1 00:00:11,163 --> 00:00:16,569 >>> PREVIOUSLY ON "LINCOLN: DIVIDED WE STAND" 2 00:00:16,569 --> 00:00:22,269 >> ON THE 12th OF APRIL 1861, CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY OPENS FIRE 3 00:00:22,275 --> 00:00:30,182 ON FT. SUMTER. >> AS SOON AS SUMMIT SUMTER IS 4 00:00:30,182 --> 00:00:35,152 FIRED ON, VIRGINIA SAYS SEEDS AND THE WAR IS ON. 5 00:00:35,154 --> 00:00:38,024 >> LINCOLN IMMEDIATELY CALLED FOR 5,000 VOLUNTEERS. 6 00:00:38,024 --> 00:00:40,026 >> THERE IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF EXCITEMENT ACTUALLY AT THIS 7 00:00:40,026 --> 00:00:43,095 POINT ON BOTH SIDES BECAUSE PEOPLE HAVE ANTICIPATED THIS FOR 8 00:00:43,095 --> 00:00:44,425 SO LONG. SOME PEOPLE WERE ITCHING FOR A 9 00:00:44,430 --> 00:00:47,867 FIGHT. >> THEY THINK WAR IS A GLORIOUS 10 00:00:47,867 --> 00:00:58,207 THING AND LET’S GO AND DO IT. >> BUT IN THE SPRING, LINCOLN’S 11 00:00:58,210 --> 00:01:02,680 OVEREAGER YOUNG FRIEND FROM SPRINGFIELD, ELMER ELLSWORTH, A 12 00:01:02,682 --> 00:01:07,420 SHORT BUT VERY DASHING COMMANDER OF A DRILL TEAM WOULD GO WITH 13 00:01:07,420 --> 00:01:10,790 THE LINCOLN BOYS TO THE ROOF OF THE WHITE HOUSE AND LOOK OUT 14 00:01:10,790 --> 00:01:16,295 WITH A TELESCOPE. AND OVER THE RIVER THEY SAW A 15 00:01:16,295 --> 00:01:22,495 CONFEDERATE FLAG FLYING FROM THE TOP OF A HOTEL. 16 00:01:22,501 --> 00:01:25,571 AND ELLSWORTH, FOR ONE, WAS OFFENDED. 17 00:01:25,571 --> 00:01:31,441 >> ELLSWORTH LED A BAND ACROSS THE RIVER TO TEAR DOWN THE 18 00:01:31,444 --> 00:01:37,984 CONFEDERATE FLAG. >> AS HE WAS WALKING DOWN THE 19 00:01:37,984 --> 00:01:43,923 STAIRS, THE OWNER OF THE INN TOOK HIS SHOTGUN AND SHOT HIM IN 20 00:01:43,923 --> 00:01:53,666 THE CHEST. HE FELL DOWN THE LAST FEW STEPS, 21 00:01:53,666 --> 00:01:59,766 CLUTCHING AND WRAPPED IN THIS INCREASINGLY BLOCK‐SOAKED FLAG. 22 00:01:59,772 --> 00:02:05,811 LINCOLN LOVED THIS YOUNG MAN SO THE WAR CAME HOME REALLY FAST 23 00:02:05,811 --> 00:02:22,031 FOR LINCOLN. 24 00:02:25,731 --> 00:02:31,237 >> WITH THE FIRST CANNON FIRED AT FT. SUMTER IN APRIL 1861, THE 25 00:02:31,237 --> 00:02:35,937 COUNTRY THRUST INTO CIVIL WAR. AND THE FATE OF THE UNITED 26 00:02:35,941 --> 00:02:46,719 STATES AND DEMOCRACY ITSELF ARE IN ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S HANDS. 27 00:02:46,719 --> 00:02:51,457 >> WHEN THE HOSTILITIES START IN APRIL OF 1861, THE UNITED STATES 28 00:02:51,457 --> 00:02:54,787 STANDING ARMY IS LESS THAN 2,000 MEN. 29 00:02:54,794 --> 00:02:57,263 BUT THE CONFEDERACY DOESN’T HAVE AN ARMY AT ALL. 30 00:02:57,263 --> 00:03:01,533 >> THE HOPE ON THE SIDE OF THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION IS THEY 31 00:03:01,534 --> 00:03:06,439 CAN BRING A BUNCH OF TROOPS TO WASHINGTON AND DISPLAY THE 32 00:03:06,439 --> 00:03:09,939 MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE 33 00:03:09,942 --> 00:03:15,981 CONFEDERATES WILL BACK DOWN. >> THE PEOPLE THAT ARE ENLISTING 34 00:03:15,981 --> 00:03:20,820 ARE JUST FOR 90 DAYS. >> THERE WERE VERY FEW PEOPLE IN 35 00:03:20,820 --> 00:03:24,690 THE NORTH WHO THOUGHT THE WAR WOULD BE MORE THAN 90 DAYS. 36 00:03:24,690 --> 00:03:30,229 >> JULY 1861 IT IS CLEAR THAT SO‐CALLED CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE 37 00:03:30,229 --> 00:03:34,366 GOING TO FIND A PLACE TO ENGAGE AMERICAN FORCES WHO ARE TRYING 38 00:03:34,366 --> 00:03:38,996 TO TAKE BACK THE NEW CONFEDERATE CAPITAL OF RICHMOND. 39 00:03:39,004 --> 00:03:42,674 BUT LINCOLN MAKES A STRATEGIC MISTAKE AT THE BEGINNING. 40 00:03:42,675 --> 00:03:46,679 >> THE GENERAL OF THE ARMY TOLD LINCOLN, HE SAID, MR. PRESIDENT, 41 00:03:46,679 --> 00:03:49,715 OUR TROOPS NEED A LOT MORE TRAINING AND THEY’RE PRETTY 42 00:03:49,715 --> 00:03:52,645 GREEN. >> LINCOLN’S REPLY IS "THE OTHER 43 00:03:52,651 --> 00:03:55,621 SIDE IS GREEN TOO. YOU ARE ALL GREEN ALIKE." 44 00:03:55,621 --> 00:03:57,089 LINCOLN WAS DETERMINED IT SHOULD GO AHEAD. 45 00:03:57,089 --> 00:04:01,189 AND SO OFF THEY GO INTO VIRGINIA. 46 00:04:01,193 --> 00:04:06,063 >> CONFEDERATE FORCES ARE EXPECTED TO ENGAGE THE UNITED 47 00:04:06,065 --> 00:04:10,669 STATES ARMY AT A TOWN CALLED MANASSAS, NOT TOO FAR FROM 48 00:04:10,669 --> 00:04:12,538 WASHINGTON. SO LOTS OF PEOPLE FROM 49 00:04:12,538 --> 00:04:17,476 WASHINGTON TOOK CARRIAGES AND PICNIC LUNCHES AND WENT OUT AND 50 00:04:17,476 --> 00:04:21,176 SETTLED ON THE SLOPES ABOVE WHAT CLEARLY WAS EMERGING AS THE 51 00:04:21,180 --> 00:04:25,180 FIELD OF ACTION TO WATCH THE WAR BEGIN AND END IN THE SAME DAY. 52 00:04:25,184 --> 00:04:28,921 AND IN FACT IN THE MORNING, THE AMERICAN ARMY DID REALLY WELL, 53 00:04:28,921 --> 00:04:34,026 PUSHING BACK THESE REBELS. >> THE GENERAL IN COMMAND, IRVIN 54 00:04:34,026 --> 00:04:37,626 McDOWELL NEARLY SUCCEEDS IN FLANKING THE CONFEDERATE FORCE 55 00:04:37,630 --> 00:04:39,999 THERE’S. McDOWELL’S ARMY COMES DOWN TO A 56 00:04:39,999 --> 00:04:47,406 STREAM KNOWN AS BULL RUN, ALMOST A LADDER OF WATER COURSES THAT 57 00:04:47,406 --> 00:04:51,636 HE WOULD HAVE TO CROSS, BUT RIGHT AT THAT MOMENT CONFEDERATE 58 00:04:51,644 --> 00:04:55,981 REENFORMTS COME BACK FROM THE SHENANDOAH ARMY AND PUSH HIM 59 00:04:55,981 --> 00:04:59,218 BACK. >> SUDDENLY THE WHOLE NORTHERN 60 00:04:59,218 --> 00:05:02,048 ARMY FLEECE. TOTAL DISARRAY. 61 00:05:02,054 --> 00:05:06,625 THE OFFICERS ARE NOT ABLE TO KEEP ORDER. 62 00:05:06,625 --> 00:05:11,325 REPORTERS ARE SHOT AT. THE PICNICKERS ARE UPROOTED. 63 00:05:11,330 --> 00:05:13,199 THE BLANKETS AND BASKETS ARE LEFT. 64 00:05:13,199 --> 00:05:16,199 THEY FLEE. THE SOUTH HOLDS THE GROUND AND 65 00:05:16,202 --> 00:05:19,638 WINS THE DAY. THE DEFEATED AMERICAN ARMY HAS 66 00:05:19,638 --> 00:05:27,908 TO WALK ITS WAY BACK TO D. C. BLOOD STAINED, SWEAT‐STAINED IN 67 00:05:27,913 --> 00:05:30,883 TOTAL HUMILIATION. WHEN LINCOLN GETS THE NEWS THAT 68 00:05:30,883 --> 00:05:35,588 THE UNION HAD LOST THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN, HE KNOWS THIS IS A 69 00:05:35,588 --> 00:05:38,757 MUCH BIGGER EVENT THAN HE CALCULATED. 70 00:05:38,757 --> 00:05:42,087 >> FOR THE YOUNG MEN WHO VOLUNTEERED TO EARLY IN THE WAR, 71 00:05:42,094 --> 00:05:46,665 THAT WAS JUST A COMPLETELY DISORIENTING AND HORRIFYING 72 00:05:46,665 --> 00:05:48,865 EXPERIENCE. >> LINCOLN IS CRITICIZED FOR 73 00:05:48,868 --> 00:05:53,968 HAVING ORDERED HIS TROOPS INTO BATTLE BEFORE THEY WERE READY. 74 00:05:53,973 --> 00:05:56,675 >> HORACE GREELEY, THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE TELLS 75 00:05:56,675 --> 00:06:00,605 LINCOLN IT’S OVER. WE’VE LOST. 76 00:06:00,613 --> 00:06:05,517 >> AT THE END OF THE DAY, IT HAS TO BE SAID THAT ABRAHAM LINCOLN 77 00:06:05,517 --> 00:06:07,947 WAS NOT NEARLY AS SAVVY A MILITARY THINKER AS HE WAS A 78 00:06:07,953 --> 00:06:15,093 POLITICAL ONE. >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO? NOT NEARLY 79 00:06:15,094 --> 00:06:16,061 THINKER AS HE WAS A POLITICAL ONE. 80 00:06:16,061 --> 00:06:19,198 >> SO WHAT DOES HE DO? HE SENDS TO THE LIBRARY OF 81 00:06:19,198 --> 00:06:22,528 CONGRESS FOR BOOKS, BOOKS ABOUT WAR STRATEGY. 82 00:06:22,534 --> 00:06:26,405 HE DECIDES TO TEACH HIMSELF THE JOB OF COMMANDER IN CHIEF, JUST 83 00:06:26,405 --> 00:06:28,965 AS HE TAUGHT HIMSELF SHAKESPEARE, JUST AS HE TAUGHT 84 00:06:28,974 --> 00:06:34,013 HIMSELF THE LAW. HE’S THE BIGGEST AND MOST 85 00:06:34,013 --> 00:06:37,283 SUCCESSFUL AUTODIDACT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 86 00:06:37,283 --> 00:06:41,720 >> BUT WARS ARE NOT WON FROM BEHIND A DESK. 87 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:45,357 LINCOLN MUST FIND A SEASONED GENERAL TO ENSURE A UNION 88 00:06:45,357 --> 00:06:50,396 VICTORY. >> AFTER THE DISASTER AT BULL 89 00:06:50,396 --> 00:06:53,696 RUN, GENERAL McDOWELL IS POLITELY RELIEVED. 90 00:06:53,699 --> 00:06:56,599 ANOTHER GENERAL, GEORGE McCLELLAN IS CALLED IN FROM THE 91 00:06:56,602 --> 00:07:04,510 WEST TO TAKE CHARGE, AND NEW PLANS ARE GOING TO BE MADE. 92 00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:07,410 GEORGE BRITON McCLELLAN WHO SEEMED TO BE THE VERY APEX OF A 93 00:07:07,413 --> 00:07:09,648 PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER. >> HE HAD BEEN A HIGH‐RANKING 94 00:07:09,648 --> 00:07:11,048 MEMBER OF HIS CLASS AT WEST POINT. 95 00:07:11,050 --> 00:07:12,180 HE HAD BEEN A SUCCESSFUL OFFICER. 96 00:07:12,184 --> 00:07:16,522 HE SEEMED TO BE A BOY GENIUS. AND McCLELLAN TAKES THE ARMY 97 00:07:16,522 --> 00:07:23,462 THAT HAD BEEN SO DISPIRITED BY THE DEFEAT OF BULL RUN, HE WHIPS 98 00:07:23,462 --> 00:07:25,230 IT INTO SHAPE AND RESTORES THE MORALE IN THE ARMY, BUT THEN HE 99 00:07:25,230 --> 00:07:31,070 FAILS TO USE IT. >> LINCOLN HAS THIS GREAT MOMENT 100 00:07:31,070 --> 00:07:34,870 WHERE HE WRITES McCLELLAN A LETTER AND SAID IF YOU’RE NOT 101 00:07:34,873 --> 00:07:40,879 GOING TO BE USING THE ARMY, I MIGHT JUST BORROW IT. 102 00:07:40,879 --> 00:07:44,616 LIKE YOU’D SAY THAT IF YOU’RE NOT GOING TO FINISH THAT 103 00:07:44,616 --> 00:07:46,846 SANDWICH, MAYBE I’D JUST HAVE A BITE. 104 00:07:46,852 --> 00:07:50,356 >> BUT McCLEN LAN REFUSES TO SHARE HIS BATTLE PLANS, AND 105 00:07:50,356 --> 00:07:53,086 CONGRESS STARTS TO GET IMPATIENT AND NEWSPAPER EDITORS START TO 106 00:07:53,092 --> 00:07:55,292 GET IMPATIENT. BUT LINCOLN PUTS UP WITH HIS 107 00:07:55,294 --> 00:07:57,963 DELAY AND EVEN PUTS UP WITH SNUBS. 108 00:07:57,963 --> 00:08:06,538 LINCOLN GOES TO McCLELLAN’S HOUSE IN DESPERATION ONE DAY. 109 00:08:06,538 --> 00:08:09,138 McCLELLAN IS OUT. LINCOLN SAYS I’LL WAIT. 110 00:08:09,141 --> 00:08:14,211 HE WAITS AND HE WAITS. AND McCLELLAN COMES HOME, HEARS 111 00:08:14,213 --> 00:08:18,083 FROM HIS VALET THAT LINCOLN IS WAITING, AND HE GOES DIRECTLY 112 00:08:18,083 --> 00:08:22,187 UPSTAIRS WHILE LINCOLN SITS IN HIS PARLOR. 113 00:08:22,187 --> 00:08:26,017 AND THEN HE SENDS HIS SERVANT DOWN TO TELL LINCOLN THAT HE IS 114 00:08:26,025 --> 00:08:31,397 INDISPOSED AND GOING TO BED. LINCOLN JUST GOES BACK TO HIS 115 00:08:31,397 --> 00:08:33,627 CARRIAGE, AND THE SECRETARY SAYS MR. PRESIDENT, HOW CAN YOU STAND 116 00:08:33,632 --> 00:08:39,271 THAT KIND OF DISRESPECT? AND HE SAID "I WOULD HOLD 117 00:08:39,271 --> 00:08:42,741 McCLELLAN’S HORSE IF HE WOULD BRING ME VICTORIES." 118 00:08:42,741 --> 00:08:45,411 >> THE MOST SURPRISING THING TO ME ABOUT LINCOLN IS THAT HE 119 00:08:45,411 --> 00:08:50,349 DIDN’T LOSE IT ALL THE TIME. WHY DIDN’T LINCOLN JUST PICK UP 120 00:08:50,349 --> 00:08:56,288 McCLELLAN, WHO WAS ONE‐THIRD HIS SIZE AND JUST JAM HIM INTO A 121 00:08:56,288 --> 00:08:58,288 PICKLE BARREL? YOU THINK OF ANYBODY BEING UNDER 122 00:08:58,290 --> 00:09:03,128 THAT KIND OF STRAIN BLOWING UP, EXPLODING. 123 00:09:03,128 --> 00:09:08,467 BUT LINCOLN KEEPS STOIC, REASONED CALM. 124 00:09:08,467 --> 00:09:11,937 >> HE HAD AN INCREDIBLY THICK SKIN. 125 00:09:11,937 --> 00:09:14,907 NOT ALL OF OUR PRESIDENTS HAVE BEEN LIKE THAT. 126 00:09:14,907 --> 00:09:18,977 >> LINCOLN MANAGED TO SUPPRESS HIS OWN EGO. 127 00:09:18,977 --> 00:09:22,277 HE REFUSED TO QUARREL. HE WAS COMMITTED TO A CAUSE 128 00:09:22,281 --> 00:09:26,281 ABOVE AND BEYOND HIS PARTY AND HIMSELF IN ORDER TO WIN THE WAR. 129 00:09:34,259 --> 00:09:37,329 >>> AS THE PRESSURES OF WAR MOUNT ON PRESIDENT LINCOLN, HE 130 00:09:37,329 --> 00:09:43,268 LOOKS TO HIS YOUNG SONS FOR RELIEF AND COMFORT. 131 00:09:43,268 --> 00:09:52,277 BY THE WINTER OF 1862, HIS OLDEST, ROBERT, IS STUDYING AT 132 00:09:52,277 --> 00:09:55,677 HARVARD. BUT 11‐YEAR‐OLD WILLIE AND 133 00:09:55,681 --> 00:10:01,320 8‐YEAR‐OLD TAD HAVE FREE REIN OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 134 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:07,359 ♪ >> THE THIRD BORN, WILLIE, WHO 135 00:10:07,359 --> 00:10:10,796 IS THEIR FAVORITE AND IS THE ONE MOST LIKE HIS FATHER, HE HAD HIS 136 00:10:10,796 --> 00:10:13,726 FATHER’S TEMPERAMENT, HIS SENSE OF HUMOR, HIS BUILD. 137 00:10:13,732 --> 00:10:17,102 HE CARRIED HIS HEAD AT AN ANGLE THE WAY LINCOLN DID. 138 00:10:17,102 --> 00:10:21,340 HE TALKED LIKE LINCOLN. HE HAD LINCOLN’S SHARPNESS OF 139 00:10:21,340 --> 00:10:24,810 INTELLECT. >> THE LINCOLNS WERE INDULGENT 140 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:28,147 PARENTS, TO SAY THE LEAST. THEY FOUND THEIR CHILDREN 141 00:10:28,147 --> 00:10:32,017 ENTERTAINING AND THOUGHT OTHER PEOPLE SHOULD TOO. 142 00:10:32,017 --> 00:10:35,147 >> WHEN WILLIE AND TAD GOT INTO THE WHITE HOUSE, THEY WREAKED 143 00:10:35,154 --> 00:10:42,094 HAVOC. >> IT IS THE FIRST TIME YOU’VE 144 00:10:42,094 --> 00:10:43,428 HAD YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 145 00:10:43,428 --> 00:10:49,168 IT SEEMS AS IF THEY WERE QUITE RAPSCALLION. 146 00:10:49,168 --> 00:10:54,806 THEY WERE QUITE NOTORIOUS. >> THEIR FAVORITE ACTIVITY WAS 147 00:10:54,806 --> 00:11:02,806 TO FIND THE SOURCE OF THE ROPES THAT UNITED THE BELLS THROUGH 148 00:11:02,814 --> 00:11:08,320 WIN IN "DOWNTON ABBEY" STYLE YOU SUMMONED SERVANTS. 149 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:13,220 SO THEY FOUND WAY TO TIE AND MESS THEM UP SO YOU RANG IN THE 150 00:11:13,225 --> 00:11:16,929 EAST ROOM YOU WOULD WIND UP IN THE KITCHEN. 151 00:11:16,929 --> 00:11:22,399 THEY LOVED MESSING UP THE BELLS. >> IT WAS AMAZING HOW MUCH FREE 152 00:11:22,401 --> 00:11:26,471 PLAY THEY HAD. >> AND TO LINCOLN, HIS CHILDREN 153 00:11:26,471 --> 00:11:32,341 COULD DO NO WRONG, EVEN IF THEY TOTALLY DISRUPTED THE OFFICE. 154 00:11:32,344 --> 00:11:38,850 >> BUT THE FIRST LADY WAS NOT AFFORDED THE SAME COURTESY. 155 00:11:38,850 --> 00:11:45,757 >> MARY WAS KNOWN AS AN OUTSPOKEN FIRST LADY. 156 00:11:45,757 --> 00:11:49,127 WAS A VERY EDUCATED WOMAN IN HER TIME SO SHE LIKED TO GIVE HER 157 00:11:49,127 --> 00:11:51,697 OPINION WHEN IT WAS NOT ALWAYS WELCOME. 158 00:11:51,697 --> 00:11:55,097 WE HAVE EXAMPLES OF LINCOLN PUSHING HER OUT THE DOOR AND 159 00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:59,900 LOCKING IT SO HE CAN CONTINUE HIS MEETINGS. 160 00:11:59,905 --> 00:12:06,545 >> MARY WAS ENORMOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY FRUSTRATED BY HER 161 00:12:06,545 --> 00:12:10,148 HER RELEGATION TO THE TRADITIONAL SPHERE OF A WOMAN IN 162 00:12:10,148 --> 00:12:12,678 THE WHITE HOUSE. I THINK SHE HARBORED DREAMS OF 163 00:12:12,684 --> 00:12:16,054 BEING CLOSE TO THE OFFICE AND MAYBE BEING CALLED UPON TO GIVE 164 00:12:16,054 --> 00:12:20,459 SAGE ADVICE, BUT LINCOLN WAS EXHAUSTED AND PREOCCUPIED BY 165 00:12:20,459 --> 00:12:23,389 WORK AND HE SELDOM RETURNED TO THE FAMILY QUARTERS DURING THE 166 00:12:23,395 --> 00:12:27,065 COURSE OF THE DAY. >> THE FIRST LADY IS NOT ONLY 167 00:12:27,065 --> 00:12:29,925 EXCLUDED FROM POLITICAL CONVERSATIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE 168 00:12:29,935 --> 00:12:38,110 BUT ALSO CONTINUES TO BE TREATED LIKE AN OUTCAST BY D. C. SOCIETY. 169 00:12:38,110 --> 00:12:40,646 >> MARY IS FROM KENTUCKY. HER BROTHERS ARE FIGHTING FOR 170 00:12:40,646 --> 00:12:45,316 THE CONFEDERACY. >> MARY IS INTENDING TO BE A 171 00:12:45,317 --> 00:12:49,847 GRAND HOSTESS AT THE WHITE HOUSE. 172 00:12:49,855 --> 00:12:53,859 BUT THE NEWSPAPERS SAID SHE WAS UNSOPHISTICATED AND RUSTIC. 173 00:12:53,859 --> 00:12:58,059 THAT MUST HAVE DEVASTATED MARY, BECAUSE SHE IS THINKING OF 174 00:12:58,063 --> 00:13:00,766 HERSELF HIGH SOCIETY AND SHE MIGHT HAVE BEEN IN SPRINGFIELD, 175 00:13:00,766 --> 00:13:04,396 BUT SHE FINDS OUT THE ENTRENCHED SOCIETY IN WASHINGTON DOESN’T 176 00:13:04,403 --> 00:13:10,742 LIKE HER AND DO NOT CONSIDER HER UP TO THEIR CALIBER. 177 00:13:10,742 --> 00:13:13,712 >> THAT WAS VIEWED BY THE ABOLITIONISTS AND THE STAUNCH 178 00:13:13,712 --> 00:13:17,816 UNION WOMEN AS A DISGRACE. WASN’T SHE SUSPICIOUS? 179 00:13:17,816 --> 00:13:21,786 >> SHE IS REGARDED AS A TRAITOR, SIGNALING TO THE CONFEDERATES 180 00:13:21,787 --> 00:13:23,417 RIDICULOUS STORIES LIKE THAT, BUT IT WAS FAIRLY WIDELY 181 00:13:23,422 --> 00:13:29,761 BELIEVED. >> HER HALF BROTHER‐IN‐LAW BEN 182 00:13:29,761 --> 00:13:33,731 HELM WAS A CONFEDERATE GENERAL WHO WAS KILLED IN ACTION, AND 183 00:13:33,732 --> 00:13:35,500 HIS WIDOW WAS SHELTERED IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 184 00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:40,670 THE COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR HELD AN INQUIRY INTO THE 185 00:13:40,672 --> 00:13:43,472 FIRST LADY’S LOYALTY. LINCOLN MADE A PERSONAL 186 00:13:43,475 --> 00:13:46,311 APPEARANCE TO THE COMMITTEE TO SAY SHE IS A BIGGER 187 00:13:46,311 --> 00:13:49,811 ABOLITIONIST, MORE LOYAL, MORE PRO UNION THAN I AM. 188 00:13:49,815 --> 00:13:52,784 AS LONG AS IT’S MY HOUSE AND MY FAMILY’S HOUSE, I’LL DO AS I 189 00:13:52,784 --> 00:13:57,556 PLEASE. >> THERE WAS NO DOUBT IN HER 190 00:13:57,556 --> 00:14:01,556 HEART ABOUT HER SUPPORT OF THE UNION, HER SUPPORT OF THE 191 00:14:01,560 --> 00:14:04,596 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, HER SUPPORT OF HER HUSBAND AS LEADER OF THE 192 00:14:04,596 --> 00:14:07,366 REPUBLICAN PARTY. >> SO SHE WAS DEEPLY WOUNDED, AS 193 00:14:07,366 --> 00:14:10,836 YOU MIGHT EXPECT, BY THAT KIND OF CRITICISM. 194 00:14:10,836 --> 00:14:14,606 >> DESPITE ALL THE ACCUSATIONS, MARY IS DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN 195 00:14:14,606 --> 00:14:20,306 THE DIGNITY OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 196 00:14:20,312 --> 00:14:25,417 IN FEBRUARY 1862, SHE PLANS A BALL. 197 00:14:25,417 --> 00:14:30,717 >> MARY SAW IT AS IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE NATION GOING, TO MEET 198 00:14:30,722 --> 00:14:32,858 THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE GREATNESS OF THE UNION, THE 199 00:14:32,858 --> 00:14:39,197 UNITED STATES. MARY THOUGHT THAT THE BALL WAS A 200 00:14:39,197 --> 00:14:41,697 COST‐SAVING OVER MORE EXPENSIVE STATE DINNERS. 201 00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:47,205 AND HERE SHE WAS HAVING AN OPEN HOUSE WITH ICE IN THE SHAPE OF 202 00:14:47,205 --> 00:14:51,405 PALACES AND SHIPS. >> AND, AGAIN, MARY WAS REALLY 203 00:14:51,410 --> 00:14:55,910 CRITICIZED FOR IT. >> ONE OF THE SENATORS HAD 204 00:14:55,914 --> 00:14:58,283 WRITTEN SAYING PERHAPS IF YOU’RE NOT AWARE, THERE IS A WAR GOING 205 00:14:58,283 --> 00:15:02,087 ON. WE ARE AND WE’RE STAYING HOME. 206 00:15:02,087 --> 00:15:05,887 >> MARY IS NOT ONLY CRITICIZED FOR HOSTING A BALL WHILE 207 00:15:05,891 --> 00:15:08,760 SOLDIERS DIE ON THE BATTLEFIELDS, BUT ALSO FOR DOING 208 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:12,230 SO WHILE HER 11‐YEAR‐OLD SON WILLIE IS SICK. 209 00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:16,730 >> WILLIE HAD BECOME ILL FROM DRINKING WATER IN THE WHITE 210 00:15:16,735 --> 00:15:21,339 HOUSE, WHICH HAS SINKS THAT LEAD DIRECTLY TO THE FOUL WATER FROM 211 00:15:21,339 --> 00:15:28,409 THE POTOMAC WHICH SOLDIERS USE THE RIVER AS A LATRINE UPSPRING 212 00:15:28,413 --> 00:15:31,082 AND ANIMALS DIE. >> BUT AS DIPLOMATS AND 213 00:15:31,082 --> 00:15:35,652 DIGNITARIES MINGLE IN THE WHITE HOUSE PARLOR, WILLIE’S CONDITION 214 00:15:35,654 --> 00:15:38,224 WORSENS. A NIGHT MEANT TO I 215 00:15:47,332 --> 00:15:54,506 >>> IN FEBRUARY 1862, WILLIE LINCOLN, THE FAVORITE AND MOST 216 00:15:54,506 --> 00:16:02,106 PROMISING OF THE LINCOLN BOYS FALLS SICK WITH TYPHOID FEVER. 217 00:16:02,113 --> 00:16:08,053 >> BUT THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN DO. 218 00:16:08,053 --> 00:16:11,690 THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE OF TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. 219 00:16:11,690 --> 00:16:18,560 AND AT THE AGE OF 11, AFTER A HIDEOUS BATTLE WITH GREAT PAIN, 220 00:16:18,563 --> 00:16:24,302 HE DIES. >> AND IT’S A TERRIBLE BLOW TO 221 00:16:24,302 --> 00:16:32,511 BOTH HIS PARENTS. >> MARY HAS THE BREAKDOWN. 222 00:16:32,511 --> 00:16:38,650 >> SHE GOES INTO PROFOUND, DEEP MOURNING. 223 00:16:38,650 --> 00:16:43,150 >> SHE TAKES TO HER ROOM. HER ROOM IS DARKENED. 224 00:16:43,154 --> 00:16:46,558 SHE CAN’T BEAR TO SEE HER SON TAD, BECAUSE TAD REMINDS HER OF 225 00:16:46,558 --> 00:16:58,168 WILLIE. LINCOLN IS ALSO TOTALLY 226 00:16:58,169 --> 00:17:05,739 DEVASTATED. HE GOES FROM THE DEATH ROOM TO 227 00:17:05,744 --> 00:17:09,514 HIS SECRETARY’S OFFICE. HE SAYS "MY BOY IS ACTUALLY 228 00:17:09,514 --> 00:17:11,950 GONE. HE’S ACTUALLY GONE," AND HE 229 00:17:11,950 --> 00:17:16,550 BEGINS TO SOB AND HIS SHOULDERS ARE HEAVING. 230 00:17:16,555 --> 00:17:21,059 THERE’S A CONCERN ABOUT WHETHER HE’LL BE ABLE TO HANDLE THE 231 00:17:21,059 --> 00:17:23,489 BEREAVEMENT AND HANDLE THE SHIP OF STATE AT THE SAME TIME, AND 232 00:17:23,495 --> 00:17:29,401 HE HAS TO REALLY ROUSE HIMSELF FROM HIS OWN DEPTHS TO GET BACK 233 00:17:29,401 --> 00:17:44,651 IN THE SADDLE AND RUN THE WAR. 234 00:17:45,317 --> 00:17:50,287 >> ONLY WEEKS AFTER WILLIE’S DEATH, A GRIEVING LINCOLN 235 00:17:50,288 --> 00:17:53,318 LAUNCHES THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN TO CAPTURE THE CONFEDERATE 236 00:17:53,325 --> 00:17:57,796 CAPITAL OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. >> GENERAL McCLELLAN LEADS THE 237 00:17:57,796 --> 00:18:01,566 CAMPAIGN, BUT HE WAS FOREVER TIMID, FOREVER DIGGING IN 238 00:18:01,566 --> 00:18:04,296 TRENCHES. ULTIMATELY, IT’S A DISASTER. 239 00:18:04,302 --> 00:18:09,341 HE’S DRIVEN OFF THE PENINSULA. SO THE SUMMER OF 1862 IS WASTED. 240 00:18:09,341 --> 00:18:11,076 THE CASUALTIES ARE HUGE, AND THE UNION IS RIGHT BACK WHERE IT 241 00:18:11,076 --> 00:18:17,146 STARTED. >> AND LINCOLN FEELS 242 00:18:17,148 --> 00:18:19,148 RESPONSIBLE. THE BURDEN IS ON HIM. 243 00:18:19,150 --> 00:18:27,590 >> HE WOULD GO AND MAKE VISITS TO THE HOSPITALS. 244 00:18:27,592 --> 00:18:31,930 THERE HE WOULD SHAKE HANDS WITH SOLDIERS. 245 00:18:31,930 --> 00:18:36,500 >> AND HE WAS THERE, EXTENDING HIS HAND TO CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS 246 00:18:36,501 --> 00:18:38,570 TOO. SOME OF THEM WOULD SAY "DO YOU 247 00:18:38,570 --> 00:18:43,440 KNOW THAT I’M A REB?" AND HE WOULD SAY "ARE YOU SO REB 248 00:18:43,441 --> 00:18:47,611 YOU CAN’T TAKE MY HAND?" HE WAS A MASTER AT THIS KIND OF 249 00:18:47,612 --> 00:18:51,616 EMPATHY AND SYMPATHY. >> HE LOST TWO SONS. 250 00:18:51,616 --> 00:18:56,746 HE THOUGHT OF THOSE SOLDIERS AS SONS OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS. 251 00:18:56,755 --> 00:19:01,326 >> THE LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION AND THE LEVEL OF THE LOSS OF LIFE ON 252 00:19:01,326 --> 00:19:05,896 TOP OF SUCH A PROFOUND LOSS, THE DEATH OF WILLIE, IT WAS A 253 00:19:05,897 --> 00:19:10,467 TERRIBLE STRAIN ON HIM AND HIS PREDISPOSITION TO DEPRESSION WAS 254 00:19:10,468 --> 00:19:14,038 IGNITED. AND HE WOULD REFER IF THERE WAS 255 00:19:14,039 --> 00:19:16,007 WORSE PLACE THAN HELL, HE WAS IN IT. 256 00:19:16,007 --> 00:19:23,007 AND AT TIMES HE FELT SUICIDAL. >> IT’S HARD TO IMAGINE SOMEBODY 257 00:19:23,014 --> 00:19:26,984 TODAY EXPERIENCING AS MUCH PAIN AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND NOT BEING 258 00:19:26,985 --> 00:19:34,392 HOSPITALIZED. LIKE MEDICATED, HOSPITALIZED. 259 00:19:34,392 --> 00:19:39,330 THIS GUY LOST PRETTY MUCH EVERYBODY IN HIS LIFE. 260 00:19:39,330 --> 00:19:43,230 >> BUT THE LINCOLNS WERE NOT UNIQUE. 261 00:19:43,234 --> 00:19:46,571 THIS GREAT LOSS THAT STRUCK THEM, THEY SHARED WITH EVERYBODY 262 00:19:46,571 --> 00:19:50,675 ELSE IN THE COUNTRY. THOUSANDS OF SONS ARE KILLED IN 263 00:19:50,675 --> 00:19:55,405 BATTLE EVERY DAY. >> SO HE HAD TO CONTINUE 264 00:19:55,413 --> 00:19:57,716 SOMEHOW. HE HAD TO SUMMON THE STRENGTH TO 265 00:19:57,716 --> 00:20:09,686 CARRY ON. >> AS THE WEIGHT OF THE WAR AND 266 00:20:09,694 --> 00:20:15,233 PERSONAL TRAGEDIES COMPOUND UPON LINCOLN, BOTH THE UNION AND THE 267 00:20:15,233 --> 00:20:18,503 CONFEDERACY HIT A FINANCIAL CROSSROADS. 268 00:20:18,503 --> 00:20:22,073 >> WARS ARE INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE. 269 00:20:22,073 --> 00:20:26,511 THEY HAVE TO GET WEAPONS. SOLDIERS HAVE TO BE FED. 270 00:20:26,511 --> 00:20:28,611 THEY HAVE TO HAVE YOU KNOW FORMS. 271 00:20:28,613 --> 00:20:31,483 ALL OF THIS COSTS A HUGE AMOUNT OF MONEY. 272 00:20:31,483 --> 00:20:35,453 >> HOPING TO CRIPPLE CONFEDERATE FUNDS, LINCOLN IMPOSES 273 00:20:35,453 --> 00:20:39,523 RESTRICTIONS ON SOUTHERN COTTON BEING SHIPPED TO EUROPE. 274 00:20:39,524 --> 00:20:45,964 >> THE ENGLISH DEPENDED ON SOUTHERN COTTON FOR TEXTTEXTILES 275 00:20:45,964 --> 00:20:47,332 THEY WERE REALLY DEPENDENT ON THAT. 276 00:20:47,332 --> 00:20:50,332 >> BUT THE UNION BLOCKADE PREVENTS A LOT OF THOSE PRODUCTS 277 00:20:50,335 --> 00:20:53,838 FROM COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. >> THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF 278 00:20:53,838 --> 00:20:57,338 AMERICA OFFERS A NEW TRADE DEAL TO FRANCE AND ENGLAND. 279 00:20:57,342 --> 00:21:01,546 IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT. 280 00:21:01,546 --> 00:21:05,116 >> AND SO THERE WERE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR THE BRITISH TO 281 00:21:05,116 --> 00:21:07,746 RECOGNIZE THE CONFEDERACY. >> THE CONFEDERACY THOUGHT 282 00:21:07,752 --> 00:21:09,487 ENGLAND WOULD GET IN ON THEIR SIDE. 283 00:21:09,487 --> 00:21:11,656 ONCE THEY DID. THAT WOULD HAVE HAD ACCESS TO 284 00:21:11,656 --> 00:21:13,016 CREDIT AND CAPITAL. >> THAT WOULD BE DEVASTATING FOR 285 00:21:13,024 --> 00:21:17,695 THE UNION. >> NOT ONLY WOULD THE FINANCIAL 286 00:21:17,695 --> 00:21:20,555 INVESTMENT HELP CRUSH THE UNION ARMY, BUT FOREIGN RECOGNITION 287 00:21:20,565 --> 00:21:23,268 WOULD ALSO LEGITIMIZE THE CONFEDERACY AS AN AUTONOMOUS 288 00:21:23,268 --> 00:21:30,168 NATION. AND CEMENT 289 00:21:38,750 --> 00:21:45,220 >>> BY THE SUMMER OF 1862, THE CIVIL WAR HAS RAGED FOR OVER A 290 00:21:45,223 --> 00:21:51,196 YEAR, AND THE UNION IS SUFFERING DEFEAT AFTER CRUSHING DEFEAT. 291 00:21:51,196 --> 00:21:54,465 CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES HAVE REACHED WELL OVER 100,000 AND 292 00:21:54,465 --> 00:22:08,245 THERE IS NO END IN SIGHT. >> FROM THE EARLY STAGES OF THE 293 00:22:08,246 --> 00:22:09,846 WAR, ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE RUNNING AWAY. 294 00:22:09,848 --> 00:22:12,417 THERE ARE BLACK MEN RUSHING TO RECRUITMENT OFFICES IN THE 295 00:22:12,417 --> 00:22:14,347 NORTHERN STATES SAYING SIGN ME UP. 296 00:22:14,352 --> 00:22:16,788 I WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST THESE SLAVE OWNERS, RIGHT? 297 00:22:16,788 --> 00:22:19,288 BUT THE GOVERNMENT TURNS THEM AWAY BECAUSE LINCOLN IS WORRIED 298 00:22:19,290 --> 00:22:21,659 ABOUT MAKING THE WAR TOO TRANSFORMATIVE. 299 00:22:21,659 --> 00:22:25,029 HE SAID AT MANY POINTS THAT IF HE COULD SAVE THE UNION WITHOUT 300 00:22:25,029 --> 00:22:27,229 FREEING ANY SLAVES, HE WOULD DO. SO. 301 00:22:27,232 --> 00:22:31,436 >> BUT HE IS INCREASINGLY FACING PRESSURE FROM THE RADICAL 302 00:22:31,436 --> 00:22:32,896 REPUBLICANS AND THE ABOLITIONISTS IN HIS OWN PARTY 303 00:22:32,904 --> 00:22:38,810 TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT SLAVERY. >> IN HIS PAPER, IN HIS PUBLIC 304 00:22:38,810 --> 00:22:43,280 ADDRESSES, WHENEVER HE GOT THE OPPORTUNITY, FREDERICK DOUGLASS 305 00:22:43,281 --> 00:22:46,951 WAS TELLING LINCOLN WE’RE NOT DOING WELL IN THIS WAR AND YOU 306 00:22:46,951 --> 00:22:51,089 HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TURN IT AROUND, BUT YOU’RE NOT WILLING 307 00:22:51,089 --> 00:22:53,958 TO DO IT BECAUSE YOU ARE SO WEDDED TO PROTECTING THESE 308 00:22:53,958 --> 00:22:58,458 PEOPLE’S PROPERTY. >> LINCOLN IS FEARFUL THAT IF HE 309 00:22:58,463 --> 00:23:00,932 TAKES DIRECT ACTION AGAINST SLAVERY, IT WILL ALIENATE MANY 310 00:23:00,932 --> 00:23:06,037 NORTHERNERS. BUT BY THE MIDDLE OF 1862, 311 00:23:06,037 --> 00:23:09,367 LINCOLN REALIZES THAT SLAVERY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATION OF 312 00:23:09,374 --> 00:23:14,178 SOUTHERN SOCIETY. IT’S SLAVERY THAT IS KEEPING 313 00:23:14,178 --> 00:23:17,208 THEIR ARMIES IN THE FIELD. AND SO YOU WANT TO WIN, YOU GOT 314 00:23:17,215 --> 00:23:25,990 TO ATTACK SLAVERY. >> HE KNOWS THAT BLACK PEOPLE 315 00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:32,330 ARE HIS LAST CARD TO PLAY. >> THE OTHER ENORMOUS THING IS 316 00:23:32,330 --> 00:23:35,566 ENGLAND NOT GETTING IN THE WAR ON THE SOUTH’S SIDE. 317 00:23:35,566 --> 00:23:40,736 >> THERE IS THIS PRAGMATIC SIDE OF LINCOLN IN TERMS OF THINKING 318 00:23:40,738 --> 00:23:42,538 THE ENGLISH HAD ALREADY ENDED SLAVERY. 319 00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:45,540 THERE WAS A REAL ABOLITIONIST CENTER IN ENGLAND. 320 00:23:45,543 --> 00:23:48,880 >> THEY’RE TRYING TO SORT OF IGNORE THE SLAVERY THAT 321 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,748 UNDERPINS THEIR TRADING RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE 322 00:23:50,748 --> 00:23:56,387 CONFEDERACY BECAUSE THEY ARE UNITED IN THE OPPOSITION TO 323 00:23:56,387 --> 00:23:58,256 SLAVERY. >> LINCOLN KNEW IF YOU MAKE 324 00:23:58,256 --> 00:24:01,025 SLAVERY A PART OF THE WAR EQUATION, THEN IT’S VERY 325 00:24:01,025 --> 00:24:04,085 DIFFICULT FOR THE BRITISH TO INTERVENE BECAUSE ENGLAND CAN’T 326 00:24:04,095 --> 00:24:08,933 BE PERCEIVED AS COMING TO THE RESCUE OF A SLAVE EMPIRE. 327 00:24:08,933 --> 00:24:14,305 SO HE TELLS THE CABINET I’M GOING TO ISSUE AN EMANCIPATION 328 00:24:14,305 --> 00:24:17,735 PROCLAMATION. SECRETARY OF STATE SEWARD SAYS 329 00:24:17,742 --> 00:24:19,842 MR. PRESIDENT, THAT’S GOING TO LOOK LIKE A DESPERATION MOVE. 330 00:24:19,844 --> 00:24:26,918 LET’S WAIT FOR A MILITARY VICTORY AND THEN ISSUE THE 331 00:24:26,918 --> 00:24:28,886 EMANSLAUGHTER PROCLAMATION. PRESIDENT LINCOLN SAYS YOU’RE 332 00:24:28,886 --> 00:24:31,186 RIGHT. SO HE TAKES THE EMANCIPATION 333 00:24:31,189 --> 00:24:33,319 PROCLAMATION, FILES IT AWAY AND WAITING FOR A VICTORY. 334 00:24:33,324 --> 00:24:38,162 >> IN AUGUST OF SEPTEMBER 862, CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. 335 00:24:38,162 --> 00:24:43,267 LEE INVADED MARYLAND. THEY MEET THE UNION ARMY AT 336 00:24:43,267 --> 00:24:47,097 ANTIETAM AND ENGAGE IN THE BLOODIEST ONE‐DAY ENCOUNT MERE 337 00:24:47,105 --> 00:24:50,742 THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WARFARE. MORE LIVES ARE SHED THAN ON 338 00:24:50,742 --> 00:24:56,012 D‐DAY. >> THERE ARE NEARLY 23,000 339 00:24:56,014 --> 00:25:03,054 CASUALTIES ON BOTH SIDES. BUT AFTER MONTHS OF DEMORALIZING 340 00:25:03,054 --> 00:25:10,328 LOSSES, THE UNION SUCCEEDS IN HALTING LEE’S INVASION OF 341 00:25:10,328 --> 00:25:13,458 MARYLAND. >> LINCOLN HAD WANTED McCLELLAN 342 00:25:13,464 --> 00:25:16,868 TO JUMP OFF TO A VIGOROUS PURSUIT OF LEE. 343 00:25:16,868 --> 00:25:21,068 McCLELLAN DIDN’T. LINCOLN WANTED AN EXPLANATION. 344 00:25:21,072 --> 00:25:26,642 ONE MORNING, LINCOLN GOT UP TO VISIT McCLELLAN’S ARMY, AND THE 345 00:25:26,644 --> 00:25:28,913 FIRST THING McCLELLAN DID WAS TO PRESENT HIM WITH A LETTER. 346 00:25:28,913 --> 00:25:32,550 IT WAS NOT A LETTER APOLOGIZING OR EXPLAINING WHAT HAD HAPPENED. 347 00:25:32,550 --> 00:25:36,687 IT WAS A LETTER TELLING ABRAHAM LINCOLN HE MUST NOT SAY ANYTHING 348 00:25:36,687 --> 00:25:39,887 ABOUT EMANCIPATING SLAVES, TO MAKE SURE THAT HE HAS A 349 00:25:39,891 --> 00:25:46,497 COMMANDER OF ALL THE ARMIES THAT HE TRUSTS, NAMELY, ME, GEORGE 350 00:25:46,497 --> 00:25:48,097 McCLELLAN. LINCOLN TAKES THE LETTER, FOLDS 351 00:25:48,099 --> 00:25:50,729 IT, PUTS IT BACK INTO HIS COAT POCKET, GOES BACK TO WASHINGTON 352 00:25:50,735 --> 00:25:55,973 AND TELLS HIS CABINET THAT HE IS GOING TO EMANCIPATE THE SLAVES. 353 00:25:55,973 --> 00:25:58,142 HE’S ALSO GOING TO EFFECTIVELY TAKE COMMAND AWAY FROM GEORGE 354 00:25:58,142 --> 00:26:03,712 McCLELLAN. >> SOON AFTER THE BATTLE OF 355 00:26:03,714 --> 00:26:06,951 ANTIETAM, LINCOLN ISSUES THE PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION 356 00:26:06,951 --> 00:26:14,691 PROCLAMATION. IT’S A WARNING AND IT BASICALLY 357 00:26:14,692 --> 00:26:19,897 IS SAYING TO THE CONFEDERATE STATES THAT ON JANUARY 1st, 358 00:26:19,897 --> 00:26:24,027 1863, I’M GOING DECLARE THAT SLAVES IN SECEDED STATES AND 359 00:26:24,035 --> 00:26:28,506 PLACES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE NOW FREE, BUT THIS WON’T APPLY 360 00:26:28,506 --> 00:26:31,576 TO YOU IF YOU GIVE UP ARMS AND DECIDE TO COME BACK INTO THE 361 00:26:31,576 --> 00:26:34,506 UNITED STATES BETWEEN NOW AND THEN. 362 00:26:34,512 --> 00:26:36,080 >> THE ABOLITIONISTS AND RADICALS REJOICED. 363 00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:41,919 OTHERS LAMENTED AND FEARED. THEY TRIED TO PERSUADE HIM TO 364 00:26:41,919 --> 00:26:49,227 WITHDRAW IT, TO RETRACT IT. HE REMAINED STEADFAST. 365 00:26:49,227 --> 00:26:53,997 >> BUT WHILE EMANCIPATION SOLVES LINCOLN’S MILITARY PROBLEM, IT 366 00:26:53,998 --> 00:26:58,436 CREATES A SERIOUS SOCIAL ONE. >> ONCE ENSLAVED AFRICAN 367 00:26:58,436 --> 00:27:01,266 AMERICANS ARE FREE, THE QUESTION THEN IS WHAT WILL BE THEIR 368 00:27:01,272 --> 00:27:03,941 RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED STATES. 369 00:27:03,941 --> 00:27:09,547 >> ATTEND OF JULY 1862, LINCOLN CALLS FIVE VERY PROMINENT 370 00:27:09,547 --> 00:27:12,177 AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN FROM THE LOCAL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 371 00:27:12,183 --> 00:27:15,753 COMMUNITY TO COME TO WHITE HOUSE TO TALK ABOUT COLONIZATION, 372 00:27:15,753 --> 00:27:19,490 WHICH HE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER IN HIS CAREER. 373 00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:22,190 >> HE SAYS LOOK, YOU’RE THE REASON WE HAVE THIS WAR. 374 00:27:22,193 --> 00:27:25,062 WE CAN NEVER LIVE ON AN EQUAL FOOTING IN THIS COUNTRY. 375 00:27:25,062 --> 00:27:31,936 WHY DON’T YOU CONSIDER MY PLANS FOR COLONIZATION IN CENTRAL 376 00:27:31,936 --> 00:27:34,605 AMERICA OR AFRICA? >> LINCOLN SAID I THINK WHITE 377 00:27:34,605 --> 00:27:37,635 PEOPLE ARE SO GENERALLY PREJUDICED THAT YOU WILL NEVER 378 00:27:37,642 --> 00:27:44,382 FIND SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS HERE. >> AND THEY LEAVE VERY 379 00:27:44,382 --> 00:27:46,282 DISHEARTENED. >> I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE 380 00:27:46,284 --> 00:27:51,322 ASSUME THAT THE GUY THAT FREED THE SLAVES LIKED BLACK PEOPLE. 381 00:27:51,322 --> 00:27:54,322 PEOPLE ASSUME THAT LINCOLN MUST HAVE BEEN SOMEBODY WHO WANTED 382 00:27:54,325 --> 00:27:57,395 EVERYBODY TO BE TOGETHER, WHO SAW US ALL AS ONE PEOPLE, AND 383 00:27:57,395 --> 00:28:03,367 IT’S NOT TRUE. IT JUST TURNS OUT THAT A GREAT 384 00:28:03,367 --> 00:28:07,767 WAY TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION IS TO YANK THE ENSLAVED AFRICANS 385 00:28:07,772 --> 00:28:12,877 OUT FROM UNDER HIS ENEMY, HOPING THEY WOULD GO BACK TO AFRICA. 386 00:28:12,877 --> 00:28:15,846 >> WHEN THAT MEETING HAPPENS IN 1862, IT’S TREMENDOUSLY 387 00:28:15,846 --> 00:28:16,906 CONTROVERSIAL. IT GETS A HUGE AMOUNT OF 388 00:28:16,914 --> 00:28:22,386 NATIONAL ATTENTION. >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS IS 389 00:28:22,386 --> 00:28:25,186 OUTRAGED. HE SAYS "MR. LINCOLN, DON’T YOU 390 00:28:25,189 --> 00:28:27,319 GET IT YET? SLAVES ARE NOT THE CAUSE OF THE 391 00:28:27,325 --> 00:28:28,259 WAR. SLAVERY IS THE CAUSE OF THE 392 00:28:28,259 --> 00:28:36,929 WAR." >> BUT LINCOLN IS NOT THERE YET. 393 00:28:36,934 --> 00:28:40,204 >> THE COUNTRY IS ON EDGE AS THE DEADLINE FOR LINCOLN’S 394 00:28:40,204 --> 00:28:45,409 EMANCIPATION THREAT APPROACHES. IT IS UNCLEAR WHAT THE TERMS AND 395 00:28:45,409 --> 00:28:50,948 DETAILS OF THE DECREE WILL BE. THE FUTURE AND THE FREEDOM OF 396 00:28:50,948 --> 00:28:55,886 MILLIONS OF AMERICANS LIE IN THE BALANCE. 397 00:28:55,886 --> 00:28:58,656 >> AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE WAITING TO SEE IF LINCOLN WAS 398 00:28:58,656 --> 00:29:06,756 REALLY GOING TO FOLLOW THROUGH. >> AS THE CLOCK TICKED DOWN, ON 399 00:29:06,764 --> 00:29:12,436 DECEMBER 31st, 1862, YOU CAN CONVEY THE TENSION THE 400 00:29:12,436 --> 00:29:14,936 ABOLITIONISTS AND THE ACTIVISTS HELD WATCH MEETINGS. 401 00:29:14,939 --> 00:29:17,369 >> THERE WERE GROUPS OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE BY CANDLELIGHT WAITING 402 00:29:17,375 --> 00:29:22,680 FOR THE STRIKE OF MIDNIGHT. KNOWING THAT IN THAT MOMENT THAT 403 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:24,150 WE COULD BE FREE 404 00:29:35,259 --> 00:29:38,829 >>> IN THE 100 DAYS THAT PASS AFTER LINCOLN ISSUES THE 405 00:29:38,829 --> 00:29:41,899 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, NOT ONE CONFEDERATE STATE LAYS DOWN 406 00:29:41,899 --> 00:29:45,099 ARMS AND REJOINS THE CONFEDERATE UNION. 407 00:29:45,102 --> 00:29:51,709 SO AS PROMISED, ON JANUARY 11st, 408 00:29:51,709 --> 00:29:54,409 186 3, ABRAHAM LINCOLN DECLARES ALL SLAVES LIVING IN REBEL 409 00:29:54,412 --> 00:30:02,320 TERRITORY FREE. >> LINCOLN SPENT THE MORNING ON 410 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:06,190 JANUARY 1st, 1863 SHAKING THE HANDS OF PEOPLE ON A RECEIVING 411 00:30:06,190 --> 00:30:13,830 LINE. AFTER DOING THAT, HE WENT BACK 412 00:30:13,831 --> 00:30:18,169 TO HIS OFFICE AND HIS HAND WAS SHAKING FROM THE EXERTION OF 413 00:30:18,169 --> 00:30:21,339 SPENDING THE ENTIRE DAY SHAKING HANDS, BUT HE DIDN’T WANT HIS 414 00:30:21,339 --> 00:30:24,775 SIGNATURE TO APPEAR TREMULOUS. HE DIDN’T WANT ANYONE TO THINK 415 00:30:24,775 --> 00:30:30,245 THAT HE HAD ANY DOUBTS WHAT HE WAS DOING, SO HE CALMED HIS HAND 416 00:30:30,247 --> 00:30:41,757 BEFORE HE SIGNED THE DOCUMENT. IN THAT MOMENT, THE WAR BECOMES 417 00:30:41,759 --> 00:30:55,839 A WAR TO ABOLISH SLAVERY. >> EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 418 00:30:55,840 --> 00:31:02,110 ALLOWS FOR BLACK MEN TO SERVE IN THE ARMY AND MAKES PLAIN THAT 419 00:31:02,113 --> 00:31:06,016 ANY ENSLAVED PERSON IN THE STATES THAT ARE IN REBELLION ARE 420 00:31:06,016 --> 00:31:13,516 FREE PEOPLE. >> IT ALSO ENDED ANY POSSIBILITY 421 00:31:13,524 --> 00:31:16,594 OF EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE IN THE WAR. 422 00:31:16,594 --> 00:31:21,164 BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION WOULD NEVER HAVE TOLERATED AID TO THE 423 00:31:21,165 --> 00:31:23,033 SOUTH AT THAT POINT. >> THIS IS A PRESIDENTIAL 424 00:31:23,033 --> 00:31:25,636 PROCLAMATION THAT SAYS THE CIVIL WAR COULD NOT BE WON WITHOUT 425 00:31:25,636 --> 00:31:32,976 FREEING ENSLAVED PEOPLE, AND THAT’S PROFOUNDLY SIGNIFICANT. 426 00:31:32,977 --> 00:31:37,607 >> BLACK PEOPLE ARE ELATED. THEY ARE ECSTATIC. 427 00:31:37,615 --> 00:31:40,117 ALTHOUGH BLACK PEOPLE WERE FREEING THEMSELVES BEFORE THE 428 00:31:40,117 --> 00:31:46,017 PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED, NOW YOU HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 429 00:31:46,023 --> 00:31:53,663 STATES TELLING YOU ARE FREE TO LEAVE. 430 00:31:53,664 --> 00:32:02,406 THEY TOOK THAT AND LEFT IN DROVES. 431 00:32:02,406 --> 00:32:05,676 >> BUT THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IS PROBABLY THE 432 00:32:05,676 --> 00:32:09,376 MOST MISUNDERSTOOD IMPORTANT DOCUMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 433 00:32:09,380 --> 00:32:12,680 PEOPLE SAY LINCOLN FREED ALL THE SLAVES WITH A STROKE OF HIS PEN. 434 00:32:12,683 --> 00:32:15,920 NO, THAT IS NOT CORRECT. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 435 00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:21,490 DID NOT APPLY TO ABOUT THREE‐QUARTERS OF A MILLION 436 00:32:21,492 --> 00:32:22,960 SLAVES. IN THE FOUR STATES IN THE UNION, 437 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,930 THE BORDER STATES, HE SAYS WE’RE NOT MAKING WAR AGAINST DELAWARE, 438 00:32:26,931 --> 00:32:31,368 MARYLAND, KENTUCKY AND MISSOURI. THIS IS A STRICTLY PRACTICAL WAR 439 00:32:31,368 --> 00:32:34,438 MEASURE. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY CHASE, 440 00:32:34,438 --> 00:32:38,238 WHO WAS AN ABOLITIONIST SAYS, YOU KNOW, LINCOLN, THERE IS NO 441 00:32:38,242 --> 00:32:41,512 MORAL SENTIMENT IN HERE. IT DOESN’T TALK ABOUT THE RIGHTS 442 00:32:41,512 --> 00:32:46,582 OF MANKIND. SO LINCOLN ADDS THIS ACT 443 00:32:46,584 --> 00:32:50,187 BELIEVED TO BE AN ACT OF JUSTICE BUT BASED ON MILITARY NECESSITY. 444 00:32:50,187 --> 00:32:54,417 THAT’S WHY IT’S BEING ISSUED, TO WIN THE WAR. 445 00:32:54,425 --> 00:32:58,362 >> YOU THINK OF HIM AS A GREAT EMANCIPATOR, BUT THE WAY HE DID 446 00:32:58,362 --> 00:33:01,632 IT AND WHY HE DID IT, PRETTY GRUBBY REASONS. 447 00:33:01,632 --> 00:33:06,136 BUT POLITICS IS A GRUBBY BUSINESS AND HE IS A POLITICIAN. 448 00:33:06,136 --> 00:33:09,036 >> IT’S A VERY PRACTICAL MOVE. IT’S A CALCULATED MOVE. 449 00:33:09,039 --> 00:33:10,439 I DON’T WANT TO SAY IT’S A CYNICAL MOVE, BUT IT’S A MOVE OF 450 00:33:10,441 --> 00:33:15,646 NECESSITY. >> I WOULD HAVE PREFERRED THAT 451 00:33:15,646 --> 00:33:21,246 LINCOLN ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION OUT OF A MORAL OBLIGATION. 452 00:33:21,252 --> 00:33:26,056 I CERTAINLY GREW UP BELIEVING THAT THAT’S WHAT HE HAD DONE. 453 00:33:26,056 --> 00:33:30,356 IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT TO DISCOVER THAT IT WAS OUT OF 454 00:33:30,361 --> 00:33:35,231 MILITARY NECESSITY, BUT I STILL DON’T THINK THAT WE CAN 455 00:33:35,232 --> 00:33:39,136 UNDERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROCLAMATION. 456 00:33:39,136 --> 00:33:43,536 >> THERE IS A VIEW THAT THE PROCLAMATION WAS MERELY 457 00:33:43,541 --> 00:33:49,011 MILITARY, AND I THINK TO THINK THAT IS TO BE INDIFFERENT TO 458 00:33:49,013 --> 00:33:51,415 LINCOLN’S WHOLE ANTI‐SLAVERY LIFE. 459 00:33:51,415 --> 00:33:56,145 YOU CAN’T ACCOMPLISH MORAL GOALS WITHOUT A POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY. 460 00:33:56,153 --> 00:33:59,290 >> SOMEONE ELSE MIGHT HAVE BEEN SO IDEALOGICALLY COMMITTED TO 461 00:33:59,290 --> 00:34:03,690 WHITE SUPREMACY THAT THEY WOULDN’T HAVE MADE THOSE MOVES. 462 00:34:03,694 --> 00:34:07,231 HE SAW A POLITICAL REASON TO DO AN EXTRAORDINARY THING AND HE 463 00:34:07,231 --> 00:34:11,368 DID IT. >> WHILE PRESIDENT LINCOLN 464 00:34:11,368 --> 00:34:19,238 ISSUES HISTORY‐MAKING DECREES, MARY LINCOLN’S STANCE ON FREEDOM 465 00:34:19,243 --> 00:34:22,613 AND EQUALITY CONTINUES TO EVOLVE AS WELL. 466 00:34:22,613 --> 00:34:26,951 >> MARY TODD LINCOLN IS ABLE TO FORM A VERY MEANINGFUL 467 00:34:26,951 --> 00:34:31,821 RELATIONSHIP WITH ELIZABETH KECKLY WHO IS A FORMER SLAVE. 468 00:34:31,822 --> 00:34:36,292 ELIZABETH KECKLY IS A DRESSMAKER, SO SHE OUTFITS HER 469 00:34:36,293 --> 00:34:39,263 IN ELABORATE DRESS, BUT SHE IS ALSO A CONFIDANTE. 470 00:34:39,263 --> 00:34:43,400 >> MARY LEARNS A LOT ABOUT THE LIFE OF FREE BLACK PEOPLE IN 471 00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:50,307 WASHINGTON FROM LIZZIE KECKLY. >> ELIZABETH KECKLY WAS VERY 472 00:34:50,307 --> 00:34:52,207 ACTIVE IN WASHINGTON, D. C.’S AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY. 473 00:34:52,209 --> 00:34:55,009 AND SHE ALONGS WITH OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN FOUNDED 474 00:34:55,012 --> 00:34:57,112 THE CONTRABAND RELIEF ASSOCIATION WHICH IS A SOCIETY 475 00:34:57,114 --> 00:35:00,017 OF WOMEN WHO RAISE MONEY, COLLECT FOOD, COLLECT CLOTHING, 476 00:35:00,017 --> 00:35:02,317 TRY TO FIND SHELTER FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE ESCAPING SLAVERY AND 477 00:35:02,319 --> 00:35:08,058 COMING INTO WASHINGTON, D. C. >> AND PRETTY SOON MARY IS 478 00:35:08,058 --> 00:35:12,128 DONATING AND ASKING HER HUSBAND TO DONATE TO THE CAUSE OF 479 00:35:12,129 --> 00:35:16,299 SHELTERING FRIEDEN SLAVED PEOPLE. 480 00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:23,107 >> AND MARY LINCOLN ALLOWED ELIZABETH KECKLY TO USE HER NAME 481 00:35:23,107 --> 00:35:25,107 PUBLICLY WHEN SHE WENT AROUND RAISING MONEY FOR THE 482 00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:27,809 ASSOCIATION. >> SO THERE IS A WAY IN WHICH 483 00:35:27,811 --> 00:35:30,881 MARY TODD LINCOLN COULD COMMISERATE, BOND WITH A FREED 484 00:35:30,881 --> 00:35:33,450 WOMAN OF COLOR ON AN EQUAL PLANE. 485 00:35:33,450 --> 00:35:39,390 SO I THINK SHE IS MORE COMPLEX THAN PEOPLE CUT HER OUT TO BE. 486 00:35:39,390 --> 00:35:48,766 >> AS MARY LINCOLN AND ELIZABETH KECKLY WORK TO FIND A PLAY 487 00:35:48,766 --> 00:35:51,196 ABRAHAM LINCOLN WORK 488 00:36:01,578 --> 00:36:08,818 ♪ >>> ON JANUARY 1st, 1863, 489 00:36:08,819 --> 00:36:19,459 ABRAHAM LINCOLN ISSUES THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 490 00:36:19,463 --> 00:36:24,233 INVITING FREED SLAVES TO JOIN THE UNION ARMY. 491 00:36:24,234 --> 00:36:26,503 >> LINCOLN HAD BEEN OPPOSED TO THIS. 492 00:36:26,503 --> 00:36:34,912 HE HAD SAID TIME AND AGAIN, THAT THE SIGHT OF BLACK MEN IN ARMS 493 00:36:34,912 --> 00:36:37,281 WOULD TURN THOSE WHO ARE FOR US AGAINST US. 494 00:36:37,281 --> 00:36:42,920 BUT HE CHANGED HIS MIND. >> LINCOLN REALIZES HE NEEDED 495 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:49,460 EVERY SOLDIER YOU CAN GET. AND THE RESERVOIR OF BLACK 496 00:36:49,460 --> 00:36:51,490 MANPOWER COULDN’T BE IGNORED ANYMORE. 497 00:36:51,495 --> 00:36:55,432 >> THAT CHANGE IS CRITICAL. AND IT SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF 498 00:36:55,432 --> 00:36:58,435 LINCOLN IN TERMS OF HIS THINKING. 499 00:36:58,435 --> 00:36:59,995 AN EVOLUTION THAT WILL CONTINUE ON THROUGHOUT THE REST OF THE 500 00:37:00,003 --> 00:37:08,312 WAR. >> THE MAJORITY OF BLACK MEN WHO 501 00:37:08,312 --> 00:37:12,482 SERVED IN THE UNION ARMY WERE PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN SLAVED AT 502 00:37:12,483 --> 00:37:17,588 ONE TIME. THEY THINK NOW THEY’RE GOING TO 503 00:37:17,588 --> 00:37:19,656 GET SOME KIND OF RECOGNITION OF THEIR STATUS AS MEN. 504 00:37:19,656 --> 00:37:24,656 BUT WHAT THEY FIND IS NOT WHAT THEY HAD ANTICIPATED. 505 00:37:24,661 --> 00:37:27,061 >> THEY WERE CERTAINLY NOT TREATED EQUALLY. 506 00:37:27,064 --> 00:37:32,102 THEY SERVED ONLY IN SEGREGATED UNITS UNDER WHITE OFFICERS. 507 00:37:32,102 --> 00:37:34,671 THEY RECEIVED LESS PAY THAN WHITE SOLDIERS. 508 00:37:34,671 --> 00:37:37,941 >> THEY HAD OLD, WORN‐OUT MUSKETS. 509 00:37:37,941 --> 00:37:41,541 THEY WERE PUT INTO THE HOTTEST, MOST DANGEROUS PLACES IN THE 510 00:37:41,545 --> 00:37:49,419 SOUTH. INFECTED WITH MOSQUITOES, ON THE 511 00:37:49,419 --> 00:37:53,519 GROUNDS THAT SINCE THEY WERE BLACK, IT WOULDN’T BOTHER THEM. 512 00:37:53,524 --> 00:37:58,362 >> LINCOLN THOUGHT IF THEY WERE ON AN EQUAL LEVEL, THAT WOULD 513 00:37:58,362 --> 00:38:03,500 MAKE THEM WERE LIKELY TO ACCEPT WHITES IN THE ARMY. 514 00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:08,505 >> FREDERICK DOUGLASS, WHO HAD BEEN A REAL THORN IN LINCOLN’S 515 00:38:08,505 --> 00:38:13,205 SIDE, HE GOES TO THE WHITE HOUSE TO COMPLAIN. 516 00:38:13,210 --> 00:38:17,748 DESPITE THEIR ADVERSARIAL RELATIONSHIP, WHEN LINCOLN FOUND 517 00:38:17,748 --> 00:38:21,948 OUT THAT DOUGLASS WAS PRESENT, HE INVITED HIM IN WHILE OTHER 518 00:38:21,952 --> 00:38:24,488 WHITE MEN WAITED. IT’S SOMETHING THAT DOUGLASS 519 00:38:24,488 --> 00:38:30,688 ALWAYS APPRECIATED. >> THERE HAVE BEEN TIMES IN THIS 520 00:38:30,694 --> 00:38:35,532 COUNTRY WHERE A PRESIDENT WOULD OPEN THE DOOR AND SIT DOWN WITH 521 00:38:35,532 --> 00:38:42,472 SOMEONE WHO HAD BEEN KICKING HIS BUTT ON THE PUBLIC STAGE. 522 00:38:42,472 --> 00:38:47,811 >> DOUGLASS BEGGED HIM TO PAY BLACK TROOPS THE WAY THAT WHITE 523 00:38:47,811 --> 00:38:50,811 MEN WERE PAID. >> HE WAS THERE TO COMPLAIN THAT 524 00:38:50,814 --> 00:38:56,119 BLACK MEN WERE NOT HAVING THE SAME KINDS OF RIGHTS THAT OTHER 525 00:38:56,119 --> 00:38:58,919 SOLDIERS HAD. LINCOLN SAID, THIS WILL HAPPEN, 526 00:38:58,922 --> 00:39:02,025 BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME. >> DOUGLASS COMES OUT OF THE 527 00:39:02,025 --> 00:39:05,095 MEETING NOT ENTIRELY SATISFIED WITH LINCOLN’S RESPONSE. 528 00:39:05,095 --> 00:39:10,395 BUT HE SAYS TO THE BLACK POPULATION, DESPITE THIS, IT’S 529 00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:15,839 OUR CHANCE TO PROVE OURSELVES. >> AT TENDHE END OF THE WAR, WE 530 00:39:15,839 --> 00:39:18,675 WILL HAVE EARNED CITIZENSHIP. >> THEY STAY, THEY FIGHT, 531 00:39:18,675 --> 00:39:22,305 BECAUSE THEY’RE FIGHTING NOT JUST FOR FREEDOM TODAY, BUT 532 00:39:22,312 --> 00:39:24,212 FREEDOM FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN AND GENERATIONS TO 533 00:39:24,214 --> 00:39:31,054 COME. >> ARMED BLACK SOLDIERS ON THEIR 534 00:39:31,054 --> 00:39:32,923 BATTLEFIELDS, ELICIT AN EXPLOSIVE REACTION FROM THE 535 00:39:32,923 --> 00:39:37,461 SOUTH. >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS 536 00:39:37,461 --> 00:39:44,167 KIND OF IRONIC IS THAT WHITE SOUTHERNERS BY SECEDING MAKE IT 537 00:39:44,167 --> 00:39:50,637 POSSIBLE FOR LINCOLN TO EMANCIPATE BLACK PEOPLE. 538 00:39:50,641 --> 00:39:55,211 WHEN THEY BECOME HIS ENEMY IN WAR, THEY CREATE THE LEGAL 539 00:39:55,212 --> 00:39:59,950 JUSTIFICATION FOR EMANCIPATION. SO THEY PLAYED THEMSELVES, FOR 540 00:39:59,950 --> 00:40:03,587 LACK OF A BETTER PHRASE. >> MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS HAD 541 00:40:03,587 --> 00:40:10,257 LONG FEARED A FORCE THAT WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ENLAIFSLAVE 542 00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:16,630 PEOPLE TO RISE UP AGAINST THEIR OWNERS, IN ORDER TO CLAIM THEIR 543 00:40:16,633 --> 00:40:23,206 FREEDOM OR EXACT RETRIBUTION. >> THE CONFEDERATES RESPOND, WE 544 00:40:23,206 --> 00:40:27,576 WILL CONSIDER THAT HAS A SYMBOL OF THE NORTH’S COMPLICITY IN 545 00:40:27,577 --> 00:40:31,347 SLAVE REBELLION. WE’RE GOING TO TAKE ALL YOUR 546 00:40:31,348 --> 00:40:41,388 BLACK PEOPLE EVERY TIME WE FIND THEM. 547 00:40:45,662 --> 00:40:52,135 AND SO ROBERT E. LEE DECIDES TO TRY THIS BOLD ASSAULT BY COMING 548 00:40:52,135 --> 00:40:54,395 UP THE VALLEY, AROUND MARYLAND AND UP TO GETTYSBURG, STRAIGHT 549 00:40:54,404 --> 00:41:03,413 INTO THE NORTH. AND AS CONFEDERATES ADVANCE INTO 550 00:41:03,413 --> 00:41:06,650 GETTYSBURG. THERE’S A WARNING FOR FREE 551 00:41:06,650 --> 00:41:11,288 BLACKS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES. >> CONFEDERATES WERE TAKING FREE 552 00:41:11,288 --> 00:41:17,327 BLACK PEOPLE FROM COMMUNITIES ALONG THEIR MARCHING ROUTE IN AN 553 00:41:17,327 --> 00:41:21,127 EFFORT TO ENSLAVE THEM. >> THIS WAS BEYOND THE LAW OF 554 00:41:21,131 --> 00:41:25,001 WAR. LEE IS MARCHING INTO 555 00:41:25,002 --> 00:41:27,037 PENNSYLVANIA, AND THE NORTH IS PRETTY PANICKING. 556 00:41:27,037 --> 00:41:37,347 >> THE BUILDUP WAS ENORMOUS. >> AS LEE’S MARCH TO GETTYSBURG 557 00:41:37,347 --> 00:41:41,247 CONTINUES TO RAIN TERROR, THE UNION ANXIOUSLY AWAITS THE 558 00:41:41,251 --> 00:41:47,391 CONFRONTATION THAT LIES AHEAD. AND LINCOLN’S UNION ARMY 559 00:41:47,391 --> 00:41:54,097 PREPARES FOR WHAT WILL BE THE BLOODIEST BATTLE INAND THE 560 00:41:54,097 --> 00:41:57,097 DEADLIEST WAR IN AMERICAN HISTORY.