1 00:00:06,726 --> 00:00:13,096 >>> PREVIOUSLY ON "LINCOLN: DIVIDED WE STAND" 2 00:00:13,099 --> 00:00:15,599 >> THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT REPEALED THE VERY COMPROMISE 3 00:00:15,601 --> 00:00:21,471 WHICH SAID THERE CAN BE NO SLAVERY NORTH OF THE 36‐30 LINE. 4 00:00:21,474 --> 00:00:26,212 IT’S TREMENDOUSLY CONTROVERSIAL. >> THE ACT PROPELS LINCOLN BACK 5 00:00:26,212 --> 00:00:28,512 INTO POLITICS. >> HE THINKS IT’S AN ORANGE. 6 00:00:28,514 --> 00:00:31,217 HE DOES NOT WANT TO SEE SLAVERY EXPAND. 7 00:00:31,217 --> 00:00:34,587 >> SO HE BEGINS TO SPEAK OUT AGAINST THE KANSAS‐NEBRASKA ACT. 8 00:00:34,587 --> 00:00:40,326 >> HE IS AN ABSOLUTE SENSATION. REPUBLICAN PAPERS PRAISE HIM. 9 00:00:40,326 --> 00:00:42,756 DEMOCRATIC PAPERS ARE FEARFUL OF THIS RISING MAN. 10 00:00:42,762 --> 00:00:50,269 >> LINCOLN IS GOING TO WIN THE 1860 ELECTION. 11 00:00:50,269 --> 00:00:54,339 >> FROM THE MOMENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS ELECTED, LINCOLN IS 12 00:00:54,340 --> 00:00:59,378 CONFRONTED WITH CRISIS. >> TO WHITE SOUTHERNER, 13 00:00:59,378 --> 00:01:02,708 LINCOLN’S ELECTION MEANS THE GREATEST OF THEIR FEARS BEING 14 00:01:02,715 --> 00:01:05,518 REALIZED. THEY ARE CONVINCED, DESPITE ALL 15 00:01:05,518 --> 00:01:11,318 THE THINGS LINCOLN SAYS, HE WANTS TO CREATE RACIAL EQUALITY. 16 00:01:11,324 --> 00:01:15,794 >> LINCOLN AND HIS FAMILY WERE SUBJECTED TO UNNERVING THREATS 17 00:01:15,795 --> 00:01:23,002 THAT NO OTHER PRESIDENT‐ELECT HAS EVER FACED. 18 00:01:23,002 --> 00:01:26,405 ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS SENT A LETTER SAYING I’M GOING TO PUT A 19 00:01:26,405 --> 00:01:33,975 SPIDER IN YOUR DUMPLING, YOU GODDAMN SON OF A BITCH, AND 20 00:01:33,980 --> 00:01:37,180 OTHER EXPRESSIONS THAT I DIDN’T KNOW EXISTED IN THE 19th 21 00:01:37,183 --> 00:01:38,451 CENTURY. >> PEOPLE HAD SENT NOOSES. 22 00:01:38,451 --> 00:01:43,656 >> ROBERT LINCOLN, THE TEENAGER, OPENED THIS THREATENING ENVELOPE 23 00:01:43,656 --> 00:01:47,056 AND WAS UNNERVED BY IT. THE SITUATION REQUIRED HIS 24 00:01:47,059 --> 00:01:50,129 FATHER TO CALM HIM DOWN. FOLKS IN THE SOUTH USING THE 25 00:01:50,129 --> 00:01:56,168 DYNAMICS OF POLARIZATION AND VIOLENCE TO MOVE PEOPLE INTO 26 00:01:56,168 --> 00:01:58,638 SUPPORTING SUCCESSION. VIOLENCE CREATES THAT SENSE OF 27 00:01:58,638 --> 00:02:00,606 TRIBALISM THAT IS WHAT THE ENTIRE FIGHT IS ABOUT. 28 00:02:00,606 --> 00:02:15,716 >> AND IT’S CLEAR THAT IT COULD DESCEND INTO WAR 29 00:02:15,721 --> 00:02:24,161 . >> WHEN ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS 30 00:02:24,163 --> 00:02:30,202 ELECTED IN 1860, THERE ARE NEARLY FOUR MILLION ENSLAVED 31 00:02:30,202 --> 00:02:36,709 PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES. IN SOME COUNTIES IN THE SOUTH, 32 00:02:36,709 --> 00:02:41,247 OVER 70% OF THE POPULATION IS ENSLAVED. 33 00:02:41,247 --> 00:02:46,147 THE BOOMING SOUTHERN ECONOMY RELIES ON THEIR FORCED LABOR. 34 00:02:46,152 --> 00:02:50,289 >> ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN COTTON PRODUCTION, 35 00:02:50,289 --> 00:02:53,859 TOBACCO PRODUCTION, MIXED FARMING. 36 00:02:53,859 --> 00:02:56,228 YOU’RE UP BEFORE DAWN. YOU GO OUT INTO THE FIELDS. 37 00:02:56,228 --> 00:03:00,298 YOU CAN EXPECT TO WORK UNTIL DARK. 38 00:03:00,299 --> 00:03:08,307 AND IF IT’S HARVEST TIME, YOU’RE GOING TO WORK 20 HOURS A DAY. 39 00:03:08,307 --> 00:03:16,047 BUT THE ISSUE IS NOT THE DAY TO DAY LABOR OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE. 40 00:03:16,048 --> 00:03:20,518 IT’S THE LACK OF ABILITY TO CONTROL YOUR LIFE THE WAY YOU 41 00:03:20,519 --> 00:03:26,989 WOULD EXPECT A HUMAN BEING TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL IT. 42 00:03:26,992 --> 00:03:32,331 THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF VIOLENCE, RAPES, MURDERS, 43 00:03:32,331 --> 00:03:36,435 BEATINGS, BUT NONE OF THAT COMPARES TO WHAT THE REAL EVIL 44 00:03:36,435 --> 00:03:41,265 OF SLAVERY WAS, AND THAT WAS SEPARATION. 45 00:03:41,273 --> 00:03:45,443 REMOVING CHILDREN FROM THEIR PARENTS, REMOVING HUSBANDS FROM 46 00:03:45,444 --> 00:03:50,916 WIVES. MOST OF THOSE PEOPLE NEVER SAW 47 00:03:50,916 --> 00:03:52,646 THOSE FOLK AGAIN. THAT’S ABOUT AS DEHUMANIZING AS 48 00:03:52,651 --> 00:04:00,159 YOU CAN GET. >> THE CORE OF THE AMERICAN 49 00:04:00,159 --> 00:04:02,389 ECONOMY WAS RURAL. IT WAS AGRARIAN. 50 00:04:02,394 --> 00:04:06,599 IT WAS IN THE SOUTH, AND THE CORE OF THAT ECONOMY ENSLAVED 51 00:04:06,599 --> 00:04:11,669 AFRICANS. >> IN THE 1860 CENSUS, SLAVES AS 52 00:04:11,670 --> 00:04:15,240 PROPERTY WERE WORTH $3.8 BILLION. 53 00:04:15,241 --> 00:04:18,110 THAT’S MORE THAN $100 BILLION TODAY. 54 00:04:18,110 --> 00:04:21,147 MORE THAN ALL THE BANKS, RAILROADS, AND FACTORIES PUT 55 00:04:21,147 --> 00:04:26,147 TOGETHER. >> AND LET’S REMEMBER, PEOPLE IN 56 00:04:26,152 --> 00:04:28,587 THE NORTH BENEFIT FROM THE COTTON THAT IS GROWING IN THE 57 00:04:28,587 --> 00:04:30,517 SOUTH. NEW YORK CITY WAS THE BANKING 58 00:04:30,523 --> 00:04:32,323 CENTER. AN AWFUL LOT OF BANKS LENT MONEY 59 00:04:32,324 --> 00:04:35,861 TO SOUTHERN PLANTATION OWNERS. SHIPPERS BASED IN NEW YORK AND 60 00:04:35,861 --> 00:04:39,698 NEW ENGLAND SHIPPED GOODS TO THE SOUTH AND COTTON THE REST OF THE 61 00:04:39,698 --> 00:04:41,867 WORLD. >> BUT EVEN THOUGH THE NORTH 62 00:04:41,867 --> 00:04:44,597 BENEFITTED FROM SLAVERY, IT WAS NEVER THE CORNERSTONE OF THEIR 63 00:04:44,603 --> 00:04:48,307 ECONOMY. IT WAS ALWAYS THE CORNERSTONE OF 64 00:04:48,307 --> 00:04:51,607 THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY. >> AMONGST WHITE SOUTHERNER, 65 00:04:51,610 --> 00:04:55,347 TALK OF SOUTHERN SEPARATISM HAD BEEN GOING ON FOR QUITE A LONG 66 00:04:55,347 --> 00:04:56,515 TIME, AND PARTICULARLY OUT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 67 00:04:56,515 --> 00:05:01,185 THEY WERE THE HOTBED OF TALKING ABOUT HOW SLAVE HOLDERS HAVE 68 00:05:01,187 --> 00:05:03,155 DIFFERENT INTERESTS FROM THE REST OF THE NATION. 69 00:05:03,155 --> 00:05:06,055 MAYBE WE WOULD BE BETTER OFF MAKING OUR OWN NATION. 70 00:05:06,058 --> 00:05:08,527 BUT FOR A VERY LONG TIME, THAT WAS A REALLY FRINGE MARGINAL 71 00:05:08,527 --> 00:05:14,266 POSITION. >> UNTIL LINCOLN’S ELECTION ON 72 00:05:14,266 --> 00:05:22,306 NOVEMBER 6th, 1860. >> HIS ELECTION IS AN 73 00:05:22,308 --> 00:05:24,376 EARTHQUAKE. EVEN THOUGH THERE WERE STRONG 74 00:05:24,376 --> 00:05:27,876 SIGNS THAT LINCOLN WAS GOING WIN, IT WAS STILL SHOCKING WHEN 75 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:31,317 HE DID WIN. IN THE SOUTH, IT’S A 76 00:05:31,317 --> 00:05:35,787 CATASTROPHE. >> EVEN THOUGH HE IS NOT A 77 00:05:35,788 --> 00:05:38,088 HARD‐CORE ABOLITIONIST, THE NEAR MACK OF LINCOLN’S ELECTION THE 78 00:05:38,090 --> 00:05:41,460 THREAT OF THIS NEW PARTY UNITED IN OPPOSITION TO THE EXPANSION 79 00:05:41,460 --> 00:05:47,600 OF SLAVERY IS THREATENING ENOUGH THAT IT SPURRED SUCCESSION. 80 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:53,339 >> SEVEN SOUTHERN STATES SECEDE FROM THE UNION BEFORE LINCOLN IS 81 00:05:53,339 --> 00:05:54,206 INAUGURATED. SOUTH CAROLINA. 82 00:05:54,206 --> 00:05:56,166 >> MISSISSIPPI, FLORIDA. >> ALABAMA. 83 00:05:56,175 --> 00:05:57,977 >> GEORGIA. >> LOUISIANA. 84 00:05:57,977 --> 00:06:00,977 >> TEXAS. THEY ALL SECEDE FROM THE UNION 85 00:06:00,980 --> 00:06:04,416 AND A PARALLEL GOVERNMENT IS FORMING IN WHAT IS NOW CALLED 86 00:06:04,416 --> 00:06:08,016 THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. 87 00:06:08,020 --> 00:06:12,157 >> AND THE REAL QUESTION IS GOING TO BE ARE HIS WORDS AND 88 00:06:12,157 --> 00:06:14,787 HIS POLICIES GOING TO DRIVE OTHER STATES INTO THE BREAKAWAY 89 00:06:14,793 --> 00:06:24,870 CONFEDERACY? WHICH THE NATION IN CRISIS, 90 00:06:24,870 --> 00:06:27,339 LINCOLN IS IN AN IMPOSSIBLE POSITION. 91 00:06:27,339 --> 00:06:30,276 THE FATE OF THE UNION WILL EVENTUALLY BE HIS 92 00:06:30,276 --> 00:06:33,106 RESPONSIBILITY, BUT UNTIL HIS INAUGURATION IN MARCH, THE 93 00:06:33,112 --> 00:06:38,882 PRESIDENT‐ELECT IS POWERLESS. >> DURING THE FOUR MONTHS 94 00:06:38,884 --> 00:06:42,488 BETWEEN LINCOLN’S ELECTION AND HIS INAUGURATION, LINCOLN IS 95 00:06:42,488 --> 00:06:44,988 TERRIBLY FRUSTRATED BECAUSE HE SEES THAT THESE STATES ARE 96 00:06:44,990 --> 00:06:46,458 PULLING OUT OF THE UNION AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS NOT DOING 97 00:06:46,458 --> 00:06:50,558 ANYTHING ABOUT IT. PRESIDENT BUCHANAN IN HIS ANNUAL 98 00:06:50,562 --> 00:06:55,532 MESSAGE TO CONGRESS SAYS THE SOUTH HAS NO RIGHT TO SECEDE. 99 00:06:55,534 --> 00:06:58,170 IT’S UNCONSTITUTIONAL, BUT WE HAVE NO POWER TO DO ANYTHING 100 00:06:58,170 --> 00:07:01,140 ABOUT IT. BUCHANAN’S BASIC STANCE SEEMS TO 101 00:07:01,140 --> 00:07:04,340 BE DEAR GOD, DON’T LET IT HAPPEN ON MY WATCH. 102 00:07:04,343 --> 00:07:08,113 LET HIM DEAL WITH IT. >> ALTHOUGH HE IS FRUSTRATED, AT 103 00:07:08,113 --> 00:07:12,351 THE SAME TIME HE DOES NOT WANT TO BE BOUND BY ANYBODY ELSE’S 104 00:07:12,351 --> 00:07:14,987 AGREEMENTS. HE DOESN’T WANT ANYTHING TO TIE 105 00:07:14,987 --> 00:07:17,756 HIS HANDS. >> ALL PRESIDENTS‐ELECT SINCE 106 00:07:17,756 --> 00:07:20,386 WASHINGTON HAVE NOT DONE ANYTHING TO INTERFERE WITH THE 107 00:07:20,392 --> 00:07:23,962 OPERATION OF GOVERNMENT BEFORE THEY ARE INAUGURATED. 108 00:07:23,963 --> 00:07:28,867 BUT LINCOLN WAS DIFFERENT. >> HE’S QUIET ON THE SURFACE BUT 109 00:07:28,867 --> 00:07:33,237 HE IS WRITING LETTERS TO A NETWORK OF KEY ALLIES IN 110 00:07:33,238 --> 00:07:35,568 WASHINGTON. >> HE SENDS TOP SECRET 111 00:07:35,574 --> 00:07:39,845 INSTRUCTIONS TO SENATORS AND CONGRESSMEN WHO HE TRUSTS. 112 00:07:39,845 --> 00:07:43,545 >> LET THERE BE NO COMPROMISE ON THE QUESTION OF EXTENDING 113 00:07:43,549 --> 00:07:50,419 SLAVERY. IF THERE BE, ALL OUR LABOR IS 114 00:07:50,422 --> 00:07:53,122 LOST AND ERE LONG MUST BE DONE AGAIN. 115 00:07:53,125 --> 00:07:55,928 THE DANGEROUS GROUND TO WHICH SOME OF OUR FRIENDS HAVE A 116 00:07:55,928 --> 00:07:58,258 HANKERING TO RUN IS POPULIST SOVEREIGNTY. 117 00:07:58,263 --> 00:07:59,932 HAVE NONE OF IT. STAND FIRM. 118 00:07:59,932 --> 00:08:05,738 THE TUG HAS TO COME, AND BETTER NOW THAN ANY TIME HERE AFTER. 119 00:08:05,738 --> 00:08:09,138 >> NO CAN WISE ON MY WATCH. I’M ON MY WAY. 120 00:08:09,141 --> 00:08:13,611 THIS IS ONE OF THOSE MOMENTS WHEN YOU REALIZE THAT HUMBLE 121 00:08:13,612 --> 00:08:16,915 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, AS HE DESCRIBED HIMSELF IN HIS FIRST POLITICAL 122 00:08:16,915 --> 00:08:22,315 MESSAGE IS REALLY PRETTY SECURE IN HIS OWN ABILITY. 123 00:08:22,321 --> 00:08:29,091 >> THIS INEXPERIENCED MAN FROM ILLINOIS IN THE FACE OF THE 124 00:08:29,094 --> 00:08:31,363 COUNTRY TEARING ITSELF TO PIECES. 125 00:08:31,363 --> 00:08:33,032 HE WILL ALWAYS HAVE THAT CONFIDENCE THAT HE IS HEADING IN 126 00:08:33,032 --> 00:08:37,402 THE RIGHT DIRECTION. >> MANY PEOPLE CAME TO LINCOLN 127 00:08:37,403 --> 00:08:41,006 AFTER THE ELECTION AND SAID OKAY, YOU HAVE TO SAY SOMETHING 128 00:08:41,006 --> 00:08:46,906 TO CONCILIATE THE SOUTH. YOU HAVE TO REASSURE THEM AGAIN 129 00:08:46,912 --> 00:08:49,248 THAT YOU WILL NOT TAKE ACTION AGAINST THE INSTITUTION OF 130 00:08:49,248 --> 00:08:53,685 SLAVERY IN THE SOUTH. OTHER PEOPLE CAME TO HIM AND 131 00:08:53,685 --> 00:08:57,355 SAID YOU’VE GOT TO REAFFIRM THAT YOU’RE ANTI‐SLAVERY. 132 00:08:57,356 --> 00:09:00,856 SO LINCOLN DECIDED TO SAY ABSOLUTELY NOTHING. 133 00:09:00,859 --> 00:09:06,729 >> I THINK HE BELIEVED THAT IF HE DID NOT DO ANYTHING, HE WOULD 134 00:09:06,732 --> 00:09:13,102 BE ABLE TO RETURN THOSE STATES THAT HAD SECEDED FROM THE UNION 135 00:09:13,105 --> 00:09:17,776 WITHOUT TOUCHING SLAVERY. >> HE BELIEVED THE COUNTRY WAS 136 00:09:17,776 --> 00:09:20,406 INDISSOLVABLE, AND THAT PRO UNION SENTIMENT WOULD PREVAIL, 137 00:09:20,412 --> 00:09:23,615 AND THERE WOULD BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK THINGS OUT. 138 00:09:23,615 --> 00:09:26,245 I THINK HE U 139 00:09:36,695 --> 00:09:42,465 >>> AS IS SUCCESSION CRISIS WORSENS AND LISTEN CON AWAITS 140 00:09:42,468 --> 00:09:46,805 HIS INAUGURATION, MARY LINCOLN RELISHES A LIFE‐LONG DREAM COME 141 00:09:46,805 --> 00:09:52,875 TRUE. >> AS A GIRL, SHE DECLARED THAT 142 00:09:52,878 --> 00:09:55,878 SHE WAS GOING TO MARERY A PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 143 00:09:55,881 --> 00:10:02,051 >> THIS IS SOMETHING THAT SHE HAS DREAMED ABOUT FOR YEARS. 144 00:10:02,054 --> 00:10:05,023 SO MARY IS IN A BIT OF AN OBLIVIOUS SPOT HERE. 145 00:10:05,023 --> 00:10:09,193 SHE IS GOING TO BE THE FIRST LADY OF THE UNITED STATES. 146 00:10:09,194 --> 00:10:15,033 SHE HAS FELT THAT THIS IS HER DESTINY. 147 00:10:15,033 --> 00:10:20,672 NONE OF THE TALK OF SUCCESSION IS GOING TO INHIBIT HER FROM 148 00:10:20,672 --> 00:10:22,508 PUTTING HER BEST FOOT FORWARD IN WASHINGTON. 149 00:10:22,508 --> 00:10:29,548 SO IN THE MIDDLE OF ALL THIS, MARY GOES ON A SHOPPING TRIP TO 150 00:10:29,548 --> 00:10:31,116 NEW YORK. SHE USES THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE 151 00:10:31,116 --> 00:10:36,686 ELECTION AND THE INAUGURATION TO GET HER WARDROBE READY, BECAUSE 152 00:10:36,688 --> 00:10:40,526 HER JOB SHE THINKS IS TO OUTFIT HERSELF MAGNIFICENTLY, TO BUY 153 00:10:40,526 --> 00:10:43,426 THE RIGHT DISHES, TO BUY THE RIGHT JEWELRY, AND TO BUY AND TO 154 00:10:43,428 --> 00:10:48,767 BUY AND TO BUY. >> IT’S HERE THAT MARY BEGAN TO 155 00:10:48,767 --> 00:10:52,237 ENCOUNTER THE TROUBLED REPUTATION THAT SHE WOULD LATER 156 00:10:52,237 --> 00:10:59,307 ENCOUNTER. >> MARY BELIEVES SHE HAS A FIRM 157 00:10:59,311 --> 00:11:03,148 GRASP ON HER RESPONSIBILITIES AS FIRST LADY, BUT THE TASK BEFORE 158 00:11:03,148 --> 00:11:08,787 HER HUSBAND IS UNPRECEDENTED. THE DREAM THAT AMERICA’S 159 00:11:08,787 --> 00:11:11,787 FOREFATHERS BLED FOR ONLY 84 YEARS BEFORE LIES IN LINCOLN’S 160 00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:21,830 HANDS. >> THE SURVIVAL OF THE UNION IS 161 00:11:21,833 --> 00:11:24,670 NOT JUST ABOUT NATIONAL SURVIVAL. 162 00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,870 IT’S NOT EVEN JUST ABOUT THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY. 163 00:11:27,873 --> 00:11:31,643 IT’S ABOUT WHETHER DEMOCRACY, WHETHER THE GIVEN ORDINARY 164 00:11:31,643 --> 00:11:33,779 PEOPLE A STRONG VOICE IN THEIR GOVERN IS A GOOD IDEA OR A BAD 165 00:11:33,779 --> 00:11:41,186 IDEA. >> WE’RE THE ONLY NATION IN THE 166 00:11:41,186 --> 00:11:45,286 HISTORY OF THE WORLD FOUNDED ON AN IDEA, NOT A TRIBAL IDENTITY. 167 00:11:45,290 --> 00:11:49,260 >> ALL THE OLD POWER, ALL THE MONARCHIES ARE PREDICTING OUR 168 00:11:49,261 --> 00:11:53,331 FAILURE VERY CONFIDENTLY. >> COMMONLY, IT’S BEEN BELIEVED 169 00:11:53,332 --> 00:11:55,132 THAT YOU HAVE TO HAVE THE EDUCATE 170 00:11:55,133 --> 00:11:56,233 EDUCATED, THE WELL BORN RUNNING THE SHOW. 171 00:11:56,235 --> 00:11:58,670 BUT WE’RE TRYING TO PROVE TO THE REST OF THE WORLD THAT THAT 172 00:11:58,670 --> 00:12:03,875 ISN’T TRUE. WE REPRESENT AN EXPERIMENT. 173 00:12:03,875 --> 00:12:07,845 THE STAKES ARE MUCH BIGGER EVEN THAN THE UNITED STATES. 174 00:12:07,846 --> 00:12:10,676 IT’S ABOUT WHETHER DEMOCRACY CAN SUCCEED. 175 00:12:10,682 --> 00:12:13,018 AND ALL THE SMART MONEY IS ON THE OTHER SIDE. 176 00:12:13,018 --> 00:12:26,828 ♪ >> FINALLY, ON FEBRUARY 11th, 177 00:12:26,832 --> 00:12:30,235 1861, AFTER MONTHS OF ANTICIPATION, THE LINCOLNS HEAD 178 00:12:30,235 --> 00:12:36,065 TO THE SPRINGFIELD DEPOT. THERE THEY WILL BOARD THE TRAIN 179 00:12:36,074 --> 00:12:38,110 TO WASHINGTON, D. C. AND TO THE HELM OF THE WORST CRISIS IN 180 00:12:38,110 --> 00:12:46,280 AMERICAN HISTORY. >> AS LINCOLN DEPARTS 181 00:12:46,285 --> 00:12:48,587 SPRINGFIELD, A BIG CROWD GATHERS AT THE TRAIN STATION TO BID HIM 182 00:12:48,587 --> 00:12:52,557 FAREWELL. >> EVERYONE HAS BEEN TOLD THAT 183 00:12:52,557 --> 00:12:57,996 THE PRESIDENT‐ELECT IS NOT GOING MAKE A FAREWELL SPEECH. 184 00:12:57,996 --> 00:13:04,036 THIS MAN HAS SAID NOT A PUBLIC WORD TO ANYBODY SINCE HIS 185 00:13:04,036 --> 00:13:06,036 NOMINATION. BUT HE BEGINS TO SPEAK. 186 00:13:06,038 --> 00:13:08,938 >> LINCOLN OFF THE CUFF DELIVERS ONE OF HIS MOST HEARTFELT 187 00:13:08,940 --> 00:13:16,110 ELOQUENT ADDRESSES. >> HERE I HAVE PASSED FROM A 188 00:13:16,114 --> 00:13:19,918 YOUNG TO AN OLD MAN. HERE MY CHILDREN HAVE BEEN BORN 189 00:13:19,918 --> 00:13:25,418 AND ONE IS BURIED. I NOW LEAVE NOT KNOWING WHEN OR 190 00:13:25,424 --> 00:13:29,561 WHETHER EVER I MAY RETURN WITH A TASK BEFORE ME GREATER THAN THAT 191 00:13:29,561 --> 00:13:37,401 WHICH RESTED UPON WASHINGTON. >> HE IS ABLE TO STAY IN TWO 192 00:13:37,402 --> 00:13:40,339 MINUTES SOMETHING MORE PROFOUND, MORE TOUCHING THAN ANYTHING HE 193 00:13:40,339 --> 00:13:49,209 HAD EVER SAID IN TWO HOURS. AND THE PEOPLE STAND SILENTLY IN 194 00:13:49,214 --> 00:13:52,117 PLACE WATCHING AS THAT TALL FIGURE RECEDES INTO JUST A SMALL 195 00:13:52,117 --> 00:14:03,357 DOT ON THE HORIZON. >> IN FEBRUARY 1861, ABRAHAM 196 00:14:03,362 --> 00:14:06,298 LINCOLN SAYS GOODBYE TO THE PLACE WHERE HE STARTED HIS 197 00:14:06,298 --> 00:14:09,098 FAMILY AND ASCENDED FROM CIRCUIT LAWYER TO THE HIGHEST OFFICE IN 198 00:14:09,101 --> 00:14:14,571 THE NATION. THE NEXT TIME HE RETURNS TO 199 00:14:14,573 --> 00:14:18,243 SPRINGFIELD WILL BE FOUR YEARS LATER IN A COFFIN. 200 00:14:28,253 --> 00:14:31,390 >>> ON HIS TRAIN TRIP FROM SPRINGFIELD TO D. C., ABRAHAM 201 00:14:31,390 --> 00:14:35,160 LINCOLN BREAKS HIS PUBLIC SILENCE. 202 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,996 HE STOPS IN CITIES ALONG THE ROUTE, REASSURING HIS 203 00:14:37,996 --> 00:14:40,426 CONSTITUENTS OF HIS RESOLVE TO PRESERVE THE UNION AND DEFEND 204 00:14:40,432 --> 00:14:46,302 DEMOCRACY. >> MOST AMERICANS WHOEVER SAW 205 00:14:46,304 --> 00:14:53,412 LINCOLN, SAW HIM DURING THAT 13‐DAY TRAIN TRIP. 206 00:14:53,412 --> 00:14:58,250 >> HE IS SEEN A GROWING INDUSTRIAL NORTH. 207 00:14:58,250 --> 00:15:01,486 JUST IN THE LAST DECADE, THESE PLACES, THEY’VE GONE THROUGH A 208 00:15:01,486 --> 00:15:06,316 REVOLUTION. ECONOMICALLY, POLITICALLY AND 209 00:15:06,324 --> 00:15:09,494 SOCIALLY, IT IS THE HEART OF THE COUNTRY THAT MADE HIM PRESIDENT. 210 00:15:09,494 --> 00:15:13,031 >> WHAT HE WON’T SEE INTERESTINGLY ON THIS TRIP IS 211 00:15:13,031 --> 00:15:17,536 THE SOUTH. THE CLOSEST HE COMES TO SPEAKING 212 00:15:17,536 --> 00:15:21,166 TO THE SOUTH IS BY GIVING A SPEECH ON THE BANKS OF THE OHIO 213 00:15:21,173 --> 00:15:25,043 RIVER AND SAYING IF THEY CAN HEAR ME OVER THERE, BUT THEY 214 00:15:25,043 --> 00:15:29,013 CAN’T. THEY CAN’T HEAR HIS WORDS OF 215 00:15:29,014 --> 00:15:33,885 RECONCILIATION BECAUSE WHEN HE MAKES HIS INAUGURAL JOURNEY, 216 00:15:33,885 --> 00:15:37,715 THERE IS ANOTHER INAUGURALG A NE JOURNEY TAKING PLACE. 217 00:15:37,722 --> 00:15:41,059 JEFFERSON DAVIS IS HEADING TO MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA TO BE 218 00:15:41,059 --> 00:15:43,389 INAUGURATED AS PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERACY. 219 00:15:43,395 --> 00:15:44,763 THAT’S A PRETTY SERIOUS SIGN THAT THIS IS GOING TO BE A 220 00:15:44,763 --> 00:15:49,033 CONFLICT. >> SLAVE‐OWNING MISSISSIPPI 221 00:15:49,034 --> 00:15:52,137 SENATOR AND FORMER SECRETARY OF WAR JEFFERSON DAVIS IS CHOSEN TO 222 00:15:52,137 --> 00:16:02,177 LEAD THE CONFEDERACY. >> ON FEBRUARY 22 AND, 1861, 223 00:16:02,180 --> 00:16:06,985 WHEN LINCOLN WAS IN PHILADELPHIA EN ROUTE TO HIS INAUGURATION, HE 224 00:16:06,985 --> 00:16:10,815 SPOKE OUTSIDE OF INDEPENDENCE HALL, AND HE SAID THAT EVERY 225 00:16:10,822 --> 00:16:15,892 IDEA HE HAD EVER HAD POLITICALLY CAME FROM THE DELIBERATIONS OF 226 00:16:15,894 --> 00:16:22,601 THOSE MEN IN THAT HALL. HE SAID RATHER THAN BE FALSE TO 227 00:16:22,601 --> 00:16:37,349 THOSE IDEAS, HE WOULD RATHER BE ASSASSINATED ON THE SPOT. 228 00:16:37,349 --> 00:16:41,586 >> ON THE TRIP, HE RECEIVED INFORMATION THAT A MOB IN 229 00:16:41,586 --> 00:16:48,586 BALTIMORE WAS GOING TO ASSASSINATE HIM. 230 00:16:48,593 --> 00:16:51,096 >> EVEN THOUGH MARYLAND WAS IN THE UNION, BALTIMORE WAS A 231 00:16:51,096 --> 00:16:57,435 HOTBED OF CONFEDERATE SENTIMENT. >> IT IS THE ONLY CITY BELOW THE 232 00:16:57,435 --> 00:17:00,565 MASON‐DIXON LINE IN WHICH HE IS SCHEDULED TO STOP AND SPEAK. 233 00:17:00,572 --> 00:17:03,808 >> HE COULD GET SHOT, STABBED, KIDNAPPED. 234 00:17:03,808 --> 00:17:10,515 IT’S A TERRIBLE SITUATION HE’S IN. 235 00:17:10,515 --> 00:17:14,845 >> LINCOLN’S ADVISERS BEG HIM TO END HIS SPEAKING TOUR AND GET TO 236 00:17:14,853 --> 00:17:20,592 WASHINGTON UNDER COVER. >> LINCOLN SAID THAT’S GOING TO 237 00:17:20,592 --> 00:17:22,727 LOOK PRETTY BAD. I’M GOING TO LOOK LIKE A WIMP, 238 00:17:22,727 --> 00:17:25,527 LIKE A COWARD, BUT I HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO THE COUNTRY TO 239 00:17:25,530 --> 00:17:28,500 ACTUALLY GET THERE AND NOT TO PROVE THAT I’M A MACHO GUY THAT 240 00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:30,635 WILL STAND UP AND DEFY ASSASSINS. 241 00:17:30,635 --> 00:17:36,405 >> WHAT HAPPENS NEXT IS A COMBINATION OF SECRECY AND 242 00:17:36,408 --> 00:17:39,108 MYSTERY. >> THE PLOT IS HATCHED TO HAVE 243 00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:45,216 HIM DISGUISE HIMSELF. >> LINCOLN IS ENCOURAGED TO GET 244 00:17:45,216 --> 00:17:49,246 RID OF THE TALL STOVEPIPE HAT, WHICH IS ALREADY A TRADEMARK, 245 00:17:49,254 --> 00:17:53,324 AND HE WEARS A HAT, AS HE WRITES LETTER, SUCH AS I’VE NEVER WORN 246 00:17:53,325 --> 00:18:04,202 BEFORE OR SINCE. HE ALSO WEARS A LONG OVERCOAT, 247 00:18:04,202 --> 00:18:09,107 PRACTICALLY DOWN TO HIS ANKLES. >> HE HAD ONE BODYGUARD TO 248 00:18:09,107 --> 00:18:13,407 PROTECT HIM. >> WARD HILL LAMON, HIS OLD 249 00:18:13,411 --> 00:18:19,050 FRIEND FROM ILLINOIS, HIS BANJO PLAYING BOON COMPANION. 250 00:18:19,050 --> 00:18:22,450 LAMON HAS BRASS KNUCKLES, A PISTOL, DAGGERS, AND THEY GO TO 251 00:18:22,454 --> 00:18:26,224 BALTIMORE, BY TRAIN AT NIGHT. IN THOSE DAYS, THERE WAS NO 252 00:18:26,224 --> 00:18:32,297 CONTINUITY OF RAILROAD STATIONS. YOU HAD TO SWITCH THE TRACKS. 253 00:18:32,297 --> 00:18:36,197 >> SO TO GET FROM THE NORTH THROUGH BALTIMORE TO WASHINGTON, 254 00:18:36,201 --> 00:18:41,071 YOU HAD TO COME INTO ONE STATION IN THE NORTH PART OF TOWN AND 255 00:18:41,072 --> 00:18:43,808 THEN CROSS TOWN AND THEN GET ON TO ANOTHER TRAIN IN THE SOUTH 256 00:18:43,808 --> 00:18:51,278 STATION. >> SO WHEN IT ARRIVES, THEIR 257 00:18:51,282 --> 00:18:55,020 TRAIN CAR IS PULLED BY A HORSE ACROSS TOWN ON TROLLEY TRACKS TO 258 00:18:55,020 --> 00:19:12,900 THE NEXT STATION. IT’S A VERY EERIE MOMENT. 259 00:19:12,904 --> 00:19:19,744 IT’S THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT. THEY HEAR VOICES. 260 00:19:19,744 --> 00:19:33,091 THEY REALLY DON’T KNOW WHAT’S OUTSIDE. 261 00:19:33,091 --> 00:19:40,865 SHORTLY AFTER DAWN, ON FEBRUARY 23rd, 1861, LINCOLN’S CAR PULLS 262 00:19:40,865 --> 00:19:43,795 INTO WASHINGTON. EVERYBODY IS QUITE SURPRISED 263 00:19:43,802 --> 00:19:46,938 THAT HE’S ARRIVED IN THIS RATHER UNSEEMLY FASHION. 264 00:19:46,938 --> 00:19:54,378 >> THE MOOD IS SO TENSE THAT WHEN CONGRESSMAN ELIAH WASHBURN 265 00:19:54,379 --> 00:19:58,116 SEES MR. LINCOLN AT THE DEPOT, HE RUSHES UP AND SAYS MR. 266 00:19:58,116 --> 00:20:01,986 LINCOLN, IS THAT YOU? LAMON BELTS HIM IN THE CHEST 267 00:20:01,986 --> 00:20:05,016 THINKING HE IS A THREAT. AND LINCOLN IS OH, NO, THIS IS 268 00:20:05,023 --> 00:20:10,729 MY FRIEND. >> THE NEXT DAY, MRS. LINCOLN, 269 00:20:10,729 --> 00:20:14,629 STILL IN PHILADELPHIA, WAS TOLD THAT HER HUSBAND WAS TAKEN 270 00:20:14,632 --> 00:20:17,769 THROUGH BALTIMORE IN THE DEAD OF THE NIGHT, AND SHE WAS VERY 271 00:20:17,769 --> 00:20:20,769 UPSET. >> SHE WAS ABSOLUTELY 272 00:20:20,772 --> 00:20:26,077 DRAMATICALLY BALLISTIC. THREATS TO HER HUSBAND WERE 273 00:20:26,077 --> 00:20:28,607 SOMETHING THAT MARY LINCOLN TOOK QUITE SERIOUSLY. 274 00:20:28,613 --> 00:20:31,850 AND THEN TO BE FORCED TO SEPARATE FROM HIS FAMILY. 275 00:20:31,850 --> 00:20:35,587 >> SHE FLIES INTO A RAGE, SCREAMING NO, I HAVE TO BE WITH 276 00:20:35,587 --> 00:20:38,456 HIM. AND EVERYBODY SAYS SHHH, QUIET. 277 00:20:38,456 --> 00:20:40,786 SO THEY FINALLY TAKE HER IN A ROOM AND SHUT THE DOOR AND LOCK 278 00:20:40,792 --> 00:20:49,467 IT. >> ONCE THEY CALMED HER DOWN, 279 00:20:49,467 --> 00:20:55,507 MARY LINCOLN AND THE BOYS ALL TAKE THE SCHEDULED TRAIN. 280 00:20:55,507 --> 00:20:59,737 >> AND ACTUALLY, SHE EXPERIENCED SOME TUMULT IN BALTIMORE BECAUSE 281 00:20:59,744 --> 00:21:05,116 THE MOB THAT WAS GOING TO HARASS HER HUSBAND WAS HARASSING HER. 282 00:21:05,116 --> 00:21:11,716 AND THE CAR THEY WERE IN WAS ROCKED AND INSULTS WERE HURLED. 283 00:21:11,723 --> 00:21:16,261 >> BUT THE PRESIDENTIAL SPECIAL ARRIVES IN WASHINGTON ON TIME. 284 00:21:16,261 --> 00:21:21,731 AND MARY AND THE BOYS ARE REUNITED WITH LINCOLN. 285 00:21:21,733 --> 00:21:26,237 >> NOW THAT SHE KNEW HER HUSBAND WAS SAFE AND SOUND, MARY 286 00:21:26,237 --> 00:21:31,407 IMMEDIATELY SAW TO HER BUSINESS. GET READY FOR THE INAUGURATION. 287 00:21:31,409 --> 00:21:35,446 >> WITH HIS FAMILY REUNITED UPON HIS SAFE ARRIVAL IN WASHINGTON, 288 00:21:35,446 --> 00:21:39,976 LINCOLN FOCUSES ON HIS UPCOMING INAUGURATION. 289 00:21:39,984 --> 00:21:43,688 HIS WORDS WILL EITHER HEAL A WOUNDED NATION OR CATAPULT IT 290 00:21:43,688 --> 00:21:45,288 INTO A CIVIL WAR 291 00:21:54,766 --> 00:21:59,496 >>> AS HIS INAUGURATION APPROACH, ABRAHAM LINCOLN FACES 292 00:21:59,504 --> 00:22:04,108 A DIFFICULT TASK. WITH SEVEN SLAVE STATES SECEDED 293 00:22:04,108 --> 00:22:07,978 FROM THE UNION, HE MUST PERSUADE THE OTHER SLAVE STATES TO REMAIN 294 00:22:07,979 --> 00:22:09,909 WHILE ALSO APPEALING TO HIS REPUBLICAN BASE. 295 00:22:09,914 --> 00:22:18,790 HE SPENT WEEKS PREPARING A SPEECH HE HOPES WILL DO BOTH. 296 00:22:18,790 --> 00:22:23,790 >> WE ARE LIVING THROUGH A SLOW MOTION CAR CRASH INTO CIVIL WAR. 297 00:22:23,795 --> 00:22:29,100 YOU SAW THE STORM CLOUDS COMING, AND HERE IS ABRAHAM LINCOLN, NEW 298 00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:33,838 PRESIDENT, A PRAIRIE LAWYER WITH NO EXPERIENCE TRYING TO HOLD 299 00:22:33,838 --> 00:22:36,068 TOGETHER THE AMERICAN EXPERIMENT BEQUEATHED TO US BY THE FOUNDING 300 00:22:36,074 --> 00:22:48,686 FATHERS WITH A SPEECH. >> ON INAUGURATION DAY, MARCH 301 00:22:48,686 --> 00:22:55,926 4th, 1861, LINCOLN WAKES UP EARLY AND HE REHEARSES HIS 302 00:22:55,927 --> 00:23:03,267 INAUGURAL ADDRESS, READING IT ALOUD TO HIS SON ROBERT. 303 00:23:03,268 --> 00:23:06,668 ♪ LINCOLN LIKED READING ALOUD. 304 00:23:06,671 --> 00:23:18,781 HE LIKED HEARING HIS WORDS FOR SPEECHES IN ADVANCE. 305 00:23:18,783 --> 00:23:22,687 THE CARRIAGE OF PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN DRAWS UP. 306 00:23:22,687 --> 00:23:27,357 LINCOLN ENTERS THE CARRIAGE, AND BUCHANAN SAYS TO HIM, "IF YOU’RE 307 00:23:27,358 --> 00:23:32,928 AS HAPPY ON ASSUMING OFFICE AS I AM LEAVING IT, THEN YOU’RE A 308 00:23:32,931 --> 00:23:39,901 HAPPY MAN INDEED." THERE IS AN OMINOUS AIR AS THEY 309 00:23:39,904 --> 00:23:41,572 PROCEED ALL THE WAY DOWN PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, UP TO 310 00:23:41,572 --> 00:23:47,912 CAPITOL HILL. BUT WHEN LINCOLN ARRIVES ON THE 311 00:23:47,912 --> 00:23:53,618 PORTICO, HE IS GREETED WITH A HUGE CHEER. 312 00:23:53,618 --> 00:23:58,388 UNCHARACTERISTICALLY, HE IS CARRYING A CANE, HIS TOP HAT AND 313 00:23:58,389 --> 00:24:05,429 A SHEAF OF PAPERS, HANDWRITTEN NOTES, REWRITES. 314 00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:09,867 SO HE PUTS HIS CANE ON TOP OF THE PAPERS, AND THEN HE LOOKS 315 00:24:09,867 --> 00:24:12,637 AROUND FOR A PLACE TO PUT HIS HAT. 316 00:24:12,637 --> 00:24:17,367 HE HADN’T THOUGHT OF THAT. AND OUT OF THE FIRST ROW COMES 317 00:24:17,375 --> 00:24:21,112 SENATOR STEVEN DOUGLAS, THE MAN HE HAS OPPOSED FOR ALMOST ALL OF 318 00:24:21,112 --> 00:24:24,549 HIS POLITICAL CAREER, THE DEMOCRAT WHOM HE HAD BEATEN FOR 319 00:24:24,549 --> 00:24:25,679 PRESIDENT. >> HE WILL HOLD LINCOLN’S HAT 320 00:24:25,683 --> 00:24:32,390 FOR HIM. WHAT A GESTURE. 321 00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:36,890 >> IT IS VIEWED IMMEDIATELY AS A GESTURE OF RECONCILIATION, IF 322 00:24:36,894 --> 00:24:42,266 NOT BETWEEN THE SOUTH AND THE NORTH, THEN AT LEAST BETWEEN 323 00:24:42,266 --> 00:24:43,696 REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS WHO ARE NOW UNITED IN HOPING THAT 324 00:24:43,701 --> 00:24:49,371 THE UNION SURVIVES. AND THEN HE BEGINS AN 325 00:24:49,374 --> 00:24:56,014 UNDERRATED, BRILLIANT SPEECH. >> APPREHENSION SEEMS TO EXIST 326 00:24:56,014 --> 00:25:03,688 AMONG THE PEOPLE OF THE SOUTHERN STETS THAT BY THE RECESSION OF A 327 00:25:03,688 --> 00:25:06,758 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION, THEIR PROPERTY, THEIR PEACE AND 328 00:25:06,758 --> 00:25:08,726 PERSONAL SECURITY ARE TO BE IN DANGER. 329 00:25:08,726 --> 00:25:13,426 THERE HAS NEVER BEEN ANY REASONABLE CAUSE FOR SUCH 330 00:25:13,431 --> 00:25:14,799 APPREHENSION. HEI, 331 00:25:14,799 --> 00:25:16,868 HI. >> HE LAYS OUT WHAT KIND OF 332 00:25:16,868 --> 00:25:20,068 PRESIDENT HE WANTS TO BE, HIS HOPES FOR QUICKLY HEALING THIS 333 00:25:20,071 --> 00:25:21,939 KIND OF RIFT THAT’S OPENED UP IN THE COUNTRY. 334 00:25:21,939 --> 00:25:24,409 >> HE MAKES IT CLEAR THAT A HUSBAND AND WIFE MAY DIVORCE, 335 00:25:24,409 --> 00:25:30,179 BUT THE STATES WAY NOT. HE SAYS THE SOUTH HAS NO OATH 336 00:25:30,181 --> 00:25:33,317 REGISTERED IN HEAVEN TO LEAVE THE UNION, BUT I WILL BE TAKING 337 00:25:33,317 --> 00:25:37,655 AN OATH SOLEMNLY SWEARING TO PRESERVE, PROTECT AND DEFEND IT. 338 00:25:37,655 --> 00:25:41,325 >> HE WANTS THE STATES THAT HAVE LEFT TO PLEASE COME BACK, BUT HE 339 00:25:41,325 --> 00:25:47,225 IS ALSO VERY FIRM ABOUT STICKING WITH THE PRINCIPLES THAT THE 340 00:25:47,231 --> 00:25:48,299 REPUBLICANS HAVE PLEDGED THEMSELVES TO. 341 00:25:48,299 --> 00:25:52,937 >> HE SAYS "I WILL NOT ACCEPT THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY, AND I 342 00:25:52,937 --> 00:25:58,037 WILL NOT ACQUIESCE IN THE DOCTRINE OF SECESSION." 343 00:25:58,042 --> 00:26:01,579 BUT IT’S CON SAILER TO IN SOME WAYS TO THE SOUTH. 344 00:26:01,579 --> 00:26:05,549 HE SAYS I WILL ACCEPT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 345 00:26:05,550 --> 00:26:07,785 CONGRESS CANNOT FREEZE THE SLAVES IN INDIVIDUAL STATES. 346 00:26:07,785 --> 00:26:12,985 >> HE OFFERS TO ENFORCE THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT THAT REQUIRED 347 00:26:12,990 --> 00:26:14,425 NORTHERNERS TO RETURN RUNAWAY SLAVES TO THEIR OWNERS IN THE 348 00:26:14,425 --> 00:26:22,195 SOUTH. >> I HAVE NO PURPOSE DIRECTLY OR 349 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,869 INDIRECTLY TO INTERFERE WITH THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY IN STATES 350 00:26:24,869 --> 00:26:29,139 WHERE IT EXISTS. I BELIEVE I HAVE NO LAWFUL RIGHT 351 00:26:29,140 --> 00:26:37,748 TO DO SO, AND I HAVE NO INCLINATION TO DO SO. 352 00:26:37,748 --> 00:26:40,848 >> HE MADE CLEAR THAT HE DID NOT INTEND TO TOUCH SLAVERY IN THE 353 00:26:40,852 --> 00:26:45,756 SOUTHERN STATES. WHICH WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE 354 00:26:45,756 --> 00:26:49,856 VIEWS THAT HE HAD ESPOUSED FOR YEARS. 355 00:26:49,861 --> 00:26:53,761 YOU COULD THINK THAT SLAVERY PHILOSOPHICALLY WAS WRONG, BUT 356 00:26:53,764 --> 00:26:56,901 THAT DIDN’T MEAN THAT YOU WERE GOING OUT FULL BORE TO TRY TO 357 00:26:56,901 --> 00:27:06,441 ABOLISH IT. >> THE TRUTH IS THAT ALL OF THE 358 00:27:06,444 --> 00:27:11,015 REPUBLICAN ANTI‐SLAVERY THINKERS BELIEVED THAT CONSTITUTIONALLY, 359 00:27:11,015 --> 00:27:14,585 SLAVERY WAS A LOCAL INSTITUTION IN THE SOUTH THAT WAS SUPPORTED 360 00:27:14,585 --> 00:27:17,885 WITHIN THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE LAW. 361 00:27:17,889 --> 00:27:23,359 AND THEY SAID THAT IN THEIR SLOGAN, FREEDOM NATIONAL, 362 00:27:23,361 --> 00:27:26,361 SLAVERY LOCAL. LINCOLN BELIEVED THAT. 363 00:27:26,364 --> 00:27:29,667 >> FOR LINCOLN, IT WAS REALLY IMPORTANT FOR HIM TO ACT WITHIN 364 00:27:29,667 --> 00:27:33,437 WHAT HE SAW AS THE BOUNDS OF THE PRESIDENCY AND THE LAW. 365 00:27:33,437 --> 00:27:36,937 BUT I THINK THAT FOR BLACK PEOPLE, THE LAW IS NOT EVER 366 00:27:36,941 --> 00:27:40,378 SOMETHING THAT WE CAN LIMIT OURSELVES TO IN THE STRUGGLE FOR 367 00:27:40,378 --> 00:27:44,548 FREEDOM, BECAUSE MANY OF THE RIGHTS THAT I HAVE TODAY AS AN 368 00:27:44,549 --> 00:27:49,049 AFRICAN AMERICAN MAN WERE EARNED BECAUSE PEOPLE BROKE LAWS. 369 00:27:49,053 --> 00:27:54,659 >> BUT LINCOLN THINKS IF HE CAN JUST THREAD THAT NEEDLE, BE 370 00:27:54,659 --> 00:27:58,496 SUFFICIENTLY CONCILIATORY, BE SUFFICIENTLY FIRM TO BOTH THE 371 00:27:58,496 --> 00:28:02,326 SOUTH AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY THAT THE SEVEN STATES THAT HAVE 372 00:28:02,333 --> 00:28:04,202 SECEDED WILL VOLUNTARILY REJOIN THE UNION. 373 00:28:04,202 --> 00:28:07,672 THE HEALING WONDERS OF TIME WILL SOLVE THE PROBLEM. 374 00:28:07,672 --> 00:28:11,642 >> THEN HE GETS TO THE END, WHICH HE STRUGGLED WITH. 375 00:28:11,642 --> 00:28:15,980 HE WANTED TO END BY SAYING "MY FELLOW COUNTRYMEN, THE CHOICE IS 376 00:28:15,980 --> 00:28:19,780 YOURSELF, WILL IT BE PEACE OR SORT?" 377 00:28:19,784 --> 00:28:23,387 AND THEN LEAVE IT HANGING IN THE AIR, ALMOST LIKE A DARE. 378 00:28:23,387 --> 00:28:25,487 HIS FRIENDS ADVISED HIM YOU CAN’T DO THAT. 379 00:28:25,489 --> 00:28:32,529 YOU’VE GOT TO APPEAL TO THEIR BETTER SENSIBILITIES, THEIR 380 00:28:32,530 --> 00:28:36,067 PATRIOTISM, AND ENDED HIS SPEECH REALLY BRILLIANTLY. 381 00:28:36,067 --> 00:28:40,637 >> THE MYSTIC CHORDS OF MEMORY STRETCHING FROM EVERY 382 00:28:40,638 --> 00:28:46,138 BATTLEFIELD AND PATRIOT GRAVE TO EVERY LIVING HEART AND HEART 383 00:28:46,143 --> 00:28:50,481 STONE ALL OVER THIS BROAD LAND WILL YET SWELL THE CHORUS OF THE 384 00:28:50,481 --> 00:28:53,481 UNION WHEN AGAIN TOUCHED AS SURELY THEY WILL BE BY THE 385 00:28:53,484 --> 00:29:06,397 BETTER ANGELS OF OUR NATURE. >> MYSTIC CORDS OF MEMORY. 386 00:29:06,397 --> 00:29:08,797 JUST BEAUTIFUL. HE NAILS THE POINT, BUT HE ALSO 387 00:29:08,799 --> 00:29:11,369 GIVES YOU GREAT PHRASES. THERE HAVE BEEN OCCASIONAL 388 00:29:11,369 --> 00:29:14,639 PRESIDENTS WHO WROTE WELL, AND THEN THERE IS LINCOLN. 389 00:29:14,639 --> 00:29:19,909 LINCOLN COULD HAVE MADE IT AS A WRITER. 390 00:29:19,910 --> 00:29:23,280 >> LIKE EVERYTHING ELSE, THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS IS RECEIVED 391 00:29:23,281 --> 00:29:28,919 STRICTLY ALONG PARTY, REGIONAL, AND EVEN RACIAL LINES. 392 00:29:28,919 --> 00:29:30,919 WHITE REPUBLICANS LOVE IT. LINCOLN IS BALANCED. 393 00:29:30,921 --> 00:29:33,157 LINCOLN IS FAIR. LINCOLN IS APPEALING TO THE 394 00:29:33,157 --> 00:29:39,527 BETTER ANGELS OF OUR NATURE. SOUTHERNERS THINK HIS FIRST 395 00:29:39,530 --> 00:29:43,700 INAUGURAL, IT’S BATTERY WRITTEN, IT’S COERCIVE, IT’S THREATENING. 396 00:29:43,701 --> 00:29:47,501 >> IT DID NOT KEEP THEM FROM SECEDING FROM THE UNION. 397 00:29:47,505 --> 00:29:51,342 >> SO HIS POLITICS DON’T GET HIM THAT FAR ULTIMATELY, BECAUSE 398 00:29:51,342 --> 00:29:55,746 THEY DON’T BELIZE ANYBODY. THEY DON’T PLEASE THE 399 00:29:55,746 --> 00:29:58,115 SOUTHERNERS AND THEY DON’T PLEASE THE ABOLITIONISTS. 400 00:29:58,115 --> 00:30:02,345 >> ONE OF LINCOLN’S HARSH CRITICS IS FREDERICK DOUGLASS, 401 00:30:02,353 --> 00:30:05,856 AN ESCAPED SLAVE WHO GAINED NATIONAL RECOGNITION FOR HIS 402 00:30:05,856 --> 00:30:08,626 ANTI‐SLAVERY WRITINGS. >> DOUGLASS WAS ONE OF THE MOST 403 00:30:08,626 --> 00:30:10,886 PROMINENT LEADERS IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY. 404 00:30:10,895 --> 00:30:14,699 >> ONE OF THE GREATEST FIGURES OF THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT, A 405 00:30:14,699 --> 00:30:20,069 GREAT WRITER, A GREAT NEWSPAPER EDITOR, A GREAT ORATOR. 406 00:30:20,071 --> 00:30:24,271 >> WHEN LINCOLN SAID HE WAS NOT TRYING TO ABOLISH SLAVERY IN ALL 407 00:30:24,275 --> 00:30:26,911 THE SOUTHERN STATES, THAT DID NOT APPEAL TO FREDERICK 408 00:30:26,911 --> 00:30:33,417 DOUGLASS. >> A LOT OF TIMES WHEN PEOPLE 409 00:30:33,417 --> 00:30:36,147 CELEBRATE LINCOLN, IT’S A WAY OF ALSO SAYING LINCOLN IS BETTER 410 00:30:36,153 --> 00:30:41,123 THAN THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS AND HIS RESTRAINT IN REALLY PUSHING 411 00:30:41,125 --> 00:30:44,995 HARD FOR THE FREEDOM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN PEOPLE, THAT WAS A WISE 412 00:30:44,995 --> 00:30:49,295 COURSE TO AVOID A CATASTROPHE. BUT IT DOESN’T AVOID A 413 00:30:49,300 --> 00:30:50,400 CATASTROPHE. WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IS WE 414 00:30:50,401 --> 00:30:54,301 WENT TO WAR. 415 00:31:09,787 --> 00:31:13,317 >>> AS LINCOLN SETTLES INTO OFFICE AND THE COUNTRY LOOMS 416 00:31:13,324 --> 00:31:15,760 CLOSER TO WAR, MARY FINDS THE ROLE OF FIRST LADY TO BE MORE 417 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:23,000 DIFFICULT THAN SHE IMAGINED. >> MARY LANDED IN WASHINGTON 418 00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:29,140 AMID, OF COURSE RUMORS OF SECESSION AND DRAMA OVER THE NEW 419 00:31:29,140 --> 00:31:32,309 CONFEDERACY BECAUSE JEFFERSON DAVIS WAS BEING INAUGURATED THE 420 00:31:32,309 --> 00:31:36,909 SAME MONTH AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN. >> BUT MRS. LINCOLN LONGED TO BE 421 00:31:36,914 --> 00:31:39,450 REGARDED AS THE LEADER OF WASHINGTON SOCIETY. 422 00:31:39,450 --> 00:31:41,450 IT WAS HER DREAM TO BE FIRST LADY. 423 00:31:41,452 --> 00:31:44,755 SHE EXPECTED DEFERENCE, FAME, SOCIAL LEADERSHIP, BUT IT WASN’T 424 00:31:44,755 --> 00:31:48,725 GIVEN. >> THE WASHINGTON ESTABLISHMENT 425 00:31:48,726 --> 00:31:53,726 REGARDED HER AS A RUBE AND A HICK, A WILD PERSON FROM THE 426 00:31:53,731 --> 00:31:56,867 PRAIRIES. EVEN THOUGH THE TODD FAMILY WAS 427 00:31:56,867 --> 00:32:00,167 AMONG THE ARISTOCRACY OF LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY. 428 00:32:00,171 --> 00:32:05,309 >> PEOPLE WERE TALKING ABOUT THE LINCOLNS AS IF THEY WERE HAY 429 00:32:05,309 --> 00:32:08,078 SEEDS, COMING IN READY TO HAVE A HOE DOWN IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 430 00:32:08,078 --> 00:32:14,985 >> THEY THOUGHT SHE WAS UN UNSOPHISTICATED AND UNFIT FOR 431 00:32:14,985 --> 00:32:16,785 THE DUTY OF SOCIAL LEADERSHIP. >> WHEN HER FAMILY COMES TO TAKE 432 00:32:16,787 --> 00:32:19,417 A LOOK AT THE WHITE HOUSE, THEY TELL HER IT LOOKS LIKE A THIRD 433 00:32:19,423 --> 00:32:21,959 RATE HOTEL. >> IT HAD BEEN OCCUPIED FOR THE 434 00:32:21,959 --> 00:32:24,759 PREVIOUS FOUR YEARS BY THE ONLY BACHELOR PRESIDENT IN AMERICAN 435 00:32:24,762 --> 00:32:29,467 HISTORY, JAMES BUCHANAN. >> IT IS ABSOLUTELY SHABBY. 436 00:32:29,467 --> 00:32:33,867 SO SHE DECIDES THAT IT WILL BE HER JOB TO REDECORATE. 437 00:32:33,871 --> 00:32:36,707 SHE BELIEVES THAT WITH THE NATION IN CRISIS, THE WHITE 438 00:32:36,707 --> 00:32:39,637 HOUSE BECOMES A SYMBOL OF THAT NATION AND IT’S NOT GOING TO BE 439 00:32:39,643 --> 00:32:42,112 FRAYED AND IT’S NOT GOING TO BE TIRED. 440 00:32:42,112 --> 00:32:48,085 SHE IS NOT GOING LIVE IN A PLACE THAT REFLECTS THE UNCERTAINTY. 441 00:32:48,085 --> 00:32:51,485 SHE WAS GIVEN $20,000, A PRINCELY SUM TO REDECORATE THE 442 00:32:51,489 --> 00:32:58,696 WHITE HOUSE. >> WITH THE MODERN EQUIVALENT OF 443 00:32:58,696 --> 00:33:05,866 MORE THAN $600,000, MARY IS DETERMINED TO PROVE HER WORTH 444 00:33:05,870 --> 00:33:08,405 AND PEDIGREE TO POLITE WASHINGTON SOCIETY. 445 00:33:08,405 --> 00:33:12,935 >> SO SHE GUESS TO NEW YORK AND SHOPS AND BIAS LOT OF NEW 446 00:33:12,943 --> 00:33:17,982 FURNITURE, DRAPERIES, RUGS AND THE LIKE. 447 00:33:17,982 --> 00:33:23,752 BUT SHE VASTLY OVERSPENDS. >> SHE WAS JUST A SHOP‐AHOLIC. 448 00:33:23,754 --> 00:33:27,157 SHE LOVED FINE THINGS. >> THERE WAS A LOT OF OUTRAGE 449 00:33:27,157 --> 00:33:32,757 ABOUT THIS. THE SCANDAL WAS REACHING UP INTO 450 00:33:32,763 --> 00:33:34,163 CONGRESSIONAL DISCUSSION LEVELS. SO HER HUSBAND DID HAVE TO 451 00:33:34,164 --> 00:33:37,801 INTERVENE. >> AND THE PRESIDENT IS TOLD 452 00:33:37,801 --> 00:33:42,571 THAT HE IS GOING TO HAVE TO AUTHORIZE AN APPEAL TO CONGRESS 453 00:33:42,573 --> 00:33:46,477 TO ADD AN SPECIAL APPROPRIATION TO COVER THE EXTRA EXPENSES, HE 454 00:33:46,477 --> 00:33:50,007 IS INDIGNANT WHEN HE FINDS OUT HOW MUCH MONEY IT IS GOING TO 455 00:33:50,014 --> 00:33:52,583 BE. LINCOLN SAID "I WILL BE 456 00:33:52,583 --> 00:33:56,820 DAMNED ‐‐ AND HE DOESN’T SWEAR VERY OFTEN ‐‐ IF I AM GOING TO 457 00:33:56,820 --> 00:34:01,090 GO TO CONGRESS AND ASK FOR EXTRA APPROPRIATIONS FOR FLUBDUBS OF 458 00:34:01,091 --> 00:34:05,661 THIS OLD HOUSE THINKING WAS SEEN IN POOR TASTE IN TIMES OF THE 459 00:34:05,663 --> 00:34:08,799 COUNTRY GEARING UP FOR WAR. LINCOLN DIDN’T WANT THIS TO 460 00:34:08,799 --> 00:34:11,936 BECOME A POLITICAL SCANDAL, SO LINCOLN SAID HE WANTED TO PAY 461 00:34:11,936 --> 00:34:14,966 THE COSTS. SO THERE WAS TENSION BETWEEN 462 00:34:14,972 --> 00:34:18,175 MARY AND ABRAHAM DURING THIS PERIOD ABOUT APPEARANCES. 463 00:34:18,175 --> 00:34:22,505 >> DESPITE THE LINCOLNS’ ATTEMPT TO KEEP UP APPEARANCES, THE 464 00:34:22,513 --> 00:34:31,655 DEMOCRATIC PRESS MALIGNS THEM. THEY PAN MARY FOR HER FRIVOLOUS 465 00:34:31,655 --> 00:34:36,285 SPENDING AND QUESTION IF HE IS ABLE TO LEAD THE COUNTRY IN A 466 00:34:36,293 --> 00:34:39,196 TIME OF WAR. >> ON PAPER, LINCOLN LOOKS AS 467 00:34:39,196 --> 00:34:42,026 THOUGH HE IS THE LEAST QUALIFIED PERSON TO HOLD THE POSITION THAT 468 00:34:42,032 --> 00:34:43,901 HE HOLDS. >> HE WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT 469 00:34:43,901 --> 00:34:46,201 BORN OUTSIDE OF THE ORIGINAL 13 STATES. 470 00:34:46,203 --> 00:34:49,039 HE HAD ONLY BEEN A CONGRESSMAN ONCE. 471 00:34:49,039 --> 00:34:54,578 HOW COULD WE ENTRUST THE NATION ESPECIALLY AT THIS VERY DRAMATIC 472 00:34:54,578 --> 00:35:00,248 TIME TO SOMEONE SO INEXPERIENCED? 473 00:35:00,250 --> 00:35:03,750 >> PEOPLE LIONIZE LINCOLN NOW, BUT VERY FEW PRESIDENTS HAVE 474 00:35:03,754 --> 00:35:07,124 BEEN CRITICIZED AS CRUELLY AS ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 475 00:35:07,124 --> 00:35:11,328 HE IS VICIOUSLY ATTACKED IN THE NEWSPAPERS. 476 00:35:11,328 --> 00:35:16,428 HE IS DEPICTED AS A MAN WHO IS AFRAID AND WHO HAS BEEN 477 00:35:16,433 --> 00:35:19,370 COWERING. THEY REDUCE LINCOLN TO A FIGURE 478 00:35:19,370 --> 00:35:22,706 OF RIDICULE AND SATIRE. >> LINCOLN WAS WIDELY HATED. 479 00:35:22,706 --> 00:35:27,236 NOT JUST BY FOLKS IN THE SOUTH, BUT HE WAS ALSO WIDELY 480 00:35:27,244 --> 00:35:31,482 DISRESPECTED BY HIS PEERS. HE WAS SEEN AS SOMEONE WHO HAD 481 00:35:31,482 --> 00:35:34,985 SLIPPED INTO THE OFFICE AND WAS AS A MATTER OF CONSENSUS AMONG 482 00:35:34,985 --> 00:35:41,985 HIS FELLOW REPUBLICANS NOT SEEN AS 483 00:35:41,992 --> 00:35:46,162 >> BUT LINCOLN HAD ALWAYS BEEN ABLE TO EMBRACE PEOPLE WHO HAD 484 00:35:46,163 --> 00:35:49,066 BEEN CRITICAL OF HIM. LOOK AT HIS CABINET. 485 00:35:49,066 --> 00:35:59,136 >> AWARE OF HIS SHORTCOMINGS, ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS MORE 486 00:35:59,143 --> 00:36:10,888 EXPERIENCED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE POLITICAL AISLE, AND HE NAMES 487 00:36:10,888 --> 00:36:16,158 OHIO SENATOR, SENATOR CHASE, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, AND 488 00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:25,200 FORMER DEMOCRAT, MONTGOMERY BLAIR, POSTMASTER GENERAL. 489 00:36:25,202 --> 00:36:38,482 >> BLAIR OF MARYLAND WAS A CONSERVATIVE. 490 00:36:38,482 --> 00:36:41,452 SEWARD, THE CABINET DIVIDED INTO LEFT AND RIGHT. 491 00:36:41,452 --> 00:36:45,255 >> PEOPLE PERSONALLY CHARITABLE TO LINCOLN, HE EMPOWERED AND 492 00:36:45,255 --> 00:36:48,555 GAVE A POSITION TO BECAUSE HE THOUGHT THEY COULD SERVE THE 493 00:36:48,559 --> 00:36:50,527 COUNTRY. >> WHAT A CRAZY IDEA. 494 00:36:50,527 --> 00:36:57,527 THESE PEOPLE ARE SMART, SO HE WANTED THESE PEOPLE CLOSE BY AND 495 00:36:57,534 --> 00:37:04,742 HE WANTED TO USE THEIR DISAGREEMENTS WITH HIM TO 496 00:37:04,742 --> 00:37:07,478 CHALLENGE HIS VIEWS. THAT SAYS TO ME THAT THIS MAN IS 497 00:37:07,478 --> 00:37:12,015 VERY SECURE, THAT HE’S THE SMARTEST PERSON IN THE ROOM. 498 00:37:12,015 --> 00:37:15,515 >> HE KNEW THERE WERE THINGS MORE IMPORTANT THAN PARTISAN 499 00:37:15,519 --> 00:37:17,149 DIFFERENCES AND PERSONAL DIFFERENCES. 500 00:37:17,154 --> 00:37:22,159 >> HE DID WORK ACROSS THE AISLE AND ENGAGE WITH ENEMIES 501 00:37:22,159 --> 00:37:25,295 CONSTRUCTIVELY AND TRY TO PUT THE COUNTRY FIRST. 502 00:37:25,295 --> 00:37:29,295 THAT’S A TRUE THING ABOUT THIS GUY THAT SETS HIM APART FROM A 503 00:37:29,299 --> 00:37:31,699 LOT OF LEADERS, ESPECIALLY TODAY. 504 00:37:31,702 --> 00:37:36,707 >> WHILE LINCOLN STACKS HIS CABINET WITH CAREER POLITICIANS, 505 00:37:36,707 --> 00:37:39,607 TENSIONS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH ESCALATE. 506 00:37:39,610 --> 00:37:44,210 ONE BY ONE THE CONFEDERACY BEGINS SEIZING MILITARY BASES 507 00:37:44,214 --> 00:37:49,720 ACROSS THE SOUTH. AS THE LAST FEW BEGIN TO RUN OUT 508 00:37:49,720 --> 00:37:54,858 OF SUPPLIES, THE COUNTRY INCHES CLOSER TO ARMED CONFRONTATION, 509 00:37:54,858 --> 00:37:57,258 AND THE FATE OF TH 510 00:38:07,538 --> 00:38:12,638 >>> IN APRIL 1861, THREE WEEKS AFTER HIS INAUGURATION, THE 511 00:38:12,643 --> 00:38:16,713 MOUNTING TENSION BETWEEN THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY FINALLY 512 00:38:16,713 --> 00:38:34,463 REACHES A TIPPING POINT. >> THE SEVEN STATES THAT 513 00:38:34,464 --> 00:38:42,372 SUCEEDED, THERE WERE TWO FOR THE HARD FOR THE CONFEDERATE’S TO 514 00:38:42,372 --> 00:38:48,846 GET AT. >> THE VERY EPICENTER OF 515 00:38:48,846 --> 00:38:52,976 SUCCESSION. >> THE CONFEDERATES HAD 516 00:38:52,983 --> 00:38:57,153 ARTILLERY POINTED AT IT FROM THE SHORE AND IT WAS EXTREMELY 517 00:38:57,154 --> 00:38:58,989 VULNERABLE. LINCOLN’S CABINET RECOMMENDED 518 00:38:58,989 --> 00:39:08,799 THEY LET IT GO AND JUST SURRENDER IT, AND LINCOLN SAID 519 00:39:08,799 --> 00:39:15,569 IF WE DO THAT, IT BECOMES SYMBOLIC AND LINCOLN TAKES A 520 00:39:15,572 --> 00:39:17,841 HARD LINE. >> THE PEOPLE WHO ARE STATIONED 521 00:39:17,841 --> 00:39:22,911 AT FT. SUMTER START TO RUN OUT OF PROVISIONS, SO THE QUESTION 522 00:39:22,913 --> 00:39:27,017 WAS WHEN THEY RAN OUT OF THINGS TO EAT WOULD THE UNITED STATES 523 00:39:27,017 --> 00:39:30,947 GOVERNMENT BE PERMITTED TO BRING PROVISIONS TO THE PEOPLE THERE, 524 00:39:30,954 --> 00:39:38,629 WHICH OBVIOUSLY THE SOUTH CAROLINAENS DIDN’T WANT TO DO, 525 00:39:38,629 --> 00:39:42,299 BECAUSE THEY SAW THEM AS AN ENEMY AND THERE’S A STANDOFF. 526 00:39:42,299 --> 00:39:44,629 >> LINCOLN EVENTUALLY HITS ON THE COMPROMISE. 527 00:39:44,635 --> 00:39:48,906 HE WILL SEND RELIEF TO FT. SUMTER, BUT ONLY FOOD AND 528 00:39:48,906 --> 00:39:56,706 MEDICAL SUPPLIES, NO SOLDIERS OR AMMUNITION, NOTHING WAR LIKE. 529 00:39:56,713 --> 00:40:02,386 >> HE SAID I AM SENDING A FLEET DOWN TO GIVE BREAD TO STARVING 530 00:40:02,386 --> 00:40:10,156 MEN, AND IF YOU DON’T BOTHER THAT RELIEF EXPEDITION, WE WON’T 531 00:40:10,160 --> 00:40:15,165 DO ANYTHING, BUT IF YOU DO WE HAVE WARSHIPS THERE TO ENGAGE. 532 00:40:15,165 --> 00:40:24,105 >> LINCOLN SAID AT VARIOUS POINTS TO WHITE SOUTHERNERS, YOU 533 00:40:24,107 --> 00:40:28,237 CANNOT HAVE WAR UNTIL YOU ARE THE AUTHORS. 534 00:40:28,245 --> 00:40:37,587 >> THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT UNDER PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS 535 00:40:37,587 --> 00:40:41,257 SEES THIS FOR WHAT IT IS. >> THE SHIPS WOULD BE VIEWED AS 536 00:40:41,258 --> 00:40:45,828 AN ACT OF WAR. THE ONLY WAY TO ASSURE THAT THE 537 00:40:45,829 --> 00:40:51,168 TROOPS ON FT. SUMTER DO NOT STARVE WOULD BE THE RELINQUISH 538 00:40:51,168 --> 00:40:57,968 HIT TO THE CONFEDERACY. >> THE CONFEDERATE COMMANDER IN 539 00:40:57,975 --> 00:41:04,815 CHARLESTON SURRENDERS MT. SUMTER, AND HE REPLIES UNDER NO 540 00:41:04,815 --> 00:41:06,516 CIRCUMSTANCES CAN HE AGREE TO THAT. 541 00:41:06,516 --> 00:41:12,956 SO THE CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY OPENS FIRE ON FT. SUMTER. 542 00:41:12,956 --> 00:41:20,426 FIRE! >> AS SOON AS SUMTER IS FIRED 543 00:41:20,430 --> 00:41:29,570 UPON, THE GAME IS UP. CIVIL WAR AS WE KNOW IT BEGINS. 544 00:41:29,573 --> 00:41:33,210 AND WHAT IT’S END IS GOING TO BE NOW LINCOLN CANNOT EASILY 545 00:41:33,210 --> 00:41:39,616 PREDICT. >> NEARLY 800,000 AMERICANS ARE 546 00:41:39,616 --> 00:41:41,316 KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR, MAKING IT THE DEADLIEST CONFLICT IN 547 00:41:41,318 --> 00:41:47,418 U. S. HISTORY. PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS 548 00:41:47,424 --> 00:41:52,195 TASKED WITH LEADING THE COUNTRY THROUGH THE MOST PERILOUS TIME 549 00:41:52,195 --> 00:41:57,625 IT EVER HAS KNOWN, AND THE CHOICES HE MAKES IS FOR THE