BEGIN AROUND A TABLE. ARE
>>> PREVIOUSLY ON "LINCOLN: DIVIDED WE STAND" --
>> ON THE 12th OF APRIL 1861,
CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY OPENS FIRE
ON FT. SUMTER.
>> AS SOON AS SUMMIT SUMTER IS
FIRED ON, VIRGINIA SAYS SEEDS
AND THE WAR IS ON.
>> LINCOLN IMMEDIATELY CALLED
FOR 5,000 VOLUNTEERS.
>> THERE IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF
EXCITEMENT ACTUALLY AT THIS
POINT ON BOTH SIDES BECAUSE
PEOPLE HAVE ANTICIPATED THIS FOR
SO LONG.
SOME PEOPLE WERE ITCHING FOR A
FIGHT.
>> THEY THINK WAR IS A GLORIOUS
THING AND LET'S GO AND DO IT.
>> BUT IN THE SPRING, LINCOLN'S
OVEREAGER YOUNG FRIEND FROM
SPRINGFIELD, ELMER ELLSWORTH, A
SHORT BUT VERY DASHING COMMANDER
OF A DRILL TEAM WOULD GO WITH
THE LINCOLN BOYS TO THE ROOF OF
THE WHITE HOUSE AND LOOK OUT
WITH A TELESCOPE.
AND OVER THE RIVER THEY SAW A
CONFEDERATE FLAG FLYING FROM THE
TOP OF A HOTEL.
AND ELLSWORTH, FOR ONE, WAS
OFFENDED.
>> ELLSWORTH LED A BAND ACROSS
THE RIVER TO TEAR DOWN THE
CONFEDERATE FLAG.
>> AS HE WAS WALKING DOWN THE
STAIRS, THE OWNER OF THE INN
TOOK HIS SHOTGUN AND SHOT HIM IN
THE CHEST.
HE FELL DOWN THE LAST FEW STEPS,
CLUTCHING AND WRAPPED IN THIS
INCREASINGLY BLOCK-SOAKED FLAG.
LINCOLN LOVED THIS YOUNG MAN SO
THE WAR CAME HOME REALLY FAST
FOR LINCOLN.
>> WITH THE FIRST CANNON FIRED AT FT. SUMTER IN APRIL 1861, THE
COUNTRY THRUST INTO CIVIL WAR.
AND THE FATE OF THE UNITED
STATES AND DEMOCRACY ITSELF ARE
IN ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HANDS.
>> WHEN THE HOSTILITIES START IN
APRIL OF 1861, THE UNITED STATES
STANDING ARMY IS LESS THAN 2,000
MEN.
BUT THE CONFEDERACY DOESN'T HAVE
AN ARMY AT ALL.
>> THE HOPE ON THE SIDE OF THE
LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION IS THEY
CAN BRING A BUNCH OF TROOPS TO
WASHINGTON AND DISPLAY THE
MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA AND THE
CONFEDERATES WILL BACK DOWN.
>> THE PEOPLE THAT ARE ENLISTING
ARE JUST FOR 90 DAYS.
>> THERE WERE VERY FEW PEOPLE IN
THE NORTH WHO THOUGHT THE WAR
WOULD BE MORE THAN 90 DAYS.
>> JULY 1861 IT IS CLEAR THAT
SO-CALLED CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE
GOING TO FIND A PLACE TO ENGAGE
AMERICAN FORCES WHO ARE TRYING
TO TAKE BACK THE NEW CONFEDERATE
CAPITAL OF RICHMOND.
BUT LINCOLN MAKES A STRATEGIC
MISTAKE AT THE BEGINNING.
>> THE GENERAL OF THE ARMY TOLD
LINCOLN, HE SAID, MR. PRESIDENT,
OUR TROOPS NEED A LOT MORE
TRAINING AND THEY'RE PRETTY
GREEN.
>> LINCOLN'S REPLY IS "THE OTHER
SIDE IS GREEN TOO.
YOU ARE ALL GREEN ALIKE."
LINCOLN WAS DETERMINED IT SHOULD
GO AHEAD.
AND SO OFF THEY GO INTO
VIRGINIA.
>> CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE
EXPECTED TO ENGAGE THE UNITED
STATES ARMY AT A TOWN CALLED
MANASSAS, NOT TOO FAR FROM
WASHINGTON.
SO LOTS OF PEOPLE FROM
WASHINGTON TOOK CARRIAGES AND
PICNIC LUNCHES AND WENT OUT AND
SETTLED ON THE SLOPES ABOVE WHAT
CLEARLY WAS EMERGING AS THE
FIELD OF ACTION TO WATCH THE WAR
BEGIN AND END IN THE SAME DAY.
AND IN FACT IN THE MORNING, THE
AMERICAN ARMY DID REALLY WELL,
PUSHING BACK THESE REBELS.
>> THE GENERAL IN COMMAND, IRVIN
McDOWELL NEARLY SUCCEEDS IN
FLANKING THE CONFEDERATE FORCE
THERE'S.
McDOWELL'S ARMY COMES DOWN TO A
STREAM KNOWN AS BULL RUN, ALMOST
A LADDER OF WATER COURSES THAT
HE WOULD HAVE TO CROSS, BUT
RIGHT AT THAT MOMENT CONFEDERATE
REENFORMTS COME BACK FROM THE
SHENANDOAH ARMY AND PUSH HIM
BACK.
>> SUDDENLY THE WHOLE NORTHERN
ARMY FLEECE.
TOTAL DISARRAY.
THE OFFICERS ARE NOT ABLE TO
KEEP ORDER.
REPORTERS ARE SHOT AT.
THE PICNICKERS ARE UPROOTED.
THE BLANKETS AND BASKETS ARE
LEFT.
THEY FLEE.
THE SOUTH HOLDS THE GROUND AND
WINS THE DAY.
THE DEFEATED AMERICAN ARMY HAS
TO WALK ITS WAY BACK TO D.C.
BLOOD STAINED, SWEAT-STAINED IN
TOTAL HUMILIATION.
WHEN LINCOLN GETS THE NEWS THAT
THE UNION HAD LOST THE BATTLE OF
BULL RUN, HE KNOWS THIS IS A
MUCH BIGGER EVENT THAN HE
CALCULATED.
>> FOR THE YOUNG MEN WHO
VOLUNTEERED TO EARLY IN THE WAR,
THAT WAS JUST A COMPLETELY
DISORIENTING AND HORRIFYING
EXPERIENCE.
>> LINCOLN IS CRITICIZED FOR
HAVING ORDERED HIS TROOPS INTO
BATTLE BEFORE THEY WERE READY.
>> HORACE GREELEY, THE EDITOR OF
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE TELLS
LINCOLN IT'S OVER.
WE'VE LOST.
>> AT THE END OF THE DAY, IT HAS
TO BE SAID THAT ABRAHAM LINCOLN
WAS NOT NEARLY AS SAVVY A
MILITARY THINKER AS HE WAS A
POLITICAL ONE.
>> SO WHAT DOES HE DO?NOT NEARL
THINKER AS HE WAS A POLITICAL
ONE.
>> SO WHAT DOES HE DO?
HE SENDS TO THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS FOR BOOKS, BOOKS ABOUT
WAR STRATEGY.
HE DECIDES TO TEACH HIMSELF THE
JOB OF COMMANDER IN CHIEF, JUST
AS HE TAUGHT HIMSELF
SHAKESPEARE, JUST AS HE TAUGHT
HIMSELF THE LAW.
HE'S THE BIGGEST AND MOST
SUCCESSFUL AUTODIDACT IN
AMERICAN HISTORY.
>> BUT WARS ARE NOT WON FROM
BEHIND A DESK.
LINCOLN MUST FIND A SEASONED
GENERAL TO ENSURE A UNION
VICTORY.
>> AFTER THE DISASTER AT BULL
RUN, GENERAL McDOWELL IS
POLITELY RELIEVED.
ANOTHER GENERAL, GEORGE
McCLELLAN IS CALLED IN FROM THE
WEST TO TAKE CHARGE, AND NEW
PLANS ARE GOING TO BE MADE.
GEORGE BRITON McCLELLAN WHO
SEEMED TO BE THE VERY APEX OF A
PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER.
>> HE HAD BEEN A HIGH-RANKING
MEMBER OF HIS CLASS AT WEST
POINT.
HE HAD BEEN A SUCCESSFUL
OFFICER.
HE SEEMED TO BE A BOY GENIUS.
AND McCLELLAN TAKES THE ARMY
THAT HAD BEEN SO DISPIRITED BY
THE DEFEAT OF BULL RUN, HE WHIPS
IT INTO SHAPE AND RESTORES THE
MORALE IN THE ARMY, BUT THEN HE
FAILS TO USE IT.
>> LINCOLN HAS THIS GREAT MOMENT
WHERE HE WRITES McCLELLAN A
LETTER AND SAID IF YOU'RE NOT
GOING TO BE USING THE ARMY, I
MIGHT JUST BORROW IT.
LIKE YOU'D SAY THAT IF YOU'RE
NOT GOING TO FINISH THAT
SANDWICH, MAYBE I'D JUST HAVE A
BITE.
>> BUT McCLEN LAN REFUSES TO
SHARE HIS BATTLE PLANS, AND
CONGRESS STARTS TO GET IMPATIENT
AND NEWSPAPER EDITORS START TO
GET IMPATIENT.
BUT LINCOLN PUTS UP WITH HIS
DELAY AND EVEN PUTS UP WITH
SNUBS.
LINCOLN GOES TO McCLELLAN'S
HOUSE IN DESPERATION ONE DAY.
McCLELLAN IS OUT.
LINCOLN SAYS I'LL WAIT.
HE WAITS AND HE WAITS.
AND McCLELLAN COMES HOME, HEARS
FROM HIS VALET THAT LINCOLN IS
WAITING, AND HE GOES DIRECTLY
UPSTAIRS WHILE LINCOLN SITS IN
HIS PARLOR.
AND THEN HE SENDS HIS SERVANT
DOWN TO TELL LINCOLN THAT HE IS
INDISPOSED AND GOING TO BED.
LINCOLN JUST GOES BACK TO HIS
CARRIAGE, AND THE SECRETARY SAYS
MR. PRESIDENT, HOW CAN YOU STAND
THAT KIND OF DISRESPECT?
AND HE SAID "I WOULD HOLD
McCLELLAN'S HORSE IF HE WOULD
BRING ME VICTORIES."
>> THE MOST SURPRISING THING TO
ME ABOUT LINCOLN IS THAT HE
DIDN'T LOSE IT ALL THE TIME.
WHY DIDN'T LINCOLN JUST PICK UP
McCLELLAN, WHO WAS ONE-THIRD HIS
SIZE AND JUST JAM HIM INTO A
PICKLE BARREL?
YOU THINK OF ANYBODY BEING UNDER
THAT KIND OF STRAIN BLOWING UP,
EXPLODING.
BUT LINCOLN KEEPS STOIC,
REASONED CALM.
>> HE HAD AN INCREDIBLY THICK
SKIN.
NOT ALL OF OUR PRESIDENTS HAVE
BEEN LIKE THAT.
>> LINCOLN MANAGED TO SUPPRESS
HIS OWN EGO.
HE REFUSED TO QUARREL.
HE WAS COMMITTED TO A CAUSE
ABOVE AND BEYOND HIS PARTY AND
HIMSELF IN ORDER TO WIN THE WAR.
>>> AS THE PRESSURES OF WAR MOUNT ON PRESIDENT LINCOLN, HE
LOOKS TO HIS YOUNG SONS FOR
RELIEF AND COMFORT.
BY THE WINTER OF 1862, HIS
OLDEST, ROBERT, IS STUDYING AT
HARVARD.
BUT 11-YEAR-OLD WILLIE AND
8-YEAR-OLD TAD HAVE FREE REIN OF
THE WHITE HOUSE.
♪
>> THE THIRD BORN, WILLIE, WHO
IS THEIR FAVORITE AND IS THE ONE
MOST LIKE HIS FATHER, HE HAD HIS
FATHER'S TEMPERAMENT, HIS SENSE
OF HUMOR, HIS BUILD.
HE CARRIED HIS HEAD AT AN ANGLE
THE WAY LINCOLN DID.
HE TALKED LIKE LINCOLN.
HE HAD LINCOLN'S SHARPNESS OF
INTELLECT.
>> THE LINCOLNS WERE INDULGENT
PARENTS, TO SAY THE LEAST.
THEY FOUND THEIR CHILDREN
ENTERTAINING AND THOUGHT OTHER
PEOPLE SHOULD TOO.
>> WHEN WILLIE AND TAD GOT INTO
THE WHITE HOUSE, THEY WREAKED
HAVOC.
>> IT IS THE FIRST TIME YOU'VE
HAD YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE WHITE
HOUSE.
IT SEEMS AS IF THEY WERE QUITE
RAPSCALLION.
THEY WERE QUITE NOTORIOUS.
>> THEIR FAVORITE ACTIVITY WAS
TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE ROPES
THAT UNITED THE BELLS THROUGH
WIN IN "DOWNTON ABBEY" STYLE YOU
SUMMONED SERVANTS.
SO THEY FOUND WAY TO TIE AND
MESS THEM UP SO YOU RANG IN THE
EAST ROOM YOU WOULD WIND UP IN
THE KITCHEN.
THEY LOVED MESSING UP THE BELLS.
>> IT WAS AMAZING HOW MUCH FREE
PLAY THEY HAD.
>> AND TO LINCOLN, HIS CHILDREN
COULD DO NO WRONG, EVEN IF THEY
TOTALLY DISRUPTED THE OFFICE.
>> BUT THE FIRST LADY WAS NOT
AFFORDED THE SAME COURTESY.
>> MARY WAS KNOWN AS AN
OUTSPOKEN FIRST LADY.
WAS A VERY EDUCATED WOMAN IN HER
TIME SO SHE LIKED TO GIVE HER
OPINION WHEN IT WAS NOT ALWAYS
WELCOME.
WE HAVE EXAMPLES OF LINCOLN
PUSHING HER OUT THE DOOR AND
LOCKING IT SO HE CAN CONTINUE
HIS MEETINGS.
>> MARY WAS ENORMOUSLY AND
CONTINUOUSLY FRUSTRATED BY H
HER RELEGATION TO THE
TRADITIONAL SPHERE OF A WOMAN IN
THE WHITE HOUSE.
I THINK SHE HARBORED DREAMS OF
BEING CLOSE TO THE OFFICE AND
MAYBE BEING CALLED UPON TO GIVE
SAGE ADVICE, BUT LINCOLN WAS
EXHAUSTED AND PREOCCUPIED BY
WORK AND HE SELDOM RETURNED TO
THE FAMILY QUARTERS DURING THE
COURSE OF THE DAY.
>> THE FIRST LADY IS NOT ONLY
EXCLUDED FROM POLITICAL
CONVERSATIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE
BUT ALSO CONTINUES TO BE TREATED
LIKE AN OUTCAST BY D.C. SOCIETY.
>> MARY IS FROM KENTUCKY.
HER BROTHERS ARE FIGHTING FOR
THE CONFEDERACY.
>> MARY IS INTENDING TO BE A
GRAND HOSTESS AT THE WHITE
HOUSE.
BUT THE NEWSPAPERS SAID SHE WAS
UNSOPHISTICATED AND RUSTIC.
THAT MUST HAVE DEVASTATED MARY,
BECAUSE SHE IS THINKING OF
HERSELF HIGH SOCIETY AND SHE
MIGHT HAVE BEEN IN SPRINGFIELD,
BUT SHE FINDS OUT THE ENTRENCHED
SOCIETY IN WASHINGTON DOESN'T
LIKE HER AND DO NOT CONSIDER HER
UP TO THEIR CALIBER.
>> THAT WAS VIEWED BY THE
ABOLITIONISTS AND THE STAUNCH
UNION WOMEN AS A DISGRACE.
WASN'T SHE SUSPICIOUS?
>> SHE IS REGARDED AS A TRAITOR,
SIGNALING TO THE CONFEDERATES
RIDICULOUS STORIES LIKE THAT,
BUT IT WAS FAIRLY WIDELY
BELIEVED.
>> HER HALF BROTHER-IN-LAW BEN
HELM WAS A CONFEDERATE GENERAL
WHO WAS KILLED IN ACTION, AND
HIS WIDOW WAS SHELTERED IN THE
WHITE HOUSE.
THE COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF
THE WAR HELD AN INQUIRY INTO THE
FIRST LADY'S LOYALTY.
LINCOLN MADE A PERSONAL
APPEARANCE TO THE COMMITTEE TO
SAY SHE IS A BIGGER
ABOLITIONIST, MORE LOYAL, MORE
PRO UNION THAN I AM.
AS LONG AS IT'S MY HOUSE AND MY
FAMILY'S HOUSE, I'LL DO AS I
PLEASE.
>> THERE WAS NO DOUBT IN HER
HEART ABOUT HER SUPPORT OF THE
UNION, HER SUPPORT OF THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, HER SUPPORT
OF HER HUSBAND AS LEADER OF THE
REPUBLICAN PARTY.
>> SO SHE WAS DEEPLY WOUNDED, AS
YOU MIGHT EXPECT, BY THAT KIND
OF CRITICISM.
>> DESPITE ALL THE ACCUSATIONS,
MARY IS DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN
THE DIGNITY OF THE EXECUTIVE
OFFICE.
IN FEBRUARY 1862, SHE PLANS A
BALL.
>> MARY SAW IT AS IMPORTANT TO
KEEP THE NATION GOING, TO MEET
THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE
GREATNESS OF THE UNION, THE
UNITED STATES.
MARY THOUGHT THAT THE BALL WAS A
COST-SAVING OVER MORE EXPENSIVE
STATE DINNERS.
AND HERE SHE WAS HAVING AN OPEN
HOUSE WITH ICE IN THE SHAPE OF
PALACES AND SHIPS.
>> AND, AGAIN, MARY WAS REALLY
CRITICIZED FOR IT.
>> ONE OF THE SENATORS HAD
WRITTEN SAYING PERHAPS IF YOU'RE
NOT AWARE, THERE IS A WAR GOING
ON.
WE ARE AND WE'RE STAYING HOME.
>> MARY IS NOT ONLY CRITICIZED
FOR HOSTING A BALL WHILE
SOLDIERS DIE ON THE
BATTLEFIELDS, BUT ALSO FOR DOING
SO WHILE HER 11-YEAR-OLD SON
WILLIE IS SICK.
>> WILLIE HAD BECOME ILL FROM
DRINKING WATER IN THE WHITE
HOUSE, WHICH HAS SINKS THAT LEAD
DIRECTLY TO THE FOUL WATER FROM
THE POTOMAC WHICH SOLDIERS USE
THE RIVER AS A LATRINE UPSPRING
AND ANIMALS DIE.
>> BUT AS DIPLOMATS AND
DIGNITARIES MINGLE IN THE WHITE
HOUSE PARLOR, WILLIE'S CONDITION
WORSENS.
A NIGHT MEANT TO INSTILL
>>> IN FEBRUARY 1862, WILLIE LINCOLN, THE FAVORITE AND MOST
PROMISING OF THE LINCOLN BOYS
FALLS SICK WITH TYPHOID FEVER.
>> BUT THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN
DO.
THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE OF
TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES.
AND AT THE AGE OF 11, AFTER A
HIDEOUS BATTLE WITH GREAT PAIN,
HE DIES.
>> AND IT'S A TERRIBLE BLOW TO
BOTH HIS PARENTS.
>> MARY HAS THE BREAKDOWN.
>> SHE GOES INTO PROFOUND, DEEP
MOURNING.
>> SHE TAKES TO HER ROOM.
HER ROOM IS DARKENED.
SHE CAN'T BEAR TO SEE HER SON
TAD, BECAUSE TAD REMINDS HER OF
WILLIE.
LINCOLN IS ALSO TOTALLY
DEVASTATED.
HE GOES FROM THE DEATH ROOM TO
HIS SECRETARY'S OFFICE.
HE SAYS "MY BOY IS ACTUALLY
GONE.
HE'S ACTUALLY GONE," AND HE
BEGINS TO SOB AND HIS SHOULDERS
ARE HEAVING.
THERE'S A CONCERN ABOUT WHETHER
HE'LL BE ABLE TO HANDLE THE
BEREAVEMENT AND HANDLE THE SHIP
OF STATE AT THE SAME TIME, AND
HE HAS TO REALLY ROUSE HIMSELF
FROM HIS OWN DEPTHS TO GET BACK
IN THE SADDLE AND RUN THE WAR.
>> ONLY WEEKS AFTER WILLIE'S DEATH, A GRIEVING LINCOLN
LAUNCHES THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN
TO CAPTURE THE CONFEDERATE
CAPITAL OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.
>> GENERAL McCLELLAN LEADS THE
CAMPAIGN, BUT HE WAS FOREVER
TIMID, FOREVER DIGGING IN
TRENCHES.
ULTIMATELY, IT'S A DISASTER.
HE'S DRIVEN OFF THE PENINSULA.
SO THE SUMMER OF 1862 IS WASTED.
THE CASUALTIES ARE HUGE, AND THE
UNION IS RIGHT BACK WHERE IT
STARTED.
>> AND LINCOLN FEELS
RESPONSIBLE.
THE BURDEN IS ON HIM.
>> HE WOULD GO AND MAKE VISITS
TO THE HOSPITALS.
THERE HE WOULD SHAKE HANDS WITH
SOLDIERS.
>> AND HE WAS THERE, EXTENDING
HIS HAND TO CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS
TOO.
SOME OF THEM WOULD SAY "DO YOU
KNOW THAT I'M A REB?"
AND HE WOULD SAY "ARE YOU SO REB
YOU CAN'T TAKE MY HAND?"
HE WAS A MASTER AT THIS KIND OF
EMPATHY AND SYMPATHY.
>> HE LOST TWO SONS.
HE THOUGHT OF THOSE SOLDIERS AS
SONS OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS.
>> THE LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION AND
THE LEVEL OF THE LOSS OF LIFE ON
TOP OF SUCH A PROFOUND LOSS, THE
DEATH OF WILLIE, IT WAS A
TERRIBLE STRAIN ON HIM AND HIS
PREDISPOSITION TO DEPRESSION WAS
IGNITED.
AND HE WOULD REFER IF THERE WAS
WORSE PLACE THAN HELL, HE WAS IN
IT.
AND AT TIMES HE FELT SUICIDAL.
>> IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE SOMEBODY
TODAY EXPERIENCING AS MUCH PAIN
AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND NOT BEING
HOSPITALIZED.
LIKE MEDICATED, HOSPITALIZED.
THIS GUY LOST PRETTY MUCH
EVERYBODY IN HIS LIFE.
>> BUT THE LINCOLNS WERE NOT
UNIQUE.
THIS GREAT LOSS THAT STRUCK
THEM, THEY SHARED WITH EVERYBODY
ELSE IN THE COUNTRY.
THOUSANDS OF SONS ARE KILLED IN
BATTLE EVERY DAY.
>> SO HE HAD TO CONTINUE
SOMEHOW.
HE HAD TO SUMMON THE STRENGTH TO
CARRY ON.
>> AS THE WEIGHT OF THE WAR AND
PERSONAL TRAGEDIES COMPOUND UPON
LINCOLN, BOTH THE UNION AND THE
CONFEDERACY HIT A FINANCIAL
CROSSROADS.
>> WARS ARE INCREDIBLY
EXPENSIVE.
THEY HAVE TO GET WEAPONS.
SOLDIERS HAVE TO BE FED.
THEY HAVE TO HAVE YOU KNOW
FORMS.
ALL OF THIS COSTS A HUGE AMOUNT
OF MONEY.
>> HOPING TO CRIPPLE CONFEDERATE
FUNDS, LINCOLN IMPOSES
RESTRICTIONS ON SOUTHERN COTTON
BEING SHIPPED TO EUROPE.
>> THE ENGLISH DEPENDED ON
SOUTHERN COTTON FOR TEXTTEXTILE.
THEY WERE REALLY DEPENDENT ON
THAT.
>> BUT THE UNION BLOCKADE
PREVENTS A LOT OF THOSE PRODUCTS
FROM COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC.
>> THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA OFFERS A NEW TRADE DEAL
TO FRANCE AND ENGLAND.
IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY AND
FINANCIAL SUPPORT.
>> AND SO THERE WERE FINANCIAL
INCENTIVES FOR THE BRITISH TO
RECOGNIZE THE CONFEDERACY.
>> THE CONFEDERACY THOUGHT
ENGLAND WOULD GET IN ON THEIR
SIDE.
ONCE THEY DID.
THAT WOULD HAVE HAD ACCESS TO
CREDIT AND CAPITAL.
>> THAT WOULD BE DEVASTATING FOR
THE UNION.
>> NOT ONLY WOULD THE FINANCIAL
INVESTMENT HELP CRUSH THE UNION
ARMY, BUT FOREIGN RECOGNITION
WOULD ALSO LEGITIMIZE THE
CONFEDERACY AS AN AUTONOMOUS
NATION.
AND CEMENT
>>> BY THE SUMMER OF 1862, THE CIVIL WAR HAS RAGED FOR OVER A
YEAR, AND THE UNION IS SUFFERING
DEFEAT AFTER CRUSHING DEFEAT.
CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES HAVE
REACHED WELL OVER 100,000 AND
THERE IS NO END IN SIGHT.
>> FROM THE EARLY STAGES OF THE
WAR, ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE RUNNING
AWAY.
THERE ARE BLACK MEN RUSHING TO
RECRUITMENT OFFICES IN THE
NORTHERN STATES SAYING SIGN ME
UP.
I WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST THESE
SLAVE OWNERS, RIGHT?
BUT THE GOVERNMENT TURNS THEM
AWAY BECAUSE LINCOLN IS WORRIED
ABOUT MAKING THE WAR TOO
TRANSFORMATIVE.
HE SAID AT MANY POINTS THAT IF
HE COULD SAVE THE UNION WITHOUT
FREEING ANY SLAVES, HE WOULD DO.
SO.
>> BUT HE IS INCREASINGLY FACING
PRESSURE FROM THE RADICAL
REPUBLICANS AND THE
ABOLITIONISTS IN HIS OWN PARTY
TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT SLAVERY.
>> IN HIS PAPER, IN HIS PUBLIC
ADDRESSES, WHENEVER HE GOT THE
OPPORTUNITY, FREDERICK DOUGLASS
WAS TELLING LINCOLN WE'RE NOT
DOING WELL IN THIS WAR AND YOU
HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TURN IT
AROUND, BUT YOU'RE NOT WILLING
TO DO IT BECAUSE YOU ARE SO
WEDDED TO PROTECTING THESE
PEOPLE'S PROPERTY.
>> LINCOLN IS FEARFUL THAT IF HE
TAKES DIRECT ACTION AGAINST
SLAVERY, IT WILL ALIENATE MANY
NORTHERNERS.
BUT BY THE MIDDLE OF 1862,
LINCOLN REALIZES THAT SLAVERY IS
THE FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATION OF
SOUTHERN SOCIETY.
IT'S SLAVERY THAT IS KEEPING
THEIR ARMIES IN THE FIELD.
AND SO YOU WANT TO WIN, YOU GOT
TO ATTACK SLAVERY.
>> HE KNOWS THAT BLACK PEOPLE
ARE HIS LAST CARD TO PLAY.
>> THE OTHER ENORMOUS THING IS
ENGLAND NOT GETTING IN THE WAR
ON THE SOUTH'S SIDE.
>> THERE IS THIS PRAGMATIC SIDE
OF LINCOLN IN TERMS OF THINKING
THE ENGLISH HAD ALREADY ENDED
SLAVERY.
THERE WAS A REAL ABOLITIONIST
CENTER IN ENGLAND.
>> THEY'RE TRYING TO SORT OF
IGNORE THE SLAVERY THAT
UNDERPINS THEIR TRADING
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE
CONFEDERACY BECAUSE THEY ARE
UNITED IN THE OPPOSITION TO
SLAVERY.
>> LINCOLN KNEW IF YOU MAKE
SLAVERY A PART OF THE WAR
EQUATION, THEN IT'S VERY
DIFFICULT FOR THE BRITISH TO
INTERVENE BECAUSE ENGLAND CAN'T
BE PERCEIVED AS COMING TO THE
RESCUE OF A SLAVE EMPIRE.
SO HE TELLS THE CABINET I'M
GOING TO ISSUE AN EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION.
SECRETARY OF STATE SEWARD SAYS
MR. PRESIDENT, THAT'S GOING TO
LOOK LIKE A DESPERATION MOVE.
LET'S WAIT FOR A MILITARY
VICTORY AND THEN ISSUE THE
EMANSLAUGHTER PROCLAMATION.
PRESIDENT LINCOLN SAYS YOU'RE
RIGHT.
SO HE TAKES THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, FILES IT AWAY AND
WAITING FOR A VICTORY.
>> IN AUGUST OF SEPTEMBER 862,
CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E.
LEE INVADED MARYLAND.
THEY MEET THE UNION ARMY AT
ANTIETAM AND ENGAGE IN THE
BLOODIEST ONE-DAY ENCOUNT MERE
THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WARFARE.
MORE LIVES ARE SHED THAN ON
D-DAY.
>> THERE ARE NEARLY 23,000
CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES.
BUT AFTER MONTHS OF DEMORALIZING
LOSSES, THE UNION SUCCEEDS IN
HALTING LEE'S INVASION OF
MARYLAND.
>> LINCOLN HAD WANTED McCLELLAN
TO JUMP OFF TO A VIGOROUS
PURSUIT OF LEE.
McCLELLAN DIDN'T.
LINCOLN WANTED AN EXPLANATION.
ONE MORNING, LINCOLN GOT UP TO
VISIT McCLELLAN'S ARMY, AND THE
FIRST THING McCLELLAN DID WAS TO
PRESENT HIM WITH A LETTER.
IT WAS NOT A LETTER APOLOGIZING
OR EXPLAINING WHAT HAD HAPPENED.
IT WAS A LETTER TELLING ABRAHAM
LINCOLN HE MUST NOT SAY ANYTHING
ABOUT EMANCIPATING SLAVES, TO
MAKE SURE THAT HE HAS A
COMMANDER OF ALL THE ARMIES THAT
HE TRUSTS, NAMELY, ME, GEORGE
McCLELLAN.
LINCOLN TAKES THE LETTER, FOLDS
IT, PUTS IT BACK INTO HIS COAT
POCKET, GOES BACK TO WASHINGTON
AND TELLS HIS CABINET THAT HE IS
GOING TO EMANCIPATE THE SLAVES.
HE'S ALSO GOING TO EFFECTIVELY
TAKE COMMAND AWAY FROM GEORGE
McCLELLAN.
>> SOON AFTER THE BATTLE OF
ANTIETAM, LINCOLN ISSUES THE
PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION.
IT'S A WARNING AND IT BASICALLY
IS SAYING TO THE CONFEDERATE
STATES THAT ON JANUARY 1st,
1863, I'M GOING DECLARE THAT
SLAVES IN SECEDED STATES AND
PLACES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE
NOW FREE, BUT THIS WON'T APPLY
TO YOU IF YOU GIVE UP ARMS AND
DECIDE TO COME BACK INTO THE
UNITED STATES BETWEEN NOW AND
THEN.
>> THE ABOLITIONISTS AND
RADICALS REJOICED.
OTHERS LAMENTED AND FEARED.
THEY TRIED TO PERSUADE HIM TO
WITHDRAW IT, TO RETRACT IT.
HE REMAINED STEADFAST.
>> BUT WHILE EMANCIPATION SOLVES
LINCOLN'S MILITARY PROBLEM, IT
CREATES A SERIOUS SOCIAL ONE.
>> ONCE ENSLAVED AFRICAN
AMERICANS ARE FREE, THE QUESTION
THEN IS WHAT WILL BE THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED
STATES.
>> ATTEND OF JULY 1862, LINCOLN
CALLS FIVE VERY PROMINENT
AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN FROM THE
LOCAL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
COMMUNITY TO COME TO WHITE HOUSE
TO TALK ABOUT COLONIZATION,
WHICH HE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER IN
HIS CAREER.
>> HE SAYS LOOK, YOU'RE THE
REASON WE HAVE THIS WAR.
WE CAN NEVER LIVE ON AN EQUAL
FOOTING IN THIS COUNTRY.
WHY DON'T YOU CONSIDER MY PLANS
FOR COLONIZATION IN CENTRAL
AMERICA OR AFRICA?
>> LINCOLN SAID I THINK WHITE
PEOPLE ARE SO GENERALLY
PREJUDICED THAT YOU WILL NEVER
FIND SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS HERE.
>> AND THEY LEAVE VERY
DISHEARTENED.
>> I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE
ASSUME THAT THE GUY THAT FREED
THE SLAVES LIKED BLACK PEOPLE.
PEOPLE ASSUME THAT LINCOLN MUST
HAVE BEEN SOMEBODY WHO WANTED
EVERYBODY TO BE TOGETHER, WHO
SAW US ALL AS ONE PEOPLE, AND
IT'S NOT TRUE.
IT JUST TURNS OUT THAT A GREAT
WAY TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION IS
TO YANK THE ENSLAVED AFRICANS
OUT FROM UNDER HIS ENEMY, HOPING
THEY WOULD GO BACK TO AFRICA.
>> WHEN THAT MEETING HAPPENS IN
1862, IT'S TREMENDOUSLY
CONTROVERSIAL.
IT GETS A HUGE AMOUNT OF
NATIONAL ATTENTION.
>> FREDERICK DOUGLASS IS
OUTRAGED.
HE SAYS "MR. LINCOLN, DON'T YOU
GET IT YET?
SLAVES ARE NOT THE CAUSE OF THE
WAR.
SLAVERY IS THE CAUSE OF THE
WAR."
>> BUT LINCOLN IS NOT THERE YET.
>> THE COUNTRY IS ON EDGE AS THE
DEADLINE FOR LINCOLN'S
EMANCIPATION THREAT APPROACHES.
IT IS UNCLEAR WHAT THE TERMS AND
DETAILS OF THE DECREE WILL BE.
THE FUTURE AND THE FREEDOM OF
MILLIONS OF AMERICANS LIE IN THE
BALANCE.
>> AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE
WAITING TO SEE IF LINCOLN WAS
REALLY GOING TO FOLLOW THROUGH.
>> AS THE CLOCK TICKED DOWN, ON
DECEMBER 31st, 1862, YOU CAN
CONVEY THE TENSION THE
ABOLITIONISTS AND THE ACTIVISTS
HELD WATCH MEETINGS.
>> THERE WERE GROUPS OF ENSLAVED
PEOPLE BY CANDLELIGHT WAITING
FOR THE STRIKE OF MIDNIGHT.
KNOWING THAT IN THAT MOMENT THAT
WE COULD BE FREE
>>> IN THE 100 DAYS THAT PASS AFTER LINCOLN ISSUES THE
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, NOT
ONE CONFEDERATE STATE LAYS DOWN
ARMS AND REJOINS THE CONFEDERATE
UNION.
SO AS PROMISED, ON JANUARY
1st,
186 3, ABRAHAM LINCOLN DECLARES
ALL SLAVES LIVING IN REBEL
TERRITORY FREE.
>> LINCOLN SPENT THE MORNING ON
JANUARY 1st, 1863 SHAKING THE
HANDS OF PEOPLE ON A RECEIVING
LINE.
AFTER DOING THAT, HE WENT BACK
TO HIS OFFICE AND HIS HAND WAS
SHAKING FROM THE EXERTION OF
SPENDING THE ENTIRE DAY SHAKING
HANDS, BUT HE DIDN'T WANT HIS
SIGNATURE TO APPEAR TREMULOUS.
HE DIDN'T WANT ANYONE TO THINK
THAT HE HAD ANY DOUBTS WHAT HE
WAS DOING, SO HE CALMED HIS HAND
BEFORE HE SIGNED THE DOCUMENT.
IN THAT MOMENT, THE WAR BECOMES
A WAR TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.
>> EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
ALLOWS FOR BLACK MEN TO SERVE IN
THE ARMY AND MAKES PLAIN THAT
ANY ENSLAVED PERSON IN THE
STATES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE
FREE PEOPLE.
>> IT ALSO ENDED ANY POSSIBILITY
OF EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE IN THE
WAR.
BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION WOULD
NEVER HAVE TOLERATED AID TO THE
SOUTH AT THAT POINT.
>> THIS IS A PRESIDENTIAL
PROCLAMATION THAT SAYS THE CIVIL
WAR COULD NOT BE WON WITHOUT
FREEING ENSLAVED PEOPLE, AND
THAT'S PROFOUNDLY SIGNIFICANT.
>> BLACK PEOPLE ARE ELATED.
THEY ARE ECSTATIC.
ALTHOUGH BLACK PEOPLE WERE
FREEING THEMSELVES BEFORE THE
PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED, NOW YOU
HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES TELLING YOU ARE FREE TO
LEAVE.
THEY TOOK THAT AND LEFT IN
DROVES.
>> BUT THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION IS PROBABLY THE
MOST MISUNDERSTOOD IMPORTANT
DOCUMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
PEOPLE SAY LINCOLN FREED ALL THE
SLAVES WITH A STROKE OF HIS PEN.
NO, THAT IS NOT CORRECT.
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
DID NOT APPLY TO ABOUT
THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILLION
SLAVES.
IN THE FOUR STATES IN THE UNION,
THE BORDER STATES, HE SAYS WE'RE
NOT MAKING WAR AGAINST DELAWARE,
MARYLAND, KENTUCKY AND MISSOURI.
THIS IS A STRICTLY PRACTICAL WAR
MEASURE.
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY CHASE,
WHO WAS AN ABOLITIONIST SAYS,
YOU KNOW, LINCOLN, THERE IS NO
MORAL SENTIMENT IN HERE.
IT DOESN'T TALK ABOUT THE RIGHTS
OF MANKIND.
SO LINCOLN ADDS THIS ACT
BELIEVED TO BE AN ACT OF JUSTICE
BUT BASED ON MILITARY NECESSITY.
THAT'S WHY IT'S BEING ISSUED, TO
WIN THE WAR.
>> YOU THINK OF HIM AS A GREAT
EMANCIPATOR, BUT THE WAY HE DID
IT AND WHY HE DID IT, PRETTY
GRUBBY REASONS.
BUT POLITICS IS A GRUBBY
BUSINESS AND HE IS A POLITICIAN.
>> IT'S A VERY PRACTICAL MOVE.
IT'S A CALCULATED MOVE.
I DON'T WANT TO SAY IT'S A
CYNICAL MOVE, BUT IT'S A MOVE OF
NECESSITY.
>> I WOULD HAVE PREFERRED THAT
LINCOLN ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION
OUT OF A MORAL OBLIGATION.
I CERTAINLY GREW UP BELIEVING
THAT THAT'S WHAT HE HAD DONE.
IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT TO
DISCOVER THAT IT WAS OUT OF
MILITARY NECESSITY, BUT I STILL
DON'T THINK THAT WE CAN
UNDERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF
THE PROCLAMATION.
>> THERE IS A VIEW THAT THE
PROCLAMATION WAS MERELY
MILITARY, AND I THINK TO THINK
THAT IS TO BE INDIFFERENT TO
LINCOLN'S WHOLE ANTI-SLAVERY
LIFE.
YOU CAN'T ACCOMPLISH MORAL GOALS
WITHOUT A POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY.
>> SOMEONE ELSE MIGHT HAVE BEEN
SO IDEALOGICALLY COMMITTED TO
WHITE SUPREMACY THAT THEY
WOULDN'T HAVE MADE THOSE MOVES.
HE SAW A POLITICAL REASON TO DO
AN EXTRAORDINARY THING AND HE
DID IT.
>> WHILE PRESIDENT LINCOLN
ISSUES HISTORY-MAKING DECREES,
MARY LINCOLN'S STANCE ON FREEDOM
AND EQUALITY CONTINUES TO EVOLVE
AS WELL.
>> MARY TODD LINCOLN IS ABLE TO
FORM A VERY MEANINGFUL
RELATIONSHIP WITH ELIZABETH
KECKLY WHO IS A FORMER SLAVE.
ELIZABETH KECKLY IS A
DRESSMAKER, SO SHE OUTFITS HER
IN ELABORATE DRESS, BUT SHE IS
ALSO A CONFIDANTE.
>> MARY LEARNS A LOT ABOUT THE
LIFE OF FREE BLACK PEOPLE IN
WASHINGTON FROM LIZZIE KECKLY.
>> ELIZABETH KECKLY WAS VERY
ACTIVE IN WASHINGTON, D.C.'S
AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY.
AND SHE ALONGS WITH OTHER
AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN FOUNDED
THE CONTRABAND RELIEF
ASSOCIATION WHICH IS A SOCIETY
OF WOMEN WHO RAISE MONEY,
COLLECT FOOD, COLLECT CLOTHING,
TRY TO FIND SHELTER FOR PEOPLE
WHO WERE ESCAPING SLAVERY AND
COMING INTO WASHINGTON, D.C.
>> AND PRETTY SOON MARY IS
DONATING AND ASKING HER HUSBAND
TO DONATE TO THE CAUSE OF
SHELTERING FRIEDEN SLAVED
PEOPLE.
>> AND MARY LINCOLN ALLOWED
ELIZABETH KECKLY TO USE HER NAME
PUBLICLY WHEN SHE WENT AROUND
RAISING MONEY FOR THE
ASSOCIATION.
>> SO THERE IS A WAY IN WHICH
MARY TODD LINCOLN COULD
COMMISERATE, BOND WITH A FREED
WOMAN OF COLOR ON AN EQUAL
PLANE.
SO I THINK SHE IS MORE COMPLEX
THAN PEOPLE CUT HER OUT TO BE.
>> AS MARY LINCOLN AND ELIZABETH
KECKLY WORK TO FIND A PLAY
ABRAHAM LINCOLN WORKS TO
♪ >>> ON JANUARY 1st, 1863,
ABRAHAM LINCOLN ISSUES THE
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
INVITING FREED SLAVES TO JOIN
THE UNION ARMY.
>> LINCOLN HAD BEEN OPPOSED TO
THIS.
HE HAD SAID TIME AND AGAIN, THAT
THE SIGHT OF BLACK MEN IN ARMS
WOULD TURN THOSE WHO ARE FOR US
AGAINST US.
BUT HE CHANGED HIS MIND.
>> LINCOLN REALIZES HE NEEDED
EVERY SOLDIER YOU CAN GET.
AND THE RESERVOIR OF BLACK
MANPOWER COULDN'T BE IGNORED
ANYMORE.
>> THAT CHANGE IS CRITICAL.
AND IT SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF
LINCOLN IN TERMS OF HIS
THINKING.
AN EVOLUTION THAT WILL CONTINUE
ON THROUGHOUT THE REST OF THE
WAR.
>> THE MAJORITY OF BLACK MEN WHO
SERVED IN THE UNION ARMY WERE
PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN SLAVED AT
ONE TIME.
THEY THINK NOW THEY'RE GOING TO
GET SOME KIND OF RECOGNITION OF
THEIR STATUS AS MEN.
BUT WHAT THEY FIND IS NOT WHAT
THEY HAD ANTICIPATED.
>> THEY WERE CERTAINLY NOT
TREATED EQUALLY.
THEY SERVED ONLY IN SEGREGATED
UNITS UNDER WHITE OFFICERS.
THEY RECEIVED LESS PAY THAN
WHITE SOLDIERS.
>> THEY HAD OLD, WORN-OUT
MUSKETS.
THEY WERE PUT INTO THE HOTTEST,
MOST DANGEROUS PLACES IN THE
SOUTH.
INFECTED WITH MOSQUITOES, ON THE
GROUNDS THAT SINCE THEY WERE
BLACK, IT WOULDN'T BOTHER THEM.
>> LINCOLN THOUGHT IF THEY WERE
ON AN EQUAL LEVEL, THAT WOULD
MAKE THEM WERE LIKELY TO ACCEPT
WHITES IN THE ARMY.
>> FREDERICK DOUGLASS, WHO HAD
BEEN A REAL THORN IN LINCOLN'S
SIDE, HE GOES TO THE WHITE HOUSE
TO COMPLAIN.
DESPITE THEIR ADVERSARIAL
RELATIONSHIP, WHEN LINCOLN FOUND
OUT THAT DOUGLASS WAS PRESENT,
HE INVITED HIM IN WHILE OTHER
WHITE MEN WAITED.
IT'S SOMETHING THAT DOUGLASS
ALWAYS APPRECIATED.
>> THERE HAVE BEEN TIMES IN THIS
COUNTRY WHERE A PRESIDENT WOULD
OPEN THE DOOR AND SIT DOWN WITH
SOMEONE WHO HAD BEEN KICKING HIS
BUTT ON THE PUBLIC STAGE.
>> DOUGLASS BEGGED HIM TO PAY
BLACK TROOPS THE WAY THAT WHITE
MEN WERE PAID.
>> HE WAS THERE TO COMPLAIN THAT
BLACK MEN WERE NOT HAVING THE
SAME KINDS OF RIGHTS THAT OTHER
SOLDIERS HAD.
LINCOLN SAID, THIS WILL HAPPEN,
BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME.
>> DOUGLASS COMES OUT OF THE
MEETING NOT ENTIRELY SATISFIED
WITH LINCOLN'S RESPONSE.
BUT HE SAYS TO THE BLACK
POPULATION, DESPITE THIS, IT'S
OUR CHANCE TO PROVE OURSELVES.
>> AT TEHE END OF THE WAR, WE
WILL HAVE EARNED CITIZENSHIP.
>> THEY STAY, THEY FIGHT,
BECAUSE THEY'RE FIGHTING NOT
JUST FOR FREEDOM TODAY, BUT
FREEDOM FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND
GRANDCHILDREN AND GENERATIONS TO
COME.
>> ARMED BLACK SOLDIERS ON THEIR
BATTLEFIELDS, ELICIT AN
EXPLOSIVE REACTION FROM THE
SOUTH.
>> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS
KIND OF IRONIC IS THAT WHITE
SOUTHERNERS BY SECEDING MAKE IT
POSSIBLE FOR LINCOLN TO
EMANCIPATE BLACK PEOPLE.
WHEN THEY BECOME HIS ENEMY IN
WAR, THEY CREATE THE LEGAL
JUSTIFICATION FOR EMANCIPATION.
SO THEY PLAYED THEMSELVES, FOR
LACK OF A BETTER PHRASE.
>> MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS HAD
LONG FEARED A FORCE THAT WOULD
MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ENLSLAVED
PEOPLE TO RISE UP AGAINST THEIR
OWNERS, IN ORDER TO CLAIM THEIR
FREEDOM OR EXACT RETRIBUTION.
>> THE CONFEDERATES RESPOND, WE
WILL CONSIDER THAT HAS A SYMBOL
OF THE NORTH'S COMPLICITY IN
SLAVE REBELLION.
WE'RE GOING TO TAKE ALL YOUR
BLACK PEOPLE EVERY TIME WE FIND
THEM.
AND SO ROBERT E. LEE DECIDES TO TRY THIS BOLD ASSAULT BY COMING
UP THE VALLEY, AROUND MARYLAND
AND UP TO GETTYSBURG, STRAIGHT
INTO THE NORTH.
AND AS CONFEDERATES ADVANCE INTO
GETTYSBURG.
THERE'S A WARNING FOR FREE
BLACKS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES.
>> CONFEDERATES WERE TAKING FREE
BLACK PEOPLE FROM COMMUNITIES
ALONG THEIR MARCHING ROUTE IN AN
EFFORT TO ENSLAVE THEM.
>> THIS WAS BEYOND THE LAW OF
WAR.
LEE IS MARCHING INTO
PENNSYLVANIA, AND THE NORTH IS
PRETTY PANICKING.
>> THE BUILDUP WAS ENORMOUS.
>> AS LEE'S MARCH TO GETTYSBURG
CONTINUES TO RAIN TERROR, THE
UNION ANXIOUSLY AWAITS THE
CONFRONTATION THAT LIES AHEAD.
AND LINCOLN'S UNION ARMY
PREPARES FOR WHAT WILL BE THE
BLOODIEST BATTLE AND THE
DEADLIEST WAR IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.