1 00:00:00,920 --> 00:00:11,260 >>> PREVIOUSLY ON "LINCOLN: 2 00:00:11,264 --> 00:00:16,602 DIVIDED WE STAND" ‐‐ >> HE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE THE 3 00:00:16,602 --> 00:00:20,406 ROCK STAR, AN AMAZING POLITICIAN OF THE DAY. 4 00:00:20,406 --> 00:00:23,836 >> BUT AFTER HIS ONE TERM IN CONGRESS, PRESIDENT TAYLOR 5 00:00:23,843 --> 00:00:28,180 PASSES HIM OVER FOR THIS CABINET JOB. 6 00:00:28,180 --> 00:00:34,487 >> FEELS LIKE A FAILURE. >> WHEN LINCOLN AND HIS FAMILY 7 00:00:34,487 --> 00:00:39,687 LEAVE WASHINGTON, D. C., HE WAS DISAPPOINT 8 00:00:39,692 --> 00:00:42,128 DISAPPOINTED. BUT HE WORKED VERY, VERY HARD TO 9 00:00:42,128 --> 00:00:47,166 BUILD UP HIS LAW PRACTICE. >> LINCOLN WAS A GREAT SPINNER 10 00:00:47,166 --> 00:00:54,136 OF TALES FOR JURIES. ONE TIME, HE SAID THIS REMINDS 11 00:00:54,140 --> 00:00:58,910 ME OF THE LITTLE BOY ON THE FARM WHO COMES RUNNING IN TO HIS 12 00:00:58,911 --> 00:01:02,848 FATHER, AND SAYS, PA, PA, SISTER IS IN THE BARN. 13 00:01:02,848 --> 00:01:15,458 AND SHE’S GOT HER PANTS DOWN, AND SHE’S PINNED IN THE HAY 14 00:01:15,461 --> 00:01:19,465 LOFT, AND HE SAYS, MY BOY, YOU’VE GOT YOUR FACTS STRAIGHT, 15 00:01:19,465 --> 00:01:22,095 AND YOU’VE COME TO THE WRONG CONCLUSIONS. 16 00:01:22,101 --> 00:01:25,971 AND HE TURNS TO THE JURY AND SAYS, SOMETIMES THE FACTS DON’T 17 00:01:25,972 --> 00:01:33,279 LEAVE YOU TO THE RIGHT CONCLUSIONS 18 00:01:33,279 --> 00:01:34,409 CONCLUSIONS. >> LINCOLN WAS HONEST ABE, 19 00:01:34,413 --> 00:01:40,720 BUT ‐‐ >> THERE’S A TENDENCY TO SAY 20 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:47,390 HE’S A MORAL PAIRRAGON OR A POLITICAL ANIMAL. 21 00:01:47,393 --> 00:01:48,561 NO, HE’S A HYBRID. YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND BOTH 22 00:01:48,561 --> 00:01:54,101 SIDES. 23 00:01:58,804 --> 00:02:07,279 ♪ >>> BY 1854, SPAIN, FRANCE, AND 24 00:02:07,279 --> 00:02:13,149 BRITAIN HAVE ABOLISHED SLAVERY. BUT IT’S VERY MUCH ALIVE IN THE 25 00:02:13,152 --> 00:02:16,889 UNITED STATES. IN MAY, PRESIDENT PIERCE SIGNS 26 00:02:16,889 --> 00:02:22,189 THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT. GIVING AMERICAN SLAVERY THE 27 00:02:22,194 --> 00:02:23,996 OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND THROUGHOUT 500,000 SQUARE MILES OF NEW 28 00:02:23,996 --> 00:02:33,366 TERRITORY. >> THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT 29 00:02:33,372 --> 00:02:38,210 REPEALED THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE WHICH HAD SAID THERE CAN BE NO 30 00:02:38,210 --> 00:02:46,819 SLAVERY NORTH OF THE 3630 LINE. >> IT WASN’T JUST TALKING ABOUT 31 00:02:46,819 --> 00:02:52,889 THE MODERN DAY STATES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. 32 00:02:52,892 --> 00:03:02,201 THIS IMMENSE TERRITORY, TO THE CANADIAN BORDER AND WEST TOWARDS 33 00:03:02,201 --> 00:03:04,637 OREGON. >> LINCOLN SAYS, YOU CAN’T HAVE 34 00:03:04,637 --> 00:03:09,775 A DEMOCRATIC PROCESS TO DETERMINE WHETHER AN 35 00:03:09,775 --> 00:03:11,805 UNCONSTITUTIONAL PROCESS CAN EXIST. 36 00:03:11,811 --> 00:03:18,651 HE HAD A GOOD IDEA OF WHEN IDEALS WEREN’T FOUNDED THE RIGHT 37 00:03:18,651 --> 00:03:21,851 WAY. >> THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT 38 00:03:21,854 --> 00:03:35,167 PROPELS LINCOLN BACK INTO POLITICS. 39 00:03:35,167 --> 00:03:40,005 >> IN THE WAKE OF THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT, LINCOLN’S 40 00:03:40,005 --> 00:03:46,035 WHIG PARTY BEGINS TO UNRAVEL OVER THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY. 41 00:03:46,045 --> 00:03:51,984 >> THE WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS WERE NOT LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES, 42 00:03:51,984 --> 00:03:53,886 PRECISELY AS WE DIVIDE PARTIES TODAY. 43 00:03:53,886 --> 00:03:57,156 THE WHIGS WERE PRETTY PROGRESSIVE ON SLAVERY. 44 00:03:57,156 --> 00:04:00,826 THE DEMOCRATS WERE LIBERAL IN TERMS OF VOTING OPPORTUNITIES IN 45 00:04:00,826 --> 00:04:07,726 TERMS OF SUSPICION ABOUT IMMIGRATION, BUT NOT LIBERAL ON 46 00:04:07,733 --> 00:04:11,370 SOUTHERN SLAVERY, BECAUSE THE SOUTH WAS THEN THE DEMOCRATIC 47 00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:13,906 BASE. >> BUT THE WHIGS ARE UNABLE TO 48 00:04:13,906 --> 00:04:17,736 COMMIT TO A PERSPECTIVE ON THE QUESTION OF THE EXPANSION OF 49 00:04:17,743 --> 00:04:22,913 SLAVERY AND SO ‐‐ >> BY THE 1850s, THE WHIGS 50 00:04:22,915 --> 00:04:28,554 ESSENTIALLY COLLAPSE. >> BUT THEN A NEW ANTI‐SLAVERY 51 00:04:28,554 --> 00:04:30,623 PARTY IS BORN ‐‐ THE REPUBLICANS. 52 00:04:30,623 --> 00:04:32,792 >> LINCOLN BEGINS TO SPEAK OUT ON BEHALF OF THIS REPUBLICAN 53 00:04:32,792 --> 00:04:37,462 PARTY. AND THE FIRST EXAMPLE OF IT IS 54 00:04:37,463 --> 00:04:43,035 THE PEORIA SPEECH IN OCTOBER OF 1854. 55 00:04:43,035 --> 00:04:45,135 >> THIS IS THE MOMENT FOR HIS BIG COMEBACK. 56 00:04:45,137 --> 00:04:48,267 IT’S A GREAT SPEECH. >> OF THE LARGER GENERAL 57 00:04:48,274 --> 00:04:51,443 QUESTION OF DOMESTIC SLAVERY, I WISH TO MAKE AND TO KEEP THE 58 00:04:51,443 --> 00:04:56,782 DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE EXISTING INSTITUTION AND THE EXTENSION OF 59 00:04:56,782 --> 00:05:00,219 IT. SO BROAD AND SO CLEAR THAT NO 60 00:05:00,219 --> 00:05:05,357 HONEST MAN CAN MISUNDERSTAND ME AND NO DISHONEST ONE 61 00:05:05,357 --> 00:05:10,396 SUCCESSFULLY MISREPRESENT ME. >> LINCOLN PUTS FORWARD VERY 62 00:05:10,396 --> 00:05:17,236 STRONG CONDEMNATIONS OF SLAVERY. HE SAYS IT’S A CANCER EATING 63 00:05:17,236 --> 00:05:19,866 AWAY THE LIFE OF THE NATION. >> LET US TURN SLAVERY FROM ITS 64 00:05:19,872 --> 00:05:29,281 CLAIMS OF MORAL RIGHT BACK UPON ITS EXISTING LEGAL RIGHTS, AND 65 00:05:29,281 --> 00:05:34,987 ITS ARGUMENTS. AND THERE LET IT REST IN PEACE. 66 00:05:34,987 --> 00:05:38,987 >> HE SAYS THERE CAN BE NO MORAL RIGHT IN SLAVERY. 67 00:05:38,991 --> 00:05:43,361 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, HE REALLY BELIEVES THAT IF WE STOP 68 00:05:43,362 --> 00:05:49,268 ALLOWING SLAVERY TO EXPAND, HE FEELS LIKE THAT’S ENOUGH. 69 00:05:49,268 --> 00:05:54,607 >> VERY RARELY IN HIS LIFE AND CAREER DID LINCOLN TALK ABOUT 70 00:05:54,607 --> 00:05:57,937 THE CONCRETE INJUSTICES OF ENSLAVEMENT. 71 00:05:57,943 --> 00:06:01,347 THE IDEA THAT ENSLAVED PEOPLE WERE BEING EXPLOITED WAS NOT 72 00:06:01,347 --> 00:06:04,047 SOMETHING THAT WAS IMPORTANT TO HIM. 73 00:06:04,049 --> 00:06:10,089 IT MUST HAVE BEEN PROFOUNDING FRUSTRATING FOR SOMEONE TO SAY 74 00:06:10,089 --> 00:06:13,459 YOU CAN KEEP SLAVERY WHERE YOU ALREADY HAVE IT. 75 00:06:13,459 --> 00:06:16,259 THIS GUY GETS IT, BUT HE DOESN’T QUITE GET IT. 76 00:06:16,262 --> 00:06:19,431 >> BUT HE’S AN ABSOLUTE SENSATION. 77 00:06:19,431 --> 00:06:25,938 REPUBLICAN PAPERS GO WILD, PRAISING HIM AS THE GREAT ORATOR 78 00:06:25,938 --> 00:06:27,806 OF THE DAY. DEMOCRATIC PAPERS ARE FEARFUL OF 79 00:06:27,806 --> 00:06:33,706 THIS RISING MAN. >> IN WASHINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS 80 00:06:33,712 --> 00:06:39,251 SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER, ANTI‐SLAVERY MAN, GIVES A SPEECH 81 00:06:39,251 --> 00:06:47,226 IN WHICH HE CASTIGATES A FELLOW SENATOR FOR HIS PRO‐SLAVERY 82 00:06:47,226 --> 00:06:50,696 VIEWS. MILD CONSIDERING WHAT SOME OF 83 00:06:50,696 --> 00:06:56,566 THOSE CONFRONTATIONS ARE LIKE. THE NEPHEW WAS A CONGRESSMAN 84 00:06:56,568 --> 00:07:00,838 NAMED PRESTON BROOKS. ONE DAY, BROOKS WALKS IN WITH A 85 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:06,209 CANE AND BEGINS BEATING CHARLES SUMNER OVER THE HEAD. 86 00:07:06,211 --> 00:07:09,481 SUMNER IS CANED INTO INSENSIBILITY ON THE FLOOR OF 87 00:07:09,481 --> 00:07:15,988 THE UNITED STATES SENATE. HOW DOES THE SOUTH REACT? 88 00:07:15,988 --> 00:07:23,696 BROOKS WAS FLOODED WITH GIFTS OF NEW CANES. 89 00:07:23,696 --> 00:07:27,966 >> 1830 TO 1860, THERE ARE OVER 70 ACTS OF VIOLENCE BETWEEN 90 00:07:27,967 --> 00:07:32,597 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, NORTH AND SOUTH. 91 00:07:32,604 --> 00:07:35,941 THESE ARE CANINGS, DUELS, STABBINGS. 92 00:07:35,941 --> 00:07:47,686 FOLKS IN THE SOUTH LASHING OUT, TRYING TO KEEP A STASIS. 93 00:07:47,686 --> 00:07:51,956 >> UTLTIMATELY, THEY FEAR, EVEN IF IT’S 50 YEARS IN THE FUTURE, 94 00:07:51,957 --> 00:07:55,257 THEY WILL VOTE TO ERADICATE 95 00:08:08,007 --> 00:08:17,447 >>> FROM 1854 TO 1857, LINCOLN BECOMES A VOCAL ACTIVIST FOR THE 96 00:08:17,449 --> 00:08:19,518 REPUBLICAN PARTY. SPEAKING OUT AGAINST THE 97 00:08:19,518 --> 00:08:22,248 EXPANSION OF SLAVERY. AS PARTISAN LINES ACROSS THE 98 00:08:22,254 --> 00:08:25,324 COUNTRY DEEPEN, MORE CONTROVERSIAL LEGISLATION 99 00:08:25,324 --> 00:08:37,236 IGNITES MORE POLITICAL UNREST. >> DRED SCOTT IS A BLACK MAN, 100 00:08:37,236 --> 00:08:40,136 ENSLAVED. HE HAD BEEN TAKEN INTO FREE 101 00:08:40,139 --> 00:08:43,939 TERRITORY, AND ABOLITIONISTS SUED FOR HIS FREEDOM AND FOR THE 102 00:08:43,942 --> 00:08:48,712 FREEDOM OF HIS FAMILY. HE GOES TO THE SUPREME COURT. 103 00:08:48,714 --> 00:08:53,485 >> IN AN INFAMOUS RULING, THE COURT SAYS THAT SLAVES ARE 104 00:08:53,485 --> 00:08:57,555 SLAVES WHEREVER THEY ARE. THAT SLAVERY IS IN A SENSE 105 00:08:57,556 --> 00:09:00,586 NATIONAL. >> AND BLACK MEN HAVE NO RIGHTS 106 00:09:00,592 --> 00:09:04,162 THAT WHITE MEN ARE BOUND TO ACCEPT. 107 00:09:04,163 --> 00:09:08,833 AND BLACK PEOPLE ARE NOT CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES. 108 00:09:08,834 --> 00:09:14,907 AND BY THE WAY, IF YOU ARE A SLAVEHOLDER, YOU CAN TAKE YOUR 109 00:09:14,907 --> 00:09:17,976 PROPERTY ANYWHERE YOU DARN WELL PLEASE. 110 00:09:17,976 --> 00:09:23,916 AND THAT REALLY SETS OFF LINCOLN. 111 00:09:23,916 --> 00:09:27,016 >> USUALLY THE SUPREME COURT RULING SETTLES MATTERS. 112 00:09:27,019 --> 00:09:35,059 THIS ONE DIDN’T. IT CAUSED THE BIGGEST UPROAR 113 00:09:35,060 --> 00:09:40,365 GENERATED BY ANY SUPREME COURT DECISION IN HISTORY. 114 00:09:40,365 --> 00:09:44,235 >> LINCOLN ARGUES PUBLICLY THAT THE RULING SHOULD BE IGNORED. 115 00:09:44,236 --> 00:09:51,076 A BRAZEN STANCE FOR A MAN WHO PREACHES ABOUT THE SANCTITY OF 116 00:09:51,076 --> 00:09:54,046 THE CONSTITUTION. >> THAT’S ALMOST AS OUTRAGEOUS 117 00:09:54,046 --> 00:10:01,146 AS SAYING YOU DON’T HAVE TO RESPECT A PERSON’S HUMANITY 118 00:10:01,153 --> 00:10:03,922 BASED ON COLOR. SO LINCOLN IS ABSOLUTELY FOCUSED 119 00:10:03,922 --> 00:10:08,292 DURING THIS PERIOD. HE’S INEXHAUSTIBLE, HE’S ABLE TO 120 00:10:08,293 --> 00:10:13,966 LURCH FROM TOWN TO TOWN. MAKING LONG SPEECHES SO HE’S 121 00:10:13,966 --> 00:10:18,036 CONSTANTLY ON THE ROAD. >> HE WAS GONE MANY WEEKS OF THE 122 00:10:18,036 --> 00:10:19,036 YEAR. AND THIS WAS HARD FOR A YOUNG 123 00:10:19,037 --> 00:10:25,677 WIFE. BUT LINCOLN AND MARY BOTH HAD A 124 00:10:25,677 --> 00:10:28,747 POLITICAL VISION. SHE KNEW THAT HE WAS BUILDING 125 00:10:28,747 --> 00:10:32,617 HIS POLITICAL NETWORK, AND HOW IMPORTANT THAT WAS. 126 00:10:32,618 --> 00:10:36,888 MARY SAW AN OPPORTUNITY IN THAT MOMENT AS SHE SAW LINCOLN RISING 127 00:10:36,889 --> 00:10:41,659 EVEN GREATER AS A LEADER, A SPOKESPERSON. 128 00:10:41,660 --> 00:10:44,460 SHE KNEW HER HUSBAND PERHAPS FINALLY COULD GET THE SENATE 129 00:10:44,463 --> 00:10:52,171 SEAT HE DESERVED. >> IN 1855, LINCOLN RUNS 130 00:10:52,171 --> 00:10:53,571 UNSUCCESSFULLY FOR THE U. S. SENATE. 131 00:10:53,572 --> 00:10:57,742 THREE YEARS LATER, HE’S DETERMINED TO TRY AGAIN. 132 00:10:57,743 --> 00:11:02,113 >> IN 1858, THE REPUBLICANS HAVE A CONVENTION, AND CHOOSE HIM AS 133 00:11:02,114 --> 00:11:03,649 THE NOMINEE. AND LINCOLN GETS TO ADDRESS THE 134 00:11:03,649 --> 00:11:08,219 CONVENTION. >> LINCOLN READS THE SPEECH TO 135 00:11:08,220 --> 00:11:14,726 HIS ADVISERS BEFORE HE GIVES IT. AND THEY SAY, DON’T GIVE THE 136 00:11:14,726 --> 00:11:17,356 SPEECH. IT IS TOO RADICAL. 137 00:11:17,362 --> 00:11:20,465 >> WHAT YOU’VE SAID IN THE OPENING LINES IS GOING TO END 138 00:11:20,465 --> 00:11:29,665 YOUR POLITICAL CAREER. >> BUT LINCOLN IGNORES THE 139 00:11:29,675 --> 00:11:33,445 ADVICE AND DELIVERS THE SPEECH AS IT’S WRITTEN. 140 00:11:33,445 --> 00:11:37,315 A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF CANNOT STAND. 141 00:11:37,316 --> 00:11:43,455 I BELIEVE THIS GOVERNMENT CANNOT ENDURE, PERMANENTLY HALF SLAVE 142 00:11:43,455 --> 00:11:46,955 AND HALF FREE. >> WORDS TAKEN FROM THE GOSPEL. 143 00:11:46,959 --> 00:11:51,329 >> I DO NOT EXPECT THE UNION TO BE DISSOLVED. 144 00:11:51,330 --> 00:11:56,500 BUT I EXPECT THE HOUSE WILL CEASE TO BE DIVIDED. 145 00:11:56,501 --> 00:11:58,201 IT WILL BECOME ONE THING OR ALL THE OTHER. 146 00:11:58,203 --> 00:12:01,840 >> HE WOWS THIS CONVENTION. AND HE BEGINS HIS CAMPAIGN FOR 147 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:16,188 THE SENATE. THINK OF ILLINOIS IN 1858 AS A 148 00:12:16,188 --> 00:12:20,758 MICROCOSM OF AMERICA. THE NORTHERN PART OF ILLINOIS 149 00:12:20,759 --> 00:12:22,559 WERE ANTI‐SLAVERY AND PRO‐REPUBLICAN. 150 00:12:22,561 --> 00:12:27,931 THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE STATE WAS PRO‐SLAVERY. 151 00:12:27,933 --> 00:12:31,270 >> ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS RUNNING AGAINST THE LEADER OF THE 152 00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:35,407 DEMOCRATIC PARTY. >> THE MOST FAMOUS MAN IN 153 00:12:35,407 --> 00:12:37,676 AMERICA. STEVEN A. DOUGLAS. 154 00:12:37,676 --> 00:12:46,016 >> HE WAS THIS TREMENDOUSLY INSTITUTIONALIZED FIGURE. 155 00:12:46,018 --> 00:12:52,858 AND DOUGLAS WAS THE AUTHOR OF THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT. 156 00:12:52,858 --> 00:12:58,558 >> EVERYBODY THOUGHT LINCOLN WAS THE SACK OFFICIAL LAMB IN THAT 157 00:12:58,563 --> 00:13:02,533 RACE. >> DOUGLAS SPENT A FORTUNE IN 158 00:13:02,534 --> 00:13:08,440 THE CAMPAIGN. >> DOUGLAS HAS HIS OWN CAMPAIGN 159 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:13,979 TRAIN. THE BACK OF THE TRAIN HAS A 160 00:13:13,979 --> 00:13:17,979 CANNON ON IT. EVERY TIME THE TRAIN GETS INTO A 161 00:13:17,983 --> 00:13:21,019 TOWN, THEY SET OFF THE CANNON, AS IF TO ANNOUNCE THE GREAT MAN 162 00:13:21,019 --> 00:13:34,929 HAS ARRIVED. DOUGLAS IS DRAWING BIG CROWDS. 163 00:13:34,933 --> 00:13:47,212 WHEREVER HE CAMPAIGNS. SO LINCOLN BEGINS TO SHOW UP AT 164 00:13:47,212 --> 00:13:50,982 DOUGLAS SPEECHES AND RALLIES. HE’S GETTING BIGGER CROWDS THAN 165 00:13:50,982 --> 00:13:55,652 EVER BY CAMPAIGNING IN STEVEN DOUGLAS’ WAKE. 166 00:13:55,654 --> 00:14:04,062 >> THE DEMOCRATIC PRESS MOCKS LINCOLN FOR APPROPRIATING THE 167 00:14:04,062 --> 00:14:06,462 CROWDS. SO HE COMES UP WITH AN 168 00:14:06,465 --> 00:14:08,333 ALTERNATIVE. >> HE WRITES A LETTER THAT WILL 169 00:14:08,333 --> 00:14:10,635 CHANGE HIS CAREER, AND REALLY CHANGE POLITICS. 170 00:14:10,635 --> 00:14:14,805 >> HE CHALLENGES DOUGLAS TO DEBATES. 171 00:14:14,806 --> 00:14:19,736 >> HERE WAS A ONE‐TIME CONGRESSMAN, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, HE 172 00:14:19,745 --> 00:14:24,255 WAS GOING TO TAKE ON STEVEN A. 173 00:14:32,624 --> 00:14:38,330 >>> IN 1858, ABRAHAM LINCOLN CHALLENGES STEVEN A. DOUGLAS, 174 00:14:38,330 --> 00:14:42,130 THE MOST POWERFUL POLITICIAN IN AMERICA, TO A SERIES OF PUBLIC 175 00:14:42,134 --> 00:14:53,444 DEBATES. >> DOUGLAS HAD EVERYTHING TO 176 00:14:53,445 --> 00:14:58,350 LOSE BY ACCEPTING LINCOLN’S INVITATION 177 00:14:58,350 --> 00:15:00,318 INVITATION. BUT HE CAN’T SAY NO. 178 00:15:00,318 --> 00:15:05,257 BECAUSE TO SAY NO WOULD BE TO LOOK COWARDLY. 179 00:15:05,257 --> 00:15:09,127 >> THEY ARRANGED FOR SEVEN DEBATES. 180 00:15:09,127 --> 00:15:15,267 ONE IN EACH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT WHERE THEY HAD NOT YET 181 00:15:15,267 --> 00:15:19,097 SPOKEN. >> THE LINCOLN/DOUGLAS DEBATES 182 00:15:19,104 --> 00:15:21,039 WERE ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PERIOD. 183 00:15:21,039 --> 00:15:25,076 PEOPLE DIDN’T HAVE TV. WATCHING POLITICIANS MAKE 184 00:15:25,076 --> 00:15:30,006 SPEECHES WAS ENTERTAINMENT. >> THE SUPER TALL ABRAHAM 185 00:15:30,015 --> 00:15:35,320 LINCOLN VERSUS THE LITTLE GIANT, AS HE’S CALLED, SHORT, SQUAT 186 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:43,328 STEVEN A. DOUGLAS IS OFF TO THE RACES WITH 60 MINUTES OF VITRIOL 187 00:15:43,328 --> 00:15:49,298 VITRIOL. ATTACKING LINCOLN PERSONALLY AND 188 00:15:49,301 --> 00:15:52,301 POLITICALLY. THEIR STYLES COULDN’T BE MORE 189 00:15:52,304 --> 00:15:54,172 DIFFERENT. LINCOLN WAS LAID‐BACK. 190 00:15:54,172 --> 00:15:59,711 HE STOOD IN ONE SPOT. HE RARELY MOVED. 191 00:15:59,711 --> 00:16:01,880 DOUGLAS PRANCED ALONG THE STAGE LIKE A CAGED LION. 192 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,380 GESTURED WILDLY. >> HE RIPS HIS SHIRT, SPITS, 193 00:16:06,384 --> 00:16:11,990 SHOUTS. HE TEARS AT HIS HAIR. 194 00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:18,560 >> IN THE VERY FIRST DEBATE, LINCOLN STARTS OFF SOMEWHAT 195 00:16:18,563 --> 00:16:22,733 TECHNICAL ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF LEGISLATION. 196 00:16:22,734 --> 00:16:26,571 DOUGLAS IMMEDIATELY CHALLENGES LINCOLN, SAYING YOU’RE A RADICAL 197 00:16:26,571 --> 00:16:32,041 REPUBLICAN, AND YOU WERE PART OF AN ABOLITIONIST PARTY. 198 00:16:32,043 --> 00:16:37,616 >> A LOT OF TIMES, RADICAL IDEAS ARE DEMONIZED. 199 00:16:37,616 --> 00:16:43,246 THE IDEA OF ABOLITION IS DEMONIZED BECAUSE ABOLISHING 200 00:16:43,255 --> 00:16:50,729 SLAVERY WAS A RADICAL IDEA. HE HAS TO DEFEND HIMSELF AGAINST 201 00:16:50,729 --> 00:16:53,865 BEING AN ABOLITIONIST. >> AND LINCOLN DID NOT SUCCEED. 202 00:16:53,865 --> 00:16:57,565 DOUGLAS IS A MASTER OF TWISTING FACTS. 203 00:16:57,569 --> 00:17:00,569 OF LYING SO QUICKLY THAT PEOPLE HAVE FORGOTTEN THAT IT’S A LIE 204 00:17:00,572 --> 00:17:05,242 WHEN THE SECOND ONE COMES. >> LINCOLN COMES OUT OF THE 205 00:17:05,243 --> 00:17:11,283 FIRST DEBATE FEELING DEFEATED. MUCH TO MARY’S DISMAY. 206 00:17:11,283 --> 00:17:17,556 >> MARY IS ALWAYS LINCOLN’S BIGGEST BOOSTER. 207 00:17:17,556 --> 00:17:22,786 >> SHE SAT UP IN THE GALLERY WITH HER NOTEBOOK AND TOOK DOWN 208 00:17:22,794 --> 00:17:26,197 WHO IN THE CROWD WAS HAPPY OR UNHAPPY, AND WHO WAS FOR AND 209 00:17:26,197 --> 00:17:28,667 AGAINST LINCOLN. >> AFTER THE FIRST DEBATE, SHE 210 00:17:28,667 --> 00:17:31,336 WAS A LITTLE SKEPTICAL ABOUT THE CHANCES FOR VICTORY. 211 00:17:31,336 --> 00:17:37,375 AND NOT ENTIRELY HAPPY. SHE DOESN’T COME BACK. 212 00:17:37,375 --> 00:17:43,375 >> AFTER THE FIRST DEBATE, LINCOLN’S SUPPORTERS SAID TO 213 00:17:43,381 --> 00:17:45,517 HIM, FOR GOD’S SAKE, LINCOLN, CHARGE. 214 00:17:45,517 --> 00:17:47,986 HE NEEDED TO DO MUCH BETTER. SO HE DOES CHARGE, AND HE OFTEN 215 00:17:47,986 --> 00:17:55,626 USED JOKES. >> HE KEPT THIS BRILLIANT WIT. 216 00:17:55,627 --> 00:17:58,657 SOMETHING I APPRECIATE ABOUT HIM ARE SOME OF HIS RESPONSES. 217 00:17:58,663 --> 00:18:03,668 >> THE NEXT DEBATE, WHEN DOUGLAS SAID HE WAS HYPOCRITICAL, A 218 00:18:03,668 --> 00:18:07,868 WOMAN SHOUTS OUT, YOU’RE TWO‐FACED. 219 00:18:07,872 --> 00:18:10,308 LINCOLN SAYS, IF I WAS TWO‐FACED, DO YOU THINK I WOULD 220 00:18:10,308 --> 00:18:12,077 USE THIS ONE? THIS IS A COMEBACK. 221 00:18:12,077 --> 00:18:18,647 HE’S LIKE A CLUB COMIC. HE HAD A GREAT COMIC SENSE, AND 222 00:18:18,650 --> 00:18:21,920 KNEW HOW TO USE IT TO GET THE CROWD ON HIS SIDE. 223 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,920 >> ONCE LINCOLN BEGINS TO WIN OVER THE CROWDS, HE TURNS THE 224 00:18:24,923 --> 00:18:29,427 CONVERSATION BACK TOWARDS POLICY. 225 00:18:29,427 --> 00:18:32,897 >> DOUGLAS HAD SAID, WE CAN RESOLVE THIS PROBLEM OF 226 00:18:32,897 --> 00:18:37,936 CONFLICTS OVER SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES BY SAYING, WHEN 227 00:18:37,936 --> 00:18:41,566 SETTLERS MOVE IN THERE, THEY CAN DECIDE. 228 00:18:41,573 --> 00:18:44,376 THEY CALLED THIS POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. 229 00:18:44,376 --> 00:18:49,146 >> TO DOUGLAS, IT SEEMED LIKE THE ESSENCE OF DEMOCRACY. 230 00:18:49,147 --> 00:18:59,387 LET THE VOTERS DECIDE. TO LINCOLN, IT WAS IMMORAL. 231 00:18:59,391 --> 00:19:00,391 >> SO HE BACKED HIM INTO A CORNER. 232 00:19:00,392 --> 00:19:05,397 HE SAYS, IF A SOUTHERN COMMUNITY DECIDED TO BAN SLAVERY BY VOTE, 233 00:19:05,397 --> 00:19:07,997 WOULD YOU ACCEPT THAT? AND DOUGLAS SAID, YES. 234 00:19:07,999 --> 00:19:12,569 I’M GOING TO STAND BY POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. 235 00:19:12,570 --> 00:19:16,940 HE WAS SAYING THAT INDIVIDUAL SOUTHERN COMMUNITIES COULD 236 00:19:16,941 --> 00:19:20,311 REJECT SLAVERY. SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS WOULD NEVER 237 00:19:20,311 --> 00:19:23,948 SUPPORT DOUGLAS FOR PRESIDENT AFTER THAT. 238 00:19:23,948 --> 00:19:30,288 >> THOUGH IT’S JUST AN ILLINOIS SENATE RACE, DOUGLAS’ CELEBRITY 239 00:19:30,288 --> 00:19:34,826 AND LINCOLN’S SHARP RHETORIC GARNER NATIONAL ATTENTION. 240 00:19:34,826 --> 00:19:41,196 >> THEIR DEBATES FIRE UP THE NATION. 241 00:19:41,199 --> 00:19:45,699 THIS MAN CONDEMNING THE ARCHITECT OF THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA 242 00:19:45,704 --> 00:19:48,440 ACT, THE POLICY THAT HAS DIVIDED THE NATION. 243 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:53,578 >> AND NEWSPAPERS FED THE BEAST. THEY WERE NOT ONLY COVERING THE 244 00:19:53,578 --> 00:19:58,817 DEBATES, THEY WERE RILING UP CONVERTS TO THEIR CAUSES. 245 00:19:58,817 --> 00:20:08,587 STRICTLY, OPENLY PARTISAN, THE WAY SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE 246 00:20:08,593 --> 00:20:09,993 BROADCAST AND TELEVISION IS TODAY. 247 00:20:09,994 --> 00:20:12,297 ACCORDING TO THE REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPERS, WHEN THE DEBATE WAS 248 00:20:12,297 --> 00:20:15,567 OVER, ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS CARRIED OFF IN TRIUMPH ON THE 249 00:20:15,567 --> 00:20:21,306 SHOULDERS OF HIS SUPPORTERS. >> ACCORDING TO THE DEMOCRATIC 250 00:20:21,306 --> 00:20:24,606 NEWSPAPERS, WHEN THE DEBATE WAS OVER, AN EXHAUSTED ABRAHAM 251 00:20:24,609 --> 00:20:27,946 LINCOLN HAD TO BE CARRIED OFF BY HIS SUPPORTERS. 252 00:20:27,946 --> 00:20:33,646 >> WITH THE MEDIA FUELING PARTISAN FIRES, REGIONAL 253 00:20:33,651 --> 00:20:38,221 TRIBALISM ONLY ESCALATES. AND AS THE REPUBLICAN 254 00:20:38,223 --> 00:20:41,726 ANTI‐SLAVERY AGENDA GAINS TRACTION IN THE NORTH, THREATS 255 00:20:41,726 --> 00:20:44,326 OF SECESSION BEGIN TO PERMEATE THE SOUTH. 256 00:20:51,870 --> 00:20:56,740 >>> AS REGIONAL TENSIONS AROUND THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY ESCALATE 257 00:20:56,741 --> 00:21:02,447 AROUND THE COUNTRY, LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS PERSONIFY THE CONFLICT 258 00:21:02,447 --> 00:21:13,317 ON STAGES ACROSS ILLINOIS. >> THEN LINCOLN GOES TO 259 00:21:13,324 --> 00:21:14,526 CHARLESTON. HERE IS THE PLACE WHERE HE’S GOT 260 00:21:14,526 --> 00:21:17,326 TO SHINE. THIS IS CENTRAL ILLINOIS, THE 261 00:21:17,328 --> 00:21:22,167 SWING AREA WHERE THE ELECTION WILL BE DECIDED. 262 00:21:22,167 --> 00:21:27,667 >> DOUGLAS WAS A VICIOUS RACIST, WHO KEPT SAYING THE REPUBLICANS 263 00:21:27,672 --> 00:21:32,477 WANT BLACK MEN TO MARRY YOUR DAUGHTER. 264 00:21:32,477 --> 00:21:36,747 END SLAVERY, BLACKS WILL FLOOD INTO THE STATE AND TAKE OVER. 265 00:21:36,748 --> 00:21:47,088 >> HE SAID THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS NOT DESIGNED TO 266 00:21:47,091 --> 00:21:50,561 APPLY TO BLACK PEOPLE. >> HE ASKED LINCOLN, ARE YOU IN 267 00:21:50,562 --> 00:21:56,367 FAVOR OF EQUALITY BETWEEN BLACK PEOPLE AND WHITE PEOPLE? 268 00:21:56,367 --> 00:22:02,407 >> PEOPLE LAUGHED AS IF IT’S ABSURD TO THINK THAT A 269 00:22:02,407 --> 00:22:05,907 MAINSTREAM CANDIDATE FOR STATEWIDE OFFICER WOULD HARBOR 270 00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:08,810 SUCH RADICAL THOUGHTS. LINCOLN BEGINS WITH THE MOST 271 00:22:08,813 --> 00:22:10,982 EXTRAORDINARY STATEMENT IN THE ENTIRE DEBATE. 272 00:22:10,982 --> 00:22:16,921 >> I AM NOT, NOR HAVE EVER BEEN, IN FAVOR OF BRINGING ABOUT IN 273 00:22:16,921 --> 00:22:20,591 ANY WAY THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EQUALITY OF THE WHITE AND BLACK 274 00:22:20,592 --> 00:22:23,261 RACES. >> HE SAID I’M NOT IN FAVOR OF 275 00:22:23,261 --> 00:22:26,761 BLACKS VOTING, IN FAVOR OF BLACKS HOLDING OFFICE. 276 00:22:26,764 --> 00:22:31,769 >> LINCOLN SAYS NOT ONLY DOES HE NOT WANT A BLACK WOMAN FOR A 277 00:22:31,769 --> 00:22:35,739 SLAVE, BUT HE DOESN’T WANT A BLACK WOMAN FOR A WIFE. 278 00:22:35,740 --> 00:22:38,040 >> HE’S SAYING STUFF THAT IS JUST SHOCKINGLY BAD. 279 00:22:38,042 --> 00:22:40,945 THERE’S NO WAY TO POLISH IT UP. IT’S JUST BAD. 280 00:22:40,945 --> 00:22:45,245 >> YOU THINK OF HIM AS A GREAT EMANCIPATOR. 281 00:22:45,250 --> 00:22:56,327 BUT HE HAD HORRIBLY BAD VIEWS. >> THERE MUST BE A POSITION OF 282 00:22:56,327 --> 00:22:59,497 SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR. I AS MUCH AS ANY OTHER MAN ARE 283 00:22:59,497 --> 00:23:04,997 IN FAVOR OF HAVING THE SUPERIOR POSITION ASSIGNED TO THE WHITE 284 00:23:05,003 --> 00:23:08,840 RACE. >> LINCOLN BELIEVED THAT HE 285 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:14,679 BELONGED TO THE SUPERIOR RACE. SLAVERY WAS WRONG, AND NO MAN 286 00:23:14,679 --> 00:23:17,749 SHOULD OWN ANOTHER. BUT WHETHER OR NOT FREEDOM WOULD 287 00:23:17,749 --> 00:23:21,486 MEAN EQUALITY WAS SOMETHING VERY DIFFERENT. 288 00:23:21,486 --> 00:23:25,186 >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT PEOPLE SAY IS THAT LINCOLN WAS A MAN OF 289 00:23:25,189 --> 00:23:32,397 HIS TIME. BUT FREDERICK DOUGLASS AND 290 00:23:32,397 --> 00:23:36,997 WILLIAM GARRISON WERE ALSO MEN OF THIS TIME. 291 00:23:37,001 --> 00:23:42,471 WE KNOW THAT LINCOLN ENVISIONED A WORLD IN WHICH SLAVERY DID NOT 292 00:23:42,473 --> 00:23:45,810 EXIST. SO WE SHOULDN’T LET HIM OFF THE 293 00:23:45,810 --> 00:23:54,080 HOOK FOR FAILING TO IMAGINE A DIFFERENT SOLUTION FOR RACE 294 00:23:54,085 --> 00:24:00,158 RELATIONS IN THE COUNTRY. >> BY THE FINAL DEBATE, DOUGLAS 295 00:24:00,158 --> 00:24:03,027 HAS LOST HIS VOICE. HE’S BARELY CROAKING HIS WAY 296 00:24:03,027 --> 00:24:04,157 THROUGH. AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN GETS THE 297 00:24:04,162 --> 00:24:10,468 FINAL WORD. HE SAYS, THE PERPETUATION OF 298 00:24:10,468 --> 00:24:13,198 SLAVERY WAS A COMPROMISE NECESSARILY FOR THE CREATION OF 299 00:24:13,204 --> 00:24:18,509 THE UNION. BUT THE FOUNDERS DID NOT INTEND 300 00:24:18,509 --> 00:24:23,079 FOR IT TO EXPAND OR PERPETUATE FOREVER. 301 00:24:23,081 --> 00:24:26,181 >> ONLY 82 YEARS BEFORE, THE FOUNDING FATHERS LIBERATED THE 302 00:24:26,184 --> 00:24:28,419 UNITED STATES FROM THE TYRANNY OF KINGS. 303 00:24:28,419 --> 00:24:31,719 >> HE SAYS, WHETHER IT COMES FROM THE MOUTH OF A KING WHO 304 00:24:31,723 --> 00:24:38,496 SEEKS TO DESTROY THE PEOPLE AND LIVE BY THE FRUIT OF THEIR 305 00:24:38,496 --> 00:24:46,596 LABOR, OR FROM ONE RACE OF MAN TO ANOTHER, IT’S THE SAME 306 00:24:46,604 --> 00:24:50,408 TYRANNICAL PRINCIPLE. >> SAYING THAT SLAVE OWNERS ARE 307 00:24:50,408 --> 00:24:55,478 LIKE TYRANTS, AND THEN THEY’RE FUNDAMENTALLY UN‐AMERICAN. 308 00:24:55,480 --> 00:25:02,387 NOTHING ABOUT THAT ANTI‐SLAVERY APPROACH IS PREDICATED WITH 309 00:25:02,387 --> 00:25:06,187 CONCERN ABOUT BLACK PEOPLE. AND I THINK THAT’S ONE OF THE 310 00:25:06,190 --> 00:25:10,895 MAJOR APPEALS OF ANTI‐SLAVERY TO A LOT OF WHITE NORTHERNERS. 311 00:25:10,895 --> 00:25:15,165 >> LINCOLN’S STANCE ALLOWS NORTHERN REPUBLICANS TO STAND 312 00:25:15,166 --> 00:25:18,536 PROUDLY AGAINST SLAVERY, WHILE REMAINING FIRMLY COMMITTED TO 313 00:25:18,536 --> 00:25:21,566 WHITE SUPREMACY. HIS RHETORIC HAS THE COUNTRY 314 00:25:21,572 --> 00:25:25,676 ABUZZ WITH NEWS OF THE DAZZLING ORATOR FROM ILLINOIS. 315 00:25:25,676 --> 00:25:31,446 >> BUT ILLINOIS WAS A DEEPLY RACIST STATE. 316 00:25:31,449 --> 00:25:36,019 >> PLUS THE STATE WAS GERRYMANDERED AND TILTED TOWARD 317 00:25:36,020 --> 00:25:39,090 THE DEMOCRATS, WHO HAD CREATED THE DISTRICT LINES. 318 00:25:39,090 --> 00:25:41,759 >> HE LOSES. >> YOU WOULD THINK THAT IS IT 319 00:25:41,759 --> 00:25:46,929 FOR HIS POLITICAL CAREER. BUT HE SAYS, THE FIGHT MUST GO 320 00:25:46,931 --> 00:25:49,700 ON. AND THESE DEBATES PROVIDE A 321 00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:55,070 PLATFORM FOR WHAT IS GOING TO BE HIS LAUNCH INTO THE PRESIDENCY 322 00:26:02,213 --> 00:26:08,152 >>> AS THE COUNTRY PREPARES FOR THE 1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 323 00:26:08,152 --> 00:26:13,458 NEW YORK SENATOR WILLIAM SEWARD IS THE CONTROVERSIAL FRONT 324 00:26:13,458 --> 00:26:19,697 RUNNER FOR THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION. 325 00:26:19,697 --> 00:26:25,336 >> THEY’RE OPPOSED TO SEWARD. THEY DON’T LIKE HIS METHODS. 326 00:26:25,336 --> 00:26:27,905 HE’S CORRUPT, TOO MUCH THE NEW YORKER. 327 00:26:27,905 --> 00:26:34,805 >> THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE AND HIS FRIENDS INVITE A 328 00:26:34,812 --> 00:26:36,948 SERIES OF REPUBLICANS TO COME AND GIVE SPEECHES IN NEW YORK. 329 00:26:36,948 --> 00:26:44,688 >> THEY WANT TO HEAR FROM A VARIETY OF SPEAKERS WHO MIGHT BE 330 00:26:44,689 --> 00:26:46,989 ALL ALTERNATIVES TO SEWARD. 331 00:26:46,991 --> 00:26:53,698 >> AND OF COURSE, THE MAN WHO ENGAGED DOUGLAS SO BRILLIANTLY 332 00:26:53,698 --> 00:26:56,267 WAS INVITED. >> ON THE VERY DAY OF THE 333 00:26:56,267 --> 00:27:00,537 SPEECH, LINCOLN WALKS ALL THE WAY UP BROADWAY TO MATTHEW 334 00:27:00,538 --> 00:27:05,308 BRADY’S PHOTO GALLERY. THE MOST FAMOUS GALLERY IN THE 335 00:27:05,309 --> 00:27:08,779 UNITED STATES. TO MAKE A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF 336 00:27:08,779 --> 00:27:13,479 THIS IMPORTANT VISIT TO NEW YORK CITY. 337 00:27:13,484 --> 00:27:17,454 >> IT’S SO IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT PHOTOGRAPHY IS A NEW 338 00:27:17,455 --> 00:27:22,426 PHENOMENON IN AMERICAN CULTURE. >> YOU HAVE THIS VISUAL CULTURE 339 00:27:22,426 --> 00:27:26,856 THAT SORT OF VIVIFIES AND MAKES POLITICS REAL. 340 00:27:26,864 --> 00:27:29,734 >> LINCOLN KNOWS HOW TO PRESENT HIMSELF. 341 00:27:29,734 --> 00:27:33,904 THAT’S PART OF WHAT LINCOLN’S GENIUS WAS AS A POLITICIAN. 342 00:27:33,905 --> 00:27:37,942 >> THAT’S A REMARKABLE SHOT. PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT 343 00:27:37,942 --> 00:27:41,179 PHOTOGRAPH LINCOLN HAS EVER TAKEN. 344 00:27:41,179 --> 00:27:43,709 >> THE UNION IS IN TROUBLE. THIS IS GOING TO BE THE MOST 345 00:27:43,714 --> 00:27:45,483 IMPORTANT ELECTION THAT THE COUNTRY HAS EVER SEEN. 346 00:27:45,483 --> 00:27:49,320 WHO DO YOU WANT TO LEAD YOU THROUGH THAT? 347 00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:53,790 >> HERE’S THIS TALL, ELEGANT FIGURE IN A TUXEDO, LOOKING US 348 00:27:53,791 --> 00:27:58,329 RIGHT IN THE EYE. HIS LEFT HAND IS ON A BOOK. 349 00:27:58,329 --> 00:28:02,229 IT BRINGS HOME THAT THEME OF EDUCATION, OF LEARNING. 350 00:28:02,233 --> 00:28:06,571 BUT LOOK AT THAT RIGHT HAND. THE SLEEVE COMES OUT FROM 351 00:28:06,571 --> 00:28:11,209 UNDERNEATH THE COAT. THIS WAS STRENGTH. 352 00:28:11,209 --> 00:28:16,279 THIS WAS SOMEONE WHO WORKED ON THE FRONTIER. 353 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,180 CARL SANDBERG ONCE SAID THAT LINCOLN WAS EQUAL PARTS VELVET 354 00:28:19,183 --> 00:28:24,655 AND IRON. THE LEFT HAND IS VELVET. 355 00:28:24,655 --> 00:28:27,925 THE RIGHT HAND IS IRON. >> THAT’S NOT ACCIDENTAL STUFF. 356 00:28:27,925 --> 00:28:33,225 THAT’S LINCOLN COMPOSING HIMSELF AS A PUBLIC FIGURE. 357 00:28:33,231 --> 00:28:38,801 >> HOURS LATER, LINCOLN MAKES HIS WAY TO THE COOPER UNION 358 00:28:38,803 --> 00:28:42,273 GREAT HALL. IT’S GOT 2,000 SEATS FOR AN 359 00:28:42,273 --> 00:28:46,611 AUDIENCE THAT IS DESCRIBED AS THE PICK AND FLOWER OF NEW YORK. 360 00:28:46,611 --> 00:28:50,181 >> THE YOUNG MEN’S REPUBLICAN CLUB, WHICH WAS REALLY NOT A 361 00:28:50,181 --> 00:28:53,881 CLUB FOR YOUNG MEN, IT WAS REALLY THE ORGANIZATION OF EAST 362 00:28:53,884 --> 00:28:57,654 COAST REPUBLICAN LEADERSHIP. >> AND THEY’RE CHARGING 25 CENTS 363 00:28:57,655 --> 00:29:01,659 A TICKET. THESE PEOPLE CAME TO BE 364 00:29:01,659 --> 00:29:03,628 ENTERTAINED. LINCOLN IS THE LAST IN THIS 365 00:29:03,628 --> 00:29:06,758 SERIES. HE KNOWS SO WELL, THIS IS THE DO 366 00:29:06,764 --> 00:29:12,169 OR DIE EXPERIENCE OF HIS LIFETIME. 367 00:29:12,169 --> 00:29:14,769 THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK EVENING POST INTRODUCES HIM AS 368 00:29:14,772 --> 00:29:17,875 THE WARRIOR OF THE WEST. AND LINCOLN IS BROUGHT TO THE 369 00:29:17,875 --> 00:29:24,875 STAGE. THE FIRST PART WAS MEANT TO MOCK 370 00:29:24,882 --> 00:29:33,758 STEVEN DOUGLAS. LOTS OF LAUGHTER AND SHOUTS OF 371 00:29:33,758 --> 00:29:37,588 HIT HIM AGAIN. AND THEN HE ABRUPTLY SWITCHES 372 00:29:37,595 --> 00:29:42,066 AND GETS MORE SERIOUS. HE SAYS, NOW, IF PEOPLE IN THE 373 00:29:42,066 --> 00:29:47,236 SOUTH WOULD LISTEN, WE DO NOT MEAN TO THREATEN YOUR PROPERTY. 374 00:29:47,238 --> 00:29:52,977 ALL WE WANT TO DO IS CONTROL THE SPREAD OF AN CONSTITUTIONINSTITU 375 00:29:52,977 --> 00:29:54,745 YOU KNOW IS WRONG. >> HE GOES THROUGH EVERY SINGLE 376 00:29:54,745 --> 00:29:58,045 ARGUMENT THAT HAS BEEN THROWN AGAINST THE REPUBLICANS. 377 00:29:58,049 --> 00:30:02,949 AND LOGICALLY DECONSTRUCTS IT. >> AND HE ENDS WITH ‐‐ 378 00:30:02,953 --> 00:30:05,656 >> LET US HAVE FAITH THAT RIGHT MAKES MIGHT. 379 00:30:05,656 --> 00:30:12,326 AND IN THAT FAITH, DARE TO DO OUR DUTY AS WE UNDERSTAND IT. 380 00:30:12,330 --> 00:30:20,100 >> IT WAS A MAGICAL PERFORMANCE. >> AND AT THE END, PEOPLERY ARE 381 00:30:20,104 --> 00:30:23,908 SAYING THIS IS THE GREATEST SPEECH WE’VE HEARD IN NEW YORK 382 00:30:23,908 --> 00:30:29,847 EVER. >> PEOPLE THREW HATS IN THE AIR 383 00:30:29,847 --> 00:30:35,947 AT THE END. THEN HE GOES OFF TO A BANQUET IN 384 00:30:35,953 --> 00:30:40,591 HIS HONOR. BUT HE CUTS ACROSS TO THE 385 00:30:40,591 --> 00:30:45,996 OFFICES OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, AND READ PROOF OF THE SPEECH AND 386 00:30:45,996 --> 00:30:50,066 EDITED IT. HE WANTED IT TO BE PERFECT. 387 00:30:50,067 --> 00:30:52,397 LINCOLN CARED ABOUT GETTING IT INTO THE PRESS. 388 00:30:52,403 --> 00:30:56,907 THAT’S WHERE CAMPAIGNS WERE WON AND LOST. 389 00:30:56,907 --> 00:31:05,616 >> BEFORE LONG, COPIES OF THE BRADY PHOTOS SPRING UP IN 390 00:31:05,616 --> 00:31:09,286 WEEKLIES, ALONGSIDE STORIES OF LINCOLN’S RISE. 391 00:31:09,286 --> 00:31:12,486 >> LINCOLN IS COMING OF AGE IN THE WORLD OF MASS JOURNALISM. 392 00:31:12,490 --> 00:31:16,290 AND HE’S A MASTER OF COMMUNICATION. 393 00:31:16,293 --> 00:31:20,998 >> HE WAS ILLUSTRATING A SPEECH, DELIVERING IT, PROMOTING IT. 394 00:31:20,998 --> 00:31:27,838 ALL IN THE SAME 24 HOURS. THE POST COOPER UNION MOMENTUM 395 00:31:27,838 --> 00:31:33,308 BUILT SPONTANEOUSLY. >> LINCOLN BEGINS TOURING NEW 396 00:31:33,310 --> 00:31:36,710 ENGLAND, PERFORMING VARIATIONS ON THE COOPER UNION SPEECH FOR 397 00:31:36,714 --> 00:31:42,586 EAGER AUDIENCES. >> IN CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND, 398 00:31:42,586 --> 00:31:45,016 NEW HAMPSHIRE, TWO‐HOUR SPEECHES EVERYWHERE HE WENT. 399 00:31:45,022 --> 00:31:49,192 ALWAYS ENDING WITH RIGHT MAKES MIGHT. 400 00:31:49,193 --> 00:31:56,000 >> LINCOLN SCHEDULES A STOP IN EXETER, NEW HAMPSHIRE, WHERE HIS 401 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,737 OLDEST SON ROBERT IS IN BOARDING SCHOOL. 402 00:31:59,737 --> 00:32:02,106 >> ROBERT THINKS THIS IS REALLY EMBARRASSING. 403 00:32:02,106 --> 00:32:06,236 I HAVE TO SIT WITH MY BLUE‐BLOODED FRIENDS AND HEAR MY 404 00:32:06,243 --> 00:32:11,482 WESTERN FATHER GIVE A SPEECH. ONE OF THE BOYS SAID, TOO BAD 405 00:32:11,482 --> 00:32:21,659 BOB HAS SUCH AN UGLY FATHER. ROBERT IS SINKING IN HIS CHAIR 406 00:32:21,659 --> 00:32:24,089 IN SHAME. THEN LINCOLN STANDS UP, AND THE 407 00:32:24,094 --> 00:32:26,630 DAZZLING BEGINS. WHEN IT’S OVER, THE BOYS ALL 408 00:32:26,630 --> 00:32:28,699 COME AND SLAP BOB ON THE BACK AND SAY, WOW, YOUR FATHER IS 409 00:32:28,699 --> 00:32:43,209 SOMETHING ELSE. >> IN MAY OF 1860, THE 410 00:32:43,214 --> 00:32:46,183 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION IS HELD IN CHICAGO. 411 00:32:46,183 --> 00:32:55,392 GOING INTO THE CONVENTION, SENATOR WILLIAM H. S SEWARD OF NE 412 00:32:55,392 --> 00:33:00,130 YORK REMAINS THE FRONT RUNNER. >> LINCOLN SNEAKS IN. 413 00:33:00,130 --> 00:33:09,240 >> HE’S A DARK HORSE CANDIDATE. >> THE BALLOTING BEGINS. 414 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:14,140 ON THE FIRST BALLOT, SEWARD IS IN FRONT. 415 00:33:14,144 --> 00:33:16,046 NO SURPRISE THERE. BUT LINCOLN IS SECOND. 416 00:33:16,046 --> 00:33:21,546 THEY GO TO A SECOND BALLOT. SEWARD STAYS MORE OR LESS THE 417 00:33:21,552 --> 00:33:23,187 SAME. LINCOLN STARTS TO CATCH UP. 418 00:33:23,187 --> 00:33:26,517 THE CROWD IS GETTING EXCITED FOR LINCOLN. 419 00:33:26,524 --> 00:33:32,363 THE THIRD BALLOT COMES ALONG. LINCOLN DRAWS EVEN WITH SEWARD. 420 00:33:32,363 --> 00:33:37,468 AND THE HEAD OF THE OHIO DELEGATION ANNOUNCES THAT OHIO 421 00:33:37,468 --> 00:33:42,268 WAS GOING TO CHANGE FOUR OF ITS VOTES FOR LINCOLN. 422 00:33:42,273 --> 00:33:48,312 >> THE ENTIRE HALL ERUPTS. >> LINCOLN EMERGED AS THE 423 00:33:48,312 --> 00:33:54,752 REPUBLICAN NOMINEE. >> THE CINCINNATI NEWSPAPERS 424 00:33:54,752 --> 00:34:03,492 SAID AN ENTIRE TRIBE OF SHRIEKING COMANCHES AND HOTEL 425 00:34:03,494 --> 00:34:06,597 GONGS COULD HAVE BEEN LOST WITH THE WHOOP THAT WENT UP FOR 426 00:34:06,597 --> 00:34:10,997 LINCOLN. >> WHERE WAS LINCOLN WAS ALL 427 00:34:11,001 --> 00:34:18,776 THOSE BALLOTS WERE BEING CAST? HE WAS SITTING IN THE OFFICE OF 428 00:34:18,776 --> 00:34:21,576 THE REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER IN SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, IN HIS 429 00:34:21,579 --> 00:34:30,519 FAVORITE CHAIR. WAITING FOR THE TELEGRAM. 430 00:34:30,521 --> 00:34:34,091 HE ACCEPTS THE HANDSHAKES OF ALL OF HIS FRIENDS AND SAYS, THANK 431 00:34:34,091 --> 00:34:37,291 YOU, THANK YOU, GENTLEMEN. BUT I REALLY HAVE TO GO HOME. 432 00:34:37,294 --> 00:34:41,432 THERE IS A LITTLE WOMAN WHO IS GOING TO BE MORE INTERESTED IN 433 00:34:41,432 --> 00:34:44,602 THIS THAN YOU ARE. AND HE MAKES HIS WAY HOME TO 434 00:34:44,602 --> 00:34:47,938 TELL MARY THAT HER DREAM HAS COME TRUE. 435 00:34:47,938 --> 00:34:51,675 THROUGH ALL OF THE DEFEATS, DISAPPOINTMENTS, SETBACKS, HE 436 00:34:51,675 --> 00:34:56,545 STILL THROUGH WORDS AND A BIT THROUG 437 00:35:04,688 --> 00:35:12,997 >>> IN 1860, AFTER A METEORIC RISE FROM OBSCURITY, ABRAHAM 438 00:35:12,997 --> 00:35:16,367 LINCOLN, A SELF‐EDUCATED ONE‐TERM CONGRESSMAN WINS THE 439 00:35:16,367 --> 00:35:17,667 REPUBLICAN NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT. 440 00:35:17,668 --> 00:35:21,468 >> FOR A LONG TIME, ONCE YOU GET THE NOMINATION, YOU GO BACK 441 00:35:21,472 --> 00:35:23,672 HOME. YOU’RE NOT GOING AROUND SHAKING 442 00:35:23,674 --> 00:35:27,511 HANDS AND KISSING BABIES. THAT’S A 20‐CENTURY INVENTION. 443 00:35:27,511 --> 00:35:32,549 IT’S UP TO THE PARTY BOSSES, HOW TO BEST PRESENT THE CANDIDATES. 444 00:35:32,549 --> 00:35:36,349 >> LINCOLN IS SITTING AT HOME SAYING NOTHING. 445 00:35:36,353 --> 00:35:45,362 THE GREAT ORATOR IS SILENCED. >> BUT IN A LITTLE PARLOR IN 446 00:35:45,362 --> 00:35:48,132 SPRINGFIELD, MARY LINCOLN WAS FINALLY ABLE TO COME INTO HER 447 00:35:48,132 --> 00:35:54,502 OWN. EVEN THOUGH HER HUSBAND CAN’T 448 00:35:54,505 --> 00:35:58,609 CAMPAIGN, THAT WON’T STOP HER. THE PRESS IS INVITED IN TO THEIR 449 00:35:58,609 --> 00:36:01,609 HOME. SHE ENTERTAINS, SHE DEMANDS THAT 450 00:36:01,612 --> 00:36:06,250 THERE BE LOTS OF BEER ON HAND. SHE WAS VERY COMFORTABLE 451 00:36:06,250 --> 00:36:08,185 SPEAKING ABOUT HER HUSBAND. SHE TOOK TO THAT ROLE QUITE 452 00:36:08,185 --> 00:36:13,755 WELL. >> MARITAL HARMONY RETURNS TO 453 00:36:13,757 --> 00:36:19,396 THE LINCOLN HOUSEHOLD. THEIR PARTNERSHIP HAD ALWAYS 454 00:36:19,396 --> 00:36:24,166 BEEN FOUNDED IN MUTUAL AMBITION, AND FLOURISHED WHEN THEY WORKED 455 00:36:24,168 --> 00:36:30,307 TOWARDS THE SAME GOAL. >> THE REPUBLICAN PARTY DOES NOT 456 00:36:30,307 --> 00:36:33,377 WANT LINCOLN’S ANTI‐SLAVERY VIEWS TO BE THE MAJOR FOCUS OF 457 00:36:33,377 --> 00:36:38,716 THE CAMPAIGN. THEY’RE MUCH HAPPIER FOCUSING ON 458 00:36:38,716 --> 00:36:42,446 HIS PERSONAL STORY. >> THEY WANTED STORIES THAT 459 00:36:42,453 --> 00:36:48,659 SHOWED LINCOLN BEING THIS SORT OF HUMBLE RAIL‐SPLITTER, A 460 00:36:48,659 --> 00:36:51,259 COUNTRY BUMPKIN. >> HE WAS A LAWYER AND A 461 00:36:51,261 --> 00:36:54,361 POLITICIAN, AND HAD BEEN A RAIL‐SPLITTER A VERY LONG TIME 462 00:36:54,364 --> 00:36:57,134 BEFORE. >> SO THE IMAGES OF HIM AS THE 463 00:36:57,134 --> 00:37:03,140 BOY WHO RISES FROM OBSCURITY ARE VERY MUCH PART OF HIS APPEAL. 464 00:37:03,140 --> 00:37:06,510 >> LINCOLN RECEIVES MAIL FROM VOTERS AND THOSE WISHING HIM 465 00:37:06,510 --> 00:37:12,916 WELL. ONE LETTER FROM GRACE, A YOUNG 466 00:37:12,916 --> 00:37:16,546 GIRL FROM NEW YORK, MAKES A PARTICULARLY INTERESTING 467 00:37:16,553 --> 00:37:18,756 SUGGESTION. >> I’VE GOT FOUR BROTHERS AND 468 00:37:18,756 --> 00:37:21,016 PART OF THEM WILL VOTE FOR YOU ANYWAY. 469 00:37:21,024 --> 00:37:23,627 AND IF YOU LET YOUR WHISKERS GROW, I WILL TRY TO GET THE REST 470 00:37:23,627 --> 00:37:31,835 OF THEM TO VOTE FOR YOU. YOU WOULD LOOK A GREAT DEAL 471 00:37:31,835 --> 00:37:35,235 BETTER, FOR YOUR FACE IS THIN. ALL THE LADIES LIKE WHISKERS, 472 00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:37,007 AND THEY WOULD TEASE THEIR HUSBANDS TO VOTE FOR YOU. 473 00:37:37,007 --> 00:37:42,777 AND THEN YOU WOULD BE PRESIDENT. MY FATHER’S GOING TO VOTE FOR 474 00:37:42,780 --> 00:37:45,149 YOU. AND IF I WAS A MAN, I WOULD VOTE 475 00:37:45,149 --> 00:37:53,589 FOR YOU, TOO. >> LINCOLN WRITES BACK TO HER. 476 00:37:53,590 --> 00:37:58,190 >> AS TO THE WHISKERS, HAVING NEVER WORN ANY, DO YOU NOT THINK 477 00:37:58,195 --> 00:38:02,800 PEOPLE WOULD CALL IT A PIECE OF SILLY AFFECTATION IF I WERE TO 478 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,400 BEGIN IT NOW? >> BUT AT SOME POINT, HE MUST 479 00:38:05,402 --> 00:38:09,706 HAVE REFLECTED ON THAT. HE DECIDES TO GROW THE BEARD. 480 00:38:09,706 --> 00:38:15,245 >> BUT AS THE REPUBLICANS CONTINUE TO CURATE LINCOLN’S 481 00:38:15,245 --> 00:38:17,645 PUBLIC IMAGE, THE DEMOCRATS SCRAMBLE TO ORGANIZE THEIR 482 00:38:17,648 --> 00:38:24,718 CANDIDATES. >> STEVEN DOUGLAS IS THE 483 00:38:24,721 --> 00:38:29,526 OVERWHELMING FAVORITE TO BE THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE. 484 00:38:29,526 --> 00:38:35,226 BUT SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS NEVER FORGAVE DOUGLAS FOR TRYING TO 485 00:38:35,232 --> 00:38:38,001 TEMPORIZE DURING HIS DEBATES WITH LINCOLN. 486 00:38:38,001 --> 00:38:44,771 >> ULTIMATELY, THE DEMOCRATS FROM THE SOUTH WALK OUT OF THEIR 487 00:38:44,775 --> 00:38:52,583 OWN CONVENTION. THEY RE‐ASSEMBLE AND NOMINATE 488 00:38:52,583 --> 00:38:55,319 JOHN BRECKENRIDGE. >> NOW YOU HAVE A SOUTHERN 489 00:38:55,319 --> 00:38:59,789 CANDIDATE AND A NORTHERN CANDIDATE ON THE ELECTORAL 490 00:38:59,790 --> 00:39:02,125 TICKET. AND TO MAKE IT WORSE, YOU HAVE A 491 00:39:02,125 --> 00:39:05,725 MIDDLE GROUP WHO CALLS DOWN A POX ON BOTH THEIR HOUSES. 492 00:39:05,729 --> 00:39:09,829 CREATES WHAT IS CALLED THE CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY, AND 493 00:39:09,833 --> 00:39:13,070 NOMINATES JOHN BELL OF TENNESSEE. 494 00:39:13,070 --> 00:39:17,970 NOW SOUTHERN VOTES ARE SPLIT NOT TWO WAYS, BUT THREE WAYS. 495 00:39:17,975 --> 00:39:20,344 AND IT BECOMES OBVIOUS THAT LINCOLN IS GOING TO WIN THIS 496 00:39:20,344 --> 00:39:35,292 ELECTION. >> ON NOVEMBER 6th, 1860, A 497 00:39:35,292 --> 00:39:39,529 RECORD 81% OF VOTERS TURN OUT FOR WHAT WILL BECOME THE MOST 498 00:39:39,529 --> 00:39:46,569 SIGNIFICANT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 499 00:39:46,570 --> 00:39:52,376 >> LINCOLN SPENDS MOST OF THE DAY IN THE SPRINGFIELD TELEGRAPH 500 00:39:52,376 --> 00:39:54,836 OFFICE. EVERY TIME THE KEYS CLATTER, HE 501 00:39:54,845 --> 00:39:58,448 KNOWS THAT RETURNS ARE COMING IN FROM ANOTHER CITY. 502 00:39:58,448 --> 00:40:11,288 IT’S TENSE. BUT IN THE MIDDLE OF ALL THIS, 503 00:40:11,295 --> 00:40:14,164 LINCOLN GETS UP AND HAS ICE CREAM WITH MARY. 504 00:40:14,164 --> 00:40:19,269 AND THEN HE GOES BACK TO THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE. 505 00:40:19,269 --> 00:40:21,138 BY ABOUT MIDNIGHT, HE UNDERSTANDS THAT HE WILL WIN THE 506 00:40:21,138 --> 00:40:29,046 PRESIDENCY. >> AS SUSPECTED, HE WILL WIN IT, 507 00:40:29,046 --> 00:40:32,516 NOT SO MUCH BECAUSE HE WILL WIN A CLEAR MAJORITY, BUT BECAUSE 508 00:40:32,516 --> 00:40:40,216 THE OTHERS WILL FALL SO FAR BEHIND HIM IN THEIR DIVISION. 509 00:40:40,223 --> 00:40:44,428 >> WHEN LINCOLN GOT THE NEWS THAT HE WOULD BE THE NEXT 510 00:40:44,428 --> 00:40:49,798 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, HE WENT RUSHING HOME. 511 00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:54,137 AND HE SAID, WE ARE ELECTED, MARY. 512 00:40:54,137 --> 00:40:57,937 >> THIS IS THEIR TRIUMPH. BUT LINCOLN WINS IN THE MOST 513 00:40:57,941 --> 00:41:03,111 SECTIONAL VOTE IN THE HISTORY OF THE PRESIDENCY. 514 00:41:03,113 --> 00:41:05,882 THAT’S A RECIPE FOR DISASTER. >> LINCOLN ONLY WINS 39% OF THE 515 00:41:05,882 --> 00:41:11,722 POPULAR VOTE. >> HE REALIZES THAT THE 516 00:41:11,722 --> 00:41:16,360 POLITICAL TRIUMPH HAS OCCURRED, BUT THE BURDENS OF WHAT IS 517 00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,629 AWAITING HIM IS SUDDENLY APPARENT. 518 00:41:19,629 --> 00:41:24,229 >> IT’S THE WORST SITUATION ANYBODY HAS EVER BEEN HANDED AS 519 00:41:24,234 --> 00:41:25,469 PRESIDENT. LITERALLY, TAG, YOU’RE IT. 520 00:41:25,469 --> 00:41:28,438 THE WHOLE COUNTRY STARTS TO COME APART. 521 00:41:28,438 --> 00:41:33,076 >> AS SOON AS HE’S ELECTED, THE SOUTHERN STATES START TO BOLT. 522 00:41:33,076 --> 00:41:36,176 >> THEY RECOGNIZE THE THREAT OF LINCOLN BEING PRESIDENT. 523 00:41:36,179 --> 00:41:39,549 THE THREAT OF THIS NEW PARTY UNITED IN OPPOSITION TO THE 524 00:41:39,549 --> 00:41:42,119 EXPANSION OF SLAVERY COMING TO POWER IS ENOUGH TO HAVE THE 525 00:41:42,119 --> 00:41:45,689 SOUTH SAY, THIS IS WHAT WE’VE BEEN WARNING AGAINST. 526 00:41:45,689 --> 00:41:50,189 WE WILL SECEDE. >> LINCOLN’S NEXT MOVES WILL 527 00:41:50,193 --> 00:41:54,363 DETERMINE WHETHER THE AMERICAN EXPERIMENT SURVIVES. 528 00:41:54,364 --> 00:41:56,233 WILL HE BE REMEMBERED AS THE GREATEST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 529 00:41:56,233 --> 00:41:58,133 STATES, OR THE LAST?