does not attempt
any breaking action.

1395
01:03:46,516 --> 01:03:49,321
And goes right under
the tractor-trailer,

1396
01:03:51,893 --> 01:03:53,897
sheering the roof
off of the car,

1397
01:03:56,001 --> 01:03:58,006
and killing the driver.

1398
01:04:02,447 --> 01:04:04,051
Where is the super
duper radar

1399
01:04:04,084 --> 01:04:07,257
that Elon was talking
about in September 2016?

1400
01:04:07,290 --> 01:04:11,365
♪ ♪

1401
01:04:11,399 --> 01:04:14,271
Well, whatever they did
wasn't sufficient

1402
01:04:14,304 --> 01:04:16,308
to ensure
it didn't happen again,

1403
01:04:16,342 --> 01:04:18,914
'cause the exact
same crash happened.

1404
01:04:22,989 --> 01:04:26,262
Stationary objects are this
vexing problem in autonomy.

1405
01:04:26,295 --> 01:04:29,001
And everybody that's developing
autonomous software

1406
01:04:29,034 --> 01:04:30,470
has this problem.

1407
01:04:30,503 --> 01:04:34,278
This is the one Achilles heel
that you continue to see.

1408
01:04:34,311 --> 01:04:36,148
I thought the self-driving
problem would be hard,

1409
01:04:36,182 --> 01:04:38,286
but it's--it was harder
than I thought.

1410
01:04:41,425 --> 01:04:46,102
It may be that Autopilot
vehicles have fewer crashes.

1411
01:04:46,135 --> 01:04:50,243
But we've continued to see
other crashes that happen

1412
01:04:50,276 --> 01:04:53,517
because the system can't see
something in the road.

1413
01:04:53,550 --> 01:04:56,222
Nearly a dozen accidents
where a Tesla slammed

1414
01:04:56,255 --> 01:04:58,126
into a parked
emergency vehicle.

1415
01:04:58,159 --> 01:05:01,700
If your company is supposed
to be putting safety first,

1416
01:05:01,733 --> 01:05:05,039
and this well-respected
safety agency says,

1417
01:05:05,073 --> 01:05:07,377
you know, there are these two
deficiencies in your system,

1418
01:05:07,411 --> 01:05:09,248
you should address them,

1419
01:05:09,281 --> 01:05:12,020
why wouldn't you address them?
Why wouldn't you fix them?

1420
01:05:12,053 --> 01:05:14,024
One of the biggest mistakes
people generally make--

1421
01:05:14,057 --> 01:05:16,530
and I'm guilty of it, too--
is wishful thinking.

1422
01:05:16,563 --> 01:05:19,168
You know, like,
you want something to be true

1423
01:05:19,201 --> 01:05:20,370
even if it isn't true.

1424
01:05:20,403 --> 01:05:22,174
And so you ignore
the real truth

1425
01:05:22,207 --> 01:05:25,648
because of what
you want to be true.

1426
01:05:25,681 --> 01:05:28,319
This is a very difficult
trap to avoid.

1427
01:05:28,352 --> 01:05:32,260
♪ ♪

1428
01:05:32,294 --> 01:05:34,431
I think, for those of us
in the safety business,

1429
01:05:34,465 --> 01:05:37,170
we would have liked to have
seen more regulations

1430
01:05:37,204 --> 01:05:39,976
implemented to improve safety.

1431
01:05:40,009 --> 01:05:42,114
I mean, it's horribly frustrating.

1432
01:05:42,147 --> 01:05:43,550
The truth is companies
have always had

1433
01:05:43,584 --> 01:05:46,455
an enormous amount of power,
in terms of the technology

1434
01:05:46,489 --> 01:05:49,228
in the vehicles
that they put on the road.

1435
01:05:49,261 --> 01:05:50,998
Honestly, I worry
that the government

1436
01:05:51,031 --> 01:05:53,637
cannot keep up
with the technology.

1437
01:05:53,670 --> 01:05:55,206
I don't think
in a situation like this

1438
01:05:55,240 --> 01:05:58,747
we want to necessarily
inhibit innovation.

1439
01:05:58,780 --> 01:06:01,152
But when innovation
is implemented,

1440
01:06:01,185 --> 01:06:04,057
we have to make sure
that it's done safely.

1441
01:06:04,091 --> 01:06:07,197
Or it's going to be
the Wild West out there.

1442
01:06:12,474 --> 01:06:15,446
[light music]

1443
01:06:15,480 --> 01:06:17,618
♪ ♪

1444
01:06:17,652 --> 01:06:19,054
When you think full
self-driving,

1445
01:06:19,087 --> 01:06:20,558
you think hands off the wheel.

1446
01:06:20,591 --> 01:06:22,160
You don't have to worry
about anything.

1447
01:06:22,194 --> 01:06:25,701
You can listen to music
and read a book, whatever.

1448
01:06:25,734 --> 01:06:29,576
I believe the first full video
we saw was, like, in 2016.

1449
01:06:29,609 --> 01:06:31,478
I thought we're already here.

1450
01:06:31,513 --> 01:06:35,386
So, yeah, it was very,
very exciting at the time.

1451
01:06:35,420 --> 01:06:36,623
A couple years later,

1452
01:06:36,656 --> 01:06:39,328
I purchased
the full self-driving.

1453
01:06:39,361 --> 01:06:41,600
I now kind of make
a distinction.

1454
01:06:41,633 --> 01:06:44,539
I think Tesla makes
great electric vehicles.

1455
01:06:44,572 --> 01:06:48,179
But I think their advertising
of certain Autopilot features

1456
01:06:48,212 --> 01:06:50,450
have been--overpromising

1457
01:06:50,483 --> 01:06:52,320
is probably the nicest way
to say it.

1458
01:06:52,354 --> 01:06:54,224
I almost view it as, like,
a solved problem.

1459
01:06:54,258 --> 01:06:56,195
Like, we know exactly
what to do,

1460
01:06:56,228 --> 01:06:57,598
and we'll be there
in a few years.

1461
01:06:57,632 --> 01:07:00,270
As far back as 2015,
Elon Musk was saying

1462
01:07:00,303 --> 01:07:01,806
self-driving cars
were two years away.

1463
01:07:01,840 --> 01:07:08,252
I think we're basically
less than two years away

1464
01:07:08,286 --> 01:07:09,556
from complete autonomy.

1465
01:07:09,589 --> 01:07:11,526
The time when someone
will be able

1466
01:07:11,560 --> 01:07:14,097
to take their hands
off the wheel and go to sleep,

1467
01:07:14,131 --> 01:07:15,701
how far away is that?
To do that safely?

1468
01:07:15,734 --> 01:07:18,072
I think that's about--
that's about two years.

1469
01:07:18,105 --> 01:07:19,809
The promise was
very aspirational,

1470
01:07:19,842 --> 01:07:21,513
and probably not gonna happen.

1471
01:07:21,546 --> 01:07:25,220
But Tesla and Elon made people
think it was gonna happen.

1472
01:07:25,253 --> 01:07:29,394
By end of next year,
self-driving will be

1473
01:07:29,428 --> 01:07:34,238
at least 100%
to 200% safer than a person.

1474
01:07:34,271 --> 01:07:37,110
If you buy a car that does not
have the hardware necessary

1475
01:07:37,143 --> 01:07:39,414
for full self-driving,
it is like buying a horse.

1476
01:07:39,448 --> 01:07:43,389
I'm extremely confident
of achieving full autonomy

1477
01:07:43,422 --> 01:07:47,665
and releasing it to the
Tesla customer base next year.

1478
01:07:47,698 --> 01:07:49,802
Some people say,
what does it matter?

1479
01:07:49,836 --> 01:07:52,541
Well, I think it matters a lot.

1480
01:07:52,575 --> 01:07:55,113
Do you want other
people on the roads

1481
01:07:55,146 --> 01:07:57,117
buying this technology
and thinking

1482
01:07:57,150 --> 01:08:00,189
that it's more powerful
than it really is?

1483
01:08:00,223 --> 01:08:01,826
I felt that
what I was being told

1484
01:08:01,860 --> 01:08:03,664
that we were gonna do
didn't match

1485
01:08:03,697 --> 01:08:06,168
what we actually did

1486
01:08:06,201 --> 01:08:09,308
because Tesla has changed
the hardware on the car.

1487
01:08:09,341 --> 01:08:11,680
They changed the computer.

1488
01:08:11,713 --> 01:08:13,750
And now they're changing
the cameras.

1489
01:08:13,784 --> 01:08:17,892
I think that that should
give someone pause

1490
01:08:17,925 --> 01:08:19,595
when Tesla says they're
gonna do something else.

1491
01:08:21,398 --> 01:08:24,839
Elon Musk has officially
blown my mind yet again.

1492
01:08:24,872 --> 01:08:28,179
In a recent tweet,
he talked about vision

1493
01:08:28,212 --> 01:08:30,283
and using only vision
and no radar.

1494
01:08:30,316 --> 01:08:32,454
Taking the radar out
is literally

1495
01:08:32,487 --> 01:08:35,460
going to make
the system better.

1496
01:08:35,493 --> 01:08:37,598
When I heard they were gonna
do cameras alone

1497
01:08:37,632 --> 01:08:39,736
and get rid of radar,

1498
01:08:39,769 --> 01:08:42,240
I was really taken aback.

1499
01:08:42,273 --> 01:08:45,581
The whole rest of the industry
believes that you need cameras,

1500
01:08:45,614 --> 01:08:48,620
radar, and lidar.

1501
01:08:48,654 --> 01:08:51,325
Tesla's really
the only automaker

1502
01:08:51,358 --> 01:08:54,264
who thinks that cameras alone
is a good idea.

1503
01:08:54,297 --> 01:08:57,772
You can absolutely be
superhuman with just cameras.

1504
01:08:57,805 --> 01:09:01,579
What Elon Musk is leaving
out of his analogy--

1505
01:09:01,613 --> 01:09:03,717
comparing cameras
to eyes--

1506
01:09:03,750 --> 01:09:08,392
is the fact that there is not
a brain behind those cameras.

1507
01:09:08,426 --> 01:09:09,862
[beeping]

1508
01:09:09,896 --> 01:09:12,367
We don't know
how to build a system

1509
01:09:12,400 --> 01:09:13,904
that can behave
like the human brain.

1510
01:09:13,937 --> 01:09:19,682
And what that means is full
autonomy may be decades away.

1511
01:09:19,716 --> 01:09:22,722
[cheers and applause]

1512
01:09:24,592 --> 01:09:27,230
Anyone here use the full
self-driving beta?

1513
01:09:27,263 --> 01:09:30,503
[cheering]
Great.

1514
01:09:30,537 --> 01:09:31,573
The car will be able
to take you

1515
01:09:31,606 --> 01:09:34,545
anywhere you want
with ultimately ten times safer

1516
01:09:34,579 --> 01:09:36,616
than if you were
driving it yourself.

1517
01:09:36,649 --> 01:09:39,789
It's gonna just completely
revolutionize the world.

1518
01:09:39,822 --> 01:09:43,496
♪ ♪

1519
01:09:43,530 --> 01:09:46,368
There's a question around
whether Elon

1520
01:09:46,402 --> 01:09:48,239
is acting cynically, right?

1521
01:09:48,272 --> 01:09:50,309
Like, does he believe
in what he says?

1522
01:09:50,343 --> 01:09:54,585
And is it okay as long as he
does believe in what he says?

1523
01:09:54,619 --> 01:09:57,825
Some of it feels
intentional to me.

1524
01:09:57,858 --> 01:10:00,564
There's, like, financing needs
that he needs to make.

1525
01:10:00,597 --> 01:10:03,804
There are milestones
that Elon needs to hit,

1526
01:10:03,837 --> 01:10:06,776
from an investor's perspective.

1527
01:10:06,810 --> 01:10:10,383
At times,
people misinterpret Elon.

1528
01:10:10,416 --> 01:10:12,788
Oftentimes, there's--
when the goal is set,

1529
01:10:12,822 --> 01:10:15,527
there's no capability
to deliver against that goal.

1530
01:10:15,561 --> 01:10:17,732
You kind of need to believe
that, as a team,

1531
01:10:17,765 --> 01:10:19,535
you're gonna
achieve the impossible.

1532
01:10:19,569 --> 01:10:21,940
I've had many conversations
with the Tesla Autopilot team.

1533
01:10:21,973 --> 01:10:23,543
The reality of doing
the right thing matters

1534
01:10:23,577 --> 01:10:25,413
more than the perception
of doing the right thing.

1535
01:10:25,446 --> 01:10:28,854
He's convinced that the
technology will be delivered.

1536
01:10:28,887 --> 01:10:30,991
And I wouldn't necessarily bet
against him,

1537
01:10:31,024 --> 01:10:32,862
because eventually
he does deliver.

1538
01:10:34,064 --> 01:10:36,970
Tesla says it's launching
its highly anticipated

1539
01:10:37,003 --> 01:10:39,876
full self-driving software
later this week.

1540
01:10:39,909 --> 01:10:41,679
They're gonna open up
self-driving

1541
01:10:41,713 --> 01:10:43,617
in America's cities.

1542
01:10:43,650 --> 01:10:47,691
That would seem to be quite
a difficult thing to pull off.

1543
01:10:47,725 --> 01:10:49,562
In a city?

1544
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,841
So, this is a tricky thing
for beta.

1545
01:10:55,874 --> 01:10:58,479
We are--this is a blind left.
There's a fence here.

1546
01:10:58,513 --> 01:11:03,055
It can't see around.
So my car is inching forward.

1547
01:11:03,088 --> 01:11:05,794
I feel honored
that I get to do this,

1548
01:11:05,828 --> 01:11:09,802
and be, like, a little part
of this, you know, history.

1549
01:11:09,836 --> 01:11:15,446
I stopped it because
it was inching out too far.

1550
01:11:15,480 --> 01:11:17,651
There are definitely people
that do not agree

1551
01:11:17,685 --> 01:11:20,891
with Tesla's approach.

1552
01:11:20,924 --> 01:11:23,395
I don't feel that it's risky.

1553
01:11:23,429 --> 01:11:28,874
I have never felt endangered,
okay?

1554
01:11:28,907 --> 01:11:32,413
See, it's gonna miss this.
Can't do it.

1555
01:11:32,447 --> 01:11:35,687
I can say that people
who buy a Tesla understand

1556
01:11:35,721 --> 01:11:37,758
that it's not full
self-driving yet.

1557
01:11:37,791 --> 01:11:42,535
And nobody is forcing anybody
to buy full self-driving.

1558
01:11:42,568 --> 01:11:43,469
It's an option.

1559
01:11:45,574 --> 01:11:47,745
Full self-driving,
that's what I paid for,

1560
01:11:47,778 --> 01:11:49,347
and I don't have it.

1561
01:11:49,381 --> 01:11:52,020
I mean, it's right there
in the name of it, right?

1562
01:11:52,053 --> 01:11:54,424
And I don't think
that's fair to say.

1563
01:11:54,457 --> 01:11:57,030
Especially right now.

1564
01:11:57,063 --> 01:12:00,036
Musk, I think he has
a huge responsibility.

1565
01:12:00,069 --> 01:12:02,106
You know, I think he needs to
be a little bit more cautious

1566
01:12:02,140 --> 01:12:04,712
about what he tells
his followers.

1567
01:12:04,745 --> 01:12:08,653
Wow. Oh, my God! Okay!

1568
01:12:08,687 --> 01:12:11,926
A lot of the work
in the tech industry proceeds

1569
01:12:11,960 --> 01:12:15,399
with the central claim
of improving human lives

1570
01:12:15,433 --> 01:12:18,507
through the methodical use
of our technologies.

1571
01:12:18,540 --> 01:12:23,048
Okay, did--
oh, God! Fuck! Jesus!

1572
01:12:23,082 --> 01:12:26,789
That was one of the closest
calls we've ever had.

1573
01:12:26,823 --> 01:12:31,398
With the ongoing full
self-driving beta releases,

1574
01:12:31,431 --> 01:12:32,400
there's quite a spectacle.

1575
01:12:32,968 --> 01:12:34,539
Is it just gonna run
this light?

1576
01:12:34,572 --> 01:12:36,876
Holy shit,
it just ran that red light.

1577
01:12:36,910 --> 01:12:39,481
Here, we have a lot
of customers

1578
01:12:39,515 --> 01:12:43,823
who are essentially standing in
for professional test drivers.

1579
01:12:44,024 --> 01:12:46,629
- Ooh! Ooh!
- Oh, fuck! Oh shit!

1580
01:12:46,663 --> 01:12:47,831
Shit! We--

1581
01:12:47,865 --> 01:12:49,434
- We hit that.
- We actually hit it.

1582
01:12:49,467 --> 01:12:50,704
We hit it.

1583
01:12:50,737 --> 01:12:55,079
With Tesla, an example
of scientific integrity,

1584
01:12:55,112 --> 01:12:56,950
public responsibility,

1585
01:12:56,983 --> 01:13:00,958
and reasoned and methodical
engineering development

1586
01:13:00,991 --> 01:13:02,093
it is not.

1587
01:13:02,126 --> 01:13:03,964
With a software update,
you can actually

1588
01:13:03,997 --> 01:13:06,970
make thousands
of people drive safer.

1589
01:13:07,003 --> 01:13:08,573
Just with a software
update overnight.

1590
01:13:08,607 --> 01:13:10,711
- Wow. That's actually--
- Yeah.

1591
01:13:10,744 --> 01:13:12,514
That's actually--
[beeping]

1592
01:13:12,548 --> 01:13:16,054
- Fuck.
- [laughs]

1593
01:13:16,088 --> 01:13:17,056
Fuck.

1594
01:13:17,090 --> 01:13:19,662
Are we gonna have to
cut that?

1595
01:13:19,695 --> 01:13:26,676
♪ ♪