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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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[announcer]
Here it is, the most amazing

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food wrap ever developed.

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-Saran-Wrap.
-That's right.

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There's nothing
like Saran-Wrap.

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It's a crystal clear plastic

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that lets you see
everything you wrap.

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Now look at this,
Saran Wrap clings like magic.

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Just press it into place

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over any bowl
or dish and it stays.

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You have a smooth, tight cover
that keeps flavor locked in.

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The problem
of plastic pollution

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in the seas is well known.

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But new research suggests

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there could be
many more tiny particles

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of the waste floating
just beneath the surface.

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[Helen] So most of
the plastic is more dense

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than sea water,
so it eventually sinks down.

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[man] Plastic that's produced
is used just once

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before being dumped again.

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Plastic gets into
the marine environment,

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it breaks down into
tiny little pieces,

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and anything
that eats in the ocean

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will inadvertently eat
plastic.

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[anchor] In 2015,
a marine biologist's video

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went viral,
documenting the painful process

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as she removed a plastic straw
stuck in a sea turtle's nose.

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[Helen] [indistinct]
Oh, man.

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This is becoming
more and more common.

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It's-- it's not
a one off anymore.

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It's not just ending up
in the ocean,

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it's also ending up
in the environment everywhere.

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And recent studies have shown

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that microplastic particles
are even in the air

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we breathe
and the food we eat.

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[Helen] They found now
microplastics on mountains

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because they get distributed
by the wind.

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So, yeah, I don't think

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there's any place on Earth
where there's no plastic.

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[atmospheric music playing]

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If you put
your ear to a plastic bottle,

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you can actually hear

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what ocean
it's gonna end up in. [cackles]

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Too soon? I understand.

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Well, unfortunately,
what I'm about to share

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with you is no joking matter.

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Plastics, single-use plastics,
particularly microplastics,

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are here, there,
they're everywhere.

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And it seems likely
that the production

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of fossil fuel plastics

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isn't going to stop
anytime soon.

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So amidst
all the negative talk,

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it's no wonder
things are looking

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a little grim
for planet Earth.

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But the world is starting
to wake up and recognize

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the dangers threatening
Earth's health.

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That's a good thing.

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However, is it too late
to reverse the damage?

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More importantly, is there
a better way going forward?

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♪

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Hey, Kylie,
how was school today?

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-Good.
-Can I have a hug?

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[Janice] Casey, did you have
a good day at school?

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My name is Janice Overbeck.

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I'm married
to a German husband

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and we've been married
for 14 years.

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We have four children,

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all girls, and we own
a real estate company

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here in the town
that I grew up in.

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All right, girls,
so it's Earth Day today

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and we are going to do

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a plastic sculpture
competition.

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[girl]
How much plastic is there?

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[Janice] A lot. So, it's
a lot of single-use plastic.

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[girl] Is it washed?

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Yes, of course it's washed.
[chuckles]

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I have a concern.

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I was minding my own business,
raising my children,

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when I came across a video.

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It was about
a minute and a half long,

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and it was absolutely

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unbelievable to see

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what was floating around
in the ocean.

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I'm looking at what's
happening,

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through the headlines
and through the news

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and through everything
around me,

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that the world is in crisis,

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from climate change
to the plastic crisis.

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And it really concerns me.

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[Rob] The United Nations
Environment Program defines

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our planet as being
in a triple planetary crisis.

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That includes air pollution,
which kills around

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seven million people every
year,

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biodiversity loss,
as more than

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one million species
face extinction,

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and climate change.

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And guess what?

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Plastics contribute
to all three of those.

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And they're at the heart
of this debate.

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There are more
parts per million

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of carbon dioxide
in our atmosphere

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than the Cretaceous period
or something.

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So, dinosaur time.

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Starting at about 1850,

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the amount of carbon dioxide

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in the atmosphere began
to climb.

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Today, it stands
at 419 parts per million.

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419 is way more carbon dioxide
than we've had

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for thousands of years.

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And the number continues
to rise.

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The current way
the world produces plastic

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consumes much more energy
than is sustainable.

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And the situation
is getting worse.

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Petroleum goes into polymers

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because petroleum is carbon
that you need

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because
polymers are routinely made of

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carbon, there's very few
that are not.

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You had to have an easy source
to make your carbon

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and oil coming out of
the ground was the easiest.

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And when you have
an easy liquid form of carbon

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to utilize you can turn those
into plastics.

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["Plastic Man"
by Red Meadow]

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♪ Plastic man will save
the day now ♪

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♪ Fractured to the core

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♪ Burned by bloody war

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♪ There must be something
we can do now ♪

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♪ To bring down
this charade... ♪

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That's the popularity
of petroleum plastics.

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It is this super material

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that is great
on a commercial scale,

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it's extremely inexpensive,
it's very easy to create.

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The problem is that
it's designed to last forever.

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And that is the problem
that we are facing,

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is all of this material

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is just continuously
building up

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and becoming
an even bigger problem

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for the environment.

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[Clay] Nowadays,
people are looking for

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alternatives to petroleum

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because petroleum is getting
harder to come by.

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You know, you have to go
and start fracking.

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And then there's implications

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around that mechanism
of extracting oil

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as well as all the oil
that you bring out

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of the ground is going to be
probably turned into

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carbon dioxide
by the end of its life

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whether it's burned
or processed

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or digested somehow.

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The more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere,

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the more blanketing
of the Earth you have.

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The more sunlight
that gets trapped on the Earth,

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the higher
the temperature gets.

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If you do this
in a different way

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so, for instance,
in the case of bioplastic,

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you can make it from corn,
you can make it

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from sugar cane,
you can make it from sugar.

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And that sugar came from
a plant,

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and that plant used
photosynthesis

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to absorb carbon dioxide
from the air.

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And the difference between
a petroleum based plastic

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and a bioplastic is that

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the carbon came out of the air
for the bio-based plastic,

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and the carbon came
out of the Earth

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for the petroleum-based
plastic.

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If you're
doing it from the air

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to the air,
it's a circular process.

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[Cole]
Bioplastics are a bio,

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or plant-based,
derived plastic.

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The beauty of bioplastics is
it can actually replace

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a lot of
the petroleum plastics

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that we have now,
and there is a proper

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end of life for that material
which is the compost pile.

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Whereas petroleum plastics,
the end of life is

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the recycling stream
which we know isn't working.

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It's actually being
incinerated or landfilled.

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Bioplastics
is a word that is used

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to describe
two different terms.

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I call it a term described

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for beginning of life
and a term for end of life.

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[Rob] Let's break this down
into simple terms.

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Most plastics today are made

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out of fossil fuels,

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coal, natural gas
or petroleum oil.

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These are identified
by the labels

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PE, PP or PET.

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They are considered
non-biodegradable.

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But plastics can also be
bio-based,

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meaning,
they can be manufactured

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from a plant source
such as corn,

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hemp, olive oil, sugarcane,
among others.

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And they can either be

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non-biodegradable
or biodegradable.

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What we are most interested in
are bioplastics

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which are bio-based
and biodegradable.

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Common bioplastics
in this quadrant

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are identified with the labels

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PLA, PHA and PBS.

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These are some of
the bioplastics

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which may lead us to the
solution

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to the plastic crisis.

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♪

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PHA stands for
polyhydroxy canoids.

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PLA
is the most commercialized

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bioplastic out there currently
and that's polylactic acid.

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PHA is actually certified
home compostable,

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industrially compostable.

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It's much more compostable
than the others.

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PLA is not certified
marine degradable,

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meaning,
if it falls in the ocean,

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it lasts
a significant amount of time,

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it doesn't break down
naturally.

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PHA is certified
marine degradable.

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It's actually been studied

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as a fish food additive
for aquaculture.

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I mean,
even just to prove a point,

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Dane and I have eaten some...
[both chuckle]

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...like any good founders.

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Uh,
but it's entirely nontoxic.

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It's basically
just a microbe fat molecule.

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Most of those materials
under the PHA umbrella,

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there's thousands
of variations,

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but anything
under that PHA umbrella is

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a true sustainable,

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ecofriendly bioplastic.

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And it can be done
with coffee grounds,

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sugarcane, corn, hemp,
anything in between.

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Instead of buying sugar
or growing food crops,

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we decided
we would use food waste.

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♪

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We're living in San Diego

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and we're body surfing
every single day

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and getting hit in the face
with plastic pollution

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that we decided to actually
start to apply some of

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these principles and see
what we could do with it.

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So, we decided to put
our engineering degrees

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to work to try and solve

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one of these great issues,
which led us to this solution

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and then this company.

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[Rob] Full Cycle Bioplastics
has partnered

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with one of the world's
largest tech companies,

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in Silicon Valley, California,
to produce PHA,

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and since has proven PHA
to be a low-cost,

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low-carbon alternative
to fossil fuel plastics.

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This is Full Cycle Bioplastics

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where we actually take in
food waste from the cafes.

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They have a lot of cafes

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throughout the peninsula
here in the Bay Area.

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We sort of did an inventory

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of all of the ways
PHA had failed.

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PHA had gone through
a whole industrial life

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when sugar was cheap.

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[Jeff] PHA was first discovered
back in 1925

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in a biological
wastewater treatment plant.

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In the 1980s,

256
00:11:21,071 --> 00:11:23,595
people started
to actually commercialize it,

257
00:11:23,639 --> 00:11:25,293
so they were using sugar
as a feed stock.

258
00:11:25,336 --> 00:11:27,034
Now, the price of sugar went up
in the '90s,

259
00:11:27,077 --> 00:11:28,426
which basically
killed

260
00:11:28,470 --> 00:11:29,863
the generation one producers
of PHA.

261
00:11:29,906 --> 00:11:31,865
So, PHA became off the market.

262
00:11:31,908 --> 00:11:34,911
It was prohibitively expensive
and it was way more expensive

263
00:11:34,955 --> 00:11:36,173
than what
it was trying to replace,

264
00:11:36,217 --> 00:11:37,740
which is petroleum plastics.

265
00:11:37,784 --> 00:11:40,743
So, we looked at ways
of sort of using

266
00:11:40,787 --> 00:11:42,745
one problem to solve another.

267
00:11:42,789 --> 00:11:46,749
Most PHA, PHP bioplastics,
on average,

268
00:11:46,793 --> 00:11:48,490
depending on
the thickness of the wall

269
00:11:48,533 --> 00:11:50,753
of the physical product
that is produced,

270
00:11:50,797 --> 00:11:53,800
will break down in six months
or less in composting

271
00:11:53,843 --> 00:11:56,280
in your backyard
or commercial settings.

272
00:11:56,324 --> 00:11:58,761
If it were to land
on the side of the road

273
00:11:58,805 --> 00:12:02,199
or the ocean, you're looking at
probably 12 to 18 months,

274
00:12:02,243 --> 00:12:04,288
depending on the thickness
of the material.

275
00:12:04,332 --> 00:12:06,551
That's the beauty of
the material is

276
00:12:06,595 --> 00:12:09,380
without
a long-term outside influence,

277
00:12:09,424 --> 00:12:11,731
microbes, solar degradation,

278
00:12:11,774 --> 00:12:14,298
um,
the heat from the compost,

279
00:12:14,342 --> 00:12:16,605
salt water,
using it as a toothbrush

280
00:12:16,648 --> 00:12:18,781
and getting it wet,
using it for a few minutes

281
00:12:18,825 --> 00:12:21,088
and it dries off
and then you use it again,

282
00:12:21,131 --> 00:12:23,699
won't have any
effect on the plastic itself.

283
00:12:23,743 --> 00:12:25,875
[Janice] And is it harder
depending on the mix of food?

284
00:12:25,919 --> 00:12:28,312
Like if you have a bunch of
burgers compared to apples,

285
00:12:28,356 --> 00:12:29,836
is that going to--
you got to change

286
00:12:29,879 --> 00:12:31,272
your formula a little bit?

287
00:12:31,315 --> 00:12:32,795
Yeah, absolutely.

288
00:12:32,839 --> 00:12:34,188
So, not all food waste
is created equally.

289
00:12:34,231 --> 00:12:35,798
And the best way
I can describe it is

290
00:12:35,842 --> 00:12:38,105
anything that's going to
make me really fat

291
00:12:38,148 --> 00:12:39,497
is going to make
my bacteria really fat,

292
00:12:39,540 --> 00:12:40,672
which is really what PHA is,

293
00:12:40,716 --> 00:12:42,326
PHA is a bacteria fat molecule.

294
00:12:42,370 --> 00:12:44,459
It's an energy storage
molecule, effectively.

295
00:12:44,502 --> 00:12:48,289
So, if what--
your feedstock is 99% water,

296
00:12:48,332 --> 00:12:50,247
you're not going to make
much PHA out of that.

297
00:12:50,290 --> 00:12:51,335
It's just mostly water.

298
00:12:51,379 --> 00:12:53,381
But if it's pure bread waste,

299
00:12:53,424 --> 00:12:55,644
for example, yeah,
it's got tons of carbon in it.

300
00:12:55,687 --> 00:12:56,819
It's really useful.

301
00:12:56,863 --> 00:12:58,865
This is our onsite lab.

302
00:12:58,908 --> 00:13:00,344
[Janice] So what is this?

303
00:13:00,388 --> 00:13:01,476
This is just PHA
that's been extracted

304
00:13:01,519 --> 00:13:03,608
and melted down into this.

305
00:13:03,652 --> 00:13:05,654
So showing
it could be like a film.

306
00:13:05,697 --> 00:13:07,090
Yeah, exactly.

307
00:13:08,309 --> 00:13:09,440
Wow.

308
00:13:21,539 --> 00:13:23,759
-[Janice] It's pretty cool.
-Yeah.

309
00:13:23,803 --> 00:13:26,283
This is a--

310
00:13:26,327 --> 00:13:28,633
a-- a case for glasses, right?

311
00:13:28,677 --> 00:13:31,680
And if you can make
something injection moulded

312
00:13:31,723 --> 00:13:34,509
like this big
with how many--

313
00:13:34,552 --> 00:13:36,728
is this maybe
two millimeters thickness,

314
00:13:36,772 --> 00:13:39,383
and you can, on the other end
of the spectrum,

315
00:13:39,427 --> 00:13:41,385
you can make a whole chair

316
00:13:41,429 --> 00:13:43,735
out of one shot,
then anything in between

317
00:13:43,779 --> 00:13:45,694
will likely also be possible,
right?

318
00:13:45,737 --> 00:13:49,002
This is an example of
a PHA fork.

319
00:13:49,045 --> 00:13:52,266
And after you're done with it,
it can home-compost

320
00:13:52,309 --> 00:13:56,052
within a month,
and it can be benign,

321
00:13:56,096 --> 00:13:58,315
once we're finished
with the development of it,

322
00:13:58,359 --> 00:14:00,100
in a marine environment.

323
00:14:00,143 --> 00:14:03,364
There needs to be a change in
perception of the consumer

324
00:14:03,407 --> 00:14:06,106
to say, "I don't need
a fork to eat my salad

325
00:14:06,149 --> 00:14:08,282
that's going to last
500 years."

326
00:14:08,325 --> 00:14:10,545
Just have to be
very careful when we say

327
00:14:10,588 --> 00:14:13,940
bioplastics,
we need to have better clarity

328
00:14:13,983 --> 00:14:17,987
on what bioplastics
are we referring to.

329
00:14:18,031 --> 00:14:20,903
This might sound
a little bit contradictory,

330
00:14:20,947 --> 00:14:22,644
but something can be
biodegradable

331
00:14:22,687 --> 00:14:24,167
and at the same time toxic.

332
00:14:24,211 --> 00:14:26,343
And this is, of course,
not what we want.

333
00:14:26,387 --> 00:14:31,827
♪

334
00:14:39,661 --> 00:14:43,665
We're doing a study
on oxo-degradable plastics.

335
00:14:43,708 --> 00:14:45,754
Or, "degradable,"
let's say. [chuckles]

336
00:14:45,797 --> 00:14:47,669
Oxo-biodegradable plastics,

337
00:14:47,712 --> 00:14:49,410
probably the worst idea

338
00:14:49,453 --> 00:14:51,673
that has ever come out
from plastics.

339
00:14:51,716 --> 00:14:54,589
It is traditional
virgin polypropylene primarily

340
00:14:54,632 --> 00:14:58,332
or any other type of one
through six petroleum plastic

341
00:14:58,375 --> 00:15:00,725
where they add special
additives to it to allow it

342
00:15:00,769 --> 00:15:03,511
to break down faster
into micro plastics,

343
00:15:03,554 --> 00:15:05,643
but only in specific
landfill conditions.

344
00:15:05,687 --> 00:15:07,950
And this type of plastic
has actually been banned

345
00:15:07,994 --> 00:15:09,430
by the European Union.

346
00:15:09,473 --> 00:15:11,258
As scientists
we were very confused about

347
00:15:11,301 --> 00:15:13,390
what we are buying, um, but,
yeah--

348
00:15:13,434 --> 00:15:15,784
It's really bad when
the scientists are confused.

349
00:15:15,827 --> 00:15:17,612
[Lisa] So, a colleague
of mine worked on extracts

350
00:15:17,655 --> 00:15:19,831
of plastics they extracted

351
00:15:19,875 --> 00:15:21,311
with solvents,
all the chemicals

352
00:15:21,355 --> 00:15:24,097
from both bioplastics

353
00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:26,273
and also
from conventional ones,

354
00:15:26,316 --> 00:15:29,232
and then tested them
on small plates

355
00:15:29,276 --> 00:15:32,192
of cell organisms
to see whether they are toxic.

356
00:15:32,235 --> 00:15:35,499
One of the major finding was
that from a toxicological

357
00:15:35,543 --> 00:15:38,850
perspective bio-based
and biodegradable materials

358
00:15:38,894 --> 00:15:41,418
are not better
than conventional plastics.

359
00:15:42,419 --> 00:15:45,335
67% contained chemicals

360
00:15:45,379 --> 00:15:46,989
that are toxic in vitro.

361
00:15:47,033 --> 00:15:50,036
And another finding was
that they contained

362
00:15:50,079 --> 00:15:53,387
a really enlarged number
and wide variety of chemicals.

363
00:15:53,430 --> 00:15:56,042
One single product can contain
several hundred

364
00:15:56,085 --> 00:15:57,782
or thousands of chemicals.

365
00:15:57,826 --> 00:16:00,394
[Cole] That is the problem
for the average consumer.

366
00:16:00,437 --> 00:16:02,265
There is so much
misinformation or green washing

367
00:16:02,309 --> 00:16:04,354
that is out there
it's hard for them

368
00:16:04,398 --> 00:16:06,182
to actually understand,

369
00:16:06,226 --> 00:16:07,488
"What do I do
with this product?

370
00:16:07,531 --> 00:16:09,098
Is it eco-friendly
or sustainable

371
00:16:09,142 --> 00:16:10,578
as they say it is?"

372
00:16:10,621 --> 00:16:12,884
The problem
with those bio-composites

373
00:16:12,928 --> 00:16:15,409
is they can say,
"Oh yeah, we're using,

374
00:16:15,452 --> 00:16:17,715
um, hemp for our plastic."

375
00:16:17,759 --> 00:16:21,197
And it's actually
maybe 10% hemp or 20% hemp,

376
00:16:21,241 --> 00:16:24,026
or corn, or sugarcane,
for example.

377
00:16:24,070 --> 00:16:26,420
The consumer is not going to
know that,

378
00:16:26,463 --> 00:16:27,725
they're not going to do
the research

379
00:16:27,769 --> 00:16:29,379
either, unfortunately.

380
00:16:29,423 --> 00:16:31,164
[Ramani]
You cannot make general claims

381
00:16:31,207 --> 00:16:32,730
on biodegradability

382
00:16:32,774 --> 00:16:35,516
because unfortunately
life is not so simple.

383
00:16:35,559 --> 00:16:40,608
♪

384
00:16:56,711 --> 00:16:59,105
When did you start studying
microplastics?

385
00:16:59,148 --> 00:17:01,846
I started lecturing
on microplastics

386
00:17:01,890 --> 00:17:04,240
and they didn't-- weren't
called microplastics then

387
00:17:04,284 --> 00:17:06,068
in about 1992.

388
00:17:06,112 --> 00:17:08,592
So I've been exposed
to plastic issues

389
00:17:08,636 --> 00:17:09,984
for a really long time.

390
00:17:10,029 --> 00:17:11,421
[Janice]
That's a really long time.

391
00:17:11,464 --> 00:17:13,380
That's when
phthalates were a big deal.

392
00:17:13,423 --> 00:17:16,599
They're still the most common
contaminant in the water.

393
00:17:17,513 --> 00:17:19,342
They're plasticizers,

394
00:17:19,386 --> 00:17:21,083
they're probably known
as plasticizers.

395
00:17:21,127 --> 00:17:23,477
Yeah, they give
different plastics

396
00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:25,653
different properties,
flexibility,

397
00:17:25,695 --> 00:17:28,830
rigidity, um, color, stability.

398
00:17:29,787 --> 00:17:31,572
Just different chemicals
for different things.

399
00:17:31,615 --> 00:17:33,182
But they tend to be
very toxic.

400
00:17:33,226 --> 00:17:34,618
[Janice] You're able
to pull out and see

401
00:17:34,662 --> 00:17:35,793
if there's microplastics
in these?

402
00:17:35,837 --> 00:17:36,925
Yes.

403
00:17:40,711 --> 00:17:41,886
[Janice] If they're there.

404
00:17:47,327 --> 00:17:48,632
[Janice]
Right, okay, and are you--

405
00:17:48,676 --> 00:17:51,070
[Greg speaking]

406
00:17:51,113 --> 00:17:52,245
[Janice speaking]

407
00:17:53,550 --> 00:17:56,379
Usually, you want to blend
these materials

408
00:17:56,423 --> 00:17:57,946
with other types of materials

409
00:17:57,989 --> 00:17:59,991
in order to improve
its material properties,

410
00:18:00,035 --> 00:18:02,472
the stiffness, the tensile
strength, and so on.

411
00:18:02,516 --> 00:18:05,214
That way it can be used
for industrial applications

412
00:18:05,258 --> 00:18:07,390
such as plastic utensils,

413
00:18:07,434 --> 00:18:09,305
and even medical devices.

414
00:18:09,958 --> 00:18:12,700
[Rob] Almost 90%
of polymer plasticizers,

415
00:18:12,743 --> 00:18:15,964
commonly called phthalates,
are used in plastic.

416
00:18:16,007 --> 00:18:19,054
Phthalates have been found
in most plastic containers,

417
00:18:19,098 --> 00:18:21,361
water bottles,
and many medications.

418
00:18:21,404 --> 00:18:24,712
Substantial concerns have been
expressed over their safety

419
00:18:24,755 --> 00:18:26,409
and now have been classified

420
00:18:26,453 --> 00:18:29,195
as potential
endocrine disruptors.

421
00:18:30,805 --> 00:18:32,589
BPA is obviously a big one.

422
00:18:32,633 --> 00:18:34,504
It's not removed

423
00:18:34,548 --> 00:18:36,550
from all types of
plastic either.

424
00:18:36,593 --> 00:18:37,899
It is mainly removed

425
00:18:37,942 --> 00:18:39,335
from number one
and number two.

426
00:18:39,379 --> 00:18:42,164
The FDA has only banned

427
00:18:42,208 --> 00:18:43,948
BPA in baby bottles.

428
00:18:43,992 --> 00:18:45,515
It can be used
anywhere else.

429
00:18:45,559 --> 00:18:47,604
There's something like
40 different variants

430
00:18:47,648 --> 00:18:50,520
of BPA that are being used

431
00:18:50,564 --> 00:18:53,480
in products
that are labeled BPA free.

432
00:18:54,568 --> 00:18:57,875
But they're still toxic
because they share

433
00:18:57,919 --> 00:19:00,182
the toxicity characteristics

434
00:19:00,226 --> 00:19:02,097
with bisphenol A.

435
00:19:02,141 --> 00:19:03,925
[Rob]
Endocrine disrupting chemicals

436
00:19:03,968 --> 00:19:05,796
are found in many plastics.

437
00:19:05,840 --> 00:19:08,190
One example
of these are phthalates.

438
00:19:09,191 --> 00:19:11,324
They have the ability
to enter the bloodstream

439
00:19:11,367 --> 00:19:14,327
and disrupt the sexual
development in infants,

440
00:19:14,370 --> 00:19:16,633
and impairment
of fertility in adults.

441
00:19:17,721 --> 00:19:19,810
Phthalates cause these
and other effects

442
00:19:19,854 --> 00:19:22,770
by suppressing
the activity of male hormones

443
00:19:22,813 --> 00:19:24,946
during the development
of the fetus.

444
00:19:25,468 --> 00:19:27,905
Research has linked
exposure to phthalates,

445
00:19:27,949 --> 00:19:31,039
to diabetes, breast cancer,
obesity,

446
00:19:31,082 --> 00:19:33,084
including
child neurodevelopment,

447
00:19:33,128 --> 00:19:35,130
among other
disorders and cancers.

448
00:19:36,914 --> 00:19:39,439
What's happening isn't that
you have the wrong gene...

449
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:42,485
it's that
the gene is misbehaving,

450
00:19:43,269 --> 00:19:45,662
-which could be from--
-Endocrine disruption.

451
00:19:45,706 --> 00:19:50,711
♪

452
00:19:54,062 --> 00:19:57,239
[Janice] Ever since
I saw your Ted Talk,

453
00:19:57,283 --> 00:19:59,546
I-- I'm like,
"I don't want the receipt."

454
00:19:59,589 --> 00:20:02,157
Something as banal

455
00:20:02,201 --> 00:20:05,465
as thermal paper receipts,
which we handle every day

456
00:20:05,508 --> 00:20:08,163
when we grab the receipt

457
00:20:08,207 --> 00:20:10,861
at the gas station
or at the ATM,

458
00:20:10,905 --> 00:20:14,256
those are coated
in dust with BPA.

459
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,303
And every time you handle one,
it's transferred to your skin

460
00:20:17,346 --> 00:20:19,914
and it penetrates and gets into
your bloodstream.

461
00:20:19,957 --> 00:20:22,743
I was thinking, "Gosh,
I-- I'm really concerned about

462
00:20:22,786 --> 00:20:25,180
having four daughters
with the proliferation

463
00:20:25,224 --> 00:20:27,269
of these chemicals
in our bodies

464
00:20:27,313 --> 00:20:30,838
and how it's actually growing
more so in their life than me,

465
00:20:30,881 --> 00:20:32,970
who was born
in the '80s, um--"

466
00:20:33,014 --> 00:20:34,755
It is-- it is growing worse.

467
00:20:34,798 --> 00:20:37,410
[Rob] Professor Pete Myers
was part of a team

468
00:20:37,453 --> 00:20:41,152
that studied the chemical
commonly used in plastics, BPA.

469
00:20:41,196 --> 00:20:43,372
Thanks to Dr. Myers
and his team,

470
00:20:43,416 --> 00:20:45,896
BPA free plastics are labeled.

471
00:20:45,940 --> 00:20:48,769
One of the chemicals
that came out of the 1980s

472
00:20:48,812 --> 00:20:51,815
to replace BPA was called BPS,

473
00:20:51,859 --> 00:20:53,513
even though almost nothing

474
00:20:53,556 --> 00:20:56,342
was known about
the replacement's toxicity.

475
00:20:56,385 --> 00:20:58,605
I'm curious. I'm drinking
out of a metal water bottle.

476
00:20:58,648 --> 00:21:00,520
Are there any
toxins or chemicals

477
00:21:00,563 --> 00:21:02,304
in there that
I should be concerned about?

478
00:21:02,348 --> 00:21:06,221
Well, it's hard to say
because this is made in China.

479
00:21:06,265 --> 00:21:08,876
Um,
they have different rules.

480
00:21:08,919 --> 00:21:11,487
It also says it's BPA free,
but we know

481
00:21:11,531 --> 00:21:15,665
that things that are labeled
BPA free, in fact--

482
00:21:15,709 --> 00:21:17,188
probably are BPA free

483
00:21:17,232 --> 00:21:18,886
but they have
another bisphenol,

484
00:21:18,929 --> 00:21:22,629
BPS, BPF, BP whatever.

485
00:21:22,672 --> 00:21:25,066
And we found
that it was just as bad as BPA.

486
00:21:25,109 --> 00:21:28,765
After testing BPS,
Dr. Meyer's team found

487
00:21:28,809 --> 00:21:32,073
BPS to be
just as bad as BPA.

488
00:21:32,116 --> 00:21:34,467
However, it has never been
further tested

489
00:21:34,510 --> 00:21:38,079
by the FDA
or other approving regulators.

490
00:21:38,122 --> 00:21:40,777
Many products, including
aluminum water bottles,

491
00:21:40,821 --> 00:21:43,867
have a plastic coating
which lines the inside.

492
00:21:43,911 --> 00:21:46,217
Because
aluminum reacts to acidity,

493
00:21:46,261 --> 00:21:48,394
they must have
a plastic liner.

494
00:21:48,437 --> 00:21:51,440
This liner may contain
toxic chemicals.

495
00:21:51,484 --> 00:21:54,922
Stainless steel containers
are a much better option.

496
00:21:54,965 --> 00:21:58,012
So why has the world not...

497
00:21:58,926 --> 00:22:01,320
embraced and spread
the knowledge enough

498
00:22:01,363 --> 00:22:03,017
that we've gotten rid of BPS?

499
00:22:03,060 --> 00:22:05,062
I don't know,
because we've been shouting

500
00:22:05,106 --> 00:22:06,194
about this for a long time.

501
00:22:06,237 --> 00:22:07,500
There's a whole field in the--

502
00:22:08,979 --> 00:22:11,591
in the area I work in
called regrettable substitutes.

503
00:22:11,634 --> 00:22:14,289
It chemically does what
the chemical engineer needs it

504
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:16,900
to do,
but there's nothing known

505
00:22:16,944 --> 00:22:19,947
about the toxicity,
and it's assumed it's safe.

506
00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:22,079
[announcer]
Petrochemicals in modern meds

507
00:22:22,123 --> 00:22:23,864
have transformed our lives.

508
00:22:23,907 --> 00:22:27,215
We enjoy a standard
of health never dreamed of.

509
00:22:27,258 --> 00:22:29,565
Most of our preventive
and curative drugs have

510
00:22:29,609 --> 00:22:31,306
petrochemical ingredients.

511
00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:34,265
But what we know now,
firmly based on

512
00:22:34,309 --> 00:22:37,486
animal experiments,
is that type two diabetes

513
00:22:37,530 --> 00:22:38,966
and obesity can be caused

514
00:22:39,009 --> 00:22:40,533
by endocrine disrupting
compounds.

515
00:22:41,011 --> 00:22:43,710
It's-- it may sound unlikely,

516
00:22:43,753 --> 00:22:46,539
but I can show you photographs

517
00:22:46,582 --> 00:22:48,715
of a morbidly obese mouse...

518
00:22:49,759 --> 00:22:52,458
compared to the control mouse,

519
00:22:52,501 --> 00:22:54,416
in which the only difference

520
00:22:54,460 --> 00:22:57,767
is that that morbidly
obese mouse was exposed

521
00:22:57,811 --> 00:23:00,074
to a part per billion,
a really small amount,

522
00:23:00,117 --> 00:23:02,511
of an endocrine disrupting
compound

523
00:23:02,555 --> 00:23:04,252
just after it was born.

524
00:23:04,295 --> 00:23:07,037
And it grew
up to be morbidly obese,

525
00:23:07,081 --> 00:23:09,300
even though
it ate the same amount

526
00:23:09,344 --> 00:23:11,955
and it moved the same amount
as the control mouse.

527
00:23:11,999 --> 00:23:13,827
[Cole]
There are other chemicals,

528
00:23:13,870 --> 00:23:15,263
and we're starting
to find more

529
00:23:15,306 --> 00:23:17,961
and more of them,
just like DET,

530
00:23:18,005 --> 00:23:19,398
we thought
it was a good thing

531
00:23:19,441 --> 00:23:21,400
at one point in time,
and it's not.

532
00:23:21,443 --> 00:23:22,792
When people talk about,

533
00:23:22,836 --> 00:23:25,621
um, toxic chemicals
and plastics,

534
00:23:25,665 --> 00:23:27,580
um, first of all,
they'll tell you that...

535
00:23:27,623 --> 00:23:29,451
[sighs]

536
00:23:29,495 --> 00:23:31,671
...polymers,
the major component

537
00:23:31,714 --> 00:23:36,415
of plastics, they are too large
to fit into the...

538
00:23:37,372 --> 00:23:41,463
the proteins and the enzymes
and the mechanics of your body,

539
00:23:41,507 --> 00:23:44,161
and they'll generally
just pass through your body.

540
00:23:44,205 --> 00:23:46,903
However, the additives are...

541
00:23:48,470 --> 00:23:50,167
more capable
of getting into

542
00:23:50,211 --> 00:23:52,648
the molecular machinery
of your body.

543
00:23:52,692 --> 00:23:57,610
♪

544
00:23:57,653 --> 00:23:59,786
So,
in addition to the monomer

545
00:23:59,829 --> 00:24:02,310
and the additives,
there are what are called

546
00:24:02,353 --> 00:24:05,052
non-intentionally added
substances,

547
00:24:05,095 --> 00:24:08,316
NIAS, what are those?

548
00:24:09,186 --> 00:24:13,060
When you make plastic
you have a chemical source

549
00:24:13,103 --> 00:24:16,716
never pure, particularly
in cheaper plastics,

550
00:24:16,759 --> 00:24:20,328
and the impurities interact
with the monomer,

551
00:24:20,371 --> 00:24:21,721
they interact
with the additives

552
00:24:21,764 --> 00:24:23,418
to make chemicals
no one knows about.

553
00:24:23,462 --> 00:24:26,247
We don't even know
of all the NIAS...

554
00:24:27,291 --> 00:24:29,424
substances
that are in plastics.

555
00:24:29,468 --> 00:24:31,252
And that's--

556
00:24:31,295 --> 00:24:33,210
they are really challenging
for their risk assessment

557
00:24:33,254 --> 00:24:35,604
or it makes it impossible.

558
00:24:35,648 --> 00:24:37,737
Like, you can't just take
one chemical

559
00:24:37,780 --> 00:24:40,217
and analyze the risks,
on one hand,

560
00:24:40,261 --> 00:24:43,003
because
it's just too many chemicals,

561
00:24:43,046 --> 00:24:44,787
and on the other hand,
you have a lot of

562
00:24:44,831 --> 00:24:46,920
different chemicals
you don't know.

563
00:24:46,963 --> 00:24:49,749
So, there you've got
NIAS

564
00:24:49,792 --> 00:24:51,359
as the third layer.

565
00:24:51,794 --> 00:24:54,623
Then, particularly
in the marine environment,

566
00:24:54,667 --> 00:24:57,365
those pieces
of plastics are rolling around

567
00:24:57,408 --> 00:25:00,586
on the surface and it turns out
there's a thin layer of lipids

568
00:25:00,629 --> 00:25:03,197
over most of the surface
of the oceans.

569
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:05,199
So, there's
all these different mixtures

570
00:25:05,242 --> 00:25:08,898
of chemicals
that wind up in the plastics

571
00:25:08,942 --> 00:25:11,727
that people are trying to
recycle.

572
00:25:11,771 --> 00:25:15,862
[Cole] Reclaimed ocean plastics
is a great marketing idea.

573
00:25:15,905 --> 00:25:19,518
Uh, the downside
to reclaimed ocean plastic is

574
00:25:19,561 --> 00:25:22,825
it is very labor-intensive

575
00:25:22,869 --> 00:25:24,740
and chemically intensive
to take

576
00:25:24,784 --> 00:25:28,657
that already degraded plastic
out of the ocean

577
00:25:28,701 --> 00:25:31,791
and turning it into
a usable product.

578
00:25:31,834 --> 00:25:33,880
And they'll take
maybe a good plastic

579
00:25:33,923 --> 00:25:35,577
and they'll take
another plastic

580
00:25:35,621 --> 00:25:37,057
and they'll combine the two,
and when you combine

581
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:39,973
a good plastic
and a toxic plastic,

582
00:25:40,016 --> 00:25:41,757
the result is
a toxic plastic.

583
00:25:41,801 --> 00:25:43,585
In Dante's Inferno,

584
00:25:43,629 --> 00:25:46,153
the eighth and the ninth layers

585
00:25:46,196 --> 00:25:47,546
are Fraud and Treachery.

586
00:25:48,329 --> 00:25:51,637
And there's fraud
and treachery in abundance

587
00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:54,596
in the regulation
and use of plastics.

588
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:57,773
They've looked at honey,
they've looked at soda,

589
00:25:57,817 --> 00:26:00,384
they've looked at water,
they've looked at beer.

590
00:26:00,428 --> 00:26:04,388
It doesn't matter
what we're wrapping in plastic

591
00:26:04,432 --> 00:26:06,565
if you're packaging it
in plastic,

592
00:26:06,608 --> 00:26:10,264
all of these studies have shown
that it has plastic in it.

593
00:26:10,307 --> 00:26:15,356
♪

594
00:26:23,538 --> 00:26:27,063
Our lab was the first lab
to do a global bottled water

595
00:26:27,107 --> 00:26:31,633
assessment looking at
plastic that could be leached

596
00:26:31,677 --> 00:26:34,505
or make its way into
bottled water.

597
00:26:34,549 --> 00:26:38,379
93% were shown
to have micro plastic

598
00:26:38,422 --> 00:26:41,643
contamination,
100% of the brands.

599
00:26:41,687 --> 00:26:44,559
And in fact, we had one bottle
of Nestle Pure Life

600
00:26:44,603 --> 00:26:47,518
where we found
over 10,000 pieces

601
00:26:47,562 --> 00:26:50,478
of plastic
in that one bottle.

602
00:26:50,957 --> 00:26:53,829
It's the act
of opening the bottle

603
00:26:53,873 --> 00:26:56,789
when you have
plastic rubbing on plastic.

604
00:26:56,832 --> 00:26:58,660
So when you open that bottle,

605
00:26:58,704 --> 00:27:01,968
just that action
could be contributing

606
00:27:02,011 --> 00:27:03,447
a lot of the micro plastic

607
00:27:03,491 --> 00:27:05,754
into the bottle
of water itself.

608
00:27:05,798 --> 00:27:07,451
You shouldn't have a water
bottle sitting

609
00:27:07,495 --> 00:27:10,716
in your car on a hot summer day
on your dash

610
00:27:10,759 --> 00:27:14,197
because it'll actually inject
those chemicals

611
00:27:14,241 --> 00:27:15,808
into the water itself.

612
00:27:15,851 --> 00:27:18,288
And the same thing happens
as it degrades.

613
00:27:18,332 --> 00:27:20,769
I mean, it is a petrochemical,
so it actually--

614
00:27:20,813 --> 00:27:22,292
not only does it fragment,

615
00:27:22,336 --> 00:27:24,686
it can leach chemicals
into its environment

616
00:27:24,730 --> 00:27:26,383
as it breaks down.

617
00:27:26,427 --> 00:27:29,691
The water-- CamelBak
that he uses to drink out of,

618
00:27:29,735 --> 00:27:31,737
because you got to stay
hydrated,

619
00:27:31,780 --> 00:27:34,217
that's the most toxic
of all the plastics.

620
00:27:34,261 --> 00:27:37,133
-[Janice gasping] Really?
-[Greg] You can taste those.

621
00:27:37,177 --> 00:27:39,483
-[Janice] Yeah, that's right.
-If you can taste it,

622
00:27:39,527 --> 00:27:41,268
you know
it's biologically active.

623
00:27:41,311 --> 00:27:43,400
[Janice] That is so interesting
because you're right.

624
00:27:43,444 --> 00:27:45,185
That's not just one compound
you're tasting,

625
00:27:45,228 --> 00:27:46,839
it's a whole bunch.

626
00:27:46,882 --> 00:27:49,842
So I should throw my
CamelBak in the trash can?

627
00:27:49,885 --> 00:27:51,626
-[Tom] I still use mine.
-[scientists laughing]

628
00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:53,236
But-- so, I mean, really,
the safest thing to drink

629
00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:55,021
-out of is glass, I guess.
-[Dan] Yeah.

630
00:28:07,947 --> 00:28:10,210
[Janice speaking]

631
00:28:23,919 --> 00:28:29,011
♪

632
00:28:42,938 --> 00:28:45,811
In the PHA resins
that we make,

633
00:28:45,854 --> 00:28:50,206
we don't use any phthalates,
we don't use additives

634
00:28:50,250 --> 00:28:53,557
that come from
non-renewable sources.

635
00:28:53,601 --> 00:28:59,215
♪

636
00:29:11,924 --> 00:29:15,797
My wife and I started
a biopolymer company

637
00:29:15,841 --> 00:29:18,147
called Danimer Scientific.

638
00:29:18,191 --> 00:29:20,149
We started that
at our kitchen table,

639
00:29:20,193 --> 00:29:22,325
you know, working nights
with a computer,

640
00:29:22,369 --> 00:29:24,675
trying to figure out how
to make that all come about.

641
00:29:24,719 --> 00:29:29,985
Initially, we were working
with PLAs because at the time,

642
00:29:30,029 --> 00:29:33,336
PLA was the only biopolymer
that was available

643
00:29:33,380 --> 00:29:36,731
in anything really close
to commercial quantities.

644
00:29:36,775 --> 00:29:38,864
So, in the early days
of Danimer, we partnered

645
00:29:38,907 --> 00:29:42,911
with Green Mountain Coffee
and International Paper

646
00:29:42,955 --> 00:29:44,304
to produce the world's

647
00:29:44,347 --> 00:29:47,263
first compostable coffee cup.

648
00:29:47,307 --> 00:29:49,918
In that journey
of trying to take

649
00:29:49,962 --> 00:29:52,965
a biopolymer
that wasn't well-suited

650
00:29:53,008 --> 00:29:55,141
for a broad array
of applications,

651
00:29:55,184 --> 00:29:58,579
we, you know,
began to learn about PHA.

652
00:29:58,622 --> 00:30:01,451
And we learned that PHA was

653
00:30:01,495 --> 00:30:04,019
just an incredible material.

654
00:30:04,063 --> 00:30:06,413
If you only had one biopolymer,

655
00:30:06,456 --> 00:30:08,850
PHA would be a really good one
to have.

656
00:30:08,894 --> 00:30:11,157
The nice peach milkshake
looking stuff,

657
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:13,550
that's the PHA
being made in there.

658
00:30:13,594 --> 00:30:16,510
So, that's what it looks like
inside the big vessel.

659
00:30:16,553 --> 00:30:19,774
If you think of this
as the miniature version,

660
00:30:19,818 --> 00:30:21,863
this is what's happening
out there

661
00:30:21,907 --> 00:30:25,214
in the production facility,
just at larger scale.

662
00:30:25,258 --> 00:30:27,521
We use plant-based oils

663
00:30:27,564 --> 00:30:29,697
as our feedstock for PHAs.

664
00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:33,614
Olive oils and canola oils
and corn oils,

665
00:30:33,657 --> 00:30:36,878
and all the wonderful things
we do with plant-based oils.

666
00:30:36,922 --> 00:30:40,229
And those polymers then go
into food service

667
00:30:40,273 --> 00:30:43,929
and food packaging
and consumer packaging

668
00:30:43,972 --> 00:30:45,756
and personal care items.

669
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,282
Ultimately,
what we want to do is

670
00:30:49,325 --> 00:30:52,502
really bypass
the plant-based oil

671
00:30:52,546 --> 00:30:56,115
and just use the CO2
directly from the atmosphere.

672
00:30:56,158 --> 00:30:58,639
We have
a laboratory technology now,

673
00:30:58,682 --> 00:31:01,163
and over
the next seven to ten years,

674
00:31:01,207 --> 00:31:03,600
we're going to be working
to convert

675
00:31:03,644 --> 00:31:05,559
that laboratory technology

676
00:31:05,602 --> 00:31:09,258
into a full-scale
commercial technology.

677
00:31:09,302 --> 00:31:12,218
And then we'll be able
to be even more sustainable

678
00:31:12,261 --> 00:31:14,524
because
we won't have to transport

679
00:31:14,568 --> 00:31:17,136
that waste cooking oil
from wherever

680
00:31:17,179 --> 00:31:19,442
it happens to be
to our facility.

681
00:31:19,486 --> 00:31:23,533
We'll just be able to turn on
a big fan and bring the air

682
00:31:23,577 --> 00:31:25,971
into our facility
and use the CO2 directly.

683
00:31:26,014 --> 00:31:28,060
-[fan whirring]
-Hey, guys.

684
00:31:30,410 --> 00:31:33,065
Hey, Cartez.
How are you doing?

685
00:31:34,022 --> 00:31:35,284
I'm all right.

686
00:31:35,328 --> 00:31:37,721
[machinery whirring]

687
00:31:41,247 --> 00:31:44,946
[Daniel] These machines take
the different powders,

688
00:31:44,990 --> 00:31:47,949
and then they're melted
and combined and made

689
00:31:47,993 --> 00:31:50,386
into these pellets
that we send to the customer.

690
00:31:51,083 --> 00:31:52,823
I'll show you
how fast we're running.

691
00:31:52,867 --> 00:31:55,348
We haven't even had time
to paint our wall over there.

692
00:31:55,391 --> 00:31:57,611
You know? [laughing]

693
00:31:57,654 --> 00:32:00,570
There are many
new materials

694
00:32:00,614 --> 00:32:02,007
that are being developed

695
00:32:02,050 --> 00:32:04,966
that are 100% bio-based.

696
00:32:05,010 --> 00:32:07,012
They're completely nontoxic.

697
00:32:07,055 --> 00:32:08,709
They're natural materials,

698
00:32:08,752 --> 00:32:11,103
and you don't have to rely on

699
00:32:11,146 --> 00:32:12,974
those older technologies.

700
00:32:13,018 --> 00:32:15,368
So, in all of our materials,

701
00:32:15,411 --> 00:32:18,153
we avoid, matter of fact,
we don't let

702
00:32:18,197 --> 00:32:21,330
any of those types of materials
even come into our facility,

703
00:32:21,374 --> 00:32:23,985
and it's just not necessary
to use those.

704
00:32:24,029 --> 00:32:27,380
If you wanted to make
a paper cup, the--

705
00:32:27,423 --> 00:32:30,035
you know,
the paper board has to be

706
00:32:30,078 --> 00:32:32,907
coated with a polymer lining

707
00:32:32,951 --> 00:32:35,170
to make it waterproof
or grease proof.

708
00:32:35,649 --> 00:32:38,304
Um, and so
in this particular case,

709
00:32:38,347 --> 00:32:40,784
we supply
a little bit different form.

710
00:32:40,828 --> 00:32:44,614
It looks like, you know,
just almost like house paint.

711
00:32:44,658 --> 00:32:48,531
This is a fiber
that was made from our PHAs,

712
00:32:48,575 --> 00:32:50,577
and it's like a cotton,

713
00:32:50,620 --> 00:32:52,274
-it's like a soft cotton.
-[Janice] Oh, my gosh!

714
00:32:52,318 --> 00:32:54,015
[Daniel]
And that will be used

715
00:32:54,059 --> 00:32:56,496
in both textile applications

716
00:32:56,539 --> 00:32:59,020
and also
non-woven applications.

717
00:32:59,064 --> 00:33:01,980
So, an example
of a non-woven application

718
00:33:02,023 --> 00:33:04,330
would be like a face mask,

719
00:33:04,373 --> 00:33:06,810
or a baby wipe
or a baby diaper.

720
00:33:07,463 --> 00:33:10,162
There are a number of
other biopolymers out there.

721
00:33:10,205 --> 00:33:14,035
One that's very exciting
is PEF.

722
00:33:14,079 --> 00:33:16,255
PEF is a great material

723
00:33:16,298 --> 00:33:18,257
for beverage bottles.

724
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,738
♪ They got the fracking
and the cracking ♪

725
00:33:21,782 --> 00:33:24,306
♪ In your hands

726
00:33:24,350 --> 00:33:26,830
♪ They got the whole world

727
00:33:26,874 --> 00:33:31,531
♪ In their hands

728
00:33:31,574 --> 00:33:33,750
[Rob]
The news isn't anything new.

729
00:33:33,794 --> 00:33:35,361
The constant campaigns
by Greenpeace

730
00:33:35,404 --> 00:33:38,538
about the beverage corporation,
Coca-Cola.

731
00:33:38,581 --> 00:33:40,844
As the numbers
continue to show,

732
00:33:40,888 --> 00:33:42,368
the company's plastic bottles

733
00:33:42,411 --> 00:33:45,066
are one of the top polluters
in our oceans.

734
00:33:45,110 --> 00:33:46,502
Hi, everybody.

735
00:33:46,763 --> 00:33:48,200
This is David Pinsky
with Greenpeace out here

736
00:33:48,243 --> 00:33:49,810
in the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch.

737
00:33:49,853 --> 00:33:52,421
We need to see
companies like Coca-Cola

738
00:33:52,465 --> 00:33:56,034
taking responsibility
for this plastics crisis.

739
00:33:56,077 --> 00:33:57,948
One of the first meetings
we had

740
00:33:57,992 --> 00:33:59,428
with the Coca-Cola Company
in Atlanta,

741
00:33:59,472 --> 00:34:01,996
the CEO of Coke
saw this bottle

742
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:03,867
and said,
"Look, this is great.

743
00:34:03,911 --> 00:34:06,131
This is fully plant based.
This is what we're looking for.

744
00:34:06,174 --> 00:34:08,350
So, let's make sure
we get it on the market

745
00:34:08,393 --> 00:34:10,091
in two, three years' time."

746
00:34:10,135 --> 00:34:13,094
Now, the timelines for bringing
a new plastic material

747
00:34:13,138 --> 00:34:14,748
to the market,
they are much longer.

748
00:34:14,791 --> 00:34:17,751
You know, this takes
typically ten years,

749
00:34:17,793 --> 00:34:19,492
if you're-- if you're doing it
really well.

750
00:34:19,534 --> 00:34:23,103
Coke invested in Avantium
to actually give us the capital

751
00:34:23,148 --> 00:34:26,934
to develop this new technology
and to build our plant.

752
00:34:26,976 --> 00:34:31,112
[all applauding]

753
00:34:31,156 --> 00:34:36,335
♪

754
00:34:41,427 --> 00:34:43,081
[Rob] Avantium
was originally created

755
00:34:43,123 --> 00:34:46,954
in February 2000
as a spinoff from Shell Oil.

756
00:34:46,996 --> 00:34:50,130
As one of the early-formed
biotech companies emerging

757
00:34:50,175 --> 00:34:52,306
in the world,
scientists from Avantium

758
00:34:52,351 --> 00:34:53,830
discovered a new form

759
00:34:53,873 --> 00:34:56,877
of bio-friendly polymer, PEF.

760
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,879
We are planning to build

761
00:34:58,922 --> 00:35:01,011
a 5,000 ton plant

762
00:35:01,055 --> 00:35:03,144
in the north
of the Netherlands,

763
00:35:03,188 --> 00:35:06,408
which will be the first plant
in the world to produce this.

764
00:35:06,452 --> 00:35:09,368
And that will enable PEF,
which is this material,

765
00:35:09,411 --> 00:35:10,543
to come to the market.

766
00:35:10,586 --> 00:35:12,110
So, this is a PEF bottle.

767
00:35:12,153 --> 00:35:15,113
It-- it completely
looks like PET.

768
00:35:15,591 --> 00:35:18,333
Uh, it's PEF, and it has

769
00:35:18,377 --> 00:35:19,943
much better properties.

770
00:35:19,987 --> 00:35:22,163
We've been looking at
all kinds of partners

771
00:35:22,207 --> 00:35:24,165
in the plastic supply chain
to make it.

772
00:35:24,209 --> 00:35:25,862
They include
the Coca-Cola Company.

773
00:35:25,906 --> 00:35:28,038
They include
Danone from France.

774
00:35:28,082 --> 00:35:31,694
But also Carlsberg in Denmark,
from the beer side.

775
00:35:31,738 --> 00:35:33,653
If you have carbonated
soft drink or beer,

776
00:35:33,696 --> 00:35:35,045
you don't want the CO2

777
00:35:35,089 --> 00:35:36,525
to migrate out
through the bottle.

778
00:35:36,569 --> 00:35:38,745
And-- and they're also--

779
00:35:38,788 --> 00:35:40,573
the PEF is--
is much better.

780
00:35:40,616 --> 00:35:42,662
[Tom A] It has all
the performance characteristics

781
00:35:42,705 --> 00:35:45,230
that make it
very suitable for packaging.

782
00:35:45,273 --> 00:35:48,842
It's also going to be used
for making fibers for apparel.

783
00:35:48,885 --> 00:35:50,409
So, we use plant-based sugars

784
00:35:50,452 --> 00:35:52,541
in the waste part
of the forestry industry.

785
00:35:52,585 --> 00:35:54,326
It's all the branches,
all the things

786
00:35:54,369 --> 00:35:57,372
that cannot be used
for making wood products.

787
00:35:57,416 --> 00:35:59,418
But if it ends up in nature,

788
00:35:59,461 --> 00:36:02,464
it's going to degrade
100 times faster

789
00:36:02,508 --> 00:36:04,249
than products like PET.

790
00:36:04,292 --> 00:36:05,772
This is a paper bottle.

791
00:36:05,815 --> 00:36:07,165
What is interesting
about a paper bottle

792
00:36:07,208 --> 00:36:09,036
is that if you have
ten times better

793
00:36:09,079 --> 00:36:11,517
barrier for oxygen,
in principle,

794
00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:14,128
we can make the plastic bottle
ten times thinner.

795
00:36:14,172 --> 00:36:17,000
So, if we can compete
with a multilayer bottle

796
00:36:17,044 --> 00:36:20,569
with a nylon barrier on price,
and we can,

797
00:36:20,613 --> 00:36:23,311
and now we have
a material that in many aspects

798
00:36:23,355 --> 00:36:26,967
is much better, so we can
also compete on performance.

799
00:36:27,010 --> 00:36:29,143
So, if you look at
the need for change

800
00:36:29,187 --> 00:36:31,580
to materials
like you see over here,

801
00:36:31,624 --> 00:36:34,583
it's climate change
and it is concerns

802
00:36:34,627 --> 00:36:36,194
over plastic waste
that is really,

803
00:36:36,237 --> 00:36:38,848
you know,
clogging our natural systems.

804
00:36:39,284 --> 00:36:41,982
All the drivers are pointing
in this direction,

805
00:36:42,025 --> 00:36:45,464
in renewable plastics that have
lower carbon footprints

806
00:36:45,507 --> 00:36:47,727
and that are not as bad
for the environment

807
00:36:47,770 --> 00:36:49,381
if they end up in nature,

808
00:36:49,642 --> 00:36:51,731
but that degrade by themselves
and that are recyclable.

809
00:36:51,774 --> 00:36:54,299
So, it is going there.

810
00:36:54,342 --> 00:36:56,257
The question is, how fast?

811
00:36:56,301 --> 00:37:01,741
♪

812
00:37:05,701 --> 00:37:11,316
♪ There's a place in the world
where I want to be ♪

813
00:37:11,359 --> 00:37:16,277
♪ I imagine it's
[indistinct lyrics] ♪

814
00:37:18,932 --> 00:37:22,327
[indistinct lyrics]

815
00:37:22,370 --> 00:37:24,285
So what you see
behind us now

816
00:37:24,329 --> 00:37:27,288
in the containers
and still on the ship as well,

817
00:37:27,332 --> 00:37:30,204
is the 29,000 kilos of trash

818
00:37:30,248 --> 00:37:32,162
that has been collected
during the test phase.

819
00:37:32,206 --> 00:37:34,817
It's really
hard to imagine that

820
00:37:34,861 --> 00:37:37,951
all that stuff
just used to float out there.

821
00:37:37,994 --> 00:37:40,083
This stuff is so persistent
and that's,

822
00:37:40,127 --> 00:37:41,737
of course, precisely the reason

823
00:37:41,781 --> 00:37:43,783
why we have to go
and clean it up.

824
00:38:08,808 --> 00:38:12,028
[trash rattling]

825
00:38:12,072 --> 00:38:14,509
[Rob] Plastic fishing nets are
one of the biggest problems

826
00:38:14,553 --> 00:38:16,946
with plastic pollution
in our oceans.

827
00:38:16,990 --> 00:38:20,907
It's estimated
640,000 tons of fishing gear

828
00:38:20,950 --> 00:38:23,039
gets lost every year.

829
00:38:23,083 --> 00:38:25,999
Called ghost fishing,
this problem entangles

830
00:38:26,042 --> 00:38:27,566
and kills hundreds
of thousands

831
00:38:27,609 --> 00:38:30,046
of marine animals
unintentionally.

832
00:38:30,090 --> 00:38:32,353
Some companies
are currently testing

833
00:38:32,397 --> 00:38:34,355
nets made from microalgae.

834
00:38:34,399 --> 00:38:36,488
Other organizations
are working on developing

835
00:38:36,531 --> 00:38:40,187
biodegradable materials
that will someday be able

836
00:38:40,230 --> 00:38:42,537
to replace
traditional plastic nets.

837
00:38:42,581 --> 00:38:45,671
[ocean waves crashing]

838
00:38:59,206 --> 00:39:05,038
♪

839
00:39:14,221 --> 00:39:17,790
We built eight satellites
that are in orbit now.

840
00:39:17,833 --> 00:39:19,139
Originally,
they were designed

841
00:39:19,182 --> 00:39:21,576
to measure
the wind and hurricanes.

842
00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:23,622
But since we've been up there,
we can measure

843
00:39:23,665 --> 00:39:25,841
the roughness
of the ocean surface,

844
00:39:25,885 --> 00:39:28,061
looking at
the behavior of the data,

845
00:39:28,104 --> 00:39:29,889
and it turns out
that there's

846
00:39:29,932 --> 00:39:33,066
this very strong correlation
between how much microplastic

847
00:39:33,109 --> 00:39:35,155
is in the ocean
at any particular place

848
00:39:35,198 --> 00:39:38,854
and how much the wind roughening
of the surface is suppressed.

849
00:39:38,898 --> 00:39:42,336
And what we found,
which is a new discovery,

850
00:39:42,380 --> 00:39:44,860
is that the concentration
of microplastics

851
00:39:44,904 --> 00:39:46,427
in the big gyres, like

852
00:39:46,471 --> 00:39:48,603
the Great Pacific Garbage Patch,
varies seasonally.

853
00:39:48,647 --> 00:39:51,345
That wasn't really known
or appreciated before.

854
00:39:51,389 --> 00:39:53,391
There's, um, a number of
organizations,

855
00:39:53,434 --> 00:39:55,523
and the biggest and most
well-known one,

856
00:39:55,567 --> 00:39:57,264
is the Ocean Cleanup people

857
00:39:57,307 --> 00:39:59,179
in the Netherlands,
and they have fleets of ships

858
00:39:59,222 --> 00:40:01,790
that go out into the ocean
to clean up the microplastics.

859
00:40:01,834 --> 00:40:05,011
And this information tells them

860
00:40:05,054 --> 00:40:06,752
when is the most
efficient time

861
00:40:06,795 --> 00:40:09,972
to go out
and also where to go.

862
00:40:10,408 --> 00:40:13,889
So, we've been able to zoom in
with our measurements

863
00:40:13,933 --> 00:40:17,327
on the mouths of major rivers
around the world,

864
00:40:17,371 --> 00:40:19,765
and what we've seen
is that some of them have

865
00:40:19,808 --> 00:40:21,767
much, much more outflow
than others.

866
00:40:21,810 --> 00:40:23,769
And, in particular, the one

867
00:40:23,812 --> 00:40:26,075
that is much higher
concentration outflows

868
00:40:26,119 --> 00:40:28,295
than any of the other rivers
is the Yangtze.

869
00:40:28,338 --> 00:40:30,166
The one in the top left
is just the average

870
00:40:30,210 --> 00:40:31,777
concentration
over an entire year.

871
00:40:31,820 --> 00:40:33,126
So, you don't
really see anything.

872
00:40:33,169 --> 00:40:34,736
But then
the other three around it

873
00:40:34,780 --> 00:40:37,870
are isolated weeks
where we see these huge bursts

874
00:40:37,913 --> 00:40:39,349
of things
coming out of the mouth

875
00:40:39,393 --> 00:40:41,221
of the Yangtze
into the East China Sea.

876
00:40:41,264 --> 00:40:44,485
That gets sort of
evidence-based attribution

877
00:40:44,529 --> 00:40:46,269
where is the plastic
coming from.

878
00:40:46,313 --> 00:40:49,751
So, where is
all this plastic coming from?

879
00:40:49,795 --> 00:40:51,274
Well, the answer,

880
00:40:51,318 --> 00:40:54,277
it turns out, is rivers.

881
00:40:54,321 --> 00:40:58,151
1,000 rivers are responsible

882
00:40:58,194 --> 00:41:00,893
for roughly 80%

883
00:41:00,936 --> 00:41:02,938
of the world's
plastic pollution.

884
00:41:02,982 --> 00:41:05,375
Now, every
one of these red dots

885
00:41:05,419 --> 00:41:09,205
is one of the top 1,000
heaviest polluting rivers.

886
00:41:09,249 --> 00:41:10,990
So, this global picture

887
00:41:11,033 --> 00:41:14,341
of where river plastic
emissions occur,

888
00:41:14,384 --> 00:41:15,951
it's very useful
for the Ocean Cleanup,

889
00:41:15,995 --> 00:41:17,475
but I think it's

890
00:41:17,518 --> 00:41:19,651
really powerful information
for everyone.

891
00:41:19,694 --> 00:41:22,392
To truly rid
the oceans of plastic,

892
00:41:22,436 --> 00:41:25,134
what we need to do
is two things.

893
00:41:26,179 --> 00:41:29,574
One, we need to clean up
the legacy pollution, right?

894
00:41:29,617 --> 00:41:31,576
So, the stuff
that has been accumulating

895
00:41:31,619 --> 00:41:34,100
for decades
and doesn't go away by itself.

896
00:41:34,622 --> 00:41:37,712
But two,
we need to close the tap,

897
00:41:37,756 --> 00:41:39,540
which means preventing

898
00:41:39,584 --> 00:41:42,369
more plastic from reaching
the oceans in the first place.

899
00:41:42,412 --> 00:41:44,023
[Sherri] When you go to
other parts of the world.

900
00:41:44,066 --> 00:41:46,199
And the concept of--
of something

901
00:41:46,242 --> 00:41:48,244
that doesn't decompose,

902
00:41:48,288 --> 00:41:50,769
of something
that is truly waste,

903
00:41:50,812 --> 00:41:53,728
and they're doing
the same behaviors.

904
00:41:53,772 --> 00:41:59,995
♪

905
00:42:00,039 --> 00:42:02,084
And that was fine
a generation ago,

906
00:42:02,128 --> 00:42:04,609
when waste,
in this part of the world,

907
00:42:04,652 --> 00:42:07,481
was basically
90% inorganic material.

908
00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:09,788
But now, thanks to rapid
economic development,

909
00:42:09,831 --> 00:42:12,094
so much of that waste looks
a lot more like

910
00:42:12,138 --> 00:42:15,445
the waste you see
back in the US or in Europe.

911
00:42:15,489 --> 00:42:16,969
But investments
in infrastructure

912
00:42:17,012 --> 00:42:18,448
haven't kept pace.

913
00:42:18,492 --> 00:42:20,320
You have one of three people
in the world

914
00:42:20,363 --> 00:42:22,017
that don't have
proper waste management.

915
00:42:22,061 --> 00:42:23,976
The single most effective thing

916
00:42:24,019 --> 00:42:26,413
we can do to address
ocean plastics is

917
00:42:26,456 --> 00:42:28,850
to really help
the developing world,

918
00:42:28,894 --> 00:42:31,070
fix the gap in waste management

919
00:42:31,113 --> 00:42:33,246
so that
if the waste is collected,

920
00:42:33,289 --> 00:42:35,422
that waste is not going to go
to the ocean.

921
00:42:36,249 --> 00:42:37,946
It-- it's not
technology dependent,

922
00:42:37,990 --> 00:42:39,469
it's just will.

923
00:42:39,513 --> 00:42:41,733
How can we organize
as a global community,

924
00:42:41,776 --> 00:42:44,736
international collaboration
companies, government,

925
00:42:44,779 --> 00:42:48,261
develop one blueprint
of where are

926
00:42:48,304 --> 00:42:49,828
the areas in the world
that are leaking

927
00:42:49,871 --> 00:42:51,656
the most plastic to the ocean,

928
00:42:51,699 --> 00:42:53,962
with least waste management,
and fix that.

929
00:42:54,006 --> 00:42:55,660
[Sherri] We really need

930
00:42:55,703 --> 00:42:57,400
that infrastructure
put into place

931
00:42:57,444 --> 00:43:00,578
in a comprehensive
and cohesive way.

932
00:43:00,621 --> 00:43:04,669
That's infrastructure, man,
that's infrastructure.

933
00:43:05,757 --> 00:43:07,585
-Yes.
-[director laughing]

934
00:43:09,325 --> 00:43:11,632
-Make me the trash star.
-[director continues laughing]

935
00:43:11,676 --> 00:43:13,547
We know what we have to do.

936
00:43:13,591 --> 00:43:16,463
We have to prevent this plastic
from entering the ocean.

937
00:43:16,506 --> 00:43:20,554
What if we could intercept
plastic in rivers

938
00:43:20,598 --> 00:43:23,209
before it reaches the oceans?

939
00:43:23,252 --> 00:43:26,125
What we need is a product,

940
00:43:26,168 --> 00:43:29,171
one integrated system
that you can bring anywhere

941
00:43:29,215 --> 00:43:31,260
in the world,
installed within days,

942
00:43:31,304 --> 00:43:32,610
and that just works.

943
00:43:33,219 --> 00:43:35,047
That's the missing piece.

944
00:43:35,090 --> 00:43:38,354
That's what
we need to close the tap.

945
00:43:38,398 --> 00:43:40,661
And it doesn't exist.

946
00:43:42,576 --> 00:43:43,664
Until...

947
00:43:44,491 --> 00:43:45,535
today.

948
00:43:45,579 --> 00:43:48,147
[dramatic music playing]

949
00:44:10,430 --> 00:44:12,040
[dramatic music stops]

950
00:44:12,084 --> 00:44:14,173
[atmospheric music playing]

951
00:44:29,928 --> 00:44:31,581
The Great Bubble Barrier
in itself

952
00:44:31,625 --> 00:44:33,409
is young social enterprise.

953
00:44:33,453 --> 00:44:36,978
And what we're doing is,
we are stopping plastic debris

954
00:44:37,022 --> 00:44:39,502
from flowing from our rivers
into our oceans.

955
00:44:39,546 --> 00:44:40,852
And we do that

956
00:44:40,895 --> 00:44:42,418
with nothing more
than air bubbles.

957
00:44:42,462 --> 00:44:44,507
The rising
air bubbles will create

958
00:44:44,551 --> 00:44:46,031
an upwards water flow,

959
00:44:46,074 --> 00:44:47,728
and then together
with the natural flow

960
00:44:47,772 --> 00:44:50,600
of the river, it's going to be
pushed all to one side

961
00:44:50,644 --> 00:44:53,473
because the rubber hose
is usually lying at an angle.

962
00:44:53,516 --> 00:44:55,736
And then all that trash
is going to collect at the side

963
00:44:55,780 --> 00:44:58,652
in the collection unit
catchment system

964
00:44:58,696 --> 00:45:00,959
and then we can remove it
from the water.

965
00:45:01,002 --> 00:45:03,004
The main reason why
we're using air bubbles

966
00:45:03,048 --> 00:45:05,877
is because it doesn't interrupt
the natural ecosystem

967
00:45:05,920 --> 00:45:08,531
of the river and everything
that's going on in the river.

968
00:45:08,575 --> 00:45:10,533
There's a lot of
commercial ship traffic,

969
00:45:10,577 --> 00:45:12,579
but also
recreational ship traffic.

970
00:45:12,622 --> 00:45:14,624
And it wouldn't really
go well

971
00:45:14,668 --> 00:45:16,104
if we started blocking off

972
00:45:16,148 --> 00:45:18,411
all those rivers
with physical barriers.

973
00:45:18,454 --> 00:45:20,239
So we had to come up
with something that's,

974
00:45:20,282 --> 00:45:22,937
well, non-intrusive
in a way that could allow

975
00:45:22,981 --> 00:45:24,852
all the other activity
to just go on.

976
00:45:24,896 --> 00:45:26,767
And that's what
the bubbles do so beautifully.

977
00:45:26,811 --> 00:45:29,509
They create
a barrier for the plastic,

978
00:45:29,552 --> 00:45:31,380
but they allow ships,
and wildlife,

979
00:45:31,424 --> 00:45:34,644
and fish to still
pass through it freely.

980
00:45:34,688 --> 00:45:36,821
[Anne] So, here in Amsterdam,
it's a very unique location

981
00:45:36,864 --> 00:45:39,084
because Amsterdam is
really one of the pioneers

982
00:45:39,127 --> 00:45:41,042
that is already focusing
with their policy

983
00:45:41,086 --> 00:45:42,870
on plastic pollution
in rivers.

984
00:45:42,914 --> 00:45:45,525
And Amsterdam is one of
the cities that had that policy

985
00:45:45,568 --> 00:45:47,614
already in place
and really pioneers

986
00:45:47,657 --> 00:45:49,485
on that aspect.

987
00:45:49,529 --> 00:45:51,444
[Philip] There's a lot of
governments that do want to do

988
00:45:51,487 --> 00:45:53,794
something about it
because at the moment,

989
00:45:53,838 --> 00:45:55,187
almost everywhere
in the world

990
00:45:55,230 --> 00:45:57,145
no one is really
officially responsible

991
00:45:57,189 --> 00:45:58,625
for plastic pollution
in the water.

992
00:45:58,668 --> 00:46:00,409
Which is, of course,
in a way ridiculous

993
00:46:00,453 --> 00:46:02,107
because, I mean,
I think

994
00:46:02,150 --> 00:46:04,239
the whole society agrees that
we don't want to have

995
00:46:04,283 --> 00:46:06,024
plastic in our waters
and that's bad. [chuckles]

996
00:46:06,067 --> 00:46:08,548
But we're confident
it will come and--

997
00:46:08,591 --> 00:46:10,506
We see more
and more cities joining.

998
00:46:10,550 --> 00:46:12,465
-Yeah.
-So, that's really nice.

999
00:46:12,508 --> 00:46:13,988
So the good thing is,
there's not much change

1000
00:46:14,032 --> 00:46:15,642
in existing infrastructure

1001
00:46:15,685 --> 00:46:17,775
needed to deploy
our bubble barrier.

1002
00:46:17,818 --> 00:46:20,125
The only real physical object
we have to place

1003
00:46:20,168 --> 00:46:22,431
in the waterway
is the collection unit

1004
00:46:22,475 --> 00:46:23,868
to remove
the plastic from the water.

1005
00:46:23,911 --> 00:46:25,521
But the barrier itself is
literally

1006
00:46:25,565 --> 00:46:28,742
just a curtain made of
small air bubbles.

1007
00:46:28,786 --> 00:46:30,831
[upbeat electronica playing]

1008
00:46:38,926 --> 00:46:40,536
We all can do
something about it,

1009
00:46:40,580 --> 00:46:42,147
you know,
we can make sure we consume

1010
00:46:42,190 --> 00:46:44,366
less plastic and if there's
no one to collect it

1011
00:46:44,410 --> 00:46:47,717
then there will always be
a spill into the environment.

1012
00:46:47,761 --> 00:46:49,937
You know, cleaning up
the ocean is all fine

1013
00:46:49,981 --> 00:46:51,417
and good and, you know,

1014
00:46:51,460 --> 00:46:52,679
it's a good thing
people are doing it,

1015
00:46:52,722 --> 00:46:53,985
but it's not gonna solve
this problem.

1016
00:46:54,028 --> 00:46:55,551
The right way to
solve this problem

1017
00:46:55,595 --> 00:46:57,205
is to get people
to stop using plastics.

1018
00:46:57,249 --> 00:46:59,599
Realistically, we can't
just keep running around

1019
00:46:59,642 --> 00:47:01,514
in the ocean
cleaning up everybody's litter.

1020
00:47:01,557 --> 00:47:06,606
♪

1021
00:47:15,310 --> 00:47:17,225
"Welcome to the world
of PulPac.

1022
00:47:17,269 --> 00:47:19,445
PulPac on a mission
to replace

1023
00:47:19,488 --> 00:47:21,926
single-use plastics globally."

1024
00:47:24,450 --> 00:47:26,060
[Linus]
We are an RND company.

1025
00:47:26,104 --> 00:47:27,540
We are replacing plastics

1026
00:47:27,583 --> 00:47:29,455
and helping
the industry to do so.

1027
00:47:29,498 --> 00:47:31,413
And what we have is
a new production method

1028
00:47:31,457 --> 00:47:33,894
that actually enables
to replace plastics

1029
00:47:33,938 --> 00:47:35,896
with fiber alternatives.

1030
00:47:35,940 --> 00:47:37,637
So what we do, right,
is that we convert it

1031
00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:39,813
into a fluff web basically

1032
00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:42,860
where we can actually mold it
into the shape that we want.

1033
00:47:42,903 --> 00:47:45,123
We have
these smaller lab cells

1034
00:47:45,166 --> 00:47:47,603
where we'd have a single cavity
where we can do

1035
00:47:47,647 --> 00:47:49,997
iterations and verify
a product basically.

1036
00:47:50,606 --> 00:47:52,043
Everything is how fast

1037
00:47:52,086 --> 00:47:53,783
can we actually get
the machinery to move.

1038
00:47:53,827 --> 00:47:56,351
The products came out right,
stiff and complete.

1039
00:47:56,395 --> 00:47:58,223
And if you compare
that to plastics,

1040
00:47:58,266 --> 00:48:00,312
right,
plastics you need to melt,

1041
00:48:00,355 --> 00:48:02,314
then form,
then cool.

1042
00:48:02,357 --> 00:48:05,795
Everything when we do our DMF
process, it's instant.

1043
00:48:05,839 --> 00:48:07,580
This tray
is what you could use

1044
00:48:07,623 --> 00:48:09,582
to replace the meat trays
in the grocery store?

1045
00:48:09,625 --> 00:48:10,888
Sure, absolutely, yeah.

1046
00:48:10,931 --> 00:48:12,585
We see them
in the grocery store

1047
00:48:12,628 --> 00:48:14,761
for packing meat, chicken,
fish sometimes, right?

1048
00:48:14,804 --> 00:48:17,895
I mean the Styrofoam, the EPS,
the expanded polystyrene,

1049
00:48:17,938 --> 00:48:19,374
that's a huge problem.

1050
00:48:19,418 --> 00:48:21,333
And what we are set out
to do

1051
00:48:21,376 --> 00:48:23,030
is to really make impact
that scales fast.

1052
00:48:23,074 --> 00:48:26,425
Why haven't we used fiber
for more applications?

1053
00:48:26,468 --> 00:48:28,122
And that is due
to the conventional way

1054
00:48:28,166 --> 00:48:30,124
of molding it, I mean,
it's too expensive basically.

1055
00:48:30,168 --> 00:48:32,648
I mean, the material is cheaper
than plastics

1056
00:48:32,692 --> 00:48:34,955
so it doesn't make sense,
right?

1057
00:48:34,999 --> 00:48:37,566
I mean, the material is cheaper
but the production process

1058
00:48:37,610 --> 00:48:41,005
is more expensive and that is
what we are trying to change.

1059
00:48:41,048 --> 00:48:43,355
Plastic is a little bit
overqualified its purposes

1060
00:48:43,398 --> 00:48:46,401
and that is why we have
fiber as an alternative, right?

1061
00:48:46,445 --> 00:48:49,404
Fiber as it is
in its purest form

1062
00:48:49,448 --> 00:48:51,450
is truly sustainable,
it's circular, right?

1063
00:48:51,493 --> 00:48:53,104
It's a renewable material

1064
00:48:53,147 --> 00:48:55,976
and it will degrade in weeks,
months in nature.

1065
00:48:56,020 --> 00:48:58,239
I mean, that is the material
that we have at hand

1066
00:48:58,283 --> 00:49:00,676
that really can replace
plastics today.

1067
00:49:00,720 --> 00:49:03,462
Sustainable forestry is,
of course, key here, right?

1068
00:49:03,505 --> 00:49:05,812
But in order
for us to scale long term,

1069
00:49:05,855 --> 00:49:07,466
we need to
find other alternatives

1070
00:49:07,509 --> 00:49:10,686
of resources as well,
like agricultural waste,

1071
00:49:10,730 --> 00:49:12,993
straw-based fibers
and that sort of stuff.

1072
00:49:13,037 --> 00:49:16,301
Fiber can actually
be replaced 25 times.

1073
00:49:16,344 --> 00:49:18,129
It's circular,
it grows, right?

1074
00:49:18,172 --> 00:49:20,174
But we need to have
a sustainable forestry

1075
00:49:20,218 --> 00:49:21,654
and that's key here.

1076
00:49:21,697 --> 00:49:24,135
Here we have
the material inlets

1077
00:49:24,178 --> 00:49:26,398
and it feeds into a mill

1078
00:49:26,441 --> 00:49:29,183
where we separate
the fibers mechanically.

1079
00:49:29,227 --> 00:49:33,231
So we get this ductile,
formable web of material.

1080
00:49:33,274 --> 00:49:36,538
And then we press the products,
so we form the products.

1081
00:49:39,150 --> 00:49:41,500
And then we-- we get--

1082
00:49:41,543 --> 00:49:44,329
get items like this
replacing simply

1083
00:49:44,372 --> 00:49:47,071
a plastic lid or paper tubes.

1084
00:49:51,292 --> 00:49:53,512
Set aside plastics
for a minute.

1085
00:49:53,555 --> 00:49:56,950
Look at the statistics
of any country.

1086
00:49:56,994 --> 00:50:00,910
50% is this biodegradable
organic waste.

1087
00:50:00,954 --> 00:50:02,390
That's what this is.

1088
00:50:02,434 --> 00:50:04,305
What do we do
with this today?

1089
00:50:04,349 --> 00:50:08,048
In the US
and in the developed world,

1090
00:50:08,092 --> 00:50:10,311
we bury it in a landfill.

1091
00:50:11,138 --> 00:50:15,229
And because we don't want it
to leak into the environment,

1092
00:50:15,273 --> 00:50:18,624
we line the landfill
so that nothing degrades.

1093
00:50:18,667 --> 00:50:20,887
So we are creating what I call

1094
00:50:20,930 --> 00:50:23,672
uh, a hole in the ground

1095
00:50:23,716 --> 00:50:26,110
for preserving garbage,
for posterity.

1096
00:50:26,153 --> 00:50:28,242
[Cole] The problem with that
is nothing really degrades

1097
00:50:28,286 --> 00:50:30,679
when it's in
an anaerobic environment.

1098
00:50:30,723 --> 00:50:33,639
So as they do that,
all they're doing is basically

1099
00:50:33,682 --> 00:50:35,467
creating a lid
on top of that day's trash

1100
00:50:35,510 --> 00:50:37,860
and then the next day they do
the same thing and over

1101
00:50:37,904 --> 00:50:40,124
and over and over again,
just creating these layers

1102
00:50:40,167 --> 00:50:43,127
and layers
of airtight pockets.

1103
00:50:43,170 --> 00:50:45,912
They dug up landfills from 30,
40 years ago

1104
00:50:45,955 --> 00:50:48,654
and found apples and newspapers
and hot dog buns

1105
00:50:48,697 --> 00:50:50,395
that were still
in good condition

1106
00:50:50,438 --> 00:50:52,353
because it was
in a sealed environment.

1107
00:50:52,397 --> 00:50:54,747
And that's what most landfills
here in the US.

1108
00:50:54,790 --> 00:50:57,358
There are some
active landfills

1109
00:50:57,402 --> 00:50:59,186
where they're actually
pulling off

1110
00:50:59,230 --> 00:51:01,449
the off gas
from that landfill,

1111
00:51:01,493 --> 00:51:04,626
primarily methane,
for energy.

1112
00:51:04,670 --> 00:51:07,716
They may run the plant
or they may pump it out

1113
00:51:07,760 --> 00:51:09,327
to a local facility
that uses it

1114
00:51:09,370 --> 00:51:10,763
for power for the city.

1115
00:51:10,806 --> 00:51:12,243
Um, those are not
widely available

1116
00:51:12,286 --> 00:51:13,766
here in the US.

1117
00:51:13,809 --> 00:51:15,724
And it's really not--

1118
00:51:15,768 --> 00:51:17,422
even though they are using
the off gas,

1119
00:51:17,465 --> 00:51:19,772
we still don't want
that same linear economy

1120
00:51:19,815 --> 00:51:22,775
of just throwing everything
directly into a landfill.

1121
00:51:23,297 --> 00:51:25,169
In the emerging
economies world,

1122
00:51:25,212 --> 00:51:26,605
the developing world,

1123
00:51:26,648 --> 00:51:29,303
they don't have
landfills per se.

1124
00:51:29,347 --> 00:51:32,089
They're all open dumps,
most of it.

1125
00:51:32,567 --> 00:51:35,831
And so in that case,

1126
00:51:35,875 --> 00:51:38,356
all this waste is just dumped

1127
00:51:38,399 --> 00:51:41,185
near the oceans
or wherever they are.

1128
00:51:41,228 --> 00:51:42,838
So it produces methane.

1129
00:51:42,882 --> 00:51:44,579
[Cole] Recently,
I'd say probably

1130
00:51:44,623 --> 00:51:47,800
within the last five years,
there's been a big push

1131
00:51:47,843 --> 00:51:49,932
towards waste-to-energy

1132
00:51:49,976 --> 00:51:52,892
or incineration
is basically what it is.

1133
00:51:52,935 --> 00:51:55,024
Uh, they are taking in
all sorts of trash,

1134
00:51:55,068 --> 00:51:58,724
dirty recycling, dirty plastic,
throwing it into a giant hopper

1135
00:51:58,767 --> 00:52:02,554
or pot and melting it down
with intense heat

1136
00:52:02,597 --> 00:52:06,210
to either create, you know,
recycled plastics

1137
00:52:06,253 --> 00:52:09,343
or create
a new composite material

1138
00:52:09,387 --> 00:52:11,954
out of multiple
different types of plastics.

1139
00:52:11,998 --> 00:52:14,218
Um, the downside
to incineration is that

1140
00:52:14,261 --> 00:52:16,698
there's a lot of gases
that are involved

1141
00:52:16,742 --> 00:52:18,570
and a lot of chemicals
that come off

1142
00:52:18,613 --> 00:52:20,354
of superheating plastic.

1143
00:52:20,398 --> 00:52:25,620
♪

1144
00:52:25,664 --> 00:52:28,754
In Copenhagen, Denmark,
engineers have taken

1145
00:52:28,797 --> 00:52:32,061
the waste-to-energy concept
one step further.

1146
00:52:32,105 --> 00:52:36,892
♪

1147
00:52:42,463 --> 00:52:45,466
Amager Bakke,
also known as Copenhill,

1148
00:52:45,510 --> 00:52:48,208
is a waste-to-energy plant
that also serves

1149
00:52:48,252 --> 00:52:50,819
as a sports complex offering

1150
00:52:50,863 --> 00:52:53,213
hiking, climbing, and skiing.

1151
00:52:53,257 --> 00:52:55,563
The whole project about
Copenhill started

1152
00:52:55,607 --> 00:52:58,218
when there was
a waste-to-energy plant

1153
00:52:58,262 --> 00:53:00,307
over there that became too old.

1154
00:53:00,351 --> 00:53:02,309
And they need to
either renovate it,

1155
00:53:02,353 --> 00:53:03,745
using a lot of money
to do that,

1156
00:53:03,789 --> 00:53:05,704
or build
something completely new.

1157
00:53:05,747 --> 00:53:08,315
The city's felt like
when we build it,

1158
00:53:08,359 --> 00:53:10,970
it should be something
that is publicly available.

1159
00:53:11,013 --> 00:53:13,015
It should be pretty,
it should be usable,

1160
00:53:13,059 --> 00:53:15,148
so the roof should be used
somehow.

1161
00:53:15,192 --> 00:53:16,671
Normally you wouldn't go
this close

1162
00:53:16,715 --> 00:53:18,195
to a waste-to-energy plant

1163
00:53:18,238 --> 00:53:22,024
because the smoke coming out
is polluting.

1164
00:53:22,068 --> 00:53:23,809
-Yeah.
-But this is so clean.

1165
00:53:23,852 --> 00:53:25,419
There's so many--
Did you take the elevator up?

1166
00:53:25,463 --> 00:53:27,421
-[Janice] Yes.
-So when you look in,

1167
00:53:27,465 --> 00:53:29,075
there's all these pipes.

1168
00:53:29,118 --> 00:53:31,295
So, the heat is used
to heat up water that goes

1169
00:53:31,338 --> 00:53:33,688
to the district heating
and used to run

1170
00:53:33,732 --> 00:53:36,387
a turbine that produces
electricity as well.

1171
00:53:36,430 --> 00:53:39,346
And all of these pipes
and tubes are used

1172
00:53:39,390 --> 00:53:41,609
to, uh, clean the smoke.

1173
00:53:41,653 --> 00:53:44,830
That's the real beauty of, uh,
of this plant,

1174
00:53:44,873 --> 00:53:47,180
is that it's so clean
that it's pure steam

1175
00:53:47,224 --> 00:53:48,921
that comes
out of the chimney.

1176
00:53:48,964 --> 00:53:50,488
Oh, and if you look out
this direction,

1177
00:53:50,531 --> 00:53:51,924
that's a climbing wall,
so you have climbers

1178
00:53:51,967 --> 00:53:53,578
on the side of the building
as well.

1179
00:53:53,621 --> 00:53:55,449
-[Janice] Oh, that's awesome.
-[Christian] Yeah.

1180
00:53:55,493 --> 00:53:57,364
We have the world's largest
artificial rock climbing wall.

1181
00:53:57,408 --> 00:53:59,279
It's 85 meters high.

1182
00:53:59,323 --> 00:54:01,803
[Janice] There's a stigma
on waste-to-energy.

1183
00:54:01,847 --> 00:54:05,067
And I was wondering
if you could tell me

1184
00:54:05,111 --> 00:54:06,678
a little bit about that.

1185
00:54:06,721 --> 00:54:09,028
There's a lot of opinions
about waste-to-energy

1186
00:54:09,071 --> 00:54:10,986
and incineration in general.

1187
00:54:11,030 --> 00:54:12,901
I think
a lot of it origins

1188
00:54:12,945 --> 00:54:15,513
from burning of trash
that somewhere

1189
00:54:15,556 --> 00:54:16,992
it's just a landfill

1190
00:54:17,036 --> 00:54:18,820
that you-- you kind of make
into a fire.

1191
00:54:18,864 --> 00:54:22,781
Other places,
they burn it in a facility,

1192
00:54:22,824 --> 00:54:24,826
but they don't produce
any energy.

1193
00:54:24,870 --> 00:54:28,700
And now what we have is
like the last generation

1194
00:54:28,743 --> 00:54:30,832
of clean energy production,

1195
00:54:30,876 --> 00:54:33,270
uh, coming from
waste-to-energy.

1196
00:54:33,313 --> 00:54:35,446
So it's so clean
that we have pure steam

1197
00:54:35,489 --> 00:54:37,143
coming out of the smoke.

1198
00:54:37,186 --> 00:54:38,753
And people are sitting here
enjoying their lunch.

1199
00:54:38,797 --> 00:54:40,320
Up here, there's a cafe.

1200
00:54:40,364 --> 00:54:43,323
You can get some snacks
and Danish beer.

1201
00:54:43,367 --> 00:54:46,544
Your kids can hang out here
and do some exercise.

1202
00:54:46,587 --> 00:54:48,067
And people can walk up here.

1203
00:54:48,110 --> 00:54:49,373
You can run
because it's completely clean,

1204
00:54:49,416 --> 00:54:51,113
what comes out.

1205
00:54:51,157 --> 00:54:54,116
Kids coming looking into
the waste-to-energy plant,

1206
00:54:54,160 --> 00:54:55,857
asking their dad,
"What goes on here?

1207
00:54:55,901 --> 00:54:58,077
"That's where we burn
all the leftover trash.

1208
00:54:58,120 --> 00:55:00,340
"And then we get hot water
for our shower.

1209
00:55:00,384 --> 00:55:03,082
And you can heat the apartment
right down there."

1210
00:55:03,125 --> 00:55:04,910
And they kind of
get the mentality

1211
00:55:04,953 --> 00:55:07,913
from five years old, "Okay,
that's what we should do."

1212
00:55:07,956 --> 00:55:09,567
And then 30 years from now,
they will have

1213
00:55:09,610 --> 00:55:11,612
their own thoughts about
how can we make

1214
00:55:11,656 --> 00:55:13,962
the world a better place,
because they've been educated

1215
00:55:14,006 --> 00:55:15,790
about what's going on.

1216
00:55:15,834 --> 00:55:17,749
So an incinerator
like this one has

1217
00:55:17,792 --> 00:55:21,013
a lot better carbon footprint
than a landfill.

1218
00:55:22,928 --> 00:55:24,233
Cheers.

1219
00:55:30,936 --> 00:55:34,896
[Ramani] The way
we handle waste is terrible.

1220
00:55:34,940 --> 00:55:37,072
Now compound that
with the fact

1221
00:55:37,116 --> 00:55:41,163
that almost
up to 50% of the plastics

1222
00:55:41,207 --> 00:55:44,253
which we manufacture
is used for packaging.

1223
00:55:45,472 --> 00:55:49,041
It is going to be difficult,
if not impossible,

1224
00:55:49,084 --> 00:55:52,000
to recover these thin
plastic films

1225
00:55:52,044 --> 00:55:55,003
which are used for ketchup
and other things

1226
00:55:55,047 --> 00:55:57,484
on soaps and cosmetics,

1227
00:55:57,528 --> 00:56:00,922
whatever have you,
from that wastry.

1228
00:56:00,966 --> 00:56:02,924
I don't know
if you've looked into it

1229
00:56:02,968 --> 00:56:04,404
or spoken with anybody,

1230
00:56:04,448 --> 00:56:06,319
composting is a very
interesting subject.

1231
00:56:06,363 --> 00:56:08,103
♪

1232
00:56:20,768 --> 00:56:23,292
[Bob] Well, I think the value
of compost is-- is primary.

1233
00:56:23,336 --> 00:56:26,470
It's the sustainable
last chain in the loop.

1234
00:56:26,513 --> 00:56:29,647
We like to say eat it,
compost it, use it, eat it.

1235
00:56:29,690 --> 00:56:32,171
[chuckles] It kind of goes
in a circle type thing.

1236
00:56:32,214 --> 00:56:34,782
And in order to do that
more effectively,

1237
00:56:34,826 --> 00:56:37,568
you need to make
the plastics there

1238
00:56:37,611 --> 00:56:39,134
completely biodegradable.

1239
00:56:39,178 --> 00:56:42,834
Composting can be,
especially on large scales

1240
00:56:42,877 --> 00:56:45,750
like that at sporting events,
event centers,

1241
00:56:45,793 --> 00:56:47,012
and conference halls

1242
00:56:47,055 --> 00:56:48,274
where there's
a large amount of people

1243
00:56:48,317 --> 00:56:49,580
at one point in time.

1244
00:56:49,623 --> 00:56:51,756
There is a system in place

1245
00:56:51,799 --> 00:56:53,714
where all that
food waste will go.

1246
00:56:53,758 --> 00:56:58,066
They can use compostable plates
and cutlery and cups

1247
00:56:58,110 --> 00:57:00,765
and put that
into the food waste as well.

1248
00:57:00,808 --> 00:57:03,507
And that is more
of a circular economy

1249
00:57:03,550 --> 00:57:06,379
as well, because that material
that is composted

1250
00:57:06,423 --> 00:57:08,120
can then be sold
to the farmers.

1251
00:57:08,163 --> 00:57:10,557
They can create more plants,
which could then create

1252
00:57:10,601 --> 00:57:12,907
more plates and cutlery
and straws,

1253
00:57:12,951 --> 00:57:15,388
which then they can reuse
and just continue

1254
00:57:15,432 --> 00:57:17,129
that cycle of composting.

1255
00:57:17,172 --> 00:57:21,046
[excavator rumbling
& beeping]

1256
00:57:21,568 --> 00:57:22,961
[Janice]
So, if I put my hand

1257
00:57:23,004 --> 00:57:24,092
-in there, it would hurt?
-[woman] No.

1258
00:57:24,136 --> 00:57:26,312
[Bob] No, it's 135 degrees.

1259
00:57:28,096 --> 00:57:29,620
It's going to be wet
on the outside there.

1260
00:57:29,663 --> 00:57:31,491
See-- see
that microbial action?

1261
00:57:31,535 --> 00:57:34,363
-That's--
-[Janice] The steam!

1262
00:57:34,407 --> 00:57:36,975
-[Bob] And the white--
-[Janice] Wow.

1263
00:57:37,018 --> 00:57:39,978
It is so warm.
It's like a hot spring.

1264
00:57:40,021 --> 00:57:42,284
[Bob] So, you have wood
and then you have grass leaves,

1265
00:57:42,328 --> 00:57:44,112
tree trimmings
that'll come in

1266
00:57:44,156 --> 00:57:45,592
and we'll compost that.

1267
00:57:45,636 --> 00:57:46,985
[Janice] Wow.

1268
00:57:47,028 --> 00:57:48,247
[Bob]
So you have a football stadium

1269
00:57:48,290 --> 00:57:49,901
and they want to send

1270
00:57:49,944 --> 00:57:51,293
all their food waste
to compost it.

1271
00:57:51,337 --> 00:57:53,861
And they have
bins where you can put

1272
00:57:53,905 --> 00:57:55,820
your food waste
but don't put your package.

1273
00:57:55,863 --> 00:57:57,952
Well, then if they put
it all in there--

1274
00:57:57,996 --> 00:58:00,041
or they have
compostable packaging

1275
00:58:00,085 --> 00:58:01,608
and for us,
what happens is we get

1276
00:58:01,652 --> 00:58:03,392
all packaging
and no food waste.

1277
00:58:03,436 --> 00:58:05,351
You don't pay nine bucks
for a hot dog and throw it away.

1278
00:58:05,394 --> 00:58:08,180
The compostable plastic design

1279
00:58:08,223 --> 00:58:10,922
is to create
additional diversion

1280
00:58:10,965 --> 00:58:12,619
of food waste
for a composter.

1281
00:58:13,141 --> 00:58:15,361
That's why we do it,
and that's why

1282
00:58:15,404 --> 00:58:16,971
a lot of composters
don't do it.

1283
00:58:17,015 --> 00:58:18,538
They haven't
chosen to try to deal

1284
00:58:18,582 --> 00:58:19,931
with the contamination issue.

1285
00:58:19,974 --> 00:58:21,585
The composters want the food

1286
00:58:21,628 --> 00:58:23,108
more than they want
the packaging.

1287
00:58:23,151 --> 00:58:24,805
So if it's food soiled,
that food soil,

1288
00:58:24,849 --> 00:58:27,112
the grease on that package
is no problem for them.

1289
00:58:27,155 --> 00:58:28,461
That's actually what they want,
right?

1290
00:58:28,505 --> 00:58:30,507
It's the food
residual material.

1291
00:58:30,942 --> 00:58:33,684
[Rob] Large capacity stadiums,
such as Beaver Stadium,

1292
00:58:33,727 --> 00:58:36,948
located on the campus
of Penn State University,

1293
00:58:36,991 --> 00:58:40,255
jumped on the bandwagon
to give composting a shot.

1294
00:58:40,299 --> 00:58:43,998
Beaver Stadium seats
over 106,000 people

1295
00:58:44,042 --> 00:58:46,479
during their home
football games and is

1296
00:58:46,523 --> 00:58:49,221
America's second largest
seated stadium.

1297
00:58:49,264 --> 00:58:52,441
The Penn State University's
composting program has been

1298
00:58:52,485 --> 00:58:55,053
so successful,
they applied the concept

1299
00:58:55,096 --> 00:58:58,839
campus-wide and now have
compost and recycling bins

1300
00:58:58,883 --> 00:59:01,320
present at all of their
other arenas,

1301
00:59:01,363 --> 00:59:04,410
buildings, classrooms,
and even parking lots.

1302
00:59:04,453 --> 00:59:06,325
Our Beaver Stadium
is one of the largest

1303
00:59:06,368 --> 00:59:09,023
football stadiums
in the United States.

1304
00:59:09,067 --> 00:59:12,244
Our record crowd is
110,000 fans.

1305
00:59:12,287 --> 00:59:13,941
That's a lot of hot dogs,

1306
00:59:13,985 --> 00:59:16,204
a lot of water bottles
and sodas.

1307
00:59:16,248 --> 00:59:18,119
And that means that there's
a lot of waste

1308
00:59:18,163 --> 00:59:19,599
that we should be
managing correctly

1309
00:59:19,643 --> 00:59:21,383
to keep away from landfill.

1310
00:59:21,427 --> 00:59:23,603
And so we have
a very comprehensive

1311
00:59:23,647 --> 00:59:27,085
recycling program both
inside the stadium and out.

1312
00:59:27,128 --> 00:59:29,914
And we made that
within two years.

1313
00:59:29,957 --> 00:59:32,351
Zero waste where nothing
was going to landfill.

1314
00:59:32,394 --> 00:59:35,354
Instead of sending material
to the landfill,

1315
00:59:35,397 --> 00:59:37,530
we can send it
to our own compost facility

1316
00:59:37,574 --> 00:59:39,053
and compost it there.

1317
00:59:39,097 --> 00:59:40,533
After it's composted,
we take

1318
00:59:40,577 --> 00:59:42,666
the landscaping amendment,
bring it back

1319
00:59:42,709 --> 00:59:44,929
onto campus
and spread it out here.

1320
00:59:44,972 --> 00:59:47,932
Which means we don't have to
buy any composted materials

1321
00:59:47,975 --> 00:59:49,803
to help our grass
to go greener.

1322
00:59:49,847 --> 00:59:52,197
And then we also do
materials management

1323
00:59:52,240 --> 00:59:55,809
of recyclables that get sent
to our local county.

1324
00:59:55,853 --> 00:59:59,596
So, a big challenge is
can we get a product

1325
00:59:59,639 --> 01:00:02,120
that is either
compostable or recyclable?

1326
01:00:02,163 --> 01:00:05,036
This required us
to start to purchase PLA

1327
01:00:05,079 --> 01:00:07,299
compostable food service items.

1328
01:00:07,342 --> 01:00:09,170
So, for example,
if you're a caterer

1329
01:00:09,214 --> 01:00:11,129
from the local town
and you want to cater

1330
01:00:11,172 --> 01:00:12,826
an event on campus,

1331
01:00:12,870 --> 01:00:16,395
you're required to use
compostable PLA products.

1332
01:00:16,438 --> 01:00:21,487
♪

1333
01:00:33,064 --> 01:00:35,544
In an effort to add value

1334
01:00:35,588 --> 01:00:38,635
to the organic farm
that I lived on,

1335
01:00:38,678 --> 01:00:41,507
I decided to develop

1336
01:00:41,550 --> 01:00:44,989
an organic dairy,
got it started,

1337
01:00:45,032 --> 01:00:47,992
only to find out
that we had to put the milk

1338
01:00:48,035 --> 01:00:49,689
in a bottle made from oil.

1339
01:00:49,733 --> 01:00:51,560
That was the wrong decision.

1340
01:00:51,604 --> 01:00:54,085
So, we actually selected

1341
01:00:54,128 --> 01:00:56,565
a brand new material
of resin

1342
01:00:56,609 --> 01:00:59,003
called PLA,

1343
01:00:59,046 --> 01:01:01,092
polylactic acid,

1344
01:01:01,135 --> 01:01:03,311
which is sugarcane.

1345
01:01:03,355 --> 01:01:05,662
And so we made the first

1346
01:01:05,705 --> 01:01:07,968
milk PLA bottle
in the world.

1347
01:01:08,012 --> 01:01:10,101
It was a pretty big deal
for us.

1348
01:01:10,144 --> 01:01:12,886
We didn't realize how big
a deal it could become.

1349
01:01:12,930 --> 01:01:16,716
And proceeded to bottle milk

1350
01:01:16,760 --> 01:01:17,935
for five or six years.

1351
01:01:18,326 --> 01:01:21,460
One problem,
our first customer was Costco.

1352
01:01:21,503 --> 01:01:23,418
We quickly learned

1353
01:01:23,462 --> 01:01:25,507
we didn't have enough milk

1354
01:01:25,551 --> 01:01:28,119
to supply Costco,
which was unfortunate.

1355
01:01:28,162 --> 01:01:30,948
So, we had to
close that down

1356
01:01:30,991 --> 01:01:33,472
and shifted
to bottled water.

1357
01:01:33,515 --> 01:01:35,692
This is what we're
producing, guys.

1358
01:01:36,257 --> 01:01:39,043
This is a-- this is a preform.
This is what we're making.

1359
01:01:39,086 --> 01:01:40,871
We're getting ready to go
see the machine right now.

1360
01:01:40,914 --> 01:01:42,263
It looks like a test tube.

1361
01:01:42,307 --> 01:01:44,744
And it will get heated
and blown out

1362
01:01:44,788 --> 01:01:47,573
into whatever form
that you want into a bottle.

1363
01:01:47,616 --> 01:01:49,009
So this is what they--

1364
01:01:49,053 --> 01:01:51,446
all bottles start out as,
as a preform.

1365
01:01:53,318 --> 01:01:55,842
We got some preforms
coming off right here.

1366
01:01:58,062 --> 01:02:00,412
From-- from this
it will become this

1367
01:02:00,455 --> 01:02:02,849
in the next
phase of the process.

1368
01:02:02,893 --> 01:02:05,809
[Bill] If we can place
the bottles in what we call

1369
01:02:05,852 --> 01:02:08,420
a closed loop venue...

1370
01:02:09,290 --> 01:02:11,945
then three or four
different things

1371
01:02:11,989 --> 01:02:13,599
can be done
with those empty bottles.

1372
01:02:13,642 --> 01:02:16,776
So, that's why
we are sticking very closely

1373
01:02:16,820 --> 01:02:19,300
to only placing our bottles

1374
01:02:19,344 --> 01:02:21,172
in venues
where we can collect

1375
01:02:21,215 --> 01:02:24,392
90% of the bottles
90% of the time.

1376
01:02:28,353 --> 01:02:30,747
[Bruno] By replacing
all the different products

1377
01:02:30,790 --> 01:02:33,619
by compostable alternatives,
for example, in Holland,

1378
01:02:33,662 --> 01:02:34,838
there is a discussion
going on,

1379
01:02:34,881 --> 01:02:36,796
okay, the composting industry

1380
01:02:36,840 --> 01:02:40,713
is positive towards accepting
compostable coffee cups

1381
01:02:40,757 --> 01:02:44,108
on condition that all
in the market are compostable.

1382
01:02:44,151 --> 01:02:46,066
So that the consumer
cannot make a mistake.

1383
01:02:46,110 --> 01:02:49,374
Don't leave the possibility
open to the consumer

1384
01:02:49,417 --> 01:02:52,464
that he can confuse,
that he has to make his choice

1385
01:02:52,507 --> 01:02:55,467
no, there is only one option,
it's only compostable.

1386
01:02:56,207 --> 01:02:57,904
[Bob]
Plastics don't compost,

1387
01:02:57,948 --> 01:03:00,080
no more than they break down
in a landfill.

1388
01:03:00,689 --> 01:03:03,301
And so how do we manage
the food waste stream?

1389
01:03:03,344 --> 01:03:05,651
What kind of containers--
that you'll see compostable

1390
01:03:05,694 --> 01:03:08,959
packagings promoted
and that's great.

1391
01:03:09,002 --> 01:03:12,397
We-- we're working on methods
to make sure what we get

1392
01:03:12,440 --> 01:03:15,487
on the compostable side
actually composts.

1393
01:03:15,530 --> 01:03:17,837
We aligned ourselves
with an organization called

1394
01:03:17,881 --> 01:03:20,884
the Compost Manufacturers
Alliance, CMA,

1395
01:03:20,927 --> 01:03:23,843
so we do field testing,
actual field,

1396
01:03:23,887 --> 01:03:26,411
not on a laptop,
not in a bucket on a desk,

1397
01:03:26,454 --> 01:03:27,978
but in the field.

1398
01:03:28,021 --> 01:03:33,113
♪

1399
01:03:40,642 --> 01:03:43,863
[Susan] In 2007, 2008 I took

1400
01:03:43,907 --> 01:03:47,780
the first compostable cutlery
that we had

1401
01:03:47,824 --> 01:03:50,565
and I took it to a mayor's
event so there was the mayor

1402
01:03:50,609 --> 01:03:52,306
and so they were taking
the spoons

1403
01:03:52,350 --> 01:03:54,482
-and stirring their coffee...
-[Janice] Yeah.

1404
01:03:54,526 --> 01:03:57,224
...and they pull out stubs
then I was freaking out

1405
01:03:57,268 --> 01:03:58,486
and the mayor was like,
"What?"

1406
01:03:58,530 --> 01:03:59,836
And so
I'm chasing him around.

1407
01:03:59,879 --> 01:04:01,881
Well, six years later,

1408
01:04:01,925 --> 01:04:04,841
they're making it hot enough
where you can put that

1409
01:04:04,884 --> 01:04:06,930
into a cup of hot chowder
and it's fine.

1410
01:04:06,973 --> 01:04:09,497
This is what
I love to show people.

1411
01:04:09,541 --> 01:04:11,195
This is how we get
it wrong.

1412
01:04:11,238 --> 01:04:12,849
All the little pieces
of plastic

1413
01:04:12,892 --> 01:04:16,026
from, you know,
not using a compostable bag.

1414
01:04:16,069 --> 01:04:17,592
[Bob]
That plastic contamination

1415
01:04:17,636 --> 01:04:19,899
causes us, and any composter
that's doing it,

1416
01:04:19,943 --> 01:04:21,770
a lot of challenges
and headaches.

1417
01:04:21,814 --> 01:04:23,860
We can't get it out,
you know?

1418
01:04:23,903 --> 01:04:25,905
We do all kinds of techniques,
and we've been

1419
01:04:25,949 --> 01:04:27,864
very successful
in getting it minimized

1420
01:04:27,907 --> 01:04:29,430
in our finished product.

1421
01:04:29,474 --> 01:04:32,651
But what comes out is--
still we have to deal

1422
01:04:32,694 --> 01:04:35,262
with microplastic,
small pieces of plastic.

1423
01:04:35,306 --> 01:04:36,568
[Susan]
So, this is a portion cup

1424
01:04:36,611 --> 01:04:38,483
that's clearly plastic.

1425
01:04:38,526 --> 01:04:40,702
If we had
a compostable version

1426
01:04:40,746 --> 01:04:42,922
it wouldn't be a contaminant.

1427
01:04:42,966 --> 01:04:44,576
You can see
the plastic building up

1428
01:04:44,619 --> 01:04:46,621
-in it, right?
-[Janice] Look over there.

1429
01:04:46,665 --> 01:04:48,014
[Susan] Well, see?

1430
01:04:48,058 --> 01:04:49,537
And at some point,
it gets so entrained

1431
01:04:49,581 --> 01:04:51,713
with plastic
that they have to throw away

1432
01:04:51,757 --> 01:04:53,541
-all the good organics too.
-[Janice] Oh, [indistinct].

1433
01:04:53,585 --> 01:04:56,588
In the late '90s there
were a lot of claims being made

1434
01:04:56,631 --> 01:05:00,592
around bio-based plastics,
biodegradable plastics.

1435
01:05:00,635 --> 01:05:03,943
There needed to be standards
and tests to make sure that

1436
01:05:03,987 --> 01:05:06,467
claims were responsible
and made sense.

1437
01:05:06,511 --> 01:05:09,427
Food is the number one thing
going to landfills today.

1438
01:05:09,470 --> 01:05:11,820
The fact that
it's oftentimes intertwined

1439
01:05:11,864 --> 01:05:13,648
with plastic
and paper packaging,

1440
01:05:13,692 --> 01:05:16,651
that makes it really difficult
for composters to recover.

1441
01:05:16,695 --> 01:05:18,958
Packaging seems
so simple to consumers.

1442
01:05:19,002 --> 01:05:21,743
But when you look at
a little thin wrapper

1443
01:05:21,787 --> 01:05:24,398
around your snack bar,
typically it's not one layer

1444
01:05:24,442 --> 01:05:26,009
of plastic, there are
so many different layers

1445
01:05:26,052 --> 01:05:28,750
in there to get
the right barrier properties,

1446
01:05:28,794 --> 01:05:30,187
food contact safety,

1447
01:05:30,230 --> 01:05:32,232
keeping it fresh,
all these things.

1448
01:05:32,276 --> 01:05:35,670
And to redesign that to be
compostable is possible.

1449
01:05:35,714 --> 01:05:36,845
And companies are doing it.

1450
01:05:36,889 --> 01:05:38,195
But the issue is,

1451
01:05:38,238 --> 01:05:39,587
like, they're also
still wondering,

1452
01:05:39,631 --> 01:05:41,198
like, "Well, is this
actually going to work?"

1453
01:05:41,241 --> 01:05:43,809
I gotta be honest with you,
a large percentage

1454
01:05:43,852 --> 01:05:46,029
of what we test doesn't pass.

1455
01:05:46,072 --> 01:05:48,292
And that feedback loop
has never gotten back

1456
01:05:48,335 --> 01:05:49,989
to those manufacturers.

1457
01:05:50,033 --> 01:05:51,469
So,
what do we do with that?

1458
01:05:51,512 --> 01:05:53,123
We get to work
with them and talk to them

1459
01:05:53,166 --> 01:05:55,821
about the pile science
versus the design science.

1460
01:05:55,864 --> 01:05:57,475
And hopefully we can move
those products

1461
01:05:57,518 --> 01:06:00,086
into products
that will work in the piles

1462
01:06:00,130 --> 01:06:02,871
as well as perform
in the field for the consumer.

1463
01:06:02,915 --> 01:06:06,440
[excavator rumbling]

1464
01:06:06,484 --> 01:06:11,532
♪

1465
01:06:15,580 --> 01:06:18,235
We have a team
of almost 50 people working on

1466
01:06:18,278 --> 01:06:21,020
biodegradability testing
and compostability testing

1467
01:06:21,064 --> 01:06:23,892
of plastics, of packaging
of several applications.

1468
01:06:23,936 --> 01:06:25,372
Well, here we are doing

1469
01:06:25,416 --> 01:06:28,071
home composting
disintegration tests.

1470
01:06:28,636 --> 01:06:31,988
So if we-- for example,
if one wants to produce

1471
01:06:32,031 --> 01:06:35,861
a compostable teabag,
there is a plastic fiber.

1472
01:06:35,904 --> 01:06:38,820
We check
if the plastic will fragment

1473
01:06:38,864 --> 01:06:41,519
within a normal duration
of composting.

1474
01:06:41,562 --> 01:06:43,216
So, home composting,
the duration

1475
01:06:43,260 --> 01:06:44,826
is set at six months.

1476
01:06:44,870 --> 01:06:46,654
Uh, so these are all tests
which are running

1477
01:06:46,698 --> 01:06:49,527
for six months,
and in which we are testing

1478
01:06:49,570 --> 01:06:51,964
items to see
whether they fragment

1479
01:06:52,008 --> 01:06:54,010
and they become
crumbly compost

1480
01:06:54,053 --> 01:06:55,533
and they disappear.

1481
01:06:55,576 --> 01:06:57,535
Standards are being written
how to determine

1482
01:06:57,578 --> 01:06:59,841
biodegradability
in different fields.

1483
01:06:59,885 --> 01:07:01,800
So that you have, like,
objective,

1484
01:07:01,843 --> 01:07:03,671
scientifically based tools

1485
01:07:03,715 --> 01:07:05,195
to prove
what you want to prove,

1486
01:07:05,238 --> 01:07:07,110
which then lead,
in the next step,

1487
01:07:07,153 --> 01:07:08,850
eventually to certifications.

1488
01:07:08,894 --> 01:07:10,678
We'd like to see the composting
infrastructure grow

1489
01:07:10,722 --> 01:07:12,941
because there's only 500
of those facilities

1490
01:07:12,985 --> 01:07:14,334
that'll take food scrap

1491
01:07:14,378 --> 01:07:16,858
and we probably need
closer to 2000.

1492
01:07:16,902 --> 01:07:20,210
[Susan] So, one of the things
we got was compostable bags

1493
01:07:20,253 --> 01:07:22,821
in our state can
only be green and brown.

1494
01:07:22,864 --> 01:07:25,258
You'll see brown cutlery,
you'll see brown straws.

1495
01:07:25,302 --> 01:07:27,782
And that's where
we need packaging companies

1496
01:07:27,826 --> 01:07:29,393
to work with us
to come up with

1497
01:07:29,436 --> 01:07:31,960
a simpler system
of coloring and marking

1498
01:07:32,004 --> 01:07:34,224
and make sure that we're
not getting the wrong stuff.

1499
01:07:34,267 --> 01:07:36,835
We're seeing much less

1500
01:07:36,878 --> 01:07:40,186
remaining
"compostable" material

1501
01:07:40,230 --> 01:07:41,883
that-- what didn't break down.

1502
01:07:41,927 --> 01:07:43,885
That's-- that's not occurring
anymore because of--

1503
01:07:43,929 --> 01:07:45,713
because we're doing
that certification.

1504
01:07:45,757 --> 01:07:47,150
[Rhodes]
If food waste were a country,

1505
01:07:47,193 --> 01:07:48,760
it would be
the third largest emitter

1506
01:07:48,803 --> 01:07:51,110
of greenhouse gases
after the US and China.

1507
01:07:51,154 --> 01:07:53,025
If we're really going to get
food out of landfills,

1508
01:07:53,069 --> 01:07:54,331
it's not going to work

1509
01:07:54,374 --> 01:07:55,549
unless we have people
understand

1510
01:07:55,593 --> 01:07:57,682
what does composting mean?

1511
01:07:57,725 --> 01:07:59,118
Is composting
always done in a backyard?

1512
01:07:59,162 --> 01:08:01,033
What does it mean
when you collect it

1513
01:08:01,077 --> 01:08:02,643
and send it
to a large-scale facility?

1514
01:08:02,687 --> 01:08:04,689
And I think
that's where I get

1515
01:08:04,732 --> 01:08:07,648
really excited when-- as--
big brands are really starting

1516
01:08:07,692 --> 01:08:10,390
to investigate and invest
in compostable packaging,

1517
01:08:10,434 --> 01:08:12,218
they're associated with food,
right?

1518
01:08:12,262 --> 01:08:13,785
They help divert that food

1519
01:08:13,828 --> 01:08:15,613
and the packaging
at the same time.

1520
01:08:15,656 --> 01:08:17,267
So, you're solving
two problems.

1521
01:08:17,309 --> 01:08:22,880
♪

1522
01:08:25,405 --> 01:08:27,363
They've got whole research
and development

1523
01:08:27,407 --> 01:08:29,496
packaging divisions
at these big companies

1524
01:08:29,540 --> 01:08:31,977
and so they're already
well equipped to analyze

1525
01:08:32,020 --> 01:08:34,631
new polymer types,
come up with new structures.

1526
01:08:34,675 --> 01:08:36,328
And so I think that's
why we're starting to see

1527
01:08:36,372 --> 01:08:38,375
this huge peak in increase

1528
01:08:38,417 --> 01:08:40,116
where companies
are putting a lot of money

1529
01:08:40,158 --> 01:08:42,683
into understanding
compostable materials,

1530
01:08:42,727 --> 01:08:43,858
end of life
of their materials,

1531
01:08:43,902 --> 01:08:45,032
composting systems,

1532
01:08:45,077 --> 01:08:47,035
how they can help
fund composting.

1533
01:08:47,078 --> 01:08:48,862
If we're going to get
composting to work,

1534
01:08:48,907 --> 01:08:51,344
it needs to be all these
big brands coming together

1535
01:08:51,388 --> 01:08:53,345
and agreeing on-- on
sort of the ground rules

1536
01:08:53,389 --> 01:08:55,522
and figuring out, "Okay, how do
we actually get this to work?"

1537
01:08:55,566 --> 01:09:00,440
♪

1538
01:09:21,244 --> 01:09:22,941
How long do you think
it'll take them to do

1539
01:09:22,984 --> 01:09:24,421
what we've asked them
to do today?

1540
01:09:24,464 --> 01:09:25,857
The six miles that
we've asked them to do today?

1541
01:09:25,899 --> 01:09:27,075
Oh, I imagine we could
probably

1542
01:09:27,119 --> 01:09:28,468
do it in a couple of hours.

1543
01:09:28,512 --> 01:09:29,991
Most of the litter
that you pick up

1544
01:09:30,035 --> 01:09:32,298
uh, involves
some sort of plastic.

1545
01:09:32,342 --> 01:09:34,344
The European Commission did--
they did a study,

1546
01:09:34,387 --> 01:09:37,869
the ten products which were
most visible on beaches,

1547
01:09:37,912 --> 01:09:40,001
and they were
almost all plastics.

1548
01:09:40,045 --> 01:09:42,700
Of course, cigarette filters
were number one.

1549
01:09:42,743 --> 01:09:44,919
Drinking straws
were also in the top five.

1550
01:09:54,581 --> 01:09:56,583
Lake Allatoona is

1551
01:09:56,627 --> 01:09:59,195
less than two miles
from where we're standing

1552
01:09:59,237 --> 01:10:01,545
here at Hobgood Park
in Cherokee County.

1553
01:10:01,588 --> 01:10:05,201
There are coves of this lake
where you can...

1554
01:10:06,637 --> 01:10:08,726
literally walk
on the garbage

1555
01:10:08,769 --> 01:10:11,250
and never get your feet
wet in the lake.

1556
01:10:11,772 --> 01:10:15,080
In 2012,
we conducted the first survey

1557
01:10:15,123 --> 01:10:18,039
for plastic pollution
within the Great Lakes.

1558
01:10:18,083 --> 01:10:21,913
And the findings that we had
were quite dramatic.

1559
01:10:21,956 --> 01:10:24,437
At that time,
75% of what we found

1560
01:10:24,481 --> 01:10:27,135
was less than
five millimeters in size.

1561
01:10:27,179 --> 01:10:28,485
So, microplastics.

1562
01:10:28,528 --> 01:10:30,226
A number of those particles

1563
01:10:30,269 --> 01:10:32,706
we were able to identify
as micro beads coming from

1564
01:10:32,750 --> 01:10:34,577
personal care products.

1565
01:10:34,621 --> 01:10:37,276
So, face wash, body wash,
toothpaste,

1566
01:10:37,320 --> 01:10:40,279
and they're just
like little balls of plastic.

1567
01:10:40,323 --> 01:10:42,281
And so that is, in fact,
what led

1568
01:10:42,325 --> 01:10:44,457
to the Microbeads Free
Water Act

1569
01:10:44,501 --> 01:10:47,852
of 2015
signed by President Obama.

1570
01:10:47,895 --> 01:10:50,376
They are still being produced,
and in some countries,

1571
01:10:50,420 --> 01:10:51,898
they are still used.

1572
01:10:51,943 --> 01:10:53,771
And so you're washing
your face,

1573
01:10:53,814 --> 01:10:55,294
it goes down the drain,

1574
01:10:55,338 --> 01:10:56,904
they make their way through

1575
01:10:56,948 --> 01:10:59,037
wastewater treatment plants
and end up deposited

1576
01:10:59,080 --> 01:11:00,907
into local bodies of water.

1577
01:11:00,952 --> 01:11:02,780
Most often,
this is rivers that flow

1578
01:11:02,823 --> 01:11:04,695
into lakes that eventually
flow into the ocean.

1579
01:11:04,737 --> 01:11:06,130
I mean-- and--

1580
01:11:06,174 --> 01:11:07,959
You, know, that's
a really important point.

1581
01:11:08,002 --> 01:11:09,830
Water connects
us all to each other.

1582
01:11:09,874 --> 01:11:12,137
So, it doesn't matter almost
if it's been banned

1583
01:11:12,180 --> 01:11:15,096
in the United States,
if it's still legal in,

1584
01:11:15,139 --> 01:11:16,315
say, Indonesia,

1585
01:11:16,359 --> 01:11:18,230
because water flows,

1586
01:11:18,273 --> 01:11:20,493
we are all downstream
from somewhere.

1587
01:11:20,537 --> 01:11:23,103
When you're talking about
a water pollution issue,

1588
01:11:23,148 --> 01:11:24,976
it doesn't matter
where in the world it is.

1589
01:11:25,019 --> 01:11:26,369
It's affecting all of us.

1590
01:11:26,412 --> 01:11:29,285
More than
95% of the plastics

1591
01:11:29,327 --> 01:11:33,157
and also of the nanoplastics
is removed from the wastewater

1592
01:11:33,201 --> 01:11:35,246
and is ending
up in the sewage sludge.

1593
01:11:35,291 --> 01:11:37,335
It's good news
that they are removed

1594
01:11:37,380 --> 01:11:40,339
from the wastewater stream,
but that also means

1595
01:11:40,383 --> 01:11:43,210
it's accumulated
in the sewage sludge.

1596
01:11:43,255 --> 01:11:45,910
And then it depends
what happens

1597
01:11:45,952 --> 01:11:47,346
to the sewage sludge.

1598
01:11:47,389 --> 01:11:50,001
In Switzerland,
we exclusively burned

1599
01:11:50,044 --> 01:11:53,526
the sewage sludge,
but looking maybe 20,

1600
01:11:53,570 --> 01:11:56,616
30, 40 years ahead,
maybe burning sewage sludge

1601
01:11:56,660 --> 01:11:58,487
is not the best option.

1602
01:11:58,531 --> 01:12:01,186
Other alternative approaches
which are used

1603
01:12:01,228 --> 01:12:02,883
all around the world,
in the States,

1604
01:12:02,927 --> 01:12:06,234
but also in part of Europe,
in France, in England,

1605
01:12:06,278 --> 01:12:08,498
is using
the sludge as fertilizer.

1606
01:12:08,541 --> 01:12:10,369
So, the plastics
that are removed

1607
01:12:10,413 --> 01:12:12,066
in a wastewater treatment plant

1608
01:12:12,110 --> 01:12:14,504
actually
are just being moved.

1609
01:12:14,547 --> 01:12:15,592
[Ralf]
You spread the sewage sludge

1610
01:12:15,635 --> 01:12:17,245
where you have accumulated

1611
01:12:17,289 --> 01:12:19,246
all the microplastics
on agricultural fields,

1612
01:12:19,291 --> 01:12:20,858
that's not what you want.

1613
01:12:20,901 --> 01:12:22,425
[Sherri]
And being applied to crops

1614
01:12:22,468 --> 01:12:24,340
that we are then going to eat.

1615
01:12:24,383 --> 01:12:26,777
And some really
interesting study is showing

1616
01:12:26,820 --> 01:12:29,519
that microplastics
are making their way

1617
01:12:29,562 --> 01:12:32,565
across root systems
and making their way

1618
01:12:32,609 --> 01:12:34,480
actually into plants.

1619
01:12:34,523 --> 01:12:36,960
[Ralf] The better option is
to have measures at the source.

1620
01:12:37,004 --> 01:12:40,356
Do not put any microplastics
into the wastewater,

1621
01:12:40,398 --> 01:12:42,835
the first point, and then
you don't have to remove it.

1622
01:12:42,880 --> 01:12:44,664
And then you don't have to deal

1623
01:12:44,708 --> 01:12:48,189
with the treatment options

1624
01:12:48,233 --> 01:12:49,930
for the sewage sludge.

1625
01:12:49,974 --> 01:12:51,541
[Sherri]
People often ask is,

1626
01:12:51,584 --> 01:12:53,585
"Well, how can we clean this
out of the water?"

1627
01:12:53,630 --> 01:12:55,458
And it's just you can't.

1628
01:12:55,501 --> 01:13:00,245
[somber music playing]

1629
01:13:00,288 --> 01:13:02,334
These particles
are so incredibly small

1630
01:13:02,378 --> 01:13:05,250
and there's so much life
in water.

1631
01:13:05,293 --> 01:13:06,599
You know, I don't think

1632
01:13:06,643 --> 01:13:09,428
people really
fully appreciate that.

1633
01:13:09,472 --> 01:13:11,996
You know, we think
of trees as being these

1634
01:13:12,039 --> 01:13:13,650
great oxygen generators.

1635
01:13:13,693 --> 01:13:16,696
They are. But phytoplankton
in the oceans generate

1636
01:13:16,740 --> 01:13:18,916
more oxygen
than all the trees.

1637
01:13:18,959 --> 01:13:22,267
They are the real
oxygen generators.

1638
01:13:22,309 --> 01:13:24,443
These are organisms
that live in the water.

1639
01:13:24,487 --> 01:13:27,664
So when you're talking about
a particle that is

1640
01:13:27,707 --> 01:13:30,057
actually small enough that
these phytoplankton eat them,

1641
01:13:30,101 --> 01:13:32,538
that's how
incredibly small they are.

1642
01:13:32,582 --> 01:13:36,237
And they are eating
this micro plastic.

1643
01:13:36,281 --> 01:13:38,109
There's no doubt about that.

1644
01:13:38,152 --> 01:13:41,547
And especially the microfibers
are being retained by them,

1645
01:13:41,591 --> 01:13:44,811
impacting
their ability to survive.

1646
01:13:44,855 --> 01:13:47,466
Because if it's impacting
the ability of phytoplankton

1647
01:13:47,510 --> 01:13:49,380
to survive...

1648
01:13:49,425 --> 01:13:51,296
it's impacting our ability.

1649
01:13:51,339 --> 01:13:52,862
And there's no doubt
that this stuff is making

1650
01:13:52,906 --> 01:13:54,299
its way into us.

1651
01:14:00,566 --> 01:14:02,612
[somber music fades]

1652
01:14:02,655 --> 01:14:05,005
[tranquil music playing]

1653
01:14:07,355 --> 01:14:08,966
[Troy] Here at the Cherokee
County Recycling Center,

1654
01:14:09,009 --> 01:14:11,142
we do single-stream recycling.

1655
01:14:12,491 --> 01:14:14,928
Single-stream recycling
came about

1656
01:14:14,972 --> 01:14:16,974
because the biggest complaint
about recycling is

1657
01:14:17,017 --> 01:14:18,628
it's such a hassle.

1658
01:14:18,671 --> 01:14:20,499
Because you got to separate
the different plastics

1659
01:14:20,543 --> 01:14:24,198
and the paper and nobody wants
seven bins in their house.

1660
01:14:24,242 --> 01:14:26,418
So they came up with
single-stream recycling.

1661
01:14:26,462 --> 01:14:29,594
And what single-stream
recycling enables you to do is,

1662
01:14:29,639 --> 01:14:32,468
with the exception of glass,
everything can go together.

1663
01:14:32,511 --> 01:14:34,121
-And when you say everything--
-Your paper,

1664
01:14:34,165 --> 01:14:36,907
your plastic,
your cardboard, cans.

1665
01:14:36,950 --> 01:14:38,299
-[Janice] Okay.
-It can all come

1666
01:14:38,343 --> 01:14:39,952
-in one container.
-[Janice] Okay.

1667
01:14:39,996 --> 01:14:41,651
And it all goes
into the same container

1668
01:14:41,693 --> 01:14:44,958
out here, then it's taken
to a separate facility

1669
01:14:45,002 --> 01:14:47,134
where it's processed, and that's
where it's actually sorted.

1670
01:14:47,178 --> 01:14:49,093
The problem
with recycling plastics

1671
01:14:49,136 --> 01:14:50,921
is that the polymer structure
breaks down

1672
01:14:50,964 --> 01:14:52,531
after you recycle it
a few times.

1673
01:14:52,575 --> 01:14:55,621
So after one or two times,
maybe three or four,

1674
01:14:55,665 --> 01:14:57,014
depending on
the type of plastic,

1675
01:14:57,057 --> 01:14:58,450
to the point
where you can no longer

1676
01:14:58,494 --> 01:15:00,670
turn that back into
a usable product.

1677
01:15:00,713 --> 01:15:02,148
So then what do you do

1678
01:15:02,193 --> 01:15:03,934
with all of that material
as well, too?

1679
01:15:03,977 --> 01:15:05,326
Where does that go?

1680
01:15:05,370 --> 01:15:08,416
[upbeat string music playing]

1681
01:15:16,120 --> 01:15:18,209
I worked
for a recycling program

1682
01:15:18,252 --> 01:15:20,472
in Pennsylvania in the '70s.

1683
01:15:20,516 --> 01:15:23,475
My daughter was about
four years old

1684
01:15:23,519 --> 01:15:26,609
and I sent her to daycare

1685
01:15:26,652 --> 01:15:29,916
with a T-shirt that said,
"I am the future."

1686
01:15:29,960 --> 01:15:34,094
Now I have an almost
11-year-old granddaughter

1687
01:15:34,138 --> 01:15:36,835
and we still have
the same problems.

1688
01:15:37,315 --> 01:15:38,882
So, let's fix it.

1689
01:15:42,450 --> 01:15:45,323
We've got Graham Packaging
right here.

1690
01:15:45,366 --> 01:15:48,413
York, Pennsylvania.
So what they're doing is

1691
01:15:48,456 --> 01:15:50,023
they're taking it back,

1692
01:15:50,067 --> 01:15:51,590
we're selling
our material to them.

1693
01:15:51,634 --> 01:15:53,418
They need it as a feedstock.

1694
01:15:53,460 --> 01:15:56,116
People are always going to need
milk jugs.

1695
01:15:56,160 --> 01:15:58,423
They're washing it,
they're pelletizing it

1696
01:15:58,466 --> 01:16:00,773
and they're turning it
right back into

1697
01:16:00,817 --> 01:16:03,080
the same product
from which it came.

1698
01:16:03,123 --> 01:16:06,692
The truth is, only a fraction
of plastics are recycled.

1699
01:16:06,736 --> 01:16:10,217
Only 9% have ever been collected
to be recycled.

1700
01:16:10,261 --> 01:16:12,611
And half of all plastic
is designed

1701
01:16:12,655 --> 01:16:14,482
to be used only once.

1702
01:16:14,526 --> 01:16:16,353
So, while we do
need to look at

1703
01:16:16,397 --> 01:16:18,617
how are we recycling plastics,

1704
01:16:18,661 --> 01:16:20,706
how do we reduce the number of

1705
01:16:20,750 --> 01:16:23,273
single-use plastics
that we're buying,

1706
01:16:23,317 --> 01:16:24,666
and so on and so forth,

1707
01:16:24,710 --> 01:16:26,407
we really need to make sure

1708
01:16:26,451 --> 01:16:30,281
that what we're manufacturing
can be either reused,

1709
01:16:30,324 --> 01:16:33,458
recycled or otherwise have

1710
01:16:33,501 --> 01:16:36,112
an end of life
that is more acceptable

1711
01:16:36,156 --> 01:16:39,159
than either waste
energy or landfilling.

1712
01:16:40,508 --> 01:16:44,164
When you look at
consumer packaged goods today,

1713
01:16:44,208 --> 01:16:46,602
it's very rare
that one of them

1714
01:16:46,645 --> 01:16:48,647
isn't looked at to say,

1715
01:16:48,691 --> 01:16:50,388
"How can this be
more sustainable?

1716
01:16:50,431 --> 01:16:53,913
"How can we launch to market
a better solution

1717
01:16:53,957 --> 01:16:55,567
that has a lighter footprint
on the earth?"

1718
01:16:55,611 --> 01:16:57,656
[atmospheric music playing]

1719
01:17:11,539 --> 01:17:14,673
We founded Preserve
back in 1996

1720
01:17:14,717 --> 01:17:17,371
to make products that were
both lighter on the Earth

1721
01:17:17,415 --> 01:17:19,156
and fabulous to use.

1722
01:17:19,199 --> 01:17:21,549
And the biggest way
we did that

1723
01:17:21,593 --> 01:17:25,031
was to use
recycled materials.

1724
01:17:25,075 --> 01:17:28,513
So there was a lot of recycling
going on back in the early '90s,

1725
01:17:28,556 --> 01:17:30,689
but the people who are recycling
were wondering,

1726
01:17:30,733 --> 01:17:32,169
"Where does
all this material go?"

1727
01:17:32,212 --> 01:17:33,996
There really wasn't evidences

1728
01:17:34,040 --> 01:17:36,521
of products made
from recycled materials.

1729
01:17:36,564 --> 01:17:40,438
What Preserve wanted to do
was use these recycled materials

1730
01:17:40,481 --> 01:17:42,092
and raise the bar up here

1731
01:17:42,135 --> 01:17:44,964
and say, "We're putting it
in a toothbrush.

1732
01:17:45,008 --> 01:17:47,532
A product that we hope
everybody uses

1733
01:17:47,575 --> 01:17:49,708
and one that you stick
in your mouth.

1734
01:17:49,752 --> 01:17:52,014
We've got to be able
to make excellent products

1735
01:17:52,058 --> 01:17:54,147
out of these recycled
materials."

1736
01:17:54,191 --> 01:17:56,106
There are companies

1737
01:17:56,148 --> 01:17:58,282
that are really big companies,

1738
01:17:58,325 --> 01:18:00,501
in this consumer-product space,

1739
01:18:00,545 --> 01:18:03,156
that now are looking to make
a difference.

1740
01:18:03,200 --> 01:18:04,767
Right now
we're caught in a world

1741
01:18:04,809 --> 01:18:08,074
where we have
a shampoo bottle,

1742
01:18:08,118 --> 01:18:10,728
a single-use plastic
shampoo bottle

1743
01:18:10,773 --> 01:18:13,297
to get your shampoo,
you know,

1744
01:18:13,340 --> 01:18:15,342
from through the supply chain
to the market

1745
01:18:15,386 --> 01:18:17,040
to your home
to use and then poof,

1746
01:18:17,083 --> 01:18:18,344
where does it go?

1747
01:18:18,389 --> 01:18:19,825
There absolutely is a lot of

1748
01:18:19,869 --> 01:18:22,045
great brainstorming
around reuse systems.

1749
01:18:22,088 --> 01:18:25,091
We have reuse systems
with reusable tableware.

1750
01:18:25,135 --> 01:18:28,442
There also can be
reuse systems as it relates

1751
01:18:28,486 --> 01:18:30,183
to the packaging,
particularly

1752
01:18:30,227 --> 01:18:33,665
of formulation products
or bulk food,

1753
01:18:33,709 --> 01:18:37,103
where you're actually bringing
the package back to the market

1754
01:18:37,147 --> 01:18:40,106
to be refilled
when you need new product.

1755
01:18:40,150 --> 01:18:43,762
And that's a huge way
to eliminate massive amounts

1756
01:18:43,806 --> 01:18:44,937
of single use plastics

1757
01:18:44,981 --> 01:18:46,416
that are currently used today.

1758
01:18:46,460 --> 01:18:51,074
[truck rumbling]

1759
01:18:54,120 --> 01:18:56,775
We are at a recycling station

1760
01:18:56,818 --> 01:19:00,344
in Gothenburg, Sweden where
people can bring

1761
01:19:00,387 --> 01:19:02,128
all their big stuff

1762
01:19:02,172 --> 01:19:05,653
that don't
fit into the household bin.

1763
01:19:05,697 --> 01:19:08,612
So, you can deposit
anything from paint

1764
01:19:08,656 --> 01:19:11,485
to metal to bikes here.

1765
01:19:11,529 --> 01:19:13,791
-And it's free?
-And it's free.

1766
01:19:13,835 --> 01:19:16,012
In Sweden
we want to make it convenient

1767
01:19:16,055 --> 01:19:17,883
and easy to recycle.

1768
01:19:17,927 --> 01:19:19,580
So we have these facilities

1769
01:19:19,624 --> 01:19:21,495
all around Gothenburg
and Sweden.

1770
01:19:21,539 --> 01:19:24,237
It seems like Swedish people are
really good recyclers

1771
01:19:24,281 --> 01:19:27,284
Yeah, we are.
And, um, it's--

1772
01:19:27,327 --> 01:19:29,808
we know that it's important
and it's also driven

1773
01:19:29,852 --> 01:19:31,201
by peer pressure.

1774
01:19:31,244 --> 01:19:33,986
It's shameful
to not recycle.

1775
01:19:34,030 --> 01:19:36,075
You shame yourself
because you know

1776
01:19:36,119 --> 01:19:37,511
that this is important.

1777
01:19:37,555 --> 01:19:38,861
So this is something
that you should

1778
01:19:38,904 --> 01:19:41,733
and could do
for the environment.

1779
01:19:41,777 --> 01:19:43,952
The infrastructure
to recycle all that

1780
01:19:43,996 --> 01:19:47,043
is still '70s
and '80s infrastructure.

1781
01:19:47,085 --> 01:19:48,827
And what we need to do
is invest

1782
01:19:48,871 --> 01:19:51,308
so that the infrastructure
can take all packaging types.

1783
01:19:51,351 --> 01:19:54,005
So we need to upgrade not only
the mechanical recycling

1784
01:19:54,050 --> 01:19:56,269
that we have
that's decades old,

1785
01:19:56,313 --> 01:19:57,835
but we also need to invest

1786
01:19:57,880 --> 01:19:59,532
in what's called
advanced recycling.

1787
01:19:59,577 --> 01:20:01,144
So, that's chemical recycling.

1788
01:20:01,187 --> 01:20:03,276
Chemical recycling can take

1789
01:20:03,320 --> 01:20:06,671
those products and break it down
into its building blocks

1790
01:20:06,714 --> 01:20:08,847
so it can be remade
back into new products

1791
01:20:08,891 --> 01:20:12,242
whether they're for packaging
or for textiles.

1792
01:20:12,764 --> 01:20:14,940
[Rob] Chemical
or advanced recycling takes

1793
01:20:14,984 --> 01:20:18,161
the various layers of plastic
and breaks it down

1794
01:20:18,204 --> 01:20:21,642
in a way it can be recycled
an infinite number of times.

1795
01:20:21,686 --> 01:20:23,383
It is therefore possible

1796
01:20:23,427 --> 01:20:25,342
to recycle used plastics

1797
01:20:25,385 --> 01:20:28,388
that are difficult
or even impossible to recycle

1798
01:20:28,432 --> 01:20:30,564
with traditional
mechanical recycling.

1799
01:20:30,608 --> 01:20:34,264
[upbeat electronica playing]

1800
01:20:34,307 --> 01:20:37,180
Licella, an advanced
recycling plant located

1801
01:20:37,223 --> 01:20:39,398
in Sydney, Australia,
is pioneering

1802
01:20:39,443 --> 01:20:42,228
the next generation
of advanced recycling

1803
01:20:42,272 --> 01:20:44,883
that uses
hot pressurized water.

1804
01:20:44,927 --> 01:20:48,407
Licella converts plastic
to oil using water

1805
01:20:48,452 --> 01:20:50,541
under high temperature
and pressure.

1806
01:20:51,107 --> 01:20:53,892
Once I've recycled
physically a plastic bottle,

1807
01:20:53,936 --> 01:20:55,719
a milk bottle, two
or three times,

1808
01:20:55,763 --> 01:20:57,287
that plastic degrades

1809
01:20:57,330 --> 01:20:59,463
where you can no longer
physically recycle it.

1810
01:21:00,159 --> 01:21:02,770
What we can do,
we can chemically recycle it

1811
01:21:02,814 --> 01:21:06,773
and convert it back to oil
to make new plastics.

1812
01:21:06,818 --> 01:21:09,603
And when it comes back again,
we can do it all over again.

1813
01:21:10,169 --> 01:21:12,084
So it's a true
circular economy.

1814
01:21:12,606 --> 01:21:15,044
[Rob] Previously,
non-recyclable plastics,

1815
01:21:15,087 --> 01:21:18,308
including multilayer packaging,
can now be recycled.

1816
01:21:18,351 --> 01:21:23,269
♪

1817
01:21:26,490 --> 01:21:28,579
By turning
hard-to-recycle plastics

1818
01:21:28,621 --> 01:21:31,799
into a reusable resource,
this innovative solution

1819
01:21:31,843 --> 01:21:33,932
is helping create
a better environment

1820
01:21:33,976 --> 01:21:35,368
for future generations.

1821
01:21:36,369 --> 01:21:38,719
Another innovator
in the recycling space

1822
01:21:38,763 --> 01:21:40,721
is a company that has found
a way to recycle

1823
01:21:40,764 --> 01:21:43,463
the polymers found in clothes.

1824
01:21:43,942 --> 01:21:45,639
I don't think
most people realize

1825
01:21:45,683 --> 01:21:47,815
how much plastic
is in our clothing.

1826
01:21:47,859 --> 01:21:51,776
There was a really interesting
study that came out of UK.

1827
01:21:51,818 --> 01:21:55,736
Each individual article
of synthetic clothing

1828
01:21:55,780 --> 01:21:57,651
was shedding, at a minimum,

1829
01:21:57,695 --> 01:22:00,132
15,000 microfibers

1830
01:22:00,175 --> 01:22:01,612
for every time
it was washed.

1831
01:22:01,655 --> 01:22:04,223
And that's one article
of clothing.

1832
01:22:04,267 --> 01:22:05,702
With textile recycling,

1833
01:22:05,964 --> 01:22:07,226
most people think
it's already happening.

1834
01:22:07,270 --> 01:22:09,837
But in the United States,
the reality is

1835
01:22:09,880 --> 01:22:12,884
that only 1%
of clothing gets recycled

1836
01:22:12,928 --> 01:22:14,494
back into new clothing.

1837
01:22:14,538 --> 01:22:16,975
And the reason why
is because most of the clothes

1838
01:22:17,019 --> 01:22:18,672
we wear is blended.

1839
01:22:18,716 --> 01:22:21,284
It's mostly polyester and
cotton blended together.

1840
01:22:21,675 --> 01:22:24,330
Our solution is different
because we can take

1841
01:22:24,374 --> 01:22:27,333
those poly-cotton blends
and break them apart.

1842
01:22:27,377 --> 01:22:28,856
With this terry cloth,

1843
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,163
you can see it's dark blue,

1844
01:22:31,207 --> 01:22:32,991
um, it has that nice feel.

1845
01:22:33,035 --> 01:22:34,993
And when it goes
into the process,

1846
01:22:35,037 --> 01:22:36,821
we chemically break down,

1847
01:22:36,864 --> 01:22:38,996
we cut down
that polyester molecule

1848
01:22:39,041 --> 01:22:40,693
and it goes into the liquid.

1849
01:22:40,737 --> 01:22:42,000
And then
you're just left

1850
01:22:42,044 --> 01:22:43,871
with this beautiful,
solid cotton.

1851
01:22:43,915 --> 01:22:45,916
-[whispering] Wow.
-And you can see

1852
01:22:45,960 --> 01:22:47,963
where
all the polyester was before.

1853
01:22:48,005 --> 01:22:49,312
-Exact same--
-And this is the after.

1854
01:22:49,355 --> 01:22:50,922
This is the same material.

1855
01:22:50,966 --> 01:22:52,706
-Same material.
-Before and after.

1856
01:22:52,750 --> 01:22:54,230
Wow.

1857
01:22:54,273 --> 01:22:56,406
[Peter] I get asked
all the time what to wear,

1858
01:22:56,449 --> 01:22:57,929
what is the right answer?

1859
01:22:57,973 --> 01:22:59,191
And unfortunately,

1860
01:22:59,235 --> 01:23:01,063
there really
isn't one right now.

1861
01:23:01,106 --> 01:23:03,543
The best thing you can do
is wear your clothing longer,

1862
01:23:03,587 --> 01:23:04,980
repair it or donate it,

1863
01:23:05,023 --> 01:23:06,982
or find somebody
who can keep using it.

1864
01:23:07,678 --> 01:23:09,157
Or go thrifting.

1865
01:23:09,201 --> 01:23:13,031
Uh, but until we have
new technologies,

1866
01:23:13,075 --> 01:23:15,164
we're going to continue
down this path.

1867
01:23:15,207 --> 01:23:17,514
There's been a huge
push for new solutions.

1868
01:23:17,557 --> 01:23:19,777
A lot of it's been
natural fibers,

1869
01:23:19,820 --> 01:23:21,822
hemp or stronger cottons

1870
01:23:21,866 --> 01:23:24,825
or things like that,
but they still don't quite have

1871
01:23:24,869 --> 01:23:26,958
the same
performance characteristics.

1872
01:23:27,002 --> 01:23:29,308
There's been
some new polymers coming out

1873
01:23:29,352 --> 01:23:31,353
that can be biodegradable,

1874
01:23:31,397 --> 01:23:33,746
some that come from methane gas.

1875
01:23:33,791 --> 01:23:36,402
And so I'm really excited
to see what else is out there

1876
01:23:36,446 --> 01:23:38,535
because
this is such a big problem

1877
01:23:38,577 --> 01:23:41,059
that we need
all these solutions to scale.

1878
01:23:41,103 --> 01:23:44,367
Our solution focuses
on recycling polyester

1879
01:23:44,410 --> 01:23:45,803
over and over again,

1880
01:23:45,846 --> 01:23:47,934
and other great
technology startups

1881
01:23:47,978 --> 01:23:50,025
are working on
filtration systems

1882
01:23:50,068 --> 01:23:51,460
in our washing machines
in our homes

1883
01:23:51,504 --> 01:23:53,332
that can capture
those microfibers

1884
01:23:53,376 --> 01:23:55,073
so they don't go
into our waterways.

1885
01:23:55,117 --> 01:23:59,947
♪

1886
01:23:59,991 --> 01:24:01,558
[Rob] I'm originally
from Michigan.

1887
01:24:01,601 --> 01:24:03,125
And I can remember

1888
01:24:03,168 --> 01:24:05,910
when Michigan roads

1889
01:24:05,952 --> 01:24:07,999
were absolutely horrible

1890
01:24:08,043 --> 01:24:10,654
and the biggest piece of litter
on Michigan roads,

1891
01:24:10,697 --> 01:24:13,612
on the side of the roads
were aluminum cans,

1892
01:24:13,657 --> 01:24:15,311
and they came up
with this great idea

1893
01:24:15,353 --> 01:24:17,356
of 8-10 cent can deposit.

1894
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:19,184
So when you buy
a six pack of cans,

1895
01:24:19,228 --> 01:24:21,099
that six pack of cans

1896
01:24:21,143 --> 01:24:23,841
may be $4,
but you pay $4.60

1897
01:24:23,884 --> 01:24:26,539
because you're also paying
ten cents per can.

1898
01:24:26,583 --> 01:24:28,411
Well, when you're done
drinking those cans,

1899
01:24:28,454 --> 01:24:31,327
you take the cans back,
you get that $0.60 back.

1900
01:24:31,370 --> 01:24:33,503
And it was
an incredible motivator

1901
01:24:33,546 --> 01:24:34,721
for people not to throw

1902
01:24:34,764 --> 01:24:36,201
ten cents out the window,

1903
01:24:36,245 --> 01:24:37,942
which is essentially
what they were doing.

1904
01:24:37,985 --> 01:24:39,726
Not only that,
but now you've got folks

1905
01:24:39,770 --> 01:24:41,293
who are actually walking
the roads

1906
01:24:41,337 --> 01:24:43,643
picking up cans because,
"Hey,

1907
01:24:43,687 --> 01:24:45,906
there's dimes laying
all over out here."

1908
01:24:45,950 --> 01:24:48,561
Right, so Europe has had
a lot of good policies,

1909
01:24:48,605 --> 01:24:50,041
one of which we call

1910
01:24:50,085 --> 01:24:51,260
the extended
producer responsibility.

1911
01:24:51,303 --> 01:24:53,130
And that basically means
you'll put a fee

1912
01:24:53,175 --> 01:24:55,133
on every single
type of package.

1913
01:24:55,177 --> 01:24:57,309
But that fee goes
towards infrastructure

1914
01:24:57,353 --> 01:25:00,356
to ensure that
it is recyclable over time.

1915
01:25:00,398 --> 01:25:04,011
[man] So, you have ¢99
and then there's eight cents...

1916
01:25:04,751 --> 01:25:06,405
-[Janice] Fund
-[man] Fund on it.

1917
01:25:06,449 --> 01:25:08,799
So, you're actually paying
$1.07.

1918
01:25:08,842 --> 01:25:10,192
But if you bring it back...

1919
01:25:11,148 --> 01:25:13,543
you get seven cents times 24,

1920
01:25:13,585 --> 01:25:15,806
and put them in there,
and get that money back.

1921
01:25:15,849 --> 01:25:17,416
[Alison] We see in Europe,
Germany has done

1922
01:25:17,460 --> 01:25:19,026
a fantastic job,
the Netherlands has done

1923
01:25:19,070 --> 01:25:20,419
a fantastic job.

1924
01:25:20,463 --> 01:25:22,246
Even Japan has done
a really good job.

1925
01:25:22,291 --> 01:25:24,902
They have more reuse model
and we're also looking at that.

1926
01:25:24,945 --> 01:25:27,905
[man speaking German]

1927
01:25:31,603 --> 01:25:34,259
When you return this
in the machine.

1928
01:25:47,142 --> 01:25:50,797
[man speaking German]

1929
01:26:00,242 --> 01:26:03,288
[woman speaking German]

1930
01:26:03,332 --> 01:26:06,509
[machine beeping & whirring]

1931
01:26:12,254 --> 01:26:18,260
[man speaking German]

1932
01:26:18,303 --> 01:26:23,395
[woman and man speaking German]

1933
01:26:23,439 --> 01:26:27,050
[gong crashing
and drums pounding]

1934
01:26:27,617 --> 01:26:29,662
[Rob] In 2017, China was

1935
01:26:29,706 --> 01:26:32,621
the world's largest importer
of plastic waste.

1936
01:26:32,665 --> 01:26:34,101
In 2018,

1937
01:26:34,145 --> 01:26:36,452
China stopped taking
most plastics.

1938
01:26:36,495 --> 01:26:38,584
This left
many countries scrambling

1939
01:26:38,628 --> 01:26:40,369
on what to do with it.

1940
01:26:40,412 --> 01:26:42,849
Suddenly, the world was faced
with a problem

1941
01:26:42,893 --> 01:26:44,851
that seemed too big
to handle.

1942
01:26:44,895 --> 01:26:47,985
As a result,
the country's 2018

1943
01:26:48,028 --> 01:26:50,509
plastic import volume dropped

1944
01:26:50,553 --> 01:26:52,859
99.1%

1945
01:26:52,903 --> 01:26:54,905
compared to 2017.

1946
01:26:55,471 --> 01:26:59,083
This massive global industry
basically ended overnight.

1947
01:27:09,441 --> 01:27:12,575
That was a big change
to the recycling industry.

1948
01:27:12,618 --> 01:27:14,011
What it did was

1949
01:27:14,054 --> 01:27:17,406
all of the recycling facilities

1950
01:27:17,449 --> 01:27:21,932
that once shipped off
those less valuable materials

1951
01:27:21,975 --> 01:27:24,108
and made money on them--
and they then

1952
01:27:24,151 --> 01:27:26,589
had to say, "What am I going
to do with these?"

1953
01:27:26,632 --> 01:27:28,286
Most of them had to then say,

1954
01:27:28,330 --> 01:27:30,419
"I can't take
that material anymore."

1955
01:27:30,462 --> 01:27:32,290
[Cole] The city of Greeley,
here in Colorado,

1956
01:27:32,334 --> 01:27:33,987
closed the recycling facility,

1957
01:27:34,031 --> 01:27:35,989
and do not plan to
open another one

1958
01:27:36,032 --> 01:27:37,600
because
it's not making any money.

1959
01:27:37,643 --> 01:27:39,471
It was kind of a big deal
because up in Greeley,

1960
01:27:39,514 --> 01:27:41,821
it's, like,
northeastern Colorado.

1961
01:27:41,865 --> 01:27:44,650
So the next closest facility
is a landfill.

1962
01:27:44,693 --> 01:27:46,565
The city of Waleska
just recently put out

1963
01:27:46,609 --> 01:27:49,175
that they are no longer
doing recyclables.

1964
01:27:49,219 --> 01:27:54,269
[atmospheric music playing]

1965
01:28:11,373 --> 01:28:13,331
Well, I had the idea,
this crazy idea,

1966
01:28:13,375 --> 01:28:16,682
9th May, 2013,
really looking for a solution.

1967
01:28:16,726 --> 01:28:19,206
I went looking to see
what I could do,

1968
01:28:19,250 --> 01:28:21,165
if I could do something,
about what was unfolding

1969
01:28:21,208 --> 01:28:22,688
in the ocean.

1970
01:28:22,732 --> 01:28:25,387
How might we create
a platform for the world

1971
01:28:25,430 --> 01:28:27,432
where the world's disadvantaged,

1972
01:28:27,476 --> 01:28:29,085
the areas where 80%

1973
01:28:29,129 --> 01:28:31,480
of land-based debris
is entering the ocean?

1974
01:28:31,523 --> 01:28:33,133
It should be no surprise

1975
01:28:33,177 --> 01:28:35,353
that most of that plastic
is entering

1976
01:28:35,397 --> 01:28:37,355
from areas that don't
have solid waste management.

1977
01:28:37,398 --> 01:28:39,314
They throw it in the river,
they throw it in the canal,

1978
01:28:39,357 --> 01:28:40,706
they throw it outside,
they burn it.

1979
01:28:40,750 --> 01:28:42,534
They suffer
cardiopulmonary disease.

1980
01:28:42,577 --> 01:28:43,796
They suffer, you know,

1981
01:28:43,840 --> 01:28:45,668
clogged waterways, flooding.

1982
01:28:45,710 --> 01:28:47,191
"Okay. It's poverty, well--

1983
01:28:47,234 --> 01:28:48,714
okay, there's no
solid waste management.

1984
01:28:48,758 --> 01:28:50,281
Okay, got it.
There's no other alternative

1985
01:28:50,325 --> 01:28:52,152
than just throwing--
Oh, hold on a second.

1986
01:28:52,196 --> 01:28:53,893
What if there
was an alternative?"

1987
01:28:53,937 --> 01:28:57,157
You know, I use this, um,
a metaphor.

1988
01:28:57,201 --> 01:28:58,855
If you were to walk
over a field of diamonds...

1989
01:28:59,769 --> 01:29:02,206
and you were to see rubies,
diamonds,

1990
01:29:02,249 --> 01:29:03,947
gold sitting on the ground,
and you looked at

1991
01:29:03,990 --> 01:29:06,297
it like, "Oh, my goodness,
wealth everywhere."

1992
01:29:06,341 --> 01:29:07,777
But you wanted to pick them up

1993
01:29:07,820 --> 01:29:09,300
and simultaneously like,
"Well, hold on a second.

1994
01:29:09,344 --> 01:29:10,606
There's nowhere
that I can take

1995
01:29:10,648 --> 01:29:12,085
diamonds
or rubies or gold to,

1996
01:29:12,129 --> 01:29:14,349
There's no bank
that I can take them to,

1997
01:29:14,392 --> 01:29:16,525
there's no store
that I could spend them at.

1998
01:29:16,568 --> 01:29:18,831
No one would barter
with me for them at all.

1999
01:29:18,875 --> 01:29:22,139
There's nothing I can do
with rubies, gold, and diamonds.

2000
01:29:22,182 --> 01:29:24,097
Nothing.
Do you pick them up?

2001
01:29:24,707 --> 01:29:25,925
No, because
they're like rocks.

2002
01:29:25,969 --> 01:29:27,362
They're worthless to you."

2003
01:29:27,405 --> 01:29:29,014
And diamonds are carbon,
same as plastic.

2004
01:29:29,538 --> 01:29:31,627
Plastic Bank ultimately is
an agreed upon exchange system

2005
01:29:31,670 --> 01:29:33,324
that operates
around the world

2006
01:29:33,368 --> 01:29:37,241
where the bank accepts
plastic waste as a currency.

2007
01:29:38,198 --> 01:29:40,418
So, now when they look
below their feet,

2008
01:29:40,462 --> 01:29:41,680
they look at it and go,
"Wait.

2009
01:29:42,246 --> 01:29:43,769
That's school tuition
for my children.

2010
01:29:43,813 --> 01:29:45,423
That's the end of poverty.

2011
01:29:45,467 --> 01:29:47,860
That's clean water.
That's the end of sickness."

2012
01:29:47,904 --> 01:29:50,862
We've revealed the material
as a currency for the world.

2013
01:29:50,907 --> 01:29:52,212
That's what we've done.

2014
01:29:52,255 --> 01:29:53,996
We're operating in Haiti,

2015
01:29:54,040 --> 01:29:57,174
the Philippines,
Indonesia, Brazil, Egypt.

2016
01:29:57,740 --> 01:30:00,830
We're about to enter Thailand
and Cameroon next year,

2017
01:30:00,873 --> 01:30:03,049
Tanzania, Kenya.

2018
01:30:03,093 --> 01:30:05,138
We continue to expand globally.

2019
01:30:05,182 --> 01:30:06,575
All that material we collect,

2020
01:30:06,618 --> 01:30:08,054
we sell to great companies
in the world.

2021
01:30:08,098 --> 01:30:09,447
They want to use that
as a feedstock

2022
01:30:09,491 --> 01:30:11,144
of their manufacturing

2023
01:30:11,188 --> 01:30:13,451
so they can connect it
with a conscious consumer.

2024
01:30:13,495 --> 01:30:15,410
We sell to great companies
like SC Johnson,

2025
01:30:15,452 --> 01:30:17,412
or Henkel or Hugo Boss or...

2026
01:30:18,500 --> 01:30:19,718
Gillette,
or so many others

2027
01:30:19,762 --> 01:30:21,677
that use that material.

2028
01:30:22,504 --> 01:30:24,767
You see, we're a solution
that provides a platform

2029
01:30:24,809 --> 01:30:26,682
for every single person
in the world

2030
01:30:26,725 --> 01:30:28,423
to not even have to change.

2031
01:30:29,335 --> 01:30:32,296
They just have to shift
maybe a little bit.

2032
01:30:32,905 --> 01:30:34,690
So we're just making
it easy for the whole world

2033
01:30:34,733 --> 01:30:38,215
to participate in being
a part of the solution

2034
01:30:38,258 --> 01:30:40,304
and no longer
a part of the pollution.

2035
01:30:40,347 --> 01:30:43,263
♪

2036
01:30:55,014 --> 01:30:56,755
[Cole] The problem
that we're facing

2037
01:30:56,799 --> 01:30:59,148
is what do we do now

2038
01:30:59,192 --> 01:31:00,672
and how do we fix it?

2039
01:31:00,716 --> 01:31:04,546
Is there anything more vital

2040
01:31:04,589 --> 01:31:06,896
to address
than trying to keep

2041
01:31:06,939 --> 01:31:08,724
the Earth alive
and vibrant?

2042
01:31:08,767 --> 01:31:10,246
I don't know anything
more important.

2043
01:31:10,290 --> 01:31:11,857
I really don't.

2044
01:31:11,901 --> 01:31:13,511
[Cole] The climate crisis
is already happening.

2045
01:31:13,555 --> 01:31:16,209
It-- it's in our face right now.

2046
01:31:16,253 --> 01:31:19,430
[Bill] Are we addressing this
soon enough?

2047
01:31:19,474 --> 01:31:22,128
I know we need to address

2048
01:31:22,172 --> 01:31:24,261
the issue now.

2049
01:31:34,271 --> 01:31:38,231
[girl] Dear Mother Earth,
it has been recently brought

2050
01:31:38,275 --> 01:31:40,233
to my attention
that my parents

2051
01:31:40,277 --> 01:31:42,496
and my grandparents
and their friends

2052
01:31:42,540 --> 01:31:45,282
have not been taking
care of you very well.

2053
01:31:45,325 --> 01:31:49,112
Maybe I shouldn't blame them
because they didn't know.

2054
01:31:49,155 --> 01:31:52,245
Who could have known
that my plastic sandwich bag

2055
01:31:52,289 --> 01:31:56,946
or fruit cup container
could ruin the world?

2056
01:31:56,989 --> 01:32:00,818
I have a future ahead of me
and someday if I have children

2057
01:32:00,862 --> 01:32:04,648
of my own, they too
will be using this planet.

2058
01:32:04,693 --> 01:32:07,347
I like to make you
a promise right now.

2059
01:32:07,391 --> 01:32:09,915
I promise to keep
your land as clean

2060
01:32:09,959 --> 01:32:14,441
as possible but also tell
my friends to do the same.

2061
01:32:14,485 --> 01:32:17,662
Your Earth is a gift
and I've learned

2062
01:32:17,706 --> 01:32:20,404
that this is
the most valuable gift

2063
01:32:20,447 --> 01:32:21,840
I can ever have.

2064
01:32:25,975 --> 01:32:29,848
[Janice] So while we're working
on the solution part of it--

2065
01:32:29,892 --> 01:32:31,241
It's just so complicated.

2066
01:32:31,284 --> 01:32:32,764
There's so many
brilliant people--

2067
01:32:32,808 --> 01:32:35,027
It is complicated.
This is a wicked problem.

2068
01:32:35,071 --> 01:32:36,594
I'll tell you a story.

2069
01:32:37,116 --> 01:32:41,120
My granddaughter was born

2070
01:32:41,164 --> 01:32:42,731
two months premature.

2071
01:32:43,296 --> 01:32:45,342
She spent the first
two months of her life

2072
01:32:45,385 --> 01:32:47,562
in a neonatal
intensive care unit.

2073
01:32:48,824 --> 01:32:52,305
Plastic tubes,
plastic bags all around her.

2074
01:32:52,349 --> 01:32:54,656
Those plastics saved her life.

2075
01:32:54,699 --> 01:32:58,007
I know that.
NICUs need plastic.

2076
01:32:58,616 --> 01:33:01,880
But I also know that there are
downstream hazards

2077
01:33:01,924 --> 01:33:04,013
that are created by exposure

2078
01:33:04,056 --> 01:33:06,276
to those plastics
that we need to solve.

2079
01:33:06,318 --> 01:33:08,407
[Cole] Walking into
a store and picking up

2080
01:33:08,452 --> 01:33:11,411
a bottle of water
is convenient and easy.

2081
01:33:11,455 --> 01:33:14,327
And we don't necessarily see
the entire impact

2082
01:33:14,371 --> 01:33:16,547
of that purchase
decision either.

2083
01:33:16,591 --> 01:33:19,376
There are three key pieces
to solving this problem.

2084
01:33:19,419 --> 01:33:20,986
One is to rethink.

2085
01:33:21,030 --> 01:33:23,335
Do we actually need to use
plastic to do that?

2086
01:33:23,380 --> 01:33:25,295
Second, we've got to reform

2087
01:33:25,338 --> 01:33:28,428
the regulatory process
so that it really tells us...

2088
01:33:28,472 --> 01:33:30,126
[clicks tongue]
...what's safe and what's not.

2089
01:33:30,169 --> 01:33:32,650
But the third thing,
and for me the most hopeful,

2090
01:33:32,693 --> 01:33:34,826
is we have to
redesign plastic.

2091
01:33:34,870 --> 01:33:36,785
We can design
safer plastics.

2092
01:33:36,827 --> 01:33:38,568
I've spent a lot of
time thinking about this

2093
01:33:38,612 --> 01:33:40,876
and working on this
with colleagues, with chemists.

2094
01:33:40,919 --> 01:33:42,138
So why not?

2095
01:33:42,181 --> 01:33:43,269
It turns out, why not,

2096
01:33:43,313 --> 01:33:45,707
it's because the first step

2097
01:33:45,750 --> 01:33:47,752
is to test what you have.

2098
01:33:48,535 --> 01:33:51,538
As you design something new,
you got to test it.

2099
01:33:51,582 --> 01:33:54,106
If you don't test it,
you don't know.

2100
01:33:54,150 --> 01:33:55,541
Okay? It's that simple.

2101
01:33:57,109 --> 01:34:00,591
And testing at that stage
in the process costs more money.

2102
01:34:00,635 --> 01:34:02,985
So, if your goal
is to get a product out

2103
01:34:03,028 --> 01:34:04,856
as quickly as possible,

2104
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:06,945
you're going to be deterred
from doing the testing

2105
01:34:06,989 --> 01:34:10,427
that you need to do,
even though in the long run,

2106
01:34:10,469 --> 01:34:13,169
you're going to save money
because you wind up

2107
01:34:13,212 --> 01:34:14,648
with a safer product

2108
01:34:14,692 --> 01:34:17,260
and you can sell it
as a safer product.

2109
01:34:17,303 --> 01:34:18,957
And hopefully, the consumers

2110
01:34:19,001 --> 01:34:20,698
who want safer products
will reward you,

2111
01:34:20,742 --> 01:34:22,395
which they are now doing.

2112
01:34:22,439 --> 01:34:24,353
[Daniel]
Large global corporations

2113
01:34:24,397 --> 01:34:26,356
are publishing commitments
that they're making

2114
01:34:26,398 --> 01:34:28,619
to their environmental
performance.

2115
01:34:28,663 --> 01:34:31,100
So, you can pick up
an annual report

2116
01:34:31,143 --> 01:34:34,581
of just about
any large global brand owner

2117
01:34:34,625 --> 01:34:37,933
and they publicly say,
"These are the things

2118
01:34:37,976 --> 01:34:41,023
we're going to do,"
and they put a date on it.

2119
01:34:41,066 --> 01:34:45,723
Businesses are and need to

2120
01:34:45,767 --> 01:34:48,160
play a key role in reducing

2121
01:34:48,204 --> 01:34:50,249
our greenhouse gas emissions

2122
01:34:50,293 --> 01:34:52,904
and creating systems
within their business

2123
01:34:52,948 --> 01:34:55,254
that allows them
to be net zero,

2124
01:34:55,298 --> 01:34:57,255
or to be carbon negative.

2125
01:34:57,300 --> 01:35:00,216
And along with that,
is absolutely

2126
01:35:00,259 --> 01:35:03,132
finding ways to reduce

2127
01:35:03,175 --> 01:35:05,525
the amount of waste

2128
01:35:05,568 --> 01:35:09,268
reduce the amount of emissions
that they're creating

2129
01:35:09,312 --> 01:35:12,489
and transporting
their products to market.

2130
01:35:12,532 --> 01:35:14,839
Consumers are looking for
more sustainable options.

2131
01:35:14,883 --> 01:35:16,666
They're asking for
sustainable packaging.

2132
01:35:16,710 --> 01:35:19,888
So, Disney is removing
a lot of their plastic

2133
01:35:19,931 --> 01:35:23,456
from their packaging
so there's no clear windows

2134
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:26,111
or anything like that
on their packaging anymore.

2135
01:35:26,155 --> 01:35:28,766
Barilla, the pasta maker,
is about to remove

2136
01:35:28,809 --> 01:35:31,073
all the little plastic windows
from their cardboard boxes

2137
01:35:31,116 --> 01:35:32,465
as well, too.

2138
01:35:32,509 --> 01:35:34,641
Um, Samsung is doing
the same thing.

2139
01:35:34,684 --> 01:35:36,861
They're removing plastic
from their packaging

2140
01:35:36,905 --> 01:35:39,559
so when they send
you a new computer the insert

2141
01:35:39,603 --> 01:35:41,474
may be made
out of the gas

2142
01:35:41,518 --> 01:35:43,607
which is a byproduct
of the sugarcane industry.

2143
01:35:48,786 --> 01:35:52,572
Around 2005
it was very rare to--

2144
01:35:52,616 --> 01:35:53,835
for anyone
to have ever heard of

2145
01:35:53,878 --> 01:35:56,272
a chief sustainability officer

2146
01:35:56,315 --> 01:36:00,058
and now every major
corporation has one.

2147
01:36:00,102 --> 01:36:03,758
So, a lot of these companies
are starting to eliminate

2148
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:06,282
plastic as well which means

2149
01:36:06,325 --> 01:36:09,589
the fossil fuel industry, again,
is having that wall

2150
01:36:09,633 --> 01:36:11,287
that they're going to be
meeting.

2151
01:36:11,330 --> 01:36:14,986
[Daniel] You recognize that
there is a global effort

2152
01:36:15,030 --> 01:36:17,641
by really large,

2153
01:36:17,684 --> 01:36:20,252
global companies
that's all being driven

2154
01:36:20,296 --> 01:36:23,299
by consumers for better
environmental performance.

2155
01:36:23,342 --> 01:36:26,998
It's either adapt or die.
At this point in time.

2156
01:36:29,130 --> 01:36:32,395
[cheerful music playing]

2157
01:36:44,276 --> 01:36:46,191
There's British Petroleum

2158
01:36:46,235 --> 01:36:48,846
who really
doesn't even call themselves

2159
01:36:48,889 --> 01:36:50,239
British Petroleum anymore,

2160
01:36:50,282 --> 01:36:53,416
you know,
they changed to BP.

2161
01:36:53,459 --> 01:36:55,679
At-- at one point in time
they were saying it means

2162
01:36:55,722 --> 01:36:58,246
"Beyond Petroleum,"
and now they're moving

2163
01:36:58,290 --> 01:37:01,337
even further away
from that to talk about

2164
01:37:01,380 --> 01:37:02,904
how they're going to shift
the business

2165
01:37:02,947 --> 01:37:05,080
of their company away

2166
01:37:05,123 --> 01:37:07,952
from using
petroleum-based resources

2167
01:37:07,996 --> 01:37:11,869
to using annually renewable
resources.

2168
01:37:12,434 --> 01:37:16,047
The topic of plastics can be
confusing and debatable.

2169
01:37:16,091 --> 01:37:18,657
The solutions
to the plastic dilemma,

2170
01:37:18,702 --> 01:37:19,790
it's not easy.

2171
01:37:20,486 --> 01:37:22,445
Scientists agree
though that we can't wait

2172
01:37:22,487 --> 01:37:24,142
any longer to change.

2173
01:37:24,577 --> 01:37:27,276
We can all help, though,
by making smart choices

2174
01:37:27,318 --> 01:37:29,931
and keeping
our environment center-focused.

2175
01:37:30,496 --> 01:37:33,891
We all can, individually
and collectively,

2176
01:37:33,934 --> 01:37:38,068
make the choice today to better
our world for the future.

2177
01:37:40,680 --> 01:37:41,898
I'm gonna go get that bottle.

2178
01:37:41,943 --> 01:37:47,035
♪

2179
01:37:56,522 --> 01:37:58,263
Petroleum plastics,

2180
01:37:58,307 --> 01:38:01,005
will the technology advance
that eventually

2181
01:38:01,049 --> 01:38:02,789
bioplastics
could get us there?

2182
01:38:02,833 --> 01:38:04,530
I hope so.

2183
01:38:04,574 --> 01:38:08,925
["Freedom Mile"
by Ziv Moran playing]

2184
01:38:08,969 --> 01:38:14,236
♪ I got my bags packed,
timeline on track ♪

2185
01:38:14,279 --> 01:38:18,153
♪ My winter coat stuck
in the closet way back ♪

2186
01:38:18,196 --> 01:38:22,200
♪ I won't be needing that,
I won't be needing that ♪

2187
01:38:27,335 --> 01:38:33,646
♪ I'm ready to fly down 65,
hit the coastline ♪

2188
01:38:33,690 --> 01:38:40,305
♪ In the sunshine
I'm going to find my new high ♪

2189
01:38:40,349 --> 01:38:44,353
♪ Hit the coastline
in the sunshine ♪

2190
01:38:44,396 --> 01:38:50,054
♪ Freedom Mile

2191
01:38:51,316 --> 01:38:53,623
♪ I'm free

2192
01:38:56,582 --> 01:38:58,758
♪ Ooh, ooh, ooh

2193
01:39:00,847 --> 01:39:05,764
♪ It's only blue skies
on my horizon line ♪

2194
01:39:05,809 --> 01:39:09,769
♪ So far from the hurt
and the bad times ♪

2195
01:39:09,813 --> 01:39:15,384
♪ I'm feeling so alive,
I'm feeling so alive ♪

2196
01:39:15,427 --> 01:39:18,300
♪ Yeah, yeah

2197
01:39:18,343 --> 01:39:23,174
♪ I'm ready to fly down 65

2198
01:39:23,218 --> 01:39:27,396
♪ Hit the coastline
in the sunshine ♪

2199
01:39:27,439 --> 01:39:32,618
♪ Freedom Mile

2200
01:39:32,662 --> 01:39:35,795
The most amazing
food wrap ever developed.

2201
01:39:35,839 --> 01:39:37,580
The Bio-P film.

2202
01:39:37,623 --> 01:39:40,278
That's right.
It's a biopolymer film.

2203
01:39:40,322 --> 01:39:41,888
And it's the film
of the future.

2204
01:39:41,932 --> 01:39:45,240
It's safe for everyone.
Come get yours today.

2205
01:39:46,719 --> 01:39:48,678
[whooping and laughing]

2206
01:39:55,554 --> 01:39:58,296
[music fades]