1 00:00:00,266 --> 00:00:07,940 BEGIN AROUND A TABLE. ARE 2 00:00:17,050 --> 00:00:22,321 >>> PREVIOUSLY ON "LINCOLN: DIVIDED WE STAND" -- 3 00:00:22,323 --> 00:00:26,992 DIVIDED WE STAND" -- >> ON THE 12th OF APRIL 1861, 4 00:00:26,994 --> 00:00:28,027 >> ON THE 12th OF APRIL 1861, CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY OPENS FIRE 5 00:00:28,029 --> 00:00:29,862 CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY OPENS FIRE ON FT. SUMTER. 6 00:00:29,864 --> 00:00:35,934 ON FT. SUMTER. >> AS SOON AS SUMMIT SUMTER IS 7 00:00:35,936 --> 00:00:39,204 >> AS SOON AS SUMMIT SUMTER IS FIRED ON, VIRGINIA SAYS SEEDS 8 00:00:39,206 --> 00:00:40,906 FIRED ON, VIRGINIA SAYS SEEDS AND THE WAR IS ON. 9 00:00:40,908 --> 00:00:42,541 AND THE WAR IS ON. >> LINCOLN IMMEDIATELY CALLED 10 00:00:42,543 --> 00:00:43,776 >> LINCOLN IMMEDIATELY CALLED FOR 5,000 VOLUNTEERS. 11 00:00:43,778 --> 00:00:45,010 FOR 5,000 VOLUNTEERS. >> THERE IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF 12 00:00:45,012 --> 00:00:45,778 >> THERE IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF EXCITEMENT ACTUALLY AT THIS 13 00:00:45,780 --> 00:00:47,513 EXCITEMENT ACTUALLY AT THIS POINT ON BOTH SIDES BECAUSE 14 00:00:47,515 --> 00:00:48,847 POINT ON BOTH SIDES BECAUSE PEOPLE HAVE ANTICIPATED THIS FOR 15 00:00:48,849 --> 00:00:49,448 PEOPLE HAVE ANTICIPATED THIS FOR SO LONG. 16 00:00:49,450 --> 00:00:50,182 SO LONG. SOME PEOPLE WERE ITCHING FOR A 17 00:00:50,184 --> 00:00:51,950 SOME PEOPLE WERE ITCHING FOR A FIGHT. 18 00:00:51,952 --> 00:00:53,619 FIGHT. >> THEY THINK WAR IS A GLORIOUS 19 00:00:53,621 --> 00:00:59,858 >> THEY THINK WAR IS A GLORIOUS THING AND LET'S GO AND DO IT. 20 00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:03,962 THING AND LET'S GO AND DO IT. >> BUT IN THE SPRING, LINCOLN'S 21 00:01:03,964 --> 00:01:06,598 >> BUT IN THE SPRING, LINCOLN'S OVEREAGER YOUNG FRIEND FROM 22 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:08,434 OVEREAGER YOUNG FRIEND FROM SPRINGFIELD, ELMER ELLSWORTH, A 23 00:01:08,436 --> 00:01:11,336 SPRINGFIELD, ELMER ELLSWORTH, A SHORT BUT VERY DASHING COMMANDER 24 00:01:11,338 --> 00:01:13,172 SHORT BUT VERY DASHING COMMANDER OF A DRILL TEAM WOULD GO WITH 25 00:01:13,174 --> 00:01:14,573 OF A DRILL TEAM WOULD GO WITH THE LINCOLN BOYS TO THE ROOF OF 26 00:01:14,575 --> 00:01:16,542 THE LINCOLN BOYS TO THE ROOF OF THE WHITE HOUSE AND LOOK OUT 27 00:01:16,544 --> 00:01:19,411 THE WHITE HOUSE AND LOOK OUT WITH A TELESCOPE. 28 00:01:19,413 --> 00:01:22,047 WITH A TELESCOPE. AND OVER THE RIVER THEY SAW A 29 00:01:22,049 --> 00:01:23,482 AND OVER THE RIVER THEY SAW A CONFEDERATE FLAG FLYING FROM THE 30 00:01:23,484 --> 00:01:28,253 CONFEDERATE FLAG FLYING FROM THE TOP OF A HOTEL. 31 00:01:28,255 --> 00:01:28,921 TOP OF A HOTEL. AND ELLSWORTH, FOR ONE, WAS 32 00:01:28,923 --> 00:01:31,323 AND ELLSWORTH, FOR ONE, WAS OFFENDED. 33 00:01:31,325 --> 00:01:35,461 OFFENDED. >> ELLSWORTH LED A BAND ACROSS 34 00:01:35,463 --> 00:01:37,196 >> ELLSWORTH LED A BAND ACROSS THE RIVER TO TEAR DOWN THE 35 00:01:37,198 --> 00:01:40,265 THE RIVER TO TEAR DOWN THE CONFEDERATE FLAG. 36 00:01:40,267 --> 00:01:43,735 CONFEDERATE FLAG. >> AS HE WAS WALKING DOWN THE 37 00:01:43,737 --> 00:01:46,572 >> AS HE WAS WALKING DOWN THE STAIRS, THE OWNER OF THE INN 38 00:01:46,574 --> 00:01:49,675 STAIRS, THE OWNER OF THE INN TOOK HIS SHOTGUN AND SHOT HIM IN 39 00:01:49,677 --> 00:01:55,647 TOOK HIS SHOTGUN AND SHOT HIM IN THE CHEST. 40 00:01:55,649 --> 00:01:59,418 THE CHEST. HE FELL DOWN THE LAST FEW STEPS, 41 00:01:59,420 --> 00:02:03,021 HE FELL DOWN THE LAST FEW STEPS, CLUTCHING AND WRAPPED IN THIS 42 00:02:03,023 --> 00:02:05,524 CLUTCHING AND WRAPPED IN THIS INCREASINGLY BLOCK-SOAKED FLAG. 43 00:02:05,526 --> 00:02:09,695 INCREASINGLY BLOCK-SOAKED FLAG. LINCOLN LOVED THIS YOUNG MAN SO 44 00:02:09,697 --> 00:02:11,563 LINCOLN LOVED THIS YOUNG MAN SO THE WAR CAME HOME REALLY FAST 45 00:02:11,565 --> 00:02:27,779 THE WAR CAME HOME REALLY FAST FOR LINCOLN. 46 00:02:31,618 --> 00:02:36,989 >> WITH THE FIRST CANNON FIRED AT FT. SUMTER IN APRIL 1861, THE 47 00:02:36,991 --> 00:02:41,026 AT FT. SUMTER IN APRIL 1861, THE COUNTRY THRUST INTO CIVIL WAR. 48 00:02:41,028 --> 00:02:41,693 COUNTRY THRUST INTO CIVIL WAR. AND THE FATE OF THE UNITED 49 00:02:41,695 --> 00:02:46,165 AND THE FATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND DEMOCRACY ITSELF ARE 50 00:02:46,167 --> 00:02:52,471 STATES AND DEMOCRACY ITSELF ARE IN ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HANDS. 51 00:02:52,473 --> 00:02:55,174 IN ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HANDS. >> WHEN THE HOSTILITIES START IN 52 00:02:55,176 --> 00:02:57,209 >> WHEN THE HOSTILITIES START IN APRIL OF 1861, THE UNITED STATES 53 00:02:57,211 --> 00:02:57,943 APRIL OF 1861, THE UNITED STATES STANDING ARMY IS LESS THAN 2,000 54 00:02:57,945 --> 00:03:00,546 STANDING ARMY IS LESS THAN 2,000 MEN. 55 00:03:00,548 --> 00:03:02,014 MEN. BUT THE CONFEDERACY DOESN'T HAVE 56 00:03:02,016 --> 00:03:03,015 BUT THE CONFEDERACY DOESN'T HAVE AN ARMY AT ALL. 57 00:03:03,017 --> 00:03:06,418 AN ARMY AT ALL. >> THE HOPE ON THE SIDE OF THE 58 00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:07,286 >> THE HOPE ON THE SIDE OF THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION IS THEY 59 00:03:07,288 --> 00:03:10,189 LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION IS THEY CAN BRING A BUNCH OF TROOPS TO 60 00:03:10,191 --> 00:03:12,191 CAN BRING A BUNCH OF TROOPS TO WASHINGTON AND DISPLAY THE 61 00:03:12,193 --> 00:03:14,393 WASHINGTON AND DISPLAY THE MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED 62 00:03:14,395 --> 00:03:15,694 MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE 63 00:03:15,696 --> 00:03:19,698 STATES OF AMERICA AND THE CONFEDERATES WILL BACK DOWN. 64 00:03:19,700 --> 00:03:21,733 CONFEDERATES WILL BACK DOWN. >> THE PEOPLE THAT ARE ENLISTING 65 00:03:21,735 --> 00:03:24,036 >> THE PEOPLE THAT ARE ENLISTING ARE JUST FOR 90 DAYS. 66 00:03:24,038 --> 00:03:26,572 ARE JUST FOR 90 DAYS. >> THERE WERE VERY FEW PEOPLE IN 67 00:03:26,574 --> 00:03:27,272 >> THERE WERE VERY FEW PEOPLE IN THE NORTH WHO THOUGHT THE WAR 68 00:03:27,274 --> 00:03:30,442 THE NORTH WHO THOUGHT THE WAR WOULD BE MORE THAN 90 DAYS. 69 00:03:30,444 --> 00:03:33,679 WOULD BE MORE THAN 90 DAYS. >> JULY 1861 IT IS CLEAR THAT 70 00:03:33,681 --> 00:03:35,981 >> JULY 1861 IT IS CLEAR THAT SO-CALLED CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE 71 00:03:35,983 --> 00:03:39,218 SO-CALLED CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE GOING TO FIND A PLACE TO ENGAGE 72 00:03:39,220 --> 00:03:40,118 GOING TO FIND A PLACE TO ENGAGE AMERICAN FORCES WHO ARE TRYING 73 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:41,787 AMERICAN FORCES WHO ARE TRYING TO TAKE BACK THE NEW CONFEDERATE 74 00:03:41,789 --> 00:03:44,756 TO TAKE BACK THE NEW CONFEDERATE CAPITAL OF RICHMOND. 75 00:03:44,758 --> 00:03:47,492 CAPITAL OF RICHMOND. BUT LINCOLN MAKES A STRATEGIC 76 00:03:47,494 --> 00:03:48,427 BUT LINCOLN MAKES A STRATEGIC MISTAKE AT THE BEGINNING. 77 00:03:48,429 --> 00:03:50,295 MISTAKE AT THE BEGINNING. >> THE GENERAL OF THE ARMY TOLD 78 00:03:50,297 --> 00:03:52,431 >> THE GENERAL OF THE ARMY TOLD LINCOLN, HE SAID, MR. PRESIDENT, 79 00:03:52,433 --> 00:03:53,732 LINCOLN, HE SAID, MR. PRESIDENT, OUR TROOPS NEED A LOT MORE 80 00:03:53,734 --> 00:03:55,467 OUR TROOPS NEED A LOT MORE TRAINING AND THEY'RE PRETTY 81 00:03:55,469 --> 00:03:56,435 TRAINING AND THEY'RE PRETTY GREEN. 82 00:03:56,437 --> 00:03:58,403 GREEN. >> LINCOLN'S REPLY IS "THE OTHER 83 00:03:58,405 --> 00:03:59,304 >> LINCOLN'S REPLY IS "THE OTHER SIDE IS GREEN TOO. 84 00:03:59,306 --> 00:04:01,373 SIDE IS GREEN TOO. YOU ARE ALL GREEN ALIKE." 85 00:04:01,375 --> 00:04:02,407 YOU ARE ALL GREEN ALIKE." LINCOLN WAS DETERMINED IT SHOULD 86 00:04:02,409 --> 00:04:02,841 LINCOLN WAS DETERMINED IT SHOULD GO AHEAD. 87 00:04:02,843 --> 00:04:05,911 GO AHEAD. AND SO OFF THEY GO INTO 88 00:04:05,913 --> 00:04:06,945 AND SO OFF THEY GO INTO VIRGINIA. 89 00:04:06,947 --> 00:04:09,281 VIRGINIA. >> CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE 90 00:04:09,283 --> 00:04:11,817 >> CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE EXPECTED TO ENGAGE THE UNITED 91 00:04:11,819 --> 00:04:15,187 EXPECTED TO ENGAGE THE UNITED STATES ARMY AT A TOWN CALLED 92 00:04:15,189 --> 00:04:16,421 STATES ARMY AT A TOWN CALLED MANASSAS, NOT TOO FAR FROM 93 00:04:16,423 --> 00:04:16,822 MANASSAS, NOT TOO FAR FROM WASHINGTON. 94 00:04:16,824 --> 00:04:18,290 WASHINGTON. SO LOTS OF PEOPLE FROM 95 00:04:18,292 --> 00:04:20,025 SO LOTS OF PEOPLE FROM WASHINGTON TOOK CARRIAGES AND 96 00:04:20,027 --> 00:04:23,228 WASHINGTON TOOK CARRIAGES AND PICNIC LUNCHES AND WENT OUT AND 97 00:04:23,230 --> 00:04:25,097 PICNIC LUNCHES AND WENT OUT AND SETTLED ON THE SLOPES ABOVE WHAT 98 00:04:25,099 --> 00:04:26,932 SETTLED ON THE SLOPES ABOVE WHAT CLEARLY WAS EMERGING AS THE 99 00:04:26,934 --> 00:04:29,268 CLEARLY WAS EMERGING AS THE FIELD OF ACTION TO WATCH THE WAR 100 00:04:29,270 --> 00:04:30,936 FIELD OF ACTION TO WATCH THE WAR BEGIN AND END IN THE SAME DAY. 101 00:04:30,938 --> 00:04:32,771 BEGIN AND END IN THE SAME DAY. AND IN FACT IN THE MORNING, THE 102 00:04:32,773 --> 00:04:34,673 AND IN FACT IN THE MORNING, THE AMERICAN ARMY DID REALLY WELL, 103 00:04:34,675 --> 00:04:36,475 AMERICAN ARMY DID REALLY WELL, PUSHING BACK THESE REBELS. 104 00:04:36,477 --> 00:04:39,778 PUSHING BACK THESE REBELS. >> THE GENERAL IN COMMAND, IRVIN 105 00:04:39,780 --> 00:04:42,281 >> THE GENERAL IN COMMAND, IRVIN McDOWELL NEARLY SUCCEEDS IN 106 00:04:42,283 --> 00:04:43,382 McDOWELL NEARLY SUCCEEDS IN FLANKING THE CONFEDERATE FORCE 107 00:04:43,384 --> 00:04:44,249 FLANKING THE CONFEDERATE FORCE THERE'S. 108 00:04:44,251 --> 00:04:45,751 THERE'S. McDOWELL'S ARMY COMES DOWN TO A 109 00:04:45,753 --> 00:04:51,323 McDOWELL'S ARMY COMES DOWN TO A STREAM KNOWN AS BULL RUN, ALMOST 110 00:04:51,325 --> 00:04:53,158 STREAM KNOWN AS BULL RUN, ALMOST A LADDER OF WATER COURSES THAT 111 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:54,893 A LADDER OF WATER COURSES THAT HE WOULD HAVE TO CROSS, BUT 112 00:04:54,895 --> 00:04:57,396 HE WOULD HAVE TO CROSS, BUT RIGHT AT THAT MOMENT CONFEDERATE 113 00:04:57,398 --> 00:05:00,532 RIGHT AT THAT MOMENT CONFEDERATE REENFORMTS COME BACK FROM THE 114 00:05:00,534 --> 00:05:01,733 REENFORMTS COME BACK FROM THE SHENANDOAH ARMY AND PUSH HIM 115 00:05:01,735 --> 00:05:02,034 SHENANDOAH ARMY AND PUSH HIM BACK. 116 00:05:02,036 --> 00:05:04,970 BACK. >> SUDDENLY THE WHOLE NORTHERN 117 00:05:04,972 --> 00:05:07,039 >> SUDDENLY THE WHOLE NORTHERN ARMY FLEECE. 118 00:05:07,041 --> 00:05:07,806 ARMY FLEECE. TOTAL DISARRAY. 119 00:05:07,808 --> 00:05:08,507 TOTAL DISARRAY. THE OFFICERS ARE NOT ABLE TO 120 00:05:08,509 --> 00:05:12,377 THE OFFICERS ARE NOT ABLE TO KEEP ORDER. 121 00:05:12,379 --> 00:05:13,745 KEEP ORDER. REPORTERS ARE SHOT AT. 122 00:05:13,747 --> 00:05:17,082 REPORTERS ARE SHOT AT. THE PICNICKERS ARE UPROOTED. 123 00:05:17,084 --> 00:05:18,650 THE PICNICKERS ARE UPROOTED. THE BLANKETS AND BASKETS ARE 124 00:05:18,652 --> 00:05:18,950 THE BLANKETS AND BASKETS ARE LEFT. 125 00:05:18,952 --> 00:05:19,518 LEFT. THEY FLEE. 126 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:21,953 THEY FLEE. THE SOUTH HOLDS THE GROUND AND 127 00:05:21,955 --> 00:05:22,621 THE SOUTH HOLDS THE GROUND AND WINS THE DAY. 128 00:05:22,623 --> 00:05:25,390 WINS THE DAY. THE DEFEATED AMERICAN ARMY HAS 129 00:05:25,392 --> 00:05:29,127 THE DEFEATED AMERICAN ARMY HAS TO WALK ITS WAY BACK TO D.C. 130 00:05:29,129 --> 00:05:33,665 TO WALK ITS WAY BACK TO D.C. BLOOD STAINED, SWEAT-STAINED IN 131 00:05:33,667 --> 00:05:34,733 BLOOD STAINED, SWEAT-STAINED IN TOTAL HUMILIATION. 132 00:05:34,735 --> 00:05:36,635 TOTAL HUMILIATION. WHEN LINCOLN GETS THE NEWS THAT 133 00:05:36,637 --> 00:05:38,236 WHEN LINCOLN GETS THE NEWS THAT THE UNION HAD LOST THE BATTLE OF 134 00:05:38,238 --> 00:05:41,340 THE UNION HAD LOST THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN, HE KNOWS THIS IS A 135 00:05:41,342 --> 00:05:41,973 BULL RUN, HE KNOWS THIS IS A MUCH BIGGER EVENT THAN HE 136 00:05:41,975 --> 00:05:44,509 MUCH BIGGER EVENT THAN HE CALCULATED. 137 00:05:44,511 --> 00:05:45,977 CALCULATED. >> FOR THE YOUNG MEN WHO 138 00:05:45,979 --> 00:05:47,846 >> FOR THE YOUNG MEN WHO VOLUNTEERED TO EARLY IN THE WAR, 139 00:05:47,848 --> 00:05:50,615 VOLUNTEERED TO EARLY IN THE WAR, THAT WAS JUST A COMPLETELY 140 00:05:50,617 --> 00:05:52,417 THAT WAS JUST A COMPLETELY DISORIENTING AND HORRIFYING 141 00:05:52,419 --> 00:05:52,818 DISORIENTING AND HORRIFYING EXPERIENCE. 142 00:05:52,820 --> 00:05:54,619 EXPERIENCE. >> LINCOLN IS CRITICIZED FOR 143 00:05:54,621 --> 00:05:56,288 >> LINCOLN IS CRITICIZED FOR HAVING ORDERED HIS TROOPS INTO 144 00:05:56,290 --> 00:05:59,725 HAVING ORDERED HIS TROOPS INTO BATTLE BEFORE THEY WERE READY. 145 00:05:59,727 --> 00:06:01,693 BATTLE BEFORE THEY WERE READY. >> HORACE GREELEY, THE EDITOR OF 146 00:06:01,695 --> 00:06:02,427 >> HORACE GREELEY, THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE TELLS 147 00:06:02,429 --> 00:06:03,929 THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE TELLS LINCOLN IT'S OVER. 148 00:06:03,931 --> 00:06:06,365 LINCOLN IT'S OVER. WE'VE LOST. 149 00:06:06,367 --> 00:06:09,501 WE'VE LOST. >> AT THE END OF THE DAY, IT HAS 150 00:06:09,503 --> 00:06:11,269 >> AT THE END OF THE DAY, IT HAS TO BE SAID THAT ABRAHAM LINCOLN 151 00:06:11,271 --> 00:06:13,004 TO BE SAID THAT ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS NOT NEARLY AS SAVVY A 152 00:06:13,006 --> 00:06:13,705 WAS NOT NEARLY AS SAVVY A MILITARY THINKER AS HE WAS A 153 00:06:13,707 --> 00:06:17,676 MILITARY THINKER AS HE WAS A POLITICAL ONE. 154 00:06:17,678 --> 00:06:20,846 POLITICAL ONE. >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO?NOT NEARL 155 00:06:20,848 --> 00:06:21,546 >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO?NOT NEARL THINKER AS HE WAS A POLITICAL 156 00:06:21,548 --> 00:06:21,813 THINKER AS HE WAS A POLITICAL ONE. 157 00:06:21,815 --> 00:06:23,115 ONE. >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO? 158 00:06:23,117 --> 00:06:24,950 >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO? HE SENDS TO THE LIBRARY OF 159 00:06:24,952 --> 00:06:27,753 HE SENDS TO THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FOR BOOKS, BOOKS ABOUT 160 00:06:27,755 --> 00:06:28,286 CONGRESS FOR BOOKS, BOOKS ABOUT WAR STRATEGY. 161 00:06:28,288 --> 00:06:30,322 WAR STRATEGY. HE DECIDES TO TEACH HIMSELF THE 162 00:06:30,324 --> 00:06:32,157 HE DECIDES TO TEACH HIMSELF THE JOB OF COMMANDER IN CHIEF, JUST 163 00:06:32,159 --> 00:06:33,992 JOB OF COMMANDER IN CHIEF, JUST AS HE TAUGHT HIMSELF 164 00:06:33,994 --> 00:06:34,726 AS HE TAUGHT HIMSELF SHAKESPEARE, JUST AS HE TAUGHT 165 00:06:34,728 --> 00:06:36,762 SHAKESPEARE, JUST AS HE TAUGHT HIMSELF THE LAW. 166 00:06:36,764 --> 00:06:39,765 HIMSELF THE LAW. HE'S THE BIGGEST AND MOST 167 00:06:39,767 --> 00:06:42,234 HE'S THE BIGGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL AUTODIDACT IN 168 00:06:42,236 --> 00:06:43,034 SUCCESSFUL AUTODIDACT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 169 00:06:43,036 --> 00:06:45,771 AMERICAN HISTORY. >> BUT WARS ARE NOT WON FROM 170 00:06:45,773 --> 00:06:47,472 >> BUT WARS ARE NOT WON FROM BEHIND A DESK. 171 00:06:47,474 --> 00:06:50,475 BEHIND A DESK. LINCOLN MUST FIND A SEASONED 172 00:06:50,477 --> 00:06:51,109 LINCOLN MUST FIND A SEASONED GENERAL TO ENSURE A UNION 173 00:06:51,111 --> 00:06:53,245 GENERAL TO ENSURE A UNION VICTORY. 174 00:06:53,247 --> 00:06:56,148 VICTORY. >> AFTER THE DISASTER AT BULL 175 00:06:56,150 --> 00:06:58,617 >> AFTER THE DISASTER AT BULL RUN, GENERAL McDOWELL IS 176 00:06:58,619 --> 00:06:59,451 RUN, GENERAL McDOWELL IS POLITELY RELIEVED. 177 00:06:59,453 --> 00:07:01,086 POLITELY RELIEVED. ANOTHER GENERAL, GEORGE 178 00:07:01,088 --> 00:07:02,354 ANOTHER GENERAL, GEORGE McCLELLAN IS CALLED IN FROM THE 179 00:07:02,356 --> 00:07:03,688 McCLELLAN IS CALLED IN FROM THE WEST TO TAKE CHARGE, AND NEW 180 00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:10,262 WEST TO TAKE CHARGE, AND NEW PLANS ARE GOING TO BE MADE. 181 00:07:10,264 --> 00:07:11,496 PLANS ARE GOING TO BE MADE. GEORGE BRITON McCLELLAN WHO 182 00:07:11,498 --> 00:07:13,165 GEORGE BRITON McCLELLAN WHO SEEMED TO BE THE VERY APEX OF A 183 00:07:13,167 --> 00:07:13,732 SEEMED TO BE THE VERY APEX OF A PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER. 184 00:07:13,734 --> 00:07:15,400 PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER. >> HE HAD BEEN A HIGH-RANKING 185 00:07:15,402 --> 00:07:16,501 >> HE HAD BEEN A HIGH-RANKING MEMBER OF HIS CLASS AT WEST 186 00:07:16,503 --> 00:07:16,802 MEMBER OF HIS CLASS AT WEST POINT. 187 00:07:16,804 --> 00:07:17,602 POINT. HE HAD BEEN A SUCCESSFUL 188 00:07:17,604 --> 00:07:17,936 HE HAD BEEN A SUCCESSFUL OFFICER. 189 00:07:17,938 --> 00:07:20,772 OFFICER. HE SEEMED TO BE A BOY GENIUS. 190 00:07:20,774 --> 00:07:22,274 HE SEEMED TO BE A BOY GENIUS. AND McCLELLAN TAKES THE ARMY 191 00:07:22,276 --> 00:07:25,377 AND McCLELLAN TAKES THE ARMY THAT HAD BEEN SO DISPIRITED BY 192 00:07:25,379 --> 00:07:29,214 THAT HAD BEEN SO DISPIRITED BY THE DEFEAT OF BULL RUN, HE WHIPS 193 00:07:29,216 --> 00:07:29,948 THE DEFEAT OF BULL RUN, HE WHIPS IT INTO SHAPE AND RESTORES THE 194 00:07:29,950 --> 00:07:30,982 IT INTO SHAPE AND RESTORES THE MORALE IN THE ARMY, BUT THEN HE 195 00:07:30,984 --> 00:07:35,086 MORALE IN THE ARMY, BUT THEN HE FAILS TO USE IT. 196 00:07:35,088 --> 00:07:36,822 FAILS TO USE IT. >> LINCOLN HAS THIS GREAT MOMENT 197 00:07:36,824 --> 00:07:39,324 >> LINCOLN HAS THIS GREAT MOMENT WHERE HE WRITES McCLELLAN A 198 00:07:39,326 --> 00:07:40,625 WHERE HE WRITES McCLELLAN A LETTER AND SAID IF YOU'RE NOT 199 00:07:40,627 --> 00:07:43,895 LETTER AND SAID IF YOU'RE NOT GOING TO BE USING THE ARMY, I 200 00:07:43,897 --> 00:07:46,631 GOING TO BE USING THE ARMY, I MIGHT JUST BORROW IT. 201 00:07:46,633 --> 00:07:48,366 MIGHT JUST BORROW IT. LIKE YOU'D SAY THAT IF YOU'RE 202 00:07:48,368 --> 00:07:50,368 LIKE YOU'D SAY THAT IF YOU'RE NOT GOING TO FINISH THAT 203 00:07:50,370 --> 00:07:52,070 NOT GOING TO FINISH THAT SANDWICH, MAYBE I'D JUST HAVE A 204 00:07:52,072 --> 00:07:52,604 SANDWICH, MAYBE I'D JUST HAVE A BITE. 205 00:07:52,606 --> 00:07:54,339 BITE. >> BUT McCLEN LAN REFUSES TO 206 00:07:54,341 --> 00:07:56,107 >> BUT McCLEN LAN REFUSES TO SHARE HIS BATTLE PLANS, AND 207 00:07:56,109 --> 00:07:57,542 SHARE HIS BATTLE PLANS, AND CONGRESS STARTS TO GET IMPATIENT 208 00:07:57,544 --> 00:07:58,844 CONGRESS STARTS TO GET IMPATIENT AND NEWSPAPER EDITORS START TO 209 00:07:58,846 --> 00:07:59,611 AND NEWSPAPER EDITORS START TO GET IMPATIENT. 210 00:07:59,613 --> 00:08:01,046 GET IMPATIENT. BUT LINCOLN PUTS UP WITH HIS 211 00:08:01,048 --> 00:08:03,148 BUT LINCOLN PUTS UP WITH HIS DELAY AND EVEN PUTS UP WITH 212 00:08:03,150 --> 00:08:03,715 DELAY AND EVEN PUTS UP WITH SNUBS. 213 00:08:03,717 --> 00:08:05,817 SNUBS. LINCOLN GOES TO McCLELLAN'S 214 00:08:05,819 --> 00:08:12,290 LINCOLN GOES TO McCLELLAN'S HOUSE IN DESPERATION ONE DAY. 215 00:08:12,292 --> 00:08:14,292 HOUSE IN DESPERATION ONE DAY. McCLELLAN IS OUT. 216 00:08:14,294 --> 00:08:14,893 McCLELLAN IS OUT. LINCOLN SAYS I'LL WAIT. 217 00:08:14,895 --> 00:08:17,596 LINCOLN SAYS I'LL WAIT. HE WAITS AND HE WAITS. 218 00:08:17,598 --> 00:08:19,965 HE WAITS AND HE WAITS. AND McCLELLAN COMES HOME, HEARS 219 00:08:19,967 --> 00:08:22,200 AND McCLELLAN COMES HOME, HEARS FROM HIS VALET THAT LINCOLN IS 220 00:08:22,202 --> 00:08:23,835 FROM HIS VALET THAT LINCOLN IS WAITING, AND HE GOES DIRECTLY 221 00:08:23,837 --> 00:08:24,569 WAITING, AND HE GOES DIRECTLY UPSTAIRS WHILE LINCOLN SITS IN 222 00:08:24,571 --> 00:08:27,939 UPSTAIRS WHILE LINCOLN SITS IN HIS PARLOR. 223 00:08:27,941 --> 00:08:29,774 HIS PARLOR. AND THEN HE SENDS HIS SERVANT 224 00:08:29,776 --> 00:08:31,776 AND THEN HE SENDS HIS SERVANT DOWN TO TELL LINCOLN THAT HE IS 225 00:08:31,778 --> 00:08:35,146 DOWN TO TELL LINCOLN THAT HE IS INDISPOSED AND GOING TO BED. 226 00:08:35,148 --> 00:08:37,148 INDISPOSED AND GOING TO BED. LINCOLN JUST GOES BACK TO HIS 227 00:08:37,150 --> 00:08:38,250 LINCOLN JUST GOES BACK TO HIS CARRIAGE, AND THE SECRETARY SAYS 228 00:08:38,252 --> 00:08:39,384 CARRIAGE, AND THE SECRETARY SAYS MR. PRESIDENT, HOW CAN YOU STAND 229 00:08:39,386 --> 00:08:42,554 MR. PRESIDENT, HOW CAN YOU STAND THAT KIND OF DISRESPECT? 230 00:08:42,556 --> 00:08:45,023 THAT KIND OF DISRESPECT? AND HE SAID "I WOULD HOLD 231 00:08:45,025 --> 00:08:45,757 AND HE SAID "I WOULD HOLD McCLELLAN'S HORSE IF HE WOULD 232 00:08:45,759 --> 00:08:48,493 McCLELLAN'S HORSE IF HE WOULD BRING ME VICTORIES." 233 00:08:48,495 --> 00:08:50,262 BRING ME VICTORIES." >> THE MOST SURPRISING THING TO 234 00:08:50,264 --> 00:08:51,162 >> THE MOST SURPRISING THING TO ME ABOUT LINCOLN IS THAT HE 235 00:08:51,164 --> 00:08:53,498 ME ABOUT LINCOLN IS THAT HE DIDN'T LOSE IT ALL THE TIME. 236 00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:56,101 DIDN'T LOSE IT ALL THE TIME. WHY DIDN'T LINCOLN JUST PICK UP 237 00:08:56,103 --> 00:09:01,339 WHY DIDN'T LINCOLN JUST PICK UP McCLELLAN, WHO WAS ONE-THIRD HIS 238 00:09:01,341 --> 00:09:02,040 McCLELLAN, WHO WAS ONE-THIRD HIS SIZE AND JUST JAM HIM INTO A 239 00:09:02,042 --> 00:09:02,474 SIZE AND JUST JAM HIM INTO A PICKLE BARREL? 240 00:09:02,476 --> 00:09:04,042 PICKLE BARREL? YOU THINK OF ANYBODY BEING UNDER 241 00:09:04,044 --> 00:09:05,677 YOU THINK OF ANYBODY BEING UNDER THAT KIND OF STRAIN BLOWING UP, 242 00:09:05,679 --> 00:09:08,880 THAT KIND OF STRAIN BLOWING UP, EXPLODING. 243 00:09:08,882 --> 00:09:13,685 EXPLODING. BUT LINCOLN KEEPS STOIC, 244 00:09:13,687 --> 00:09:14,219 BUT LINCOLN KEEPS STOIC, REASONED CALM. 245 00:09:14,221 --> 00:09:17,188 REASONED CALM. >> HE HAD AN INCREDIBLY THICK 246 00:09:17,190 --> 00:09:17,689 >> HE HAD AN INCREDIBLY THICK SKIN. 247 00:09:17,691 --> 00:09:18,423 SKIN. NOT ALL OF OUR PRESIDENTS HAVE 248 00:09:18,425 --> 00:09:20,659 NOT ALL OF OUR PRESIDENTS HAVE BEEN LIKE THAT. 249 00:09:20,661 --> 00:09:22,827 BEEN LIKE THAT. >> LINCOLN MANAGED TO SUPPRESS 250 00:09:22,829 --> 00:09:24,729 >> LINCOLN MANAGED TO SUPPRESS HIS OWN EGO. 251 00:09:24,731 --> 00:09:26,264 HIS OWN EGO. HE REFUSED TO QUARREL. 252 00:09:26,266 --> 00:09:28,033 HE REFUSED TO QUARREL. HE WAS COMMITTED TO A CAUSE 253 00:09:28,035 --> 00:09:30,168 HE WAS COMMITTED TO A CAUSE ABOVE AND BEYOND HIS PARTY AND 254 00:09:30,170 --> 00:09:32,938 ABOVE AND BEYOND HIS PARTY AND HIMSELF IN ORDER TO WIN THE WAR. 255 00:09:41,047 --> 00:09:43,982 >>> AS THE PRESSURES OF WAR MOUNT ON PRESIDENT LINCOLN, HE 256 00:09:43,984 --> 00:09:44,649 MOUNT ON PRESIDENT LINCOLN, HE LOOKS TO HIS YOUNG SONS FOR 257 00:09:44,651 --> 00:09:49,921 LOOKS TO HIS YOUNG SONS FOR RELIEF AND COMFORT. 258 00:09:49,923 --> 00:09:57,062 RELIEF AND COMFORT. BY THE WINTER OF 1862, HIS 259 00:09:57,064 --> 00:09:58,930 BY THE WINTER OF 1862, HIS OLDEST, ROBERT, IS STUDYING AT 260 00:09:58,932 --> 00:09:59,264 OLDEST, ROBERT, IS STUDYING AT HARVARD. 261 00:09:59,266 --> 00:10:02,334 HARVARD. BUT 11-YEAR-OLD WILLIE AND 262 00:10:02,336 --> 00:10:03,735 BUT 11-YEAR-OLD WILLIE AND 8-YEAR-OLD TAD HAVE FREE REIN OF 263 00:10:03,737 --> 00:10:07,973 8-YEAR-OLD TAD HAVE FREE REIN OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 264 00:10:07,975 --> 00:10:10,642 THE WHITE HOUSE. ♪ 265 00:10:10,644 --> 00:10:14,012 ♪ >> THE THIRD BORN, WILLIE, WHO 266 00:10:14,014 --> 00:10:15,680 >> THE THIRD BORN, WILLIE, WHO IS THEIR FAVORITE AND IS THE ONE 267 00:10:15,682 --> 00:10:17,449 IS THEIR FAVORITE AND IS THE ONE MOST LIKE HIS FATHER, HE HAD HIS 268 00:10:17,451 --> 00:10:18,617 MOST LIKE HIS FATHER, HE HAD HIS FATHER'S TEMPERAMENT, HIS SENSE 269 00:10:18,619 --> 00:10:20,385 FATHER'S TEMPERAMENT, HIS SENSE OF HUMOR, HIS BUILD. 270 00:10:20,387 --> 00:10:22,687 OF HUMOR, HIS BUILD. HE CARRIED HIS HEAD AT AN ANGLE 271 00:10:22,689 --> 00:10:23,755 HE CARRIED HIS HEAD AT AN ANGLE THE WAY LINCOLN DID. 272 00:10:23,757 --> 00:10:25,523 THE WAY LINCOLN DID. HE TALKED LIKE LINCOLN. 273 00:10:25,525 --> 00:10:27,993 HE TALKED LIKE LINCOLN. HE HAD LINCOLN'S SHARPNESS OF 274 00:10:27,995 --> 00:10:28,360 HE HAD LINCOLN'S SHARPNESS OF INTELLECT. 275 00:10:28,362 --> 00:10:31,463 INTELLECT. >> THE LINCOLNS WERE INDULGENT 276 00:10:31,465 --> 00:10:33,331 >> THE LINCOLNS WERE INDULGENT PARENTS, TO SAY THE LEAST. 277 00:10:33,333 --> 00:10:34,799 PARENTS, TO SAY THE LEAST. THEY FOUND THEIR CHILDREN 278 00:10:34,801 --> 00:10:37,602 THEY FOUND THEIR CHILDREN ENTERTAINING AND THOUGHT OTHER 279 00:10:37,604 --> 00:10:38,670 ENTERTAINING AND THOUGHT OTHER PEOPLE SHOULD TOO. 280 00:10:38,672 --> 00:10:41,106 PEOPLE SHOULD TOO. >> WHEN WILLIE AND TAD GOT INTO 281 00:10:41,108 --> 00:10:41,806 >> WHEN WILLIE AND TAD GOT INTO THE WHITE HOUSE, THEY WREAKED 282 00:10:41,808 --> 00:10:46,711 THE WHITE HOUSE, THEY WREAKED HAVOC. 283 00:10:46,713 --> 00:10:48,747 HAVOC. >> IT IS THE FIRST TIME YOU'VE 284 00:10:48,749 --> 00:10:49,781 >> IT IS THE FIRST TIME YOU'VE HAD YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE WHITE 285 00:10:49,783 --> 00:10:50,081 HAD YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 286 00:10:50,083 --> 00:10:51,883 HOUSE. IT SEEMS AS IF THEY WERE QUITE 287 00:10:51,885 --> 00:10:55,820 IT SEEMS AS IF THEY WERE QUITE RAPSCALLION. 288 00:10:55,822 --> 00:10:59,724 RAPSCALLION. THEY WERE QUITE NOTORIOUS. 289 00:10:59,726 --> 00:11:01,459 THEY WERE QUITE NOTORIOUS. >> THEIR FAVORITE ACTIVITY WAS 290 00:11:01,461 --> 00:11:04,229 >> THEIR FAVORITE ACTIVITY WAS TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE ROPES 291 00:11:04,231 --> 00:11:09,467 TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE ROPES THAT UNITED THE BELLS THROUGH 292 00:11:09,469 --> 00:11:13,872 THAT UNITED THE BELLS THROUGH WIN IN "DOWNTON ABBEY" STYLE YOU 293 00:11:13,874 --> 00:11:14,973 WIN IN "DOWNTON ABBEY" STYLE YOU SUMMONED SERVANTS. 294 00:11:14,975 --> 00:11:17,275 SUMMONED SERVANTS. SO THEY FOUND WAY TO TIE AND 295 00:11:17,277 --> 00:11:19,878 SO THEY FOUND WAY TO TIE AND MESS THEM UP SO YOU RANG IN THE 296 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:21,913 MESS THEM UP SO YOU RANG IN THE EAST ROOM YOU WOULD WIND UP IN 297 00:11:21,915 --> 00:11:23,581 EAST ROOM YOU WOULD WIND UP IN THE KITCHEN. 298 00:11:23,583 --> 00:11:26,217 THE KITCHEN. THEY LOVED MESSING UP THE BELLS. 299 00:11:26,219 --> 00:11:29,054 THEY LOVED MESSING UP THE BELLS. >> IT WAS AMAZING HOW MUCH FREE 300 00:11:29,056 --> 00:11:30,622 >> IT WAS AMAZING HOW MUCH FREE PLAY THEY HAD. 301 00:11:30,624 --> 00:11:33,124 PLAY THEY HAD. >> AND TO LINCOLN, HIS CHILDREN 302 00:11:33,126 --> 00:11:34,959 >> AND TO LINCOLN, HIS CHILDREN COULD DO NO WRONG, EVEN IF THEY 303 00:11:34,961 --> 00:11:38,997 COULD DO NO WRONG, EVEN IF THEY TOTALLY DISRUPTED THE OFFICE. 304 00:11:38,999 --> 00:11:39,964 TOTALLY DISRUPTED THE OFFICE. >> BUT THE FIRST LADY WAS NOT 305 00:11:39,966 --> 00:11:45,503 >> BUT THE FIRST LADY WAS NOT AFFORDED THE SAME COURTESY. 306 00:11:45,505 --> 00:11:50,308 AFFORDED THE SAME COURTESY. >> MARY WAS KNOWN AS AN 307 00:11:50,310 --> 00:11:52,410 >> MARY WAS KNOWN AS AN OUTSPOKEN FIRST LADY. 308 00:11:52,412 --> 00:11:54,312 OUTSPOKEN FIRST LADY. WAS A VERY EDUCATED WOMAN IN HER 309 00:11:54,314 --> 00:11:55,780 WAS A VERY EDUCATED WOMAN IN HER TIME SO SHE LIKED TO GIVE HER 310 00:11:55,782 --> 00:11:56,514 TIME SO SHE LIKED TO GIVE HER OPINION WHEN IT WAS NOT ALWAYS 311 00:11:56,516 --> 00:11:58,349 OPINION WHEN IT WAS NOT ALWAYS WELCOME. 312 00:11:58,351 --> 00:12:00,351 WELCOME. WE HAVE EXAMPLES OF LINCOLN 313 00:12:00,353 --> 00:12:01,753 WE HAVE EXAMPLES OF LINCOLN PUSHING HER OUT THE DOOR AND 314 00:12:01,755 --> 00:12:02,454 PUSHING HER OUT THE DOOR AND LOCKING IT SO HE CAN CONTINUE 315 00:12:02,456 --> 00:12:06,558 LOCKING IT SO HE CAN CONTINUE HIS MEETINGS. 316 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:11,429 HIS MEETINGS. >> MARY WAS ENORMOUSLY AND 317 00:12:11,431 --> 00:12:13,198 >> MARY WAS ENORMOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY FRUSTRATED BY H 318 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:15,834 CONTINUOUSLY FRUSTRATED BY H HER RELEGATION TO THE 319 00:12:15,836 --> 00:12:16,801 HER RELEGATION TO THE TRADITIONAL SPHERE OF A WOMAN IN 320 00:12:16,803 --> 00:12:17,535 TRADITIONAL SPHERE OF A WOMAN IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 321 00:12:17,537 --> 00:12:19,337 THE WHITE HOUSE. I THINK SHE HARBORED DREAMS OF 322 00:12:19,339 --> 00:12:21,473 I THINK SHE HARBORED DREAMS OF BEING CLOSE TO THE OFFICE AND 323 00:12:21,475 --> 00:12:22,707 BEING CLOSE TO THE OFFICE AND MAYBE BEING CALLED UPON TO GIVE 324 00:12:22,709 --> 00:12:25,410 MAYBE BEING CALLED UPON TO GIVE SAGE ADVICE, BUT LINCOLN WAS 325 00:12:25,412 --> 00:12:27,112 SAGE ADVICE, BUT LINCOLN WAS EXHAUSTED AND PREOCCUPIED BY 326 00:12:27,114 --> 00:12:29,314 EXHAUSTED AND PREOCCUPIED BY WORK AND HE SELDOM RETURNED TO 327 00:12:29,316 --> 00:12:30,048 WORK AND HE SELDOM RETURNED TO THE FAMILY QUARTERS DURING THE 328 00:12:30,050 --> 00:12:31,649 THE FAMILY QUARTERS DURING THE COURSE OF THE DAY. 329 00:12:31,651 --> 00:12:33,718 COURSE OF THE DAY. >> THE FIRST LADY IS NOT ONLY 330 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:35,720 >> THE FIRST LADY IS NOT ONLY EXCLUDED FROM POLITICAL 331 00:12:35,722 --> 00:12:36,588 EXCLUDED FROM POLITICAL CONVERSATIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE 332 00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:37,589 CONVERSATIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE BUT ALSO CONTINUES TO BE TREATED 333 00:12:37,591 --> 00:12:44,763 BUT ALSO CONTINUES TO BE TREATED LIKE AN OUTCAST BY D.C. SOCIETY. 334 00:12:44,765 --> 00:12:46,431 LIKE AN OUTCAST BY D.C. SOCIETY. >> MARY IS FROM KENTUCKY. 335 00:12:46,433 --> 00:12:47,298 >> MARY IS FROM KENTUCKY. HER BROTHERS ARE FIGHTING FOR 336 00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:49,901 HER BROTHERS ARE FIGHTING FOR THE CONFEDERACY. 337 00:12:49,903 --> 00:12:51,970 THE CONFEDERACY. >> MARY IS INTENDING TO BE A 338 00:12:51,972 --> 00:12:52,637 >> MARY IS INTENDING TO BE A GRAND HOSTESS AT THE WHITE 339 00:12:52,639 --> 00:12:56,508 GRAND HOSTESS AT THE WHITE HOUSE. 340 00:12:56,510 --> 00:12:59,477 HOUSE. BUT THE NEWSPAPERS SAID SHE WAS 341 00:12:59,479 --> 00:13:00,512 BUT THE NEWSPAPERS SAID SHE WAS UNSOPHISTICATED AND RUSTIC. 342 00:13:00,514 --> 00:13:02,514 UNSOPHISTICATED AND RUSTIC. THAT MUST HAVE DEVASTATED MARY, 343 00:13:02,516 --> 00:13:04,716 THAT MUST HAVE DEVASTATED MARY, BECAUSE SHE IS THINKING OF 344 00:13:04,718 --> 00:13:06,117 BECAUSE SHE IS THINKING OF HERSELF HIGH SOCIETY AND SHE 345 00:13:06,119 --> 00:13:07,418 HERSELF HIGH SOCIETY AND SHE MIGHT HAVE BEEN IN SPRINGFIELD, 346 00:13:07,420 --> 00:13:09,921 MIGHT HAVE BEEN IN SPRINGFIELD, BUT SHE FINDS OUT THE ENTRENCHED 347 00:13:09,923 --> 00:13:11,055 BUT SHE FINDS OUT THE ENTRENCHED SOCIETY IN WASHINGTON DOESN'T 348 00:13:11,057 --> 00:13:15,760 SOCIETY IN WASHINGTON DOESN'T LIKE HER AND DO NOT CONSIDER HER 349 00:13:15,762 --> 00:13:17,395 LIKE HER AND DO NOT CONSIDER HER UP TO THEIR CALIBER. 350 00:13:17,397 --> 00:13:19,397 UP TO THEIR CALIBER. >> THAT WAS VIEWED BY THE 351 00:13:19,399 --> 00:13:20,365 >> THAT WAS VIEWED BY THE ABOLITIONISTS AND THE STAUNCH 352 00:13:20,367 --> 00:13:23,802 ABOLITIONISTS AND THE STAUNCH UNION WOMEN AS A DISGRACE. 353 00:13:23,804 --> 00:13:24,469 UNION WOMEN AS A DISGRACE. WASN'T SHE SUSPICIOUS? 354 00:13:24,471 --> 00:13:26,437 WASN'T SHE SUSPICIOUS? >> SHE IS REGARDED AS A TRAITOR, 355 00:13:26,439 --> 00:13:28,439 >> SHE IS REGARDED AS A TRAITOR, SIGNALING TO THE CONFEDERATES 356 00:13:28,441 --> 00:13:29,440 SIGNALING TO THE CONFEDERATES RIDICULOUS STORIES LIKE THAT, 357 00:13:29,442 --> 00:13:30,074 RIDICULOUS STORIES LIKE THAT, BUT IT WAS FAIRLY WIDELY 358 00:13:30,076 --> 00:13:34,612 BUT IT WAS FAIRLY WIDELY BELIEVED. 359 00:13:34,614 --> 00:13:36,414 BELIEVED. >> HER HALF BROTHER-IN-LAW BEN 360 00:13:36,416 --> 00:13:38,616 >> HER HALF BROTHER-IN-LAW BEN HELM WAS A CONFEDERATE GENERAL 361 00:13:38,618 --> 00:13:40,385 HELM WAS A CONFEDERATE GENERAL WHO WAS KILLED IN ACTION, AND 362 00:13:40,387 --> 00:13:41,753 WHO WAS KILLED IN ACTION, AND HIS WIDOW WAS SHELTERED IN THE 363 00:13:41,755 --> 00:13:42,153 HIS WIDOW WAS SHELTERED IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 364 00:13:42,155 --> 00:13:43,788 WHITE HOUSE. THE COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF 365 00:13:43,790 --> 00:13:47,325 THE COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR HELD AN INQUIRY INTO THE 366 00:13:47,327 --> 00:13:48,860 THE WAR HELD AN INQUIRY INTO THE FIRST LADY'S LOYALTY. 367 00:13:48,862 --> 00:13:50,128 FIRST LADY'S LOYALTY. LINCOLN MADE A PERSONAL 368 00:13:50,130 --> 00:13:51,095 LINCOLN MADE A PERSONAL APPEARANCE TO THE COMMITTEE TO 369 00:13:51,097 --> 00:13:52,964 APPEARANCE TO THE COMMITTEE TO SAY SHE IS A BIGGER 370 00:13:52,966 --> 00:13:54,532 SAY SHE IS A BIGGER ABOLITIONIST, MORE LOYAL, MORE 371 00:13:54,534 --> 00:13:56,467 ABOLITIONIST, MORE LOYAL, MORE PRO UNION THAN I AM. 372 00:13:56,469 --> 00:13:58,736 PRO UNION THAN I AM. AS LONG AS IT'S MY HOUSE AND MY 373 00:13:58,738 --> 00:13:59,437 AS LONG AS IT'S MY HOUSE AND MY FAMILY'S HOUSE, I'LL DO AS I 374 00:13:59,439 --> 00:14:01,739 FAMILY'S HOUSE, I'LL DO AS I PLEASE. 375 00:14:01,741 --> 00:14:04,209 PLEASE. >> THERE WAS NO DOUBT IN HER 376 00:14:04,211 --> 00:14:07,011 >> THERE WAS NO DOUBT IN HER HEART ABOUT HER SUPPORT OF THE 377 00:14:07,013 --> 00:14:08,213 HEART ABOUT HER SUPPORT OF THE UNION, HER SUPPORT OF THE 378 00:14:08,215 --> 00:14:09,414 UNION, HER SUPPORT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, HER SUPPORT 379 00:14:09,416 --> 00:14:11,249 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, HER SUPPORT OF HER HUSBAND AS LEADER OF THE 380 00:14:11,251 --> 00:14:11,749 OF HER HUSBAND AS LEADER OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 381 00:14:11,751 --> 00:14:14,018 REPUBLICAN PARTY. >> SO SHE WAS DEEPLY WOUNDED, AS 382 00:14:14,020 --> 00:14:15,553 >> SO SHE WAS DEEPLY WOUNDED, AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT, BY THAT KIND 383 00:14:15,555 --> 00:14:17,488 YOU MIGHT EXPECT, BY THAT KIND OF CRITICISM. 384 00:14:17,490 --> 00:14:20,024 OF CRITICISM. >> DESPITE ALL THE ACCUSATIONS, 385 00:14:20,026 --> 00:14:21,259 >> DESPITE ALL THE ACCUSATIONS, MARY IS DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN 386 00:14:21,261 --> 00:14:23,561 MARY IS DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN THE DIGNITY OF THE EXECUTIVE 387 00:14:23,563 --> 00:14:26,965 THE DIGNITY OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 388 00:14:26,967 --> 00:14:31,569 OFFICE. IN FEBRUARY 1862, SHE PLANS A 389 00:14:31,571 --> 00:14:32,070 IN FEBRUARY 1862, SHE PLANS A BALL. 390 00:14:32,072 --> 00:14:36,641 BALL. >> MARY SAW IT AS IMPORTANT TO 391 00:14:36,643 --> 00:14:37,375 >> MARY SAW IT AS IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE NATION GOING, TO MEET 392 00:14:37,377 --> 00:14:38,643 KEEP THE NATION GOING, TO MEET THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE 393 00:14:38,645 --> 00:14:39,510 THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE GREATNESS OF THE UNION, THE 394 00:14:39,512 --> 00:14:41,846 GREATNESS OF THE UNION, THE UNITED STATES. 395 00:14:41,848 --> 00:14:45,850 UNITED STATES. MARY THOUGHT THAT THE BALL WAS A 396 00:14:45,852 --> 00:14:46,584 MARY THOUGHT THAT THE BALL WAS A COST-SAVING OVER MORE EXPENSIVE 397 00:14:46,586 --> 00:14:48,353 COST-SAVING OVER MORE EXPENSIVE STATE DINNERS. 398 00:14:48,355 --> 00:14:52,257 STATE DINNERS. AND HERE SHE WAS HAVING AN OPEN 399 00:14:52,259 --> 00:14:53,858 AND HERE SHE WAS HAVING AN OPEN HOUSE WITH ICE IN THE SHAPE OF 400 00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:57,061 HOUSE WITH ICE IN THE SHAPE OF PALACES AND SHIPS. 401 00:14:57,063 --> 00:14:58,062 PALACES AND SHIPS. >> AND, AGAIN, MARY WAS REALLY 402 00:14:58,064 --> 00:15:00,131 >> AND, AGAIN, MARY WAS REALLY CRITICIZED FOR IT. 403 00:15:00,133 --> 00:15:02,567 CRITICIZED FOR IT. >> ONE OF THE SENATORS HAD 404 00:15:02,569 --> 00:15:03,468 >> ONE OF THE SENATORS HAD WRITTEN SAYING PERHAPS IF YOU'RE 405 00:15:03,470 --> 00:15:04,936 WRITTEN SAYING PERHAPS IF YOU'RE NOT AWARE, THERE IS A WAR GOING 406 00:15:04,938 --> 00:15:05,203 NOT AWARE, THERE IS A WAR GOING ON. 407 00:15:05,205 --> 00:15:08,740 ON. WE ARE AND WE'RE STAYING HOME. 408 00:15:08,742 --> 00:15:10,708 WE ARE AND WE'RE STAYING HOME. >> MARY IS NOT ONLY CRITICIZED 409 00:15:10,710 --> 00:15:12,543 >> MARY IS NOT ONLY CRITICIZED FOR HOSTING A BALL WHILE 410 00:15:12,545 --> 00:15:14,145 FOR HOSTING A BALL WHILE SOLDIERS DIE ON THE 411 00:15:14,147 --> 00:15:15,413 SOLDIERS DIE ON THE BATTLEFIELDS, BUT ALSO FOR DOING 412 00:15:15,415 --> 00:15:16,114 BATTLEFIELDS, BUT ALSO FOR DOING SO WHILE HER 11-YEAR-OLD SON 413 00:15:16,116 --> 00:15:18,883 SO WHILE HER 11-YEAR-OLD SON WILLIE IS SICK. 414 00:15:18,885 --> 00:15:22,086 WILLIE IS SICK. >> WILLIE HAD BECOME ILL FROM 415 00:15:22,088 --> 00:15:23,388 >> WILLIE HAD BECOME ILL FROM DRINKING WATER IN THE WHITE 416 00:15:23,390 --> 00:15:25,156 DRINKING WATER IN THE WHITE HOUSE, WHICH HAS SINKS THAT LEAD 417 00:15:25,158 --> 00:15:27,992 HOUSE, WHICH HAS SINKS THAT LEAD DIRECTLY TO THE FOUL WATER FROM 418 00:15:27,994 --> 00:15:29,928 DIRECTLY TO THE FOUL WATER FROM THE POTOMAC WHICH SOLDIERS USE 419 00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:35,066 THE POTOMAC WHICH SOLDIERS USE THE RIVER AS A LATRINE UPSPRING 420 00:15:35,068 --> 00:15:35,700 THE RIVER AS A LATRINE UPSPRING AND ANIMALS DIE. 421 00:15:35,702 --> 00:15:37,735 AND ANIMALS DIE. >> BUT AS DIPLOMATS AND 422 00:15:37,737 --> 00:15:39,003 >> BUT AS DIPLOMATS AND DIGNITARIES MINGLE IN THE WHITE 423 00:15:39,005 --> 00:15:42,307 DIGNITARIES MINGLE IN THE WHITE HOUSE PARLOR, WILLIE'S CONDITION 424 00:15:42,309 --> 00:15:42,640 HOUSE PARLOR, WILLIE'S CONDITION WORSENS. 425 00:15:42,642 --> 00:15:45,843 WORSENS. A NIGHT MEANT TO INSTILL 426 00:15:53,085 --> 00:16:00,124 >>> IN FEBRUARY 1862, WILLIE LINCOLN, THE FAVORITE AND MOST 427 00:16:00,126 --> 00:16:02,927 LINCOLN, THE FAVORITE AND MOST PROMISING OF THE LINCOLN BOYS 428 00:16:02,929 --> 00:16:07,732 PROMISING OF THE LINCOLN BOYS FALLS SICK WITH TYPHOID FEVER. 429 00:16:07,734 --> 00:16:08,466 FALLS SICK WITH TYPHOID FEVER. >> BUT THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN 430 00:16:08,468 --> 00:16:13,671 >> BUT THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN DO. 431 00:16:13,673 --> 00:16:14,739 DO. THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE OF 432 00:16:14,741 --> 00:16:17,308 THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE OF TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. 433 00:16:17,310 --> 00:16:21,112 TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. AND AT THE AGE OF 11, AFTER A 434 00:16:21,114 --> 00:16:24,182 AND AT THE AGE OF 11, AFTER A HIDEOUS BATTLE WITH GREAT PAIN, 435 00:16:24,184 --> 00:16:28,586 HIDEOUS BATTLE WITH GREAT PAIN, HE DIES. 436 00:16:28,588 --> 00:16:29,921 HE DIES. >> AND IT'S A TERRIBLE BLOW TO 437 00:16:29,923 --> 00:16:33,257 >> AND IT'S A TERRIBLE BLOW TO BOTH HIS PARENTS. 438 00:16:33,259 --> 00:16:38,129 BOTH HIS PARENTS. >> MARY HAS THE BREAKDOWN. 439 00:16:38,131 --> 00:16:40,598 >> MARY HAS THE BREAKDOWN. >> SHE GOES INTO PROFOUND, DEEP 440 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,268 >> SHE GOES INTO PROFOUND, DEEP MOURNING. 441 00:16:44,270 --> 00:16:46,404 MOURNING. >> SHE TAKES TO HER ROOM. 442 00:16:46,406 --> 00:16:48,773 >> SHE TAKES TO HER ROOM. HER ROOM IS DARKENED. 443 00:16:48,775 --> 00:16:50,375 HER ROOM IS DARKENED. SHE CAN'T BEAR TO SEE HER SON 444 00:16:50,377 --> 00:16:52,176 SHE CAN'T BEAR TO SEE HER SON TAD, BECAUSE TAD REMINDS HER OF 445 00:16:52,178 --> 00:17:03,187 TAD, BECAUSE TAD REMINDS HER OF WILLIE. 446 00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:03,788 WILLIE. LINCOLN IS ALSO TOTALLY 447 00:17:03,790 --> 00:17:09,527 LINCOLN IS ALSO TOTALLY DEVASTATED. 448 00:17:09,529 --> 00:17:11,362 DEVASTATED. HE GOES FROM THE DEATH ROOM TO 449 00:17:11,364 --> 00:17:12,363 HE GOES FROM THE DEATH ROOM TO HIS SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 450 00:17:12,365 --> 00:17:15,133 HIS SECRETARY'S OFFICE. HE SAYS "MY BOY IS ACTUALLY 451 00:17:15,135 --> 00:17:15,967 HE SAYS "MY BOY IS ACTUALLY GONE. 452 00:17:15,969 --> 00:17:17,568 GONE. HE'S ACTUALLY GONE," AND HE 453 00:17:17,570 --> 00:17:18,302 HE'S ACTUALLY GONE," AND HE BEGINS TO SOB AND HIS SHOULDERS 454 00:17:18,304 --> 00:17:22,173 BEGINS TO SOB AND HIS SHOULDERS ARE HEAVING. 455 00:17:22,175 --> 00:17:24,008 ARE HEAVING. THERE'S A CONCERN ABOUT WHETHER 456 00:17:24,010 --> 00:17:26,677 THERE'S A CONCERN ABOUT WHETHER HE'LL BE ABLE TO HANDLE THE 457 00:17:26,679 --> 00:17:28,179 HE'LL BE ABLE TO HANDLE THE BEREAVEMENT AND HANDLE THE SHIP 458 00:17:28,181 --> 00:17:29,113 BEREAVEMENT AND HANDLE THE SHIP OF STATE AT THE SAME TIME, AND 459 00:17:29,115 --> 00:17:32,950 OF STATE AT THE SAME TIME, AND HE HAS TO REALLY ROUSE HIMSELF 460 00:17:32,952 --> 00:17:35,019 HE HAS TO REALLY ROUSE HIMSELF FROM HIS OWN DEPTHS TO GET BACK 461 00:17:35,021 --> 00:17:50,268 FROM HIS OWN DEPTHS TO GET BACK IN THE SADDLE AND RUN THE WAR. 462 00:17:51,070 --> 00:17:55,907 >> ONLY WEEKS AFTER WILLIE'S DEATH, A GRIEVING LINCOLN 463 00:17:55,909 --> 00:17:57,408 DEATH, A GRIEVING LINCOLN LAUNCHES THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN 464 00:17:57,410 --> 00:17:58,943 LAUNCHES THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN TO CAPTURE THE CONFEDERATE 465 00:17:58,945 --> 00:18:01,245 TO CAPTURE THE CONFEDERATE CAPITAL OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 466 00:18:01,247 --> 00:18:03,414 CAPITAL OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. >> GENERAL McCLELLAN LEADS THE 467 00:18:03,416 --> 00:18:05,316 >> GENERAL McCLELLAN LEADS THE CAMPAIGN, BUT HE WAS FOREVER 468 00:18:05,318 --> 00:18:07,185 CAMPAIGN, BUT HE WAS FOREVER TIMID, FOREVER DIGGING IN 469 00:18:07,187 --> 00:18:08,286 TIMID, FOREVER DIGGING IN TRENCHES. 470 00:18:08,288 --> 00:18:09,921 TRENCHES. ULTIMATELY, IT'S A DISASTER. 471 00:18:09,923 --> 00:18:11,756 ULTIMATELY, IT'S A DISASTER. HE'S DRIVEN OFF THE PENINSULA. 472 00:18:11,758 --> 00:18:14,959 HE'S DRIVEN OFF THE PENINSULA. SO THE SUMMER OF 1862 IS WASTED. 473 00:18:14,961 --> 00:18:15,993 SO THE SUMMER OF 1862 IS WASTED. THE CASUALTIES ARE HUGE, AND THE 474 00:18:15,995 --> 00:18:16,694 THE CASUALTIES ARE HUGE, AND THE UNION IS RIGHT BACK WHERE IT 475 00:18:16,696 --> 00:18:20,131 UNION IS RIGHT BACK WHERE IT STARTED. 476 00:18:20,133 --> 00:18:22,767 STARTED. >> AND LINCOLN FEELS 477 00:18:22,769 --> 00:18:23,167 >> AND LINCOLN FEELS RESPONSIBLE. 478 00:18:23,169 --> 00:18:24,769 RESPONSIBLE. THE BURDEN IS ON HIM. 479 00:18:24,771 --> 00:18:26,704 THE BURDEN IS ON HIM. >> HE WOULD GO AND MAKE VISITS 480 00:18:26,706 --> 00:18:33,211 >> HE WOULD GO AND MAKE VISITS TO THE HOSPITALS. 481 00:18:33,213 --> 00:18:34,212 TO THE HOSPITALS. THERE HE WOULD SHAKE HANDS WITH 482 00:18:34,214 --> 00:18:37,548 THERE HE WOULD SHAKE HANDS WITH SOLDIERS. 483 00:18:37,550 --> 00:18:40,351 SOLDIERS. >> AND HE WAS THERE, EXTENDING 484 00:18:40,353 --> 00:18:42,120 >> AND HE WAS THERE, EXTENDING HIS HAND TO CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS 485 00:18:42,122 --> 00:18:42,386 HIS HAND TO CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS TOO. 486 00:18:42,388 --> 00:18:44,188 TOO. SOME OF THEM WOULD SAY "DO YOU 487 00:18:44,190 --> 00:18:46,891 SOME OF THEM WOULD SAY "DO YOU KNOW THAT I'M A REB?" 488 00:18:46,893 --> 00:18:49,060 KNOW THAT I'M A REB?" AND HE WOULD SAY "ARE YOU SO REB 489 00:18:49,062 --> 00:18:51,129 AND HE WOULD SAY "ARE YOU SO REB YOU CAN'T TAKE MY HAND?" 490 00:18:51,131 --> 00:18:53,231 YOU CAN'T TAKE MY HAND?" HE WAS A MASTER AT THIS KIND OF 491 00:18:53,233 --> 00:18:54,799 HE WAS A MASTER AT THIS KIND OF EMPATHY AND SYMPATHY. 492 00:18:54,801 --> 00:18:57,235 EMPATHY AND SYMPATHY. >> HE LOST TWO SONS. 493 00:18:57,237 --> 00:18:59,537 >> HE LOST TWO SONS. HE THOUGHT OF THOSE SOLDIERS AS 494 00:18:59,539 --> 00:19:02,373 HE THOUGHT OF THOSE SOLDIERS AS SONS OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS. 495 00:19:02,375 --> 00:19:04,142 SONS OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS. >> THE LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION AND 496 00:19:04,144 --> 00:19:06,944 >> THE LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION AND THE LEVEL OF THE LOSS OF LIFE ON 497 00:19:06,946 --> 00:19:09,647 THE LEVEL OF THE LOSS OF LIFE ON TOP OF SUCH A PROFOUND LOSS, THE 498 00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:11,516 TOP OF SUCH A PROFOUND LOSS, THE DEATH OF WILLIE, IT WAS A 499 00:19:11,518 --> 00:19:14,385 DEATH OF WILLIE, IT WAS A TERRIBLE STRAIN ON HIM AND HIS 500 00:19:14,387 --> 00:19:16,087 TERRIBLE STRAIN ON HIM AND HIS PREDISPOSITION TO DEPRESSION WAS 501 00:19:16,089 --> 00:19:16,821 PREDISPOSITION TO DEPRESSION WAS IGNITED. 502 00:19:16,823 --> 00:19:19,657 IGNITED. AND HE WOULD REFER IF THERE WAS 503 00:19:19,659 --> 00:19:21,359 AND HE WOULD REFER IF THERE WAS WORSE PLACE THAN HELL, HE WAS IN 504 00:19:21,361 --> 00:19:21,626 WORSE PLACE THAN HELL, HE WAS IN IT. 505 00:19:21,628 --> 00:19:26,731 IT. AND AT TIMES HE FELT SUICIDAL. 506 00:19:26,733 --> 00:19:28,633 AND AT TIMES HE FELT SUICIDAL. >> IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE SOMEBODY 507 00:19:28,635 --> 00:19:30,635 >> IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE SOMEBODY TODAY EXPERIENCING AS MUCH PAIN 508 00:19:30,637 --> 00:19:32,603 TODAY EXPERIENCING AS MUCH PAIN AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND NOT BEING 509 00:19:32,605 --> 00:19:35,206 AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND NOT BEING HOSPITALIZED. 510 00:19:35,208 --> 00:19:40,011 HOSPITALIZED. LIKE MEDICATED, HOSPITALIZED. 511 00:19:40,013 --> 00:19:41,112 LIKE MEDICATED, HOSPITALIZED. THIS GUY LOST PRETTY MUCH 512 00:19:41,114 --> 00:19:44,949 THIS GUY LOST PRETTY MUCH EVERYBODY IN HIS LIFE. 513 00:19:44,951 --> 00:19:45,917 EVERYBODY IN HIS LIFE. >> BUT THE LINCOLNS WERE NOT 514 00:19:45,919 --> 00:19:48,853 >> BUT THE LINCOLNS WERE NOT UNIQUE. 515 00:19:48,855 --> 00:19:50,521 UNIQUE. THIS GREAT LOSS THAT STRUCK 516 00:19:50,523 --> 00:19:52,190 THIS GREAT LOSS THAT STRUCK THEM, THEY SHARED WITH EVERYBODY 517 00:19:52,192 --> 00:19:54,725 THEM, THEY SHARED WITH EVERYBODY ELSE IN THE COUNTRY. 518 00:19:54,727 --> 00:19:56,294 ELSE IN THE COUNTRY. THOUSANDS OF SONS ARE KILLED IN 519 00:19:56,296 --> 00:19:59,430 THOUSANDS OF SONS ARE KILLED IN BATTLE EVERY DAY. 520 00:19:59,432 --> 00:20:01,032 BATTLE EVERY DAY. >> SO HE HAD TO CONTINUE 521 00:20:01,034 --> 00:20:01,365 >> SO HE HAD TO CONTINUE SOMEHOW. 522 00:20:01,367 --> 00:20:03,334 SOMEHOW. HE HAD TO SUMMON THE STRENGTH TO 523 00:20:03,336 --> 00:20:13,578 HE HAD TO SUMMON THE STRENGTH TO CARRY ON. 524 00:20:13,580 --> 00:20:15,313 CARRY ON. >> AS THE WEIGHT OF THE WAR AND 525 00:20:15,315 --> 00:20:18,816 >> AS THE WEIGHT OF THE WAR AND PERSONAL TRAGEDIES COMPOUND UPON 526 00:20:18,818 --> 00:20:20,851 PERSONAL TRAGEDIES COMPOUND UPON LINCOLN, BOTH THE UNION AND THE 527 00:20:20,853 --> 00:20:23,721 LINCOLN, BOTH THE UNION AND THE CONFEDERACY HIT A FINANCIAL 528 00:20:23,723 --> 00:20:24,121 CONFEDERACY HIT A FINANCIAL CROSSROADS. 529 00:20:24,123 --> 00:20:24,722 CROSSROADS. >> WARS ARE INCREDIBLY 530 00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:27,692 >> WARS ARE INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE. 531 00:20:27,694 --> 00:20:30,828 EXPENSIVE. THEY HAVE TO GET WEAPONS. 532 00:20:30,830 --> 00:20:32,129 THEY HAVE TO GET WEAPONS. SOLDIERS HAVE TO BE FED. 533 00:20:32,131 --> 00:20:33,864 SOLDIERS HAVE TO BE FED. THEY HAVE TO HAVE YOU KNOW 534 00:20:33,866 --> 00:20:34,232 THEY HAVE TO HAVE YOU KNOW FORMS. 535 00:20:34,234 --> 00:20:36,300 FORMS. ALL OF THIS COSTS A HUGE AMOUNT 536 00:20:36,302 --> 00:20:37,101 ALL OF THIS COSTS A HUGE AMOUNT OF MONEY. 537 00:20:37,103 --> 00:20:39,537 OF MONEY. >> HOPING TO CRIPPLE CONFEDERATE 538 00:20:39,539 --> 00:20:41,072 >> HOPING TO CRIPPLE CONFEDERATE FUNDS, LINCOLN IMPOSES 539 00:20:41,074 --> 00:20:42,073 FUNDS, LINCOLN IMPOSES RESTRICTIONS ON SOUTHERN COTTON 540 00:20:42,075 --> 00:20:45,142 RESTRICTIONS ON SOUTHERN COTTON BEING SHIPPED TO EUROPE. 541 00:20:45,144 --> 00:20:46,744 BEING SHIPPED TO EUROPE. >> THE ENGLISH DEPENDED ON 542 00:20:46,746 --> 00:20:51,582 >> THE ENGLISH DEPENDED ON SOUTHERN COTTON FOR TEXTTEXTILE. 543 00:20:51,584 --> 00:20:52,483 SOUTHERN COTTON FOR TEXTTEXTILE. THEY WERE REALLY DEPENDENT ON 544 00:20:52,485 --> 00:20:52,950 THEY WERE REALLY DEPENDENT ON THAT. 545 00:20:52,952 --> 00:20:55,152 THAT. >> BUT THE UNION BLOCKADE 546 00:20:55,154 --> 00:20:55,953 >> BUT THE UNION BLOCKADE PREVENTS A LOT OF THOSE PRODUCTS 547 00:20:55,955 --> 00:20:57,588 PREVENTS A LOT OF THOSE PRODUCTS FROM COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. 548 00:20:57,590 --> 00:20:59,457 FROM COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. >> THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF 549 00:20:59,459 --> 00:21:02,093 >> THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA OFFERS A NEW TRADE DEAL 550 00:21:02,095 --> 00:21:02,960 AMERICA OFFERS A NEW TRADE DEAL TO FRANCE AND ENGLAND. 551 00:21:02,962 --> 00:21:06,063 TO FRANCE AND ENGLAND. IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY AND 552 00:21:06,065 --> 00:21:07,164 IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT. 553 00:21:07,166 --> 00:21:09,066 FINANCIAL SUPPORT. >> AND SO THERE WERE FINANCIAL 554 00:21:09,068 --> 00:21:10,735 >> AND SO THERE WERE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR THE BRITISH TO 555 00:21:10,737 --> 00:21:11,836 INCENTIVES FOR THE BRITISH TO RECOGNIZE THE CONFEDERACY. 556 00:21:11,838 --> 00:21:13,371 RECOGNIZE THE CONFEDERACY. >> THE CONFEDERACY THOUGHT 557 00:21:13,373 --> 00:21:14,538 >> THE CONFEDERACY THOUGHT ENGLAND WOULD GET IN ON THEIR 558 00:21:14,540 --> 00:21:15,106 ENGLAND WOULD GET IN ON THEIR SIDE. 559 00:21:15,108 --> 00:21:15,773 SIDE. ONCE THEY DID. 560 00:21:15,775 --> 00:21:17,275 ONCE THEY DID. THAT WOULD HAVE HAD ACCESS TO 561 00:21:17,277 --> 00:21:17,908 THAT WOULD HAVE HAD ACCESS TO CREDIT AND CAPITAL. 562 00:21:17,910 --> 00:21:18,643 CREDIT AND CAPITAL. >> THAT WOULD BE DEVASTATING FOR 563 00:21:18,645 --> 00:21:20,411 >> THAT WOULD BE DEVASTATING FOR THE UNION. 564 00:21:20,413 --> 00:21:23,314 THE UNION. >> NOT ONLY WOULD THE FINANCIAL 565 00:21:23,316 --> 00:21:24,915 >> NOT ONLY WOULD THE FINANCIAL INVESTMENT HELP CRUSH THE UNION 566 00:21:24,917 --> 00:21:26,183 INVESTMENT HELP CRUSH THE UNION ARMY, BUT FOREIGN RECOGNITION 567 00:21:26,185 --> 00:21:28,185 ARMY, BUT FOREIGN RECOGNITION WOULD ALSO LEGITIMIZE THE 568 00:21:28,187 --> 00:21:28,886 WOULD ALSO LEGITIMIZE THE CONFEDERACY AS AN AUTONOMOUS 569 00:21:28,888 --> 00:21:32,056 CONFEDERACY AS AN AUTONOMOUS NATION. 570 00:21:32,058 --> 00:21:36,761 NATION. AND CEMENT 571 00:21:43,468 --> 00:21:49,807 >>> BY THE SUMMER OF 1862, THE CIVIL WAR HAS RAGED FOR OVER A 572 00:21:49,809 --> 00:21:50,941 CIVIL WAR HAS RAGED FOR OVER A YEAR, AND THE UNION IS SUFFERING 573 00:21:50,943 --> 00:21:55,780 YEAR, AND THE UNION IS SUFFERING DEFEAT AFTER CRUSHING DEFEAT. 574 00:21:55,782 --> 00:21:57,081 DEFEAT AFTER CRUSHING DEFEAT. CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES HAVE 575 00:21:57,083 --> 00:21:59,050 CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES HAVE REACHED WELL OVER 100,000 AND 576 00:21:59,052 --> 00:22:10,795 REACHED WELL OVER 100,000 AND THERE IS NO END IN SIGHT. 577 00:22:10,797 --> 00:22:12,830 THERE IS NO END IN SIGHT. >> FROM THE EARLY STAGES OF THE 578 00:22:12,832 --> 00:22:14,131 >> FROM THE EARLY STAGES OF THE WAR, ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE RUNNING 579 00:22:14,133 --> 00:22:14,432 WAR, ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE RUNNING AWAY. 580 00:22:14,434 --> 00:22:16,067 AWAY. THERE ARE BLACK MEN RUSHING TO 581 00:22:16,069 --> 00:22:17,001 THERE ARE BLACK MEN RUSHING TO RECRUITMENT OFFICES IN THE 582 00:22:17,003 --> 00:22:18,669 RECRUITMENT OFFICES IN THE NORTHERN STATES SAYING SIGN ME 583 00:22:18,671 --> 00:22:18,936 NORTHERN STATES SAYING SIGN ME UP. 584 00:22:18,938 --> 00:22:20,271 UP. I WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST THESE 585 00:22:20,273 --> 00:22:21,372 I WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST THESE SLAVE OWNERS, RIGHT? 586 00:22:21,374 --> 00:22:22,773 SLAVE OWNERS, RIGHT? BUT THE GOVERNMENT TURNS THEM 587 00:22:22,775 --> 00:22:23,874 BUT THE GOVERNMENT TURNS THEM AWAY BECAUSE LINCOLN IS WORRIED 588 00:22:23,876 --> 00:22:25,776 AWAY BECAUSE LINCOLN IS WORRIED ABOUT MAKING THE WAR TOO 589 00:22:25,778 --> 00:22:26,243 ABOUT MAKING THE WAR TOO TRANSFORMATIVE. 590 00:22:26,245 --> 00:22:27,745 TRANSFORMATIVE. HE SAID AT MANY POINTS THAT IF 591 00:22:27,747 --> 00:22:29,613 HE SAID AT MANY POINTS THAT IF HE COULD SAVE THE UNION WITHOUT 592 00:22:29,615 --> 00:22:31,549 HE COULD SAVE THE UNION WITHOUT FREEING ANY SLAVES, HE WOULD DO. 593 00:22:31,551 --> 00:22:31,816 FREEING ANY SLAVES, HE WOULD DO. SO. 594 00:22:31,818 --> 00:22:33,884 SO. >> BUT HE IS INCREASINGLY FACING 595 00:22:33,886 --> 00:22:36,020 >> BUT HE IS INCREASINGLY FACING PRESSURE FROM THE RADICAL 596 00:22:36,022 --> 00:22:36,754 PRESSURE FROM THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS AND THE 597 00:22:36,756 --> 00:22:37,488 REPUBLICANS AND THE ABOLITIONISTS IN HIS OWN PARTY 598 00:22:37,490 --> 00:22:40,558 ABOLITIONISTS IN HIS OWN PARTY TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT SLAVERY. 599 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:43,394 TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT SLAVERY. >> IN HIS PAPER, IN HIS PUBLIC 600 00:22:43,396 --> 00:22:46,697 >> IN HIS PAPER, IN HIS PUBLIC ADDRESSES, WHENEVER HE GOT THE 601 00:22:46,699 --> 00:22:47,865 ADDRESSES, WHENEVER HE GOT THE OPPORTUNITY, FREDERICK DOUGLASS 602 00:22:47,867 --> 00:22:49,233 OPPORTUNITY, FREDERICK DOUGLASS WAS TELLING LINCOLN WE'RE NOT 603 00:22:49,235 --> 00:22:51,535 WAS TELLING LINCOLN WE'RE NOT DOING WELL IN THIS WAR AND YOU 604 00:22:51,537 --> 00:22:53,838 DOING WELL IN THIS WAR AND YOU HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TURN IT 605 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:55,673 HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TURN IT AROUND, BUT YOU'RE NOT WILLING 606 00:22:55,675 --> 00:22:57,675 AROUND, BUT YOU'RE NOT WILLING TO DO IT BECAUSE YOU ARE SO 607 00:22:57,677 --> 00:22:58,542 TO DO IT BECAUSE YOU ARE SO WEDDED TO PROTECTING THESE 608 00:22:58,544 --> 00:23:00,745 WEDDED TO PROTECTING THESE PEOPLE'S PROPERTY. 609 00:23:00,747 --> 00:23:03,047 PEOPLE'S PROPERTY. >> LINCOLN IS FEARFUL THAT IF HE 610 00:23:03,049 --> 00:23:04,315 >> LINCOLN IS FEARFUL THAT IF HE TAKES DIRECT ACTION AGAINST 611 00:23:04,317 --> 00:23:05,516 TAKES DIRECT ACTION AGAINST SLAVERY, IT WILL ALIENATE MANY 612 00:23:05,518 --> 00:23:08,085 SLAVERY, IT WILL ALIENATE MANY NORTHERNERS. 613 00:23:08,087 --> 00:23:10,621 NORTHERNERS. BUT BY THE MIDDLE OF 1862, 614 00:23:10,623 --> 00:23:12,456 BUT BY THE MIDDLE OF 1862, LINCOLN REALIZES THAT SLAVERY IS 615 00:23:12,458 --> 00:23:13,958 LINCOLN REALIZES THAT SLAVERY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATION OF 616 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:17,628 THE FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATION OF SOUTHERN SOCIETY. 617 00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:18,763 SOUTHERN SOCIETY. IT'S SLAVERY THAT IS KEEPING 618 00:23:18,765 --> 00:23:20,364 IT'S SLAVERY THAT IS KEEPING THEIR ARMIES IN THE FIELD. 619 00:23:20,366 --> 00:23:21,799 THEIR ARMIES IN THE FIELD. AND SO YOU WANT TO WIN, YOU GOT 620 00:23:21,801 --> 00:23:27,071 AND SO YOU WANT TO WIN, YOU GOT TO ATTACK SLAVERY. 621 00:23:27,073 --> 00:23:30,574 TO ATTACK SLAVERY. >> HE KNOWS THAT BLACK PEOPLE 622 00:23:30,576 --> 00:23:34,912 >> HE KNOWS THAT BLACK PEOPLE ARE HIS LAST CARD TO PLAY. 623 00:23:34,914 --> 00:23:36,914 ARE HIS LAST CARD TO PLAY. >> THE OTHER ENORMOUS THING IS 624 00:23:36,916 --> 00:23:38,115 >> THE OTHER ENORMOUS THING IS ENGLAND NOT GETTING IN THE WAR 625 00:23:38,117 --> 00:23:40,151 ENGLAND NOT GETTING IN THE WAR ON THE SOUTH'S SIDE. 626 00:23:40,153 --> 00:23:42,153 ON THE SOUTH'S SIDE. >> THERE IS THIS PRAGMATIC SIDE 627 00:23:42,155 --> 00:23:45,322 >> THERE IS THIS PRAGMATIC SIDE OF LINCOLN IN TERMS OF THINKING 628 00:23:45,324 --> 00:23:46,791 OF LINCOLN IN TERMS OF THINKING THE ENGLISH HAD ALREADY ENDED 629 00:23:46,793 --> 00:23:47,124 THE ENGLISH HAD ALREADY ENDED SLAVERY. 630 00:23:47,126 --> 00:23:49,293 SLAVERY. THERE WAS A REAL ABOLITIONIST 631 00:23:49,295 --> 00:23:50,127 THERE WAS A REAL ABOLITIONIST CENTER IN ENGLAND. 632 00:23:50,129 --> 00:23:51,495 CENTER IN ENGLAND. >> THEY'RE TRYING TO SORT OF 633 00:23:51,497 --> 00:23:53,464 >> THEY'RE TRYING TO SORT OF IGNORE THE SLAVERY THAT 634 00:23:53,466 --> 00:23:54,465 IGNORE THE SLAVERY THAT UNDERPINS THEIR TRADING 635 00:23:54,467 --> 00:23:55,332 UNDERPINS THEIR TRADING RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE 636 00:23:55,334 --> 00:23:57,201 RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE CONFEDERACY BECAUSE THEY ARE 637 00:23:57,203 --> 00:24:00,971 CONFEDERACY BECAUSE THEY ARE UNITED IN THE OPPOSITION TO 638 00:24:00,973 --> 00:24:01,305 UNITED IN THE OPPOSITION TO SLAVERY. 639 00:24:01,307 --> 00:24:02,840 SLAVERY. >> LINCOLN KNEW IF YOU MAKE 640 00:24:02,842 --> 00:24:04,642 >> LINCOLN KNEW IF YOU MAKE SLAVERY A PART OF THE WAR 641 00:24:04,644 --> 00:24:05,609 SLAVERY A PART OF THE WAR EQUATION, THEN IT'S VERY 642 00:24:05,611 --> 00:24:07,945 EQUATION, THEN IT'S VERY DIFFICULT FOR THE BRITISH TO 643 00:24:07,947 --> 00:24:08,679 DIFFICULT FOR THE BRITISH TO INTERVENE BECAUSE ENGLAND CAN'T 644 00:24:08,681 --> 00:24:09,747 INTERVENE BECAUSE ENGLAND CAN'T BE PERCEIVED AS COMING TO THE 645 00:24:09,749 --> 00:24:13,517 BE PERCEIVED AS COMING TO THE RESCUE OF A SLAVE EMPIRE. 646 00:24:13,519 --> 00:24:15,419 RESCUE OF A SLAVE EMPIRE. SO HE TELLS THE CABINET I'M 647 00:24:15,421 --> 00:24:18,889 SO HE TELLS THE CABINET I'M GOING TO ISSUE AN EMANCIPATION 648 00:24:18,891 --> 00:24:21,592 GOING TO ISSUE AN EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 649 00:24:21,594 --> 00:24:22,326 PROCLAMATION. SECRETARY OF STATE SEWARD SAYS 650 00:24:22,328 --> 00:24:23,260 SECRETARY OF STATE SEWARD SAYS MR. PRESIDENT, THAT'S GOING TO 651 00:24:23,262 --> 00:24:24,428 MR. PRESIDENT, THAT'S GOING TO LOOK LIKE A DESPERATION MOVE. 652 00:24:24,430 --> 00:24:26,397 LOOK LIKE A DESPERATION MOVE. LET'S WAIT FOR A MILITARY 653 00:24:26,399 --> 00:24:31,502 LET'S WAIT FOR A MILITARY VICTORY AND THEN ISSUE THE 654 00:24:31,504 --> 00:24:32,169 VICTORY AND THEN ISSUE THE EMANSLAUGHTER PROCLAMATION. 655 00:24:32,171 --> 00:24:33,471 EMANSLAUGHTER PROCLAMATION. PRESIDENT LINCOLN SAYS YOU'RE 656 00:24:33,473 --> 00:24:33,771 PRESIDENT LINCOLN SAYS YOU'RE RIGHT. 657 00:24:33,773 --> 00:24:35,773 RIGHT. SO HE TAKES THE EMANCIPATION 658 00:24:35,775 --> 00:24:36,807 SO HE TAKES THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, FILES IT AWAY AND 659 00:24:36,809 --> 00:24:37,908 PROCLAMATION, FILES IT AWAY AND WAITING FOR A VICTORY. 660 00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:42,046 WAITING FOR A VICTORY. >> IN AUGUST OF SEPTEMBER 862, 661 00:24:42,048 --> 00:24:42,746 >> IN AUGUST OF SEPTEMBER 862, CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. 662 00:24:42,748 --> 00:24:45,049 CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE INVADED MARYLAND. 663 00:24:45,051 --> 00:24:47,852 LEE INVADED MARYLAND. THEY MEET THE UNION ARMY AT 664 00:24:47,854 --> 00:24:50,421 THEY MEET THE UNION ARMY AT ANTIETAM AND ENGAGE IN THE 665 00:24:50,423 --> 00:24:51,689 ANTIETAM AND ENGAGE IN THE BLOODIEST ONE-DAY ENCOUNT MERE 666 00:24:51,691 --> 00:24:54,658 BLOODIEST ONE-DAY ENCOUNT MERE THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WARFARE. 667 00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:55,326 THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WARFARE. MORE LIVES ARE SHED THAN ON 668 00:24:55,328 --> 00:24:59,530 MORE LIVES ARE SHED THAN ON D-DAY. 669 00:24:59,532 --> 00:25:00,598 D-DAY. >> THERE ARE NEARLY 23,000 670 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:03,000 >> THERE ARE NEARLY 23,000 CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES. 671 00:25:03,002 --> 00:25:07,638 CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES. BUT AFTER MONTHS OF DEMORALIZING 672 00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:10,774 BUT AFTER MONTHS OF DEMORALIZING LOSSES, THE UNION SUCCEEDS IN 673 00:25:10,776 --> 00:25:14,912 LOSSES, THE UNION SUCCEEDS IN HALTING LEE'S INVASION OF 674 00:25:14,914 --> 00:25:15,279 HALTING LEE'S INVASION OF MARYLAND. 675 00:25:15,281 --> 00:25:18,048 MARYLAND. >> LINCOLN HAD WANTED McCLELLAN 676 00:25:18,050 --> 00:25:20,017 >> LINCOLN HAD WANTED McCLELLAN TO JUMP OFF TO A VIGOROUS 677 00:25:20,019 --> 00:25:21,452 TO JUMP OFF TO A VIGOROUS PURSUIT OF LEE. 678 00:25:21,454 --> 00:25:21,952 PURSUIT OF LEE. McCLELLAN DIDN'T. 679 00:25:21,954 --> 00:25:25,656 McCLELLAN DIDN'T. LINCOLN WANTED AN EXPLANATION. 680 00:25:25,658 --> 00:25:27,758 LINCOLN WANTED AN EXPLANATION. ONE MORNING, LINCOLN GOT UP TO 681 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:31,228 ONE MORNING, LINCOLN GOT UP TO VISIT McCLELLAN'S ARMY, AND THE 682 00:25:31,230 --> 00:25:32,530 VISIT McCLELLAN'S ARMY, AND THE FIRST THING McCLELLAN DID WAS TO 683 00:25:32,532 --> 00:25:33,497 FIRST THING McCLELLAN DID WAS TO PRESENT HIM WITH A LETTER. 684 00:25:33,499 --> 00:25:35,566 PRESENT HIM WITH A LETTER. IT WAS NOT A LETTER APOLOGIZING 685 00:25:35,568 --> 00:25:37,134 IT WAS NOT A LETTER APOLOGIZING OR EXPLAINING WHAT HAD HAPPENED. 686 00:25:37,136 --> 00:25:39,870 OR EXPLAINING WHAT HAD HAPPENED. IT WAS A LETTER TELLING ABRAHAM 687 00:25:39,872 --> 00:25:41,272 IT WAS A LETTER TELLING ABRAHAM LINCOLN HE MUST NOT SAY ANYTHING 688 00:25:41,274 --> 00:25:43,140 LINCOLN HE MUST NOT SAY ANYTHING ABOUT EMANCIPATING SLAVES, TO 689 00:25:43,142 --> 00:25:44,475 ABOUT EMANCIPATING SLAVES, TO MAKE SURE THAT HE HAS A 690 00:25:44,477 --> 00:25:46,410 MAKE SURE THAT HE HAS A COMMANDER OF ALL THE ARMIES THAT 691 00:25:46,412 --> 00:25:51,081 COMMANDER OF ALL THE ARMIES THAT HE TRUSTS, NAMELY, ME, GEORGE 692 00:25:51,083 --> 00:25:51,448 HE TRUSTS, NAMELY, ME, GEORGE McCLELLAN. 693 00:25:51,450 --> 00:25:52,683 McCLELLAN. LINCOLN TAKES THE LETTER, FOLDS 694 00:25:52,685 --> 00:25:54,385 LINCOLN TAKES THE LETTER, FOLDS IT, PUTS IT BACK INTO HIS COAT 695 00:25:54,387 --> 00:25:55,319 IT, PUTS IT BACK INTO HIS COAT POCKET, GOES BACK TO WASHINGTON 696 00:25:55,321 --> 00:25:56,754 POCKET, GOES BACK TO WASHINGTON AND TELLS HIS CABINET THAT HE IS 697 00:25:56,756 --> 00:26:00,558 AND TELLS HIS CABINET THAT HE IS GOING TO EMANCIPATE THE SLAVES. 698 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:02,026 GOING TO EMANCIPATE THE SLAVES. HE'S ALSO GOING TO EFFECTIVELY 699 00:26:02,028 --> 00:26:02,726 HE'S ALSO GOING TO EFFECTIVELY TAKE COMMAND AWAY FROM GEORGE 700 00:26:02,728 --> 00:26:05,863 TAKE COMMAND AWAY FROM GEORGE McCLELLAN. 701 00:26:05,865 --> 00:26:08,299 McCLELLAN. >> SOON AFTER THE BATTLE OF 702 00:26:08,301 --> 00:26:10,901 >> SOON AFTER THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, LINCOLN ISSUES THE 703 00:26:10,903 --> 00:26:11,535 ANTIETAM, LINCOLN ISSUES THE PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION 704 00:26:11,537 --> 00:26:15,306 PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 705 00:26:15,308 --> 00:26:19,276 PROCLAMATION. IT'S A WARNING AND IT BASICALLY 706 00:26:19,278 --> 00:26:22,513 IT'S A WARNING AND IT BASICALLY IS SAYING TO THE CONFEDERATE 707 00:26:22,515 --> 00:26:24,481 IS SAYING TO THE CONFEDERATE STATES THAT ON JANUARY 1st, 708 00:26:24,483 --> 00:26:26,650 STATES THAT ON JANUARY 1st, 1863, I'M GOING DECLARE THAT 709 00:26:26,652 --> 00:26:28,619 1863, I'M GOING DECLARE THAT SLAVES IN SECEDED STATES AND 710 00:26:28,621 --> 00:26:31,522 SLAVES IN SECEDED STATES AND PLACES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE 711 00:26:31,524 --> 00:26:33,090 PLACES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE NOW FREE, BUT THIS WON'T APPLY 712 00:26:33,092 --> 00:26:34,758 NOW FREE, BUT THIS WON'T APPLY TO YOU IF YOU GIVE UP ARMS AND 713 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:36,160 TO YOU IF YOU GIVE UP ARMS AND DECIDE TO COME BACK INTO THE 714 00:26:36,162 --> 00:26:38,796 DECIDE TO COME BACK INTO THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN NOW AND 715 00:26:38,798 --> 00:26:39,096 UNITED STATES BETWEEN NOW AND THEN. 716 00:26:39,098 --> 00:26:39,964 THEN. >> THE ABOLITIONISTS AND 717 00:26:39,966 --> 00:26:40,664 >> THE ABOLITIONISTS AND RADICALS REJOICED. 718 00:26:40,666 --> 00:26:44,368 RADICALS REJOICED. OTHERS LAMENTED AND FEARED. 719 00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,503 OTHERS LAMENTED AND FEARED. THEY TRIED TO PERSUADE HIM TO 720 00:26:46,505 --> 00:26:50,908 THEY TRIED TO PERSUADE HIM TO WITHDRAW IT, TO RETRACT IT. 721 00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:53,811 WITHDRAW IT, TO RETRACT IT. HE REMAINED STEADFAST. 722 00:26:53,813 --> 00:26:56,480 HE REMAINED STEADFAST. >> BUT WHILE EMANCIPATION SOLVES 723 00:26:56,482 --> 00:26:58,582 >> BUT WHILE EMANCIPATION SOLVES LINCOLN'S MILITARY PROBLEM, IT 724 00:26:58,584 --> 00:27:01,185 LINCOLN'S MILITARY PROBLEM, IT CREATES A SERIOUS SOCIAL ONE. 725 00:27:01,187 --> 00:27:03,020 CREATES A SERIOUS SOCIAL ONE. >> ONCE ENSLAVED AFRICAN 726 00:27:03,022 --> 00:27:04,922 >> ONCE ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE FREE, THE QUESTION 727 00:27:04,924 --> 00:27:05,856 AMERICANS ARE FREE, THE QUESTION THEN IS WHAT WILL BE THEIR 728 00:27:05,858 --> 00:27:06,523 THEN IS WHAT WILL BE THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED 729 00:27:06,525 --> 00:27:08,525 RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED STATES. 730 00:27:08,527 --> 00:27:12,363 STATES. >> ATTEND OF JULY 1862, LINCOLN 731 00:27:12,365 --> 00:27:14,131 >> ATTEND OF JULY 1862, LINCOLN CALLS FIVE VERY PROMINENT 732 00:27:14,133 --> 00:27:15,399 CALLS FIVE VERY PROMINENT AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN FROM THE 733 00:27:15,401 --> 00:27:16,767 AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN FROM THE LOCAL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 734 00:27:16,769 --> 00:27:19,069 LOCAL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COMMUNITY TO COME TO WHITE HOUSE 735 00:27:19,071 --> 00:27:20,337 COMMUNITY TO COME TO WHITE HOUSE TO TALK ABOUT COLONIZATION, 736 00:27:20,339 --> 00:27:23,273 TO TALK ABOUT COLONIZATION, WHICH HE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER IN 737 00:27:23,275 --> 00:27:24,074 WHICH HE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER IN HIS CAREER. 738 00:27:24,076 --> 00:27:25,476 HIS CAREER. >> HE SAYS LOOK, YOU'RE THE 739 00:27:25,478 --> 00:27:26,777 >> HE SAYS LOOK, YOU'RE THE REASON WE HAVE THIS WAR. 740 00:27:26,779 --> 00:27:28,779 REASON WE HAVE THIS WAR. WE CAN NEVER LIVE ON AN EQUAL 741 00:27:28,781 --> 00:27:29,647 WE CAN NEVER LIVE ON AN EQUAL FOOTING IN THIS COUNTRY. 742 00:27:29,649 --> 00:27:31,882 FOOTING IN THIS COUNTRY. WHY DON'T YOU CONSIDER MY PLANS 743 00:27:31,884 --> 00:27:36,520 WHY DON'T YOU CONSIDER MY PLANS FOR COLONIZATION IN CENTRAL 744 00:27:36,522 --> 00:27:38,255 FOR COLONIZATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA OR AFRICA? 745 00:27:38,257 --> 00:27:39,189 AMERICA OR AFRICA? >> LINCOLN SAID I THINK WHITE 746 00:27:39,191 --> 00:27:40,791 >> LINCOLN SAID I THINK WHITE PEOPLE ARE SO GENERALLY 747 00:27:40,793 --> 00:27:42,226 PEOPLE ARE SO GENERALLY PREJUDICED THAT YOU WILL NEVER 748 00:27:42,228 --> 00:27:46,964 PREJUDICED THAT YOU WILL NEVER FIND SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS HERE. 749 00:27:46,966 --> 00:27:48,966 FIND SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS HERE. >> AND THEY LEAVE VERY 750 00:27:48,968 --> 00:27:49,667 >> AND THEY LEAVE VERY DISHEARTENED. 751 00:27:49,669 --> 00:27:50,868 DISHEARTENED. >> I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE 752 00:27:50,870 --> 00:27:52,302 >> I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE ASSUME THAT THE GUY THAT FREED 753 00:27:52,304 --> 00:27:55,906 ASSUME THAT THE GUY THAT FREED THE SLAVES LIKED BLACK PEOPLE. 754 00:27:55,908 --> 00:27:57,408 THE SLAVES LIKED BLACK PEOPLE. PEOPLE ASSUME THAT LINCOLN MUST 755 00:27:57,410 --> 00:27:58,909 PEOPLE ASSUME THAT LINCOLN MUST HAVE BEEN SOMEBODY WHO WANTED 756 00:27:58,911 --> 00:28:01,145 HAVE BEEN SOMEBODY WHO WANTED EVERYBODY TO BE TOGETHER, WHO 757 00:28:01,147 --> 00:28:01,979 EVERYBODY TO BE TOGETHER, WHO SAW US ALL AS ONE PEOPLE, AND 758 00:28:01,981 --> 00:28:06,283 SAW US ALL AS ONE PEOPLE, AND IT'S NOT TRUE. 759 00:28:06,285 --> 00:28:07,951 IT'S NOT TRUE. IT JUST TURNS OUT THAT A GREAT 760 00:28:07,953 --> 00:28:10,220 IT JUST TURNS OUT THAT A GREAT WAY TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION IS 761 00:28:10,222 --> 00:28:12,356 WAY TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION IS TO YANK THE ENSLAVED AFRICANS 762 00:28:12,358 --> 00:28:14,191 TO YANK THE ENSLAVED AFRICANS OUT FROM UNDER HIS ENEMY, HOPING 763 00:28:14,193 --> 00:28:17,461 OUT FROM UNDER HIS ENEMY, HOPING THEY WOULD GO BACK TO AFRICA. 764 00:28:17,463 --> 00:28:19,396 THEY WOULD GO BACK TO AFRICA. >> WHEN THAT MEETING HAPPENS IN 765 00:28:19,398 --> 00:28:20,431 >> WHEN THAT MEETING HAPPENS IN 1862, IT'S TREMENDOUSLY 766 00:28:20,433 --> 00:28:20,864 1862, IT'S TREMENDOUSLY CONTROVERSIAL. 767 00:28:20,866 --> 00:28:21,498 CONTROVERSIAL. IT GETS A HUGE AMOUNT OF 768 00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:25,169 IT GETS A HUGE AMOUNT OF NATIONAL ATTENTION. 769 00:28:25,171 --> 00:28:26,970 NATIONAL ATTENTION. >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS IS 770 00:28:26,972 --> 00:28:27,337 >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS IS OUTRAGED. 771 00:28:27,339 --> 00:28:29,773 OUTRAGED. HE SAYS "MR. LINCOLN, DON'T YOU 772 00:28:29,775 --> 00:28:30,541 HE SAYS "MR. LINCOLN, DON'T YOU GET IT YET? 773 00:28:30,543 --> 00:28:31,909 GET IT YET? SLAVES ARE NOT THE CAUSE OF THE 774 00:28:31,911 --> 00:28:32,176 SLAVES ARE NOT THE CAUSE OF THE WAR. 775 00:28:32,178 --> 00:28:32,843 WAR. SLAVERY IS THE CAUSE OF THE 776 00:28:32,845 --> 00:28:37,881 SLAVERY IS THE CAUSE OF THE WAR." 777 00:28:37,883 --> 00:28:41,518 WAR." >> BUT LINCOLN IS NOT THERE YET. 778 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:43,754 >> BUT LINCOLN IS NOT THERE YET. >> THE COUNTRY IS ON EDGE AS THE 779 00:28:43,756 --> 00:28:44,788 >> THE COUNTRY IS ON EDGE AS THE DEADLINE FOR LINCOLN'S 780 00:28:44,790 --> 00:28:48,358 DEADLINE FOR LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION THREAT APPROACHES. 781 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:49,993 EMANCIPATION THREAT APPROACHES. IT IS UNCLEAR WHAT THE TERMS AND 782 00:28:49,995 --> 00:28:53,697 IT IS UNCLEAR WHAT THE TERMS AND DETAILS OF THE DECREE WILL BE. 783 00:28:53,699 --> 00:28:55,532 DETAILS OF THE DECREE WILL BE. THE FUTURE AND THE FREEDOM OF 784 00:28:55,534 --> 00:28:56,266 THE FUTURE AND THE FREEDOM OF MILLIONS OF AMERICANS LIE IN THE 785 00:28:56,268 --> 00:29:00,471 MILLIONS OF AMERICANS LIE IN THE BALANCE. 786 00:29:00,473 --> 00:29:02,106 BALANCE. >> AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE 787 00:29:02,108 --> 00:29:03,240 >> AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE WAITING TO SEE IF LINCOLN WAS 788 00:29:03,242 --> 00:29:06,343 WAITING TO SEE IF LINCOLN WAS REALLY GOING TO FOLLOW THROUGH. 789 00:29:06,345 --> 00:29:11,348 REALLY GOING TO FOLLOW THROUGH. >> AS THE CLOCK TICKED DOWN, ON 790 00:29:11,350 --> 00:29:14,885 >> AS THE CLOCK TICKED DOWN, ON DECEMBER 31st, 1862, YOU CAN 791 00:29:14,887 --> 00:29:17,020 DECEMBER 31st, 1862, YOU CAN CONVEY THE TENSION THE 792 00:29:17,022 --> 00:29:18,088 CONVEY THE TENSION THE ABOLITIONISTS AND THE ACTIVISTS 793 00:29:18,090 --> 00:29:19,523 ABOLITIONISTS AND THE ACTIVISTS HELD WATCH MEETINGS. 794 00:29:19,525 --> 00:29:21,091 HELD WATCH MEETINGS. >> THERE WERE GROUPS OF ENSLAVED 795 00:29:21,093 --> 00:29:21,959 >> THERE WERE GROUPS OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE BY CANDLELIGHT WAITING 796 00:29:21,961 --> 00:29:25,562 PEOPLE BY CANDLELIGHT WAITING FOR THE STRIKE OF MIDNIGHT. 797 00:29:25,564 --> 00:29:27,264 FOR THE STRIKE OF MIDNIGHT. KNOWING THAT IN THAT MOMENT THAT 798 00:29:27,266 --> 00:29:29,767 KNOWING THAT IN THAT MOMENT THAT WE COULD BE FREE 799 00:29:39,010 --> 00:29:42,446 >>> IN THE 100 DAYS THAT PASS AFTER LINCOLN ISSUES THE 800 00:29:42,448 --> 00:29:44,281 AFTER LINCOLN ISSUES THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, NOT 801 00:29:44,283 --> 00:29:45,516 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, NOT ONE CONFEDERATE STATE LAYS DOWN 802 00:29:45,518 --> 00:29:48,418 ONE CONFEDERATE STATE LAYS DOWN ARMS AND REJOINS THE CONFEDERATE 803 00:29:48,420 --> 00:29:48,719 ARMS AND REJOINS THE CONFEDERATE UNION. 804 00:29:48,721 --> 00:29:53,323 UNION. SO AS PROMISED, ON JANUARY 805 00:29:53,325 --> 00:29:55,325 SO AS PROMISED, ON JANUARY 1st, 806 00:29:55,327 --> 00:29:57,361 1st, 186 3, ABRAHAM LINCOLN DECLARES 807 00:29:57,363 --> 00:29:58,028 186 3, ABRAHAM LINCOLN DECLARES ALL SLAVES LIVING IN REBEL 808 00:29:58,030 --> 00:30:04,134 ALL SLAVES LIVING IN REBEL TERRITORY FREE. 809 00:30:04,136 --> 00:30:05,936 TERRITORY FREE. >> LINCOLN SPENT THE MORNING ON 810 00:30:05,938 --> 00:30:08,639 >> LINCOLN SPENT THE MORNING ON JANUARY 1st, 1863 SHAKING THE 811 00:30:08,641 --> 00:30:09,807 JANUARY 1st, 1863 SHAKING THE HANDS OF PEOPLE ON A RECEIVING 812 00:30:09,809 --> 00:30:14,411 HANDS OF PEOPLE ON A RECEIVING LINE. 813 00:30:14,413 --> 00:30:17,447 LINE. AFTER DOING THAT, HE WENT BACK 814 00:30:17,449 --> 00:30:20,284 AFTER DOING THAT, HE WENT BACK TO HIS OFFICE AND HIS HAND WAS 815 00:30:20,286 --> 00:30:21,785 TO HIS OFFICE AND HIS HAND WAS SHAKING FROM THE EXERTION OF 816 00:30:21,787 --> 00:30:23,053 SHAKING FROM THE EXERTION OF SPENDING THE ENTIRE DAY SHAKING 817 00:30:23,055 --> 00:30:24,955 SPENDING THE ENTIRE DAY SHAKING HANDS, BUT HE DIDN'T WANT HIS 818 00:30:24,957 --> 00:30:26,924 HANDS, BUT HE DIDN'T WANT HIS SIGNATURE TO APPEAR TREMULOUS. 819 00:30:26,926 --> 00:30:28,392 SIGNATURE TO APPEAR TREMULOUS. HE DIDN'T WANT ANYONE TO THINK 820 00:30:28,394 --> 00:30:31,195 HE DIDN'T WANT ANYONE TO THINK THAT HE HAD ANY DOUBTS WHAT HE 821 00:30:31,197 --> 00:30:33,864 THAT HE HAD ANY DOUBTS WHAT HE WAS DOING, SO HE CALMED HIS HAND 822 00:30:33,866 --> 00:30:43,941 WAS DOING, SO HE CALMED HIS HAND BEFORE HE SIGNED THE DOCUMENT. 823 00:30:43,943 --> 00:30:45,375 BEFORE HE SIGNED THE DOCUMENT. IN THAT MOMENT, THE WAR BECOMES 824 00:30:45,377 --> 00:30:58,522 IN THAT MOMENT, THE WAR BECOMES A WAR TO ABOLISH SLAVERY. 825 00:30:58,524 --> 00:30:59,456 A WAR TO ABOLISH SLAVERY. >> EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 826 00:30:59,458 --> 00:31:02,626 >> EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ALLOWS FOR BLACK MEN TO SERVE IN 827 00:31:02,628 --> 00:31:05,729 ALLOWS FOR BLACK MEN TO SERVE IN THE ARMY AND MAKES PLAIN THAT 828 00:31:05,731 --> 00:31:07,164 THE ARMY AND MAKES PLAIN THAT ANY ENSLAVED PERSON IN THE 829 00:31:07,166 --> 00:31:09,633 ANY ENSLAVED PERSON IN THE STATES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE 830 00:31:09,635 --> 00:31:14,571 STATES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE FREE PEOPLE. 831 00:31:14,573 --> 00:31:17,140 FREE PEOPLE. >> IT ALSO ENDED ANY POSSIBILITY 832 00:31:17,142 --> 00:31:19,943 >> IT ALSO ENDED ANY POSSIBILITY OF EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE IN THE 833 00:31:19,945 --> 00:31:20,210 OF EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE IN THE WAR. 834 00:31:20,212 --> 00:31:22,379 WAR. BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION WOULD 835 00:31:22,381 --> 00:31:24,781 BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION WOULD NEVER HAVE TOLERATED AID TO THE 836 00:31:24,783 --> 00:31:26,016 NEVER HAVE TOLERATED AID TO THE SOUTH AT THAT POINT. 837 00:31:26,018 --> 00:31:26,650 SOUTH AT THAT POINT. >> THIS IS A PRESIDENTIAL 838 00:31:26,652 --> 00:31:27,985 >> THIS IS A PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION THAT SAYS THE CIVIL 839 00:31:27,987 --> 00:31:29,253 PROCLAMATION THAT SAYS THE CIVIL WAR COULD NOT BE WON WITHOUT 840 00:31:29,255 --> 00:31:33,724 WAR COULD NOT BE WON WITHOUT FREEING ENSLAVED PEOPLE, AND 841 00:31:33,726 --> 00:31:36,593 FREEING ENSLAVED PEOPLE, AND THAT'S PROFOUNDLY SIGNIFICANT. 842 00:31:36,595 --> 00:31:37,895 THAT'S PROFOUNDLY SIGNIFICANT. >> BLACK PEOPLE ARE ELATED. 843 00:31:37,897 --> 00:31:41,231 >> BLACK PEOPLE ARE ELATED. THEY ARE ECSTATIC. 844 00:31:41,233 --> 00:31:42,766 THEY ARE ECSTATIC. ALTHOUGH BLACK PEOPLE WERE 845 00:31:42,768 --> 00:31:43,734 ALTHOUGH BLACK PEOPLE WERE FREEING THEMSELVES BEFORE THE 846 00:31:43,736 --> 00:31:47,271 FREEING THEMSELVES BEFORE THE PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED, NOW YOU 847 00:31:47,273 --> 00:31:49,640 PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED, NOW YOU HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 848 00:31:49,642 --> 00:31:51,875 HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TELLING YOU ARE FREE TO 849 00:31:51,877 --> 00:31:57,281 STATES TELLING YOU ARE FREE TO LEAVE. 850 00:31:57,283 --> 00:31:58,181 LEAVE. THEY TOOK THAT AND LEFT IN 851 00:31:58,183 --> 00:32:06,023 THEY TOOK THAT AND LEFT IN DROVES. 852 00:32:06,025 --> 00:32:07,224 DROVES. >> BUT THE EMANCIPATION 853 00:32:07,226 --> 00:32:09,293 >> BUT THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IS PROBABLY THE 854 00:32:09,295 --> 00:32:10,227 PROCLAMATION IS PROBABLY THE MOST MISUNDERSTOOD IMPORTANT 855 00:32:10,229 --> 00:32:12,996 MOST MISUNDERSTOOD IMPORTANT DOCUMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 856 00:32:12,998 --> 00:32:15,098 DOCUMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. PEOPLE SAY LINCOLN FREED ALL THE 857 00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:16,300 PEOPLE SAY LINCOLN FREED ALL THE SLAVES WITH A STROKE OF HIS PEN. 858 00:32:16,302 --> 00:32:18,835 SLAVES WITH A STROKE OF HIS PEN. NO, THAT IS NOT CORRECT. 859 00:32:18,837 --> 00:32:19,536 NO, THAT IS NOT CORRECT. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 860 00:32:19,538 --> 00:32:24,374 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION DID NOT APPLY TO ABOUT 861 00:32:24,376 --> 00:32:25,108 DID NOT APPLY TO ABOUT THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILLION 862 00:32:25,110 --> 00:32:25,442 THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILLION SLAVES. 863 00:32:25,444 --> 00:32:26,576 SLAVES. IN THE FOUR STATES IN THE UNION, 864 00:32:26,578 --> 00:32:28,245 IN THE FOUR STATES IN THE UNION, THE BORDER STATES, HE SAYS WE'RE 865 00:32:28,247 --> 00:32:30,547 THE BORDER STATES, HE SAYS WE'RE NOT MAKING WAR AGAINST DELAWARE, 866 00:32:30,549 --> 00:32:32,482 NOT MAKING WAR AGAINST DELAWARE, MARYLAND, KENTUCKY AND MISSOURI. 867 00:32:32,484 --> 00:32:34,985 MARYLAND, KENTUCKY AND MISSOURI. THIS IS A STRICTLY PRACTICAL WAR 868 00:32:34,987 --> 00:32:35,819 THIS IS A STRICTLY PRACTICAL WAR MEASURE. 869 00:32:35,821 --> 00:32:38,055 MEASURE. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY CHASE, 870 00:32:38,057 --> 00:32:39,823 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY CHASE, WHO WAS AN ABOLITIONIST SAYS, 871 00:32:39,825 --> 00:32:41,858 WHO WAS AN ABOLITIONIST SAYS, YOU KNOW, LINCOLN, THERE IS NO 872 00:32:41,860 --> 00:32:43,226 YOU KNOW, LINCOLN, THERE IS NO MORAL SENTIMENT IN HERE. 873 00:32:43,228 --> 00:32:45,128 MORAL SENTIMENT IN HERE. IT DOESN'T TALK ABOUT THE RIGHTS 874 00:32:45,130 --> 00:32:47,264 IT DOESN'T TALK ABOUT THE RIGHTS OF MANKIND. 875 00:32:47,266 --> 00:32:50,200 OF MANKIND. SO LINCOLN ADDS THIS ACT 876 00:32:50,202 --> 00:32:51,835 SO LINCOLN ADDS THIS ACT BELIEVED TO BE AN ACT OF JUSTICE 877 00:32:51,837 --> 00:32:53,804 BELIEVED TO BE AN ACT OF JUSTICE BUT BASED ON MILITARY NECESSITY. 878 00:32:53,806 --> 00:32:57,641 BUT BASED ON MILITARY NECESSITY. THAT'S WHY IT'S BEING ISSUED, TO 879 00:32:57,643 --> 00:32:58,041 THAT'S WHY IT'S BEING ISSUED, TO WIN THE WAR. 880 00:32:58,043 --> 00:33:00,911 WIN THE WAR. >> YOU THINK OF HIM AS A GREAT 881 00:33:00,913 --> 00:33:01,979 >> YOU THINK OF HIM AS A GREAT EMANCIPATOR, BUT THE WAY HE DID 882 00:33:01,981 --> 00:33:04,781 EMANCIPATOR, BUT THE WAY HE DID IT AND WHY HE DID IT, PRETTY 883 00:33:04,783 --> 00:33:05,248 IT AND WHY HE DID IT, PRETTY GRUBBY REASONS. 884 00:33:05,250 --> 00:33:09,019 GRUBBY REASONS. BUT POLITICS IS A GRUBBY 885 00:33:09,021 --> 00:33:09,753 BUT POLITICS IS A GRUBBY BUSINESS AND HE IS A POLITICIAN. 886 00:33:09,755 --> 00:33:12,055 BUSINESS AND HE IS A POLITICIAN. >> IT'S A VERY PRACTICAL MOVE. 887 00:33:12,057 --> 00:33:12,656 >> IT'S A VERY PRACTICAL MOVE. IT'S A CALCULATED MOVE. 888 00:33:12,658 --> 00:33:13,323 IT'S A CALCULATED MOVE. I DON'T WANT TO SAY IT'S A 889 00:33:13,325 --> 00:33:14,057 I DON'T WANT TO SAY IT'S A CYNICAL MOVE, BUT IT'S A MOVE OF 890 00:33:14,059 --> 00:33:15,459 CYNICAL MOVE, BUT IT'S A MOVE OF NECESSITY. 891 00:33:15,461 --> 00:33:19,262 NECESSITY. >> I WOULD HAVE PREFERRED THAT 892 00:33:19,264 --> 00:33:22,299 >> I WOULD HAVE PREFERRED THAT LINCOLN ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION 893 00:33:22,301 --> 00:33:24,868 LINCOLN ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION OUT OF A MORAL OBLIGATION. 894 00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:26,036 OUT OF A MORAL OBLIGATION. I CERTAINLY GREW UP BELIEVING 895 00:33:26,038 --> 00:33:29,673 I CERTAINLY GREW UP BELIEVING THAT THAT'S WHAT HE HAD DONE. 896 00:33:29,675 --> 00:33:31,508 THAT THAT'S WHAT HE HAD DONE. IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT TO 897 00:33:31,510 --> 00:33:33,977 IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT TO DISCOVER THAT IT WAS OUT OF 898 00:33:33,979 --> 00:33:36,079 DISCOVER THAT IT WAS OUT OF MILITARY NECESSITY, BUT I STILL 899 00:33:36,081 --> 00:33:38,849 MILITARY NECESSITY, BUT I STILL DON'T THINK THAT WE CAN 900 00:33:38,851 --> 00:33:39,583 DON'T THINK THAT WE CAN UNDERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF 901 00:33:39,585 --> 00:33:42,753 UNDERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROCLAMATION. 902 00:33:42,755 --> 00:33:44,688 THE PROCLAMATION. >> THERE IS A VIEW THAT THE 903 00:33:44,690 --> 00:33:47,157 >> THERE IS A VIEW THAT THE PROCLAMATION WAS MERELY 904 00:33:47,159 --> 00:33:49,359 PROCLAMATION WAS MERELY MILITARY, AND I THINK TO THINK 905 00:33:49,361 --> 00:33:52,629 MILITARY, AND I THINK TO THINK THAT IS TO BE INDIFFERENT TO 906 00:33:52,631 --> 00:33:54,731 THAT IS TO BE INDIFFERENT TO LINCOLN'S WHOLE ANTI-SLAVERY 907 00:33:54,733 --> 00:33:55,032 LINCOLN'S WHOLE ANTI-SLAVERY LIFE. 908 00:33:55,034 --> 00:33:58,802 LIFE. YOU CAN'T ACCOMPLISH MORAL GOALS 909 00:33:58,804 --> 00:33:59,770 YOU CAN'T ACCOMPLISH MORAL GOALS WITHOUT A POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY. 910 00:33:59,772 --> 00:34:01,138 WITHOUT A POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY. >> SOMEONE ELSE MIGHT HAVE BEEN 911 00:34:01,140 --> 00:34:02,906 >> SOMEONE ELSE MIGHT HAVE BEEN SO IDEALOGICALLY COMMITTED TO 912 00:34:02,908 --> 00:34:05,642 SO IDEALOGICALLY COMMITTED TO WHITE SUPREMACY THAT THEY 913 00:34:05,644 --> 00:34:07,310 WHITE SUPREMACY THAT THEY WOULDN'T HAVE MADE THOSE MOVES. 914 00:34:07,312 --> 00:34:10,147 WOULDN'T HAVE MADE THOSE MOVES. HE SAW A POLITICAL REASON TO DO 915 00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:10,847 HE SAW A POLITICAL REASON TO DO AN EXTRAORDINARY THING AND HE 916 00:34:10,849 --> 00:34:13,650 AN EXTRAORDINARY THING AND HE DID IT. 917 00:34:13,652 --> 00:34:14,985 DID IT. >> WHILE PRESIDENT LINCOLN 918 00:34:14,987 --> 00:34:20,457 >> WHILE PRESIDENT LINCOLN ISSUES HISTORY-MAKING DECREES, 919 00:34:20,459 --> 00:34:22,859 ISSUES HISTORY-MAKING DECREES, MARY LINCOLN'S STANCE ON FREEDOM 920 00:34:22,861 --> 00:34:23,593 MARY LINCOLN'S STANCE ON FREEDOM AND EQUALITY CONTINUES TO EVOLVE 921 00:34:23,595 --> 00:34:26,229 AND EQUALITY CONTINUES TO EVOLVE AS WELL. 922 00:34:26,231 --> 00:34:28,198 AS WELL. >> MARY TODD LINCOLN IS ABLE TO 923 00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:30,567 >> MARY TODD LINCOLN IS ABLE TO FORM A VERY MEANINGFUL 924 00:34:30,569 --> 00:34:33,236 FORM A VERY MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIP WITH ELIZABETH 925 00:34:33,238 --> 00:34:35,439 RELATIONSHIP WITH ELIZABETH KECKLY WHO IS A FORMER SLAVE. 926 00:34:35,441 --> 00:34:38,108 KECKLY WHO IS A FORMER SLAVE. ELIZABETH KECKLY IS A 927 00:34:38,110 --> 00:34:39,910 ELIZABETH KECKLY IS A DRESSMAKER, SO SHE OUTFITS HER 928 00:34:39,912 --> 00:34:41,611 DRESSMAKER, SO SHE OUTFITS HER IN ELABORATE DRESS, BUT SHE IS 929 00:34:41,613 --> 00:34:42,879 IN ELABORATE DRESS, BUT SHE IS ALSO A CONFIDANTE. 930 00:34:42,881 --> 00:34:44,714 ALSO A CONFIDANTE. >> MARY LEARNS A LOT ABOUT THE 931 00:34:44,716 --> 00:34:47,017 >> MARY LEARNS A LOT ABOUT THE LIFE OF FREE BLACK PEOPLE IN 932 00:34:47,019 --> 00:34:50,921 LIFE OF FREE BLACK PEOPLE IN WASHINGTON FROM LIZZIE KECKLY. 933 00:34:50,923 --> 00:34:53,924 WASHINGTON FROM LIZZIE KECKLY. >> ELIZABETH KECKLY WAS VERY 934 00:34:53,926 --> 00:34:54,958 >> ELIZABETH KECKLY WAS VERY ACTIVE IN WASHINGTON, D.C.'S 935 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:55,826 ACTIVE IN WASHINGTON, D.C.'S AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY. 936 00:34:55,828 --> 00:34:57,594 AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY. AND SHE ALONGS WITH OTHER 937 00:34:57,596 --> 00:34:58,628 AND SHE ALONGS WITH OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN FOUNDED 938 00:34:58,630 --> 00:34:59,696 AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN FOUNDED THE CONTRABAND RELIEF 939 00:34:59,698 --> 00:35:00,730 THE CONTRABAND RELIEF ASSOCIATION WHICH IS A SOCIETY 940 00:35:00,732 --> 00:35:01,932 ASSOCIATION WHICH IS A SOCIETY OF WOMEN WHO RAISE MONEY, 941 00:35:01,934 --> 00:35:03,633 OF WOMEN WHO RAISE MONEY, COLLECT FOOD, COLLECT CLOTHING, 942 00:35:03,635 --> 00:35:05,102 COLLECT FOOD, COLLECT CLOTHING, TRY TO FIND SHELTER FOR PEOPLE 943 00:35:05,104 --> 00:35:05,936 TRY TO FIND SHELTER FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE ESCAPING SLAVERY AND 944 00:35:05,938 --> 00:35:09,806 WHO WERE ESCAPING SLAVERY AND COMING INTO WASHINGTON, D.C. 945 00:35:09,808 --> 00:35:11,675 COMING INTO WASHINGTON, D.C. >> AND PRETTY SOON MARY IS 946 00:35:11,677 --> 00:35:13,543 >> AND PRETTY SOON MARY IS DONATING AND ASKING HER HUSBAND 947 00:35:13,545 --> 00:35:15,745 DONATING AND ASKING HER HUSBAND TO DONATE TO THE CAUSE OF 948 00:35:15,747 --> 00:35:16,379 TO DONATE TO THE CAUSE OF SHELTERING FRIEDEN SLAVED 949 00:35:16,381 --> 00:35:19,916 SHELTERING FRIEDEN SLAVED PEOPLE. 950 00:35:19,918 --> 00:35:21,651 PEOPLE. >> AND MARY LINCOLN ALLOWED 951 00:35:21,653 --> 00:35:26,723 >> AND MARY LINCOLN ALLOWED ELIZABETH KECKLY TO USE HER NAME 952 00:35:26,725 --> 00:35:27,924 ELIZABETH KECKLY TO USE HER NAME PUBLICLY WHEN SHE WENT AROUND 953 00:35:27,926 --> 00:35:28,725 PUBLICLY WHEN SHE WENT AROUND RAISING MONEY FOR THE 954 00:35:28,727 --> 00:35:29,159 RAISING MONEY FOR THE ASSOCIATION. 955 00:35:29,161 --> 00:35:31,428 ASSOCIATION. >> SO THERE IS A WAY IN WHICH 956 00:35:31,430 --> 00:35:33,029 >> SO THERE IS A WAY IN WHICH MARY TODD LINCOLN COULD 957 00:35:33,031 --> 00:35:34,498 MARY TODD LINCOLN COULD COMMISERATE, BOND WITH A FREED 958 00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:36,766 COMMISERATE, BOND WITH A FREED WOMAN OF COLOR ON AN EQUAL 959 00:35:36,768 --> 00:35:37,067 WOMAN OF COLOR ON AN EQUAL PLANE. 960 00:35:37,069 --> 00:35:38,135 PLANE. SO I THINK SHE IS MORE COMPLEX 961 00:35:38,137 --> 00:35:43,006 SO I THINK SHE IS MORE COMPLEX THAN PEOPLE CUT HER OUT TO BE. 962 00:35:43,008 --> 00:35:46,443 THAN PEOPLE CUT HER OUT TO BE. >> AS MARY LINCOLN AND ELIZABETH 963 00:35:46,445 --> 00:35:52,382 >> AS MARY LINCOLN AND ELIZABETH KECKLY WORK TO FIND A PLAY 964 00:35:52,384 --> 00:35:55,785 KECKLY WORK TO FIND A PLAY ABRAHAM LINCOLN WORKS TO 965 00:36:04,295 --> 00:36:11,401 ♪ >>> ON JANUARY 1st, 1863, 966 00:36:11,403 --> 00:36:16,940 >>> ON JANUARY 1st, 1863, ABRAHAM LINCOLN ISSUES THE 967 00:36:16,942 --> 00:36:22,045 ABRAHAM LINCOLN ISSUES THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 968 00:36:22,047 --> 00:36:23,613 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. INVITING FREED SLAVES TO JOIN 969 00:36:23,615 --> 00:36:26,816 INVITING FREED SLAVES TO JOIN THE UNION ARMY. 970 00:36:26,818 --> 00:36:28,785 THE UNION ARMY. >> LINCOLN HAD BEEN OPPOSED TO 971 00:36:28,787 --> 00:36:29,085 >> LINCOLN HAD BEEN OPPOSED TO THIS. 972 00:36:29,087 --> 00:36:33,590 THIS. HE HAD SAID TIME AND AGAIN, THAT 973 00:36:33,592 --> 00:36:37,494 HE HAD SAID TIME AND AGAIN, THAT THE SIGHT OF BLACK MEN IN ARMS 974 00:36:37,496 --> 00:36:39,462 THE SIGHT OF BLACK MEN IN ARMS WOULD TURN THOSE WHO ARE FOR US 975 00:36:39,464 --> 00:36:39,863 WOULD TURN THOSE WHO ARE FOR US AGAINST US. 976 00:36:39,865 --> 00:36:42,999 AGAINST US. BUT HE CHANGED HIS MIND. 977 00:36:43,001 --> 00:36:45,502 BUT HE CHANGED HIS MIND. >> LINCOLN REALIZES HE NEEDED 978 00:36:45,504 --> 00:36:48,538 >> LINCOLN REALIZES HE NEEDED EVERY SOLDIER YOU CAN GET. 979 00:36:48,540 --> 00:36:52,042 EVERY SOLDIER YOU CAN GET. AND THE RESERVOIR OF BLACK 980 00:36:52,044 --> 00:36:53,710 AND THE RESERVOIR OF BLACK MANPOWER COULDN'T BE IGNORED 981 00:36:53,712 --> 00:36:54,077 MANPOWER COULDN'T BE IGNORED ANYMORE. 982 00:36:54,079 --> 00:36:55,078 ANYMORE. >> THAT CHANGE IS CRITICAL. 983 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:58,014 >> THAT CHANGE IS CRITICAL. AND IT SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF 984 00:36:58,016 --> 00:37:00,650 AND IT SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF LINCOLN IN TERMS OF HIS 985 00:37:00,652 --> 00:37:01,017 LINCOLN IN TERMS OF HIS THINKING. 986 00:37:01,019 --> 00:37:01,885 THINKING. AN EVOLUTION THAT WILL CONTINUE 987 00:37:01,887 --> 00:37:02,586 AN EVOLUTION THAT WILL CONTINUE ON THROUGHOUT THE REST OF THE 988 00:37:02,588 --> 00:37:06,289 ON THROUGHOUT THE REST OF THE WAR. 989 00:37:06,291 --> 00:37:10,894 WAR. >> THE MAJORITY OF BLACK MEN WHO 990 00:37:10,896 --> 00:37:13,863 >> THE MAJORITY OF BLACK MEN WHO SERVED IN THE UNION ARMY WERE 991 00:37:13,865 --> 00:37:15,065 SERVED IN THE UNION ARMY WERE PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN SLAVED AT 992 00:37:15,067 --> 00:37:16,099 PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN SLAVED AT ONE TIME. 993 00:37:16,101 --> 00:37:20,170 ONE TIME. THEY THINK NOW THEY'RE GOING TO 994 00:37:20,172 --> 00:37:20,904 THEY THINK NOW THEY'RE GOING TO GET SOME KIND OF RECOGNITION OF 995 00:37:20,906 --> 00:37:22,239 GET SOME KIND OF RECOGNITION OF THEIR STATUS AS MEN. 996 00:37:22,241 --> 00:37:23,373 THEIR STATUS AS MEN. BUT WHAT THEY FIND IS NOT WHAT 997 00:37:23,375 --> 00:37:27,244 BUT WHAT THEY FIND IS NOT WHAT THEY HAD ANTICIPATED. 998 00:37:27,246 --> 00:37:28,478 THEY HAD ANTICIPATED. >> THEY WERE CERTAINLY NOT 999 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:29,646 >> THEY WERE CERTAINLY NOT TREATED EQUALLY. 1000 00:37:29,648 --> 00:37:32,215 TREATED EQUALLY. THEY SERVED ONLY IN SEGREGATED 1001 00:37:32,217 --> 00:37:34,684 THEY SERVED ONLY IN SEGREGATED UNITS UNDER WHITE OFFICERS. 1002 00:37:34,686 --> 00:37:35,585 UNITS UNDER WHITE OFFICERS. THEY RECEIVED LESS PAY THAN 1003 00:37:35,587 --> 00:37:37,254 THEY RECEIVED LESS PAY THAN WHITE SOLDIERS. 1004 00:37:37,256 --> 00:37:40,190 WHITE SOLDIERS. >> THEY HAD OLD, WORN-OUT 1005 00:37:40,192 --> 00:37:40,523 >> THEY HAD OLD, WORN-OUT MUSKETS. 1006 00:37:40,525 --> 00:37:42,092 MUSKETS. THEY WERE PUT INTO THE HOTTEST, 1007 00:37:42,094 --> 00:37:44,127 THEY WERE PUT INTO THE HOTTEST, MOST DANGEROUS PLACES IN THE 1008 00:37:44,129 --> 00:37:46,429 MOST DANGEROUS PLACES IN THE SOUTH. 1009 00:37:46,431 --> 00:37:52,002 SOUTH. INFECTED WITH MOSQUITOES, ON THE 1010 00:37:52,004 --> 00:37:53,136 INFECTED WITH MOSQUITOES, ON THE GROUNDS THAT SINCE THEY WERE 1011 00:37:53,138 --> 00:37:56,106 GROUNDS THAT SINCE THEY WERE BLACK, IT WOULDN'T BOTHER THEM. 1012 00:37:56,108 --> 00:37:58,041 BLACK, IT WOULDN'T BOTHER THEM. >> LINCOLN THOUGHT IF THEY WERE 1013 00:37:58,043 --> 00:38:00,944 >> LINCOLN THOUGHT IF THEY WERE ON AN EQUAL LEVEL, THAT WOULD 1014 00:38:00,946 --> 00:38:03,413 ON AN EQUAL LEVEL, THAT WOULD MAKE THEM WERE LIKELY TO ACCEPT 1015 00:38:03,415 --> 00:38:06,082 MAKE THEM WERE LIKELY TO ACCEPT WHITES IN THE ARMY. 1016 00:38:06,084 --> 00:38:09,419 WHITES IN THE ARMY. >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS, WHO HAD 1017 00:38:09,421 --> 00:38:11,087 >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS, WHO HAD BEEN A REAL THORN IN LINCOLN'S 1018 00:38:11,089 --> 00:38:14,224 BEEN A REAL THORN IN LINCOLN'S SIDE, HE GOES TO THE WHITE HOUSE 1019 00:38:14,226 --> 00:38:15,792 SIDE, HE GOES TO THE WHITE HOUSE TO COMPLAIN. 1020 00:38:15,794 --> 00:38:18,361 TO COMPLAIN. DESPITE THEIR ADVERSARIAL 1021 00:38:18,363 --> 00:38:20,330 DESPITE THEIR ADVERSARIAL RELATIONSHIP, WHEN LINCOLN FOUND 1022 00:38:20,332 --> 00:38:22,032 RELATIONSHIP, WHEN LINCOLN FOUND OUT THAT DOUGLASS WAS PRESENT, 1023 00:38:22,034 --> 00:38:24,534 OUT THAT DOUGLASS WAS PRESENT, HE INVITED HIM IN WHILE OTHER 1024 00:38:24,536 --> 00:38:26,369 HE INVITED HIM IN WHILE OTHER WHITE MEN WAITED. 1025 00:38:26,371 --> 00:38:27,070 WHITE MEN WAITED. IT'S SOMETHING THAT DOUGLASS 1026 00:38:27,072 --> 00:38:30,473 IT'S SOMETHING THAT DOUGLASS ALWAYS APPRECIATED. 1027 00:38:30,475 --> 00:38:33,276 ALWAYS APPRECIATED. >> THERE HAVE BEEN TIMES IN THIS 1028 00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:35,612 >> THERE HAVE BEEN TIMES IN THIS COUNTRY WHERE A PRESIDENT WOULD 1029 00:38:35,614 --> 00:38:38,114 COUNTRY WHERE A PRESIDENT WOULD OPEN THE DOOR AND SIT DOWN WITH 1030 00:38:38,116 --> 00:38:39,983 OPEN THE DOOR AND SIT DOWN WITH SOMEONE WHO HAD BEEN KICKING HIS 1031 00:38:39,985 --> 00:38:45,055 SOMEONE WHO HAD BEEN KICKING HIS BUTT ON THE PUBLIC STAGE. 1032 00:38:45,057 --> 00:38:48,124 BUTT ON THE PUBLIC STAGE. >> DOUGLASS BEGGED HIM TO PAY 1033 00:38:48,126 --> 00:38:50,393 >> DOUGLASS BEGGED HIM TO PAY BLACK TROOPS THE WAY THAT WHITE 1034 00:38:50,395 --> 00:38:51,227 BLACK TROOPS THE WAY THAT WHITE MEN WERE PAID. 1035 00:38:51,229 --> 00:38:53,396 MEN WERE PAID. >> HE WAS THERE TO COMPLAIN THAT 1036 00:38:53,398 --> 00:38:55,065 >> HE WAS THERE TO COMPLAIN THAT BLACK MEN WERE NOT HAVING THE 1037 00:38:55,067 --> 00:38:58,702 BLACK MEN WERE NOT HAVING THE SAME KINDS OF RIGHTS THAT OTHER 1038 00:38:58,704 --> 00:39:00,136 SAME KINDS OF RIGHTS THAT OTHER SOLDIERS HAD. 1039 00:39:00,138 --> 00:39:01,504 SOLDIERS HAD. LINCOLN SAID, THIS WILL HAPPEN, 1040 00:39:01,506 --> 00:39:02,672 LINCOLN SAID, THIS WILL HAPPEN, BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME. 1041 00:39:02,674 --> 00:39:04,607 BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME. >> DOUGLASS COMES OUT OF THE 1042 00:39:04,609 --> 00:39:06,009 >> DOUGLASS COMES OUT OF THE MEETING NOT ENTIRELY SATISFIED 1043 00:39:06,011 --> 00:39:07,677 MEETING NOT ENTIRELY SATISFIED WITH LINCOLN'S RESPONSE. 1044 00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:11,381 WITH LINCOLN'S RESPONSE. BUT HE SAYS TO THE BLACK 1045 00:39:11,383 --> 00:39:12,982 BUT HE SAYS TO THE BLACK POPULATION, DESPITE THIS, IT'S 1046 00:39:12,984 --> 00:39:15,385 POPULATION, DESPITE THIS, IT'S OUR CHANCE TO PROVE OURSELVES. 1047 00:39:15,387 --> 00:39:18,421 OUR CHANCE TO PROVE OURSELVES. >> AT TEHE END OF THE WAR, WE 1048 00:39:18,423 --> 00:39:19,789 >> AT TEHE END OF THE WAR, WE WILL HAVE EARNED CITIZENSHIP. 1049 00:39:19,791 --> 00:39:21,257 WILL HAVE EARNED CITIZENSHIP. >> THEY STAY, THEY FIGHT, 1050 00:39:21,259 --> 00:39:23,660 >> THEY STAY, THEY FIGHT, BECAUSE THEY'RE FIGHTING NOT 1051 00:39:23,662 --> 00:39:24,894 BECAUSE THEY'RE FIGHTING NOT JUST FOR FREEDOM TODAY, BUT 1052 00:39:24,896 --> 00:39:26,062 JUST FOR FREEDOM TODAY, BUT FREEDOM FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND 1053 00:39:26,064 --> 00:39:26,796 FREEDOM FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN AND GENERATIONS TO 1054 00:39:26,798 --> 00:39:30,600 GRANDCHILDREN AND GENERATIONS TO COME. 1055 00:39:30,602 --> 00:39:33,636 COME. >> ARMED BLACK SOLDIERS ON THEIR 1056 00:39:33,638 --> 00:39:34,838 >> ARMED BLACK SOLDIERS ON THEIR BATTLEFIELDS, ELICIT AN 1057 00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:35,505 BATTLEFIELDS, ELICIT AN EXPLOSIVE REACTION FROM THE 1058 00:39:35,507 --> 00:39:38,341 EXPLOSIVE REACTION FROM THE SOUTH. 1059 00:39:38,343 --> 00:39:40,043 SOUTH. >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS 1060 00:39:40,045 --> 00:39:43,646 >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS KIND OF IRONIC IS THAT WHITE 1061 00:39:43,648 --> 00:39:46,750 KIND OF IRONIC IS THAT WHITE SOUTHERNERS BY SECEDING MAKE IT 1062 00:39:46,752 --> 00:39:51,855 SOUTHERNERS BY SECEDING MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR LINCOLN TO 1063 00:39:51,857 --> 00:39:53,223 POSSIBLE FOR LINCOLN TO EMANCIPATE BLACK PEOPLE. 1064 00:39:53,225 --> 00:39:55,024 EMANCIPATE BLACK PEOPLE. WHEN THEY BECOME HIS ENEMY IN 1065 00:39:55,026 --> 00:39:57,794 WHEN THEY BECOME HIS ENEMY IN WAR, THEY CREATE THE LEGAL 1066 00:39:57,796 --> 00:40:00,130 WAR, THEY CREATE THE LEGAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EMANCIPATION. 1067 00:40:00,132 --> 00:40:02,532 JUSTIFICATION FOR EMANCIPATION. SO THEY PLAYED THEMSELVES, FOR 1068 00:40:02,534 --> 00:40:04,334 SO THEY PLAYED THEMSELVES, FOR LACK OF A BETTER PHRASE. 1069 00:40:04,336 --> 00:40:06,169 LACK OF A BETTER PHRASE. >> MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS HAD 1070 00:40:06,171 --> 00:40:08,471 >> MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS HAD LONG FEARED A FORCE THAT WOULD 1071 00:40:08,473 --> 00:40:12,842 LONG FEARED A FORCE THAT WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ENLSLAVED 1072 00:40:12,844 --> 00:40:15,378 MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ENLSLAVED PEOPLE TO RISE UP AGAINST THEIR 1073 00:40:15,380 --> 00:40:19,215 PEOPLE TO RISE UP AGAINST THEIR OWNERS, IN ORDER TO CLAIM THEIR 1074 00:40:19,217 --> 00:40:22,652 OWNERS, IN ORDER TO CLAIM THEIR FREEDOM OR EXACT RETRIBUTION. 1075 00:40:22,654 --> 00:40:25,789 FREEDOM OR EXACT RETRIBUTION. >> THE CONFEDERATES RESPOND, WE 1076 00:40:25,791 --> 00:40:27,457 >> THE CONFEDERATES RESPOND, WE WILL CONSIDER THAT HAS A SYMBOL 1077 00:40:27,459 --> 00:40:30,160 WILL CONSIDER THAT HAS A SYMBOL OF THE NORTH'S COMPLICITY IN 1078 00:40:30,162 --> 00:40:32,162 OF THE NORTH'S COMPLICITY IN SLAVE REBELLION. 1079 00:40:32,164 --> 00:40:33,930 SLAVE REBELLION. WE'RE GOING TO TAKE ALL YOUR 1080 00:40:33,932 --> 00:40:34,664 WE'RE GOING TO TAKE ALL YOUR BLACK PEOPLE EVERY TIME WE FIND 1081 00:40:34,666 --> 00:40:43,973 BLACK PEOPLE EVERY TIME WE FIND THEM. 1082 00:40:48,379 --> 00:40:54,717 AND SO ROBERT E. LEE DECIDES TO TRY THIS BOLD ASSAULT BY COMING 1083 00:40:54,719 --> 00:40:55,685 TRY THIS BOLD ASSAULT BY COMING UP THE VALLEY, AROUND MARYLAND 1084 00:40:55,687 --> 00:40:56,986 UP THE VALLEY, AROUND MARYLAND AND UP TO GETTYSBURG, STRAIGHT 1085 00:40:56,988 --> 00:41:02,792 AND UP TO GETTYSBURG, STRAIGHT INTO THE NORTH. 1086 00:41:02,794 --> 00:41:05,995 INTO THE NORTH. AND AS CONFEDERATES ADVANCE INTO 1087 00:41:05,997 --> 00:41:06,396 AND AS CONFEDERATES ADVANCE INTO GETTYSBURG. 1088 00:41:06,398 --> 00:41:09,232 GETTYSBURG. THERE'S A WARNING FOR FREE 1089 00:41:09,234 --> 00:41:11,468 THERE'S A WARNING FOR FREE BLACKS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES. 1090 00:41:11,470 --> 00:41:13,870 BLACKS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES. >> CONFEDERATES WERE TAKING FREE 1091 00:41:13,872 --> 00:41:16,239 >> CONFEDERATES WERE TAKING FREE BLACK PEOPLE FROM COMMUNITIES 1092 00:41:16,241 --> 00:41:19,909 BLACK PEOPLE FROM COMMUNITIES ALONG THEIR MARCHING ROUTE IN AN 1093 00:41:19,911 --> 00:41:21,377 ALONG THEIR MARCHING ROUTE IN AN EFFORT TO ENSLAVE THEM. 1094 00:41:21,379 --> 00:41:23,713 EFFORT TO ENSLAVE THEM. >> THIS WAS BEYOND THE LAW OF 1095 00:41:23,715 --> 00:41:24,514 >> THIS WAS BEYOND THE LAW OF WAR. 1096 00:41:24,516 --> 00:41:27,584 WAR. LEE IS MARCHING INTO 1097 00:41:27,586 --> 00:41:28,585 LEE IS MARCHING INTO PENNSYLVANIA, AND THE NORTH IS 1098 00:41:28,587 --> 00:41:29,619 PENNSYLVANIA, AND THE NORTH IS PRETTY PANICKING. 1099 00:41:29,621 --> 00:41:35,191 PRETTY PANICKING. >> THE BUILDUP WAS ENORMOUS. 1100 00:41:35,193 --> 00:41:39,929 >> THE BUILDUP WAS ENORMOUS. >> AS LEE'S MARCH TO GETTYSBURG 1101 00:41:39,931 --> 00:41:42,298 >> AS LEE'S MARCH TO GETTYSBURG CONTINUES TO RAIN TERROR, THE 1102 00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:43,833 CONTINUES TO RAIN TERROR, THE UNION ANXIOUSLY AWAITS THE 1103 00:41:43,835 --> 00:41:47,937 UNION ANXIOUSLY AWAITS THE CONFRONTATION THAT LIES AHEAD. 1104 00:41:47,939 --> 00:41:49,973 CONFRONTATION THAT LIES AHEAD. AND LINCOLN'S UNION ARMY 1105 00:41:49,975 --> 00:41:51,774 AND LINCOLN'S UNION ARMY PREPARES FOR WHAT WILL BE THE 1106 00:41:51,776 --> 00:41:56,679 PREPARES FOR WHAT WILL BE THE BLOODIEST BATTLE AND THE 1107 00:41:56,681 --> 00:41:59,415 BLOODIEST BATTLE AND THE DEADLIEST WAR IN AMERICAN 1108 00:41:59,417 --> 00:41:59,682 DEADLIEST WAR IN AMERICAN HISTORY.