1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:12,012 --> 00:00:14,806 WHOEVER CONTROLS THE PAST CONTROLS THE FUTURE 4 00:00:14,889 --> 00:00:17,892 WHOEVER CONTROLS THE PRESENT CONTROLS THE PAST 5 00:00:17,976 --> 00:00:19,978 GEORGE ORWELL 1984 6 00:00:38,788 --> 00:00:40,707 A NETFLIX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTARY 7 00:00:55,722 --> 00:00:56,973 THE CIA IN MEXICO 8 00:00:58,683 --> 00:00:59,976 NATIONAL SECURITY 9 00:01:00,060 --> 00:01:01,686 PRIVATE NETWORK 10 00:01:04,981 --> 00:01:06,024 Today is the day. 11 00:01:06,858 --> 00:01:10,153 Today is the last day Private Network will be published. 12 00:01:10,653 --> 00:01:14,699 In a way, this is me, the columnist Manuel Buendía, 13 00:01:14,783 --> 00:01:18,453 saying farewell to my readers. 14 00:01:19,788 --> 00:01:23,208 I'm sure that some people will be openly happy about it, 15 00:01:23,792 --> 00:01:26,544 while others will lament it a bit. 16 00:01:27,378 --> 00:01:30,548 But, being a bit contrary, as always, 17 00:01:31,132 --> 00:01:34,344 I should say neither group will be right. 18 00:01:38,014 --> 00:01:39,516 But what matters today 19 00:01:40,433 --> 00:01:46,147 is that I have a small farewell gift for all my readers, on both sides. 20 00:01:47,148 --> 00:01:51,528 The end of the story first chapter of which was published here 21 00:01:51,736 --> 00:01:55,365 on July 16th, 1963. 22 00:01:56,449 --> 00:02:00,245 When a journalist ends a phase of his professional life, 23 00:02:00,328 --> 00:02:04,207 he inevitably gives into the temptation of looking back 24 00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:05,875 and asking himself, 25 00:02:06,751 --> 00:02:09,254 "What was the most important, 26 00:02:09,879 --> 00:02:13,383 most entertaining, or most significant information I published?" 27 00:02:14,801 --> 00:02:17,345 PRIVATE NETWORK BY MANUEL BUENDÍA 28 00:02:28,690 --> 00:02:31,860 We have to be careful not to become more naive 29 00:02:31,943 --> 00:02:34,028 and more susceptible to propaganda. 30 00:02:34,112 --> 00:02:37,073 Remember, as someone once said long ago, 31 00:02:37,157 --> 00:02:40,577 "The first casualty of war is truth." 32 00:02:44,581 --> 00:02:45,915 I contend that… 33 00:02:45,999 --> 00:02:48,126 You can include this if you want. 34 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:51,254 History doesn't have owners. History belongs to no one. 35 00:02:51,337 --> 00:02:53,214 JORGE CARRILLO OLEA, SUBSECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 36 00:02:55,592 --> 00:02:58,261 All of us who write on these topics 37 00:02:58,761 --> 00:03:01,222 have to get close to those we study… 38 00:03:01,306 --> 00:03:03,099 SERGIO AGUAYO JOURNALIST 39 00:03:03,183 --> 00:03:05,268 …to understand their points of view and how they think. 40 00:03:06,144 --> 00:03:09,606 How do you maintain your individuality and keep your distance? 41 00:03:10,523 --> 00:03:12,400 I still don't know. 42 00:03:13,526 --> 00:03:16,613 One day, Manuel told me, 43 00:03:16,696 --> 00:03:19,657 "I have denounced gun traffickers. 44 00:03:19,741 --> 00:03:24,662 I have denounced the Guadalajara Tecos, 45 00:03:24,746 --> 00:03:28,917 and tyrants like Rubén Figueroa." 46 00:03:29,667 --> 00:03:32,462 "But if I take on the drug lords, I'm not just taking a risk, 47 00:03:32,545 --> 00:03:33,963 ALFONSO ZÁRATE POLITICAL ANALYST 48 00:03:34,047 --> 00:03:35,381 I'm laying down my life." 49 00:03:43,473 --> 00:03:47,644 There was a day when I realized, "There's something going on here." 50 00:03:47,727 --> 00:03:51,147 He was getting his shoes shined in front of the Bellinghausen. 51 00:03:51,231 --> 00:03:54,734 I said, "That's Manuel." And I surprised him from behind. 52 00:03:54,817 --> 00:03:57,237 "Manuel!" He jumped a mile. 53 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:00,531 "Don't scare me like that!" He was on edge. 54 00:04:03,618 --> 00:04:06,371 Manuel came and told us, 55 00:04:06,454 --> 00:04:09,290 "You won't believe the story I'm working on." 56 00:04:09,374 --> 00:04:11,000 IVÁN RESTREPO WRITER 57 00:04:11,084 --> 00:04:12,752 "It's going to blow up." 58 00:04:12,835 --> 00:04:17,048 He looked pale, and he said, "Virgilio, they're going to kill me." 59 00:04:18,424 --> 00:04:19,926 I said, "Manuel, why are you saying…?" 60 00:04:20,009 --> 00:04:21,094 VIRGILIO CABALLERO JOURNALIST 61 00:04:21,177 --> 00:04:25,056 "Look at everything that's happening. They're going to kill me." 62 00:04:29,394 --> 00:04:34,440 Look, if I were to be murdered… 63 00:04:36,150 --> 00:04:38,861 and I were able to say my famous last words, 64 00:04:39,904 --> 00:04:42,490 I would only say this, "I had it coming." 65 00:04:54,961 --> 00:04:57,588 MEXICO CITY WEDNESDAY MAY 30TH, 1984 66 00:04:57,672 --> 00:05:00,383 This afternoon, in Mexico City, journalist Manuel Buendía was murdered. 67 00:05:00,466 --> 00:05:01,843 MURDER 68 00:05:01,926 --> 00:05:04,637 The attackers fled. Police are investigating. 69 00:05:08,224 --> 00:05:11,269 There were only two witnesses, 70 00:05:11,352 --> 00:05:16,316 Rogelio Barrera, a chartered accountant who works close to the scene of the crime. 71 00:05:16,399 --> 00:05:21,154 The other witness is Buendía's coworker, Juan Manuel Bautista. 72 00:05:21,237 --> 00:05:22,405 Juan Manuel Bautista. 73 00:05:22,488 --> 00:05:24,115 -Did you work with Buendía? -Yes. 74 00:05:24,198 --> 00:05:26,492 -What did you do? -I was his assistant. 75 00:05:26,576 --> 00:05:27,994 I worked in the archive. 76 00:05:28,077 --> 00:05:30,204 Around 6:30 in the evening, I was working in the center, 77 00:05:30,288 --> 00:05:32,957 LUIS SOTO JOURNALIST 78 00:05:34,042 --> 00:05:40,465 and Juan Manuel called me, and he told me what had happened. 79 00:05:40,548 --> 00:05:43,092 We were going to the parking garage. 80 00:05:43,176 --> 00:05:46,971 He was going to his car, and I was going to make some copies. 81 00:05:47,055 --> 00:05:49,640 He asked me where I was going. 82 00:05:49,724 --> 00:05:52,060 I replied, and that's the last thing he said. 83 00:05:52,143 --> 00:05:54,062 That's when I heard the shots. 84 00:05:57,607 --> 00:05:59,609 Turned around and saw him on the ground. 85 00:05:59,692 --> 00:06:03,112 -How many shots were fired? -He was shot four times. 86 00:06:03,196 --> 00:06:06,616 Do you know how long he was alive after being shot? 87 00:06:06,699 --> 00:06:09,702 -Or did he die instantly? -I believe it was instant. 88 00:06:09,786 --> 00:06:15,333 I saw two people trying to run away. 89 00:06:15,416 --> 00:06:18,878 They ran to the corner of Liverpool Street and then turned left. 90 00:06:19,504 --> 00:06:22,673 I saw a young man trying to help him. 91 00:06:22,757 --> 00:06:24,801 Apparently, it was his assistant. 92 00:06:24,884 --> 00:06:30,223 He tried to follow the shooters. 93 00:06:30,306 --> 00:06:32,850 I saw one of them, and he tried to shoot me, 94 00:06:32,934 --> 00:06:34,268 but I moved aside. 95 00:06:34,352 --> 00:06:37,313 He bumped into someone while running away. 96 00:06:37,397 --> 00:06:39,232 I chased him, but lost sight of him. 97 00:06:39,315 --> 00:06:42,026 I came back to check on Buendía and make calls. 98 00:06:42,110 --> 00:06:45,947 He was obviously very upset, very anxious. 99 00:06:46,030 --> 00:06:48,324 He called me right away. 100 00:06:48,408 --> 00:06:52,703 I told him to go to the office and get me a number of a certain person, 101 00:06:52,787 --> 00:06:56,416 so I could get him to the scene. He was a friend of Buendía's. 102 00:06:57,375 --> 00:07:00,044 Because I wasn't officially mandated to do so before. 103 00:07:00,128 --> 00:07:01,337 Zorrilla called me. 104 00:07:01,421 --> 00:07:03,756 JOSÉ ANTONIO ZORRILLA DIRECTOR OF FEDERAL SECURITY, 1982–1985 105 00:07:03,840 --> 00:07:05,842 And he said in that particular way of his, 106 00:07:05,925 --> 00:07:08,594 "Sir, did you know that Buendía was killed?" 107 00:07:10,221 --> 00:07:11,389 His exact words. 108 00:07:12,181 --> 00:07:16,310 "No, Antonio, you just told me. How else would I know?" I already knew. 109 00:07:16,394 --> 00:07:18,062 Since I got there very quickly… 110 00:07:18,146 --> 00:07:19,522 RAYMUNDO RIVA PALACIO JOURNALIST 111 00:07:19,605 --> 00:07:24,110 …the bus that had stopped was still there. The people were still there. 112 00:07:25,820 --> 00:07:30,116 I knew Juan Manuel Bautista and Luis Soto. 113 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:33,286 I started to ask questions. 114 00:07:33,953 --> 00:07:37,081 The bus driver 115 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:40,877 said he had seen two people. 116 00:07:41,711 --> 00:07:46,507 And another person, a tall thin man who was the shooter. 117 00:07:52,096 --> 00:07:54,182 I ran from Varsovia Street… 118 00:07:54,265 --> 00:07:55,183 FÉLIX FUENTES JOURNALIST 119 00:07:55,266 --> 00:07:56,851 …to Insurgentes Avenue. 120 00:07:58,394 --> 00:08:04,609 When I saw him there, lying on the sidewalk in his trench coat… 121 00:08:06,152 --> 00:08:07,361 Just imagine! 122 00:08:07,945 --> 00:08:10,239 I owe him everything 123 00:08:11,032 --> 00:08:14,452 in terms of my development and work as a reporter. 124 00:08:20,082 --> 00:08:23,169 I was five blocks away, eating at a restaurant. 125 00:08:23,252 --> 00:08:24,712 JOSÉ REVELES JOURNALIST 126 00:08:24,795 --> 00:08:26,923 When we found out, we left our food there, 127 00:08:27,006 --> 00:08:29,800 and we walked over to the scene. 128 00:08:30,301 --> 00:08:33,554 There were reporters already on-site. 129 00:08:33,638 --> 00:08:38,643 We reported the story because we were a news agency. 130 00:08:38,726 --> 00:08:43,397 MANUEL BUENDÍA SHOT FOUR TIMES IN THE BACK 131 00:08:49,904 --> 00:08:52,073 MURDER 132 00:08:54,116 --> 00:08:55,701 KILLED BY TWO UNKNOWN GUNMEN 133 00:08:57,662 --> 00:09:01,791 This morning-- I think it was today. I don't know what time it is. 134 00:09:01,874 --> 00:09:02,959 I spoke with him. 135 00:09:03,042 --> 00:09:05,920 He was calm and joking around with me, as usual. 136 00:09:06,546 --> 00:09:08,130 I expected him home early. 137 00:09:09,298 --> 00:09:11,926 I was the one who went to get him. 138 00:09:12,009 --> 00:09:13,761 That's all I have to say. 139 00:09:24,647 --> 00:09:28,442 MIGUEL DE LA MADRID PRESIDENT OF MEXICO, 1982–1988 140 00:09:31,654 --> 00:09:34,448 He was next to her. Very close to her. 141 00:09:34,532 --> 00:09:38,202 MARÍA DOLORES ÁBALOS MANUEL BUENDÍA'S WIDOW 142 00:09:38,286 --> 00:09:41,080 The truth is, that greeting seemed enormously hypocritical 143 00:09:42,498 --> 00:09:45,585 because, of course, Manuel was a victim of power. 144 00:09:47,044 --> 00:09:53,467 Some of those who attended the funeral had been criticized by Buendía. 145 00:09:53,551 --> 00:09:56,095 At times, the criticism was very scathing. 146 00:09:56,637 --> 00:09:58,848 I said to myself, 147 00:09:58,931 --> 00:10:02,351 "They've come to make sure he's really dead." 148 00:10:04,353 --> 00:10:06,397 I strongly condemn what happened. 149 00:10:07,607 --> 00:10:09,400 Violence leads to nothing. 150 00:10:09,483 --> 00:10:12,945 JOURNALIST MURDERED 151 00:10:13,029 --> 00:10:17,658 JOURNALISM MOURNS 152 00:10:23,706 --> 00:10:26,959 I met him almost 40 years ago on Bucareli Street. 153 00:10:28,085 --> 00:10:29,962 He was a crime reporter then. 154 00:10:30,046 --> 00:10:32,214 Later, he covered the presidential affairs. 155 00:10:32,298 --> 00:10:35,134 We traveled the world together. 156 00:10:35,217 --> 00:10:38,387 On many occasions, we shared the same typewriter. 157 00:10:42,141 --> 00:10:45,895 It affected the whole world of journalism. 158 00:10:46,937 --> 00:10:49,940 There was a lot of anger 159 00:10:50,024 --> 00:10:52,902 but also a lot of fear among journalists. 160 00:10:53,569 --> 00:10:59,283 We said, "So many people read his work." 161 00:11:00,326 --> 00:11:04,705 "If they can kill him, what will they do to us?" 162 00:11:13,422 --> 00:11:15,883 Allow me to stop here 163 00:11:15,966 --> 00:11:19,637 and hand things over to our presenter, Manuel Buendía, 164 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,517 winner of the National Journalism Award in 1977 and 1978, 165 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:26,519 with "What's Said Is Said." 166 00:11:31,190 --> 00:11:33,609 Last Thursday… 167 00:11:36,070 --> 00:11:38,906 in my column, which is published in 168 00:11:40,241 --> 00:11:43,119 30-some newspapers… 169 00:11:47,039 --> 00:11:52,753 We all know that the CIA is an espionage and subversion agency. 170 00:11:53,587 --> 00:11:56,882 It's an instrument of North American imperialism 171 00:11:57,675 --> 00:12:00,761 to accompany us during hard times 172 00:12:00,845 --> 00:12:03,973 and to make them even worse. So… 173 00:12:04,849 --> 00:12:07,101 read my column tomorrow, if you like. 174 00:12:07,685 --> 00:12:10,312 This was "What's Said Is Said." 175 00:12:10,938 --> 00:12:16,152 You'd always hear his readers asking, "Did you read Buendía's column yet?" 176 00:12:17,194 --> 00:12:19,697 He didn't repeat himself or make things up. 177 00:12:20,489 --> 00:12:21,365 He didn't lie. 178 00:12:22,199 --> 00:12:25,870 This gave weight to the information he provided. 179 00:12:28,831 --> 00:12:31,625 CLUELESS 180 00:12:31,709 --> 00:12:35,588 He was a surly-looking guy. 181 00:12:36,380 --> 00:12:39,300 You could even say he looked like a bodyguard. 182 00:12:39,383 --> 00:12:43,387 If you saw him, you'd think he worked for a security agency. 183 00:12:46,515 --> 00:12:49,643 He always carried a gun, either in his belt 184 00:12:49,727 --> 00:12:51,645 or once he showed me 185 00:12:51,729 --> 00:12:54,690 what looked like a thick book, 186 00:12:54,774 --> 00:12:57,359 with a gun under the cover. 187 00:12:59,904 --> 00:13:01,489 He rarely smiled. 188 00:13:02,072 --> 00:13:03,324 He was never flashy. 189 00:13:04,074 --> 00:13:08,704 He was always aware of his surroundings 190 00:13:08,788 --> 00:13:12,875 and of who was there, even if it didn't seem like it. 191 00:13:15,211 --> 00:13:16,796 The first time I saw him, 192 00:13:16,879 --> 00:13:20,257 I said, "Wow, who is that grumpy man?" 193 00:13:21,592 --> 00:13:24,178 I remember that he went after politicians a lot. 194 00:13:24,261 --> 00:13:25,763 ELENA PONIATOWSKA WRITER 195 00:13:25,846 --> 00:13:29,225 He often reported on corruption. 196 00:13:29,308 --> 00:13:33,938 He knew a lot because he knew the police from the inside. 197 00:13:37,066 --> 00:13:39,985 He was a cheerful man, despite his somber face, 198 00:13:40,069 --> 00:13:44,156 with his dark glasses and his mustache. 199 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:47,952 He didn't look friendly, but he was very cheerful and nice. 200 00:13:48,035 --> 00:13:49,912 A great conversationalist. 201 00:13:50,830 --> 00:13:53,541 We had a great time talking about silly things. 202 00:13:53,624 --> 00:13:55,960 He'd grill me about certain issues. 203 00:13:56,043 --> 00:13:59,296 He was a journalist, after all. And I'd let him. 204 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:01,590 Aren't you satisfied? 205 00:14:01,674 --> 00:14:03,175 I've told you that I was. 206 00:14:03,259 --> 00:14:07,638 I'm very happy with the way you've run the newspaper these past years. 207 00:14:07,721 --> 00:14:11,141 I have to admit, you increased circulation by 80%, 208 00:14:11,225 --> 00:14:13,978 you made the society pages more prominent, 209 00:14:14,061 --> 00:14:18,107 and you made the comic section very funny for kids. 210 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:19,441 But that's not enough. 211 00:14:19,525 --> 00:14:23,028 You have to admit this paper isn't the same as before. 212 00:14:23,112 --> 00:14:24,822 -What do you mean? -Simple. 213 00:14:24,905 --> 00:14:27,658 Our reporters get their news from official sources. 214 00:14:27,741 --> 00:14:31,912 We get bulletins that are also published in other papers. 215 00:14:31,996 --> 00:14:33,455 This can't go on! 216 00:14:55,477 --> 00:14:57,980 It was a different Mexico, a different context. 217 00:14:58,063 --> 00:14:59,732 It was a closed system. 218 00:15:02,318 --> 00:15:06,822 You had to learn how to filter information through, 219 00:15:06,906 --> 00:15:09,909 so that it wouldn't be self-censored. 220 00:15:09,992 --> 00:15:13,370 At that time, we didn't really have censorship, 221 00:15:13,454 --> 00:15:16,165 but there was a lot of self-censorship. 222 00:15:23,047 --> 00:15:27,051 We didn't have censorship like in other countries, 223 00:15:27,134 --> 00:15:30,471 where the authorities would read things before they were published. 224 00:15:30,554 --> 00:15:34,516 But there was a strong link between the press and power. 225 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:36,602 And a lot of money was involved. 226 00:15:36,685 --> 00:15:39,104 It was a mix of censorship 227 00:15:39,188 --> 00:15:45,152 and a strategic alliance between the newspapers and the government. 228 00:15:45,235 --> 00:15:49,114 It was a time when the press and the government were very close. 229 00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:57,831 Among the political tools 230 00:15:57,915 --> 00:15:59,750 the government has historically used 231 00:15:59,833 --> 00:16:02,336 CARMEN ARISTEGUI JOURNALIST 232 00:16:02,419 --> 00:16:06,048 to influence the press in Mexico was their control over the paper supply. 233 00:16:06,131 --> 00:16:09,176 In the past, we controlled the press through PIPSA. 234 00:16:09,259 --> 00:16:11,011 MIGUEL ALDANA DIRECTOR OF INTERPOL MEXICO 235 00:16:11,929 --> 00:16:14,056 PIPSA PRODUCER AND IMPORTER OF PAPER 236 00:16:14,139 --> 00:16:17,643 PIPSA produced newsprint. 237 00:16:17,726 --> 00:16:20,938 They had a monopoly on the production of newsprint. 238 00:16:21,021 --> 00:16:25,067 And the government used it as a means of manipulating 239 00:16:25,150 --> 00:16:30,823 editors and journalists in print media. 240 00:16:30,906 --> 00:16:34,618 They sold it to the newspapers and magazines 241 00:16:34,702 --> 00:16:38,706 at a subsidized rate in the form of bills they didn't collect. 242 00:16:38,789 --> 00:16:43,210 So, the press would accumulate outstanding bills. 243 00:16:43,293 --> 00:16:45,129 If they stepped out of line, 244 00:16:45,212 --> 00:16:49,091 there was a chance the government would collect on that debt, 245 00:16:49,174 --> 00:16:52,052 which was a form of leverage. 246 00:16:54,304 --> 00:16:59,018 Journalism was completely in the hands of the government. 247 00:16:59,101 --> 00:17:03,147 The columnists were controlled by the president 248 00:17:03,230 --> 00:17:04,481 through money, 249 00:17:04,565 --> 00:17:10,029 handouts, houses, cars, taxi permits. 250 00:17:10,112 --> 00:17:12,948 Allied writers and editors 251 00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:15,701 would receive something known as "chayote." 252 00:17:17,494 --> 00:17:20,998 Which were envelopes filled with cash. 253 00:17:21,582 --> 00:17:24,710 According to my journalist colleagues… 254 00:17:24,793 --> 00:17:26,462 …chayote is a fruit 255 00:17:27,504 --> 00:17:31,383 that is very sweet in the center, 256 00:17:31,967 --> 00:17:35,137 but if you touch it, it'll prick you. 257 00:17:39,516 --> 00:17:41,602 FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ PARRA DIRECTOR OF OVACIONES NEWSPAPER 258 00:17:41,685 --> 00:17:43,812 The biggest newspapers in Mexico, economically speaking, 259 00:17:43,896 --> 00:17:46,231 always supported PRI candidates more. 260 00:17:46,899 --> 00:17:51,320 Excélsior was the most important paper, from a political point of view. 261 00:17:52,780 --> 00:17:56,325 But La Prensa was one of the popular tabloids 262 00:17:56,408 --> 00:17:58,243 that always sold well. 263 00:18:01,288 --> 00:18:03,874 Before becoming a journalist, Buendía went to a seminary, 264 00:18:03,957 --> 00:18:05,542 a very conservative one. 265 00:18:05,626 --> 00:18:10,255 When he finally left the seminary, because he didn't want to be a priest, 266 00:18:10,339 --> 00:18:13,801 he went to work for the PAN's newspaper, 267 00:18:14,593 --> 00:18:15,677 La Nación. 268 00:18:16,178 --> 00:18:19,807 He was a Catholic man, 269 00:18:20,474 --> 00:18:21,767 fairly conservative, 270 00:18:22,267 --> 00:18:24,812 but he was the type of person who can evolve. 271 00:18:25,646 --> 00:18:27,689 His way of thinking 272 00:18:28,649 --> 00:18:32,820 became more progressive. 273 00:18:35,781 --> 00:18:39,368 Somehow, while working for the PAN, 274 00:18:39,451 --> 00:18:42,204 he became connected with La Prensa. 275 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:47,209 MANUEL BUENDÍA TELLEZGIRON EDITOR 276 00:18:47,292 --> 00:18:51,547 His first article was a bit embarrassing, but I'll tell you about it. 277 00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:54,091 The story that started Manuel's career as editor 278 00:18:54,174 --> 00:18:55,300 JEWISH BLOOD WAS ALREADY SHED 279 00:18:55,384 --> 00:18:57,469 was about some swastikas 280 00:18:57,553 --> 00:18:59,179 that were spray-painted on some synagogues. 281 00:18:59,263 --> 00:19:00,097 SWASTIKAS IN MEXICO! 282 00:19:00,180 --> 00:19:01,765 That was his main story. 283 00:19:02,432 --> 00:19:03,851 HITLER REAWAKENS! 284 00:19:03,934 --> 00:19:06,353 LA PRENSA THE PAPER THAT REPORTS WHAT OTHERS DON'T 285 00:19:06,436 --> 00:19:10,357 It was a newspaper that mostly focused on crime. 286 00:19:11,525 --> 00:19:14,570 Manuel gave the newspaper 287 00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:18,448 a twist, a radical transformation. 288 00:19:18,532 --> 00:19:21,076 He got rid of the sensationalism 289 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:24,746 and made it a fundamentally informative paper 290 00:19:24,830 --> 00:19:26,623 with a political edge. 291 00:19:26,707 --> 00:19:32,212 He said, "When your stories 292 00:19:32,296 --> 00:19:34,131 are read by the audience, 293 00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:36,967 they should read them with pleasure, 294 00:19:37,467 --> 00:19:39,261 without wanting to vomit." 295 00:19:46,310 --> 00:19:50,522 A lot of us like crime stories. 296 00:19:52,316 --> 00:19:57,196 It's an art of patience, an art… of the hunt. 297 00:19:57,696 --> 00:20:00,282 There are various techniques a hunter can use. 298 00:20:00,365 --> 00:20:03,535 One of them is to go in search of the prey. 299 00:20:07,039 --> 00:20:10,375 Another is to go to a place where the prey might come to. 300 00:20:11,668 --> 00:20:15,380 Stay motionless, still as a statue. 301 00:20:17,716 --> 00:20:19,718 Finally, the animal appears. 302 00:20:20,219 --> 00:20:25,724 Standing or sitting, you've got your finger on the trigger. 303 00:20:27,392 --> 00:20:30,479 You'll only have a moment to take aim and shoot. 304 00:20:35,192 --> 00:20:38,195 I think there's a little cop in all of us. 305 00:20:40,322 --> 00:20:43,200 We had a press pass. 306 00:20:44,368 --> 00:20:46,036 They had a police badge. 307 00:20:46,119 --> 00:20:53,043 They gave some of us crime reporters a police badge. 308 00:20:53,543 --> 00:20:54,795 What was it for? 309 00:20:54,878 --> 00:20:58,382 If there was a homicide, I could show up and say I was an agent. 310 00:20:58,882 --> 00:21:01,593 If I said I was a reporter, they wouldn't let me in. 311 00:21:01,677 --> 00:21:05,639 But as an agent, I could go in and start gathering information. 312 00:21:05,722 --> 00:21:07,349 That's why we needed it. 313 00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:11,228 But that doesn't mean we were cops. 314 00:21:11,311 --> 00:21:14,731 FEDERAL SECURITY DIRECTORATE DOCUMENTARY 315 00:21:14,815 --> 00:21:17,025 Mexico City is growing fast, 316 00:21:17,693 --> 00:21:21,738 as if it were trying to recover from the past 80 years of stagnation. 317 00:21:22,656 --> 00:21:26,326 Large buildings are being erected, which will make it a modern city. 318 00:21:26,410 --> 00:21:29,955 One of those is that of the Federal Security Directorate. 319 00:21:30,038 --> 00:21:32,082 In the '40s, 320 00:21:32,582 --> 00:21:37,713 as a result of the Cold War, 321 00:21:38,213 --> 00:21:41,008 in Mexico, the Federal Security Directorate 322 00:21:41,091 --> 00:21:45,220 and the Directorate of Political and Social Investigations were created. 323 00:21:49,099 --> 00:21:51,810 Agility is needed for this test. 324 00:21:52,894 --> 00:21:56,023 A member of the group jumps over eight of his classmates 325 00:21:56,815 --> 00:21:58,734 and follows with a somersault, 326 00:21:59,234 --> 00:22:02,863 demonstrating his agility. 327 00:22:05,324 --> 00:22:08,910 Miguel Alemán created the Federal Security Directorate, 328 00:22:09,536 --> 00:22:11,663 modeling it after the FBI 329 00:22:11,747 --> 00:22:16,543 because Alemán was interested in domestic enemies. 330 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:20,922 It was heroic, so to speak. 331 00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:23,467 JUAN RAFAEL MORO ÁVILA AGENT OF THE FEDERAL SECURITY DIRECTORATE 332 00:22:23,550 --> 00:22:25,844 They chose the best police force for federal investigations. 333 00:22:25,927 --> 00:22:30,932 So much so, it was considered one of the best police forces in the world. 334 00:22:32,934 --> 00:22:37,314 The commander pulled me aside and said, "I'll give you a group of men." 335 00:22:37,397 --> 00:22:41,735 "I want you to train them to ride motorcycles 336 00:22:41,818 --> 00:22:45,989 because I want a group of riders who can take trained agents with them 337 00:22:46,073 --> 00:22:48,116 so that we can go anywhere." 338 00:22:48,909 --> 00:22:50,827 I said, "That'll be hard to do." 339 00:22:50,911 --> 00:22:54,748 It was a difficult task. I said, "Why don't we try something different?" 340 00:22:54,831 --> 00:22:58,168 "I'll speak to my buddies whom I ride with." 341 00:22:58,251 --> 00:23:00,796 "They're already riders, motorcycle racers." 342 00:23:00,879 --> 00:23:04,216 "We can hire them, and they can help us out." 343 00:23:06,259 --> 00:23:08,804 And that's how that famous group was formed. 344 00:23:08,887 --> 00:23:12,140 They'd say, "Here come the wasps!" That's what we sounded like. 345 00:23:12,224 --> 00:23:15,185 Tons of bikes, running straight pipes. 346 00:23:15,268 --> 00:23:17,145 Just imagine! Real racers. 347 00:23:19,481 --> 00:23:20,732 Did you learn something? 348 00:23:21,233 --> 00:23:25,070 Practice, and one day, you will be able to do it like these guys. 349 00:23:28,573 --> 00:23:30,075 An interesting anecdote. 350 00:23:30,158 --> 00:23:34,204 In the United States, FBI agents were called G-men. 351 00:23:34,287 --> 00:23:39,084 The Federal Security agents called themselves "Giménez" 352 00:23:40,043 --> 00:23:44,256 trying to copy their idols from the United States. 353 00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:50,595 They were very good at gathering raw information. 354 00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:52,681 But they weren't analysts. 355 00:23:55,142 --> 00:23:57,978 The Federal Security Directorate did everything 356 00:23:58,603 --> 00:24:02,774 an intelligence bureau had to do to know everything about everyone. 357 00:24:03,233 --> 00:24:07,028 That includes… journalists. 358 00:24:07,112 --> 00:24:10,991 We had to have information. We knew who was who. 359 00:24:11,074 --> 00:24:12,451 So, what happened? 360 00:24:12,534 --> 00:24:15,495 We knew everything about the journalists. 361 00:24:32,721 --> 00:24:36,850 I've always thought that there is an unbreakable bond 362 00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:38,101 between society and the press. 363 00:24:38,185 --> 00:24:39,936 LUIS ECHEVERRÍA PRESIDENT OF MEXICO, 1970–1976 364 00:24:40,020 --> 00:24:41,980 The interplay between the press and power, 365 00:24:42,063 --> 00:24:45,192 revolution, opposition, has always been strong. 366 00:24:46,902 --> 00:24:50,071 The press also had to make some progress. 367 00:24:50,155 --> 00:24:52,657 That was Luis Echeverría's signature approach 368 00:24:52,741 --> 00:24:54,993 since he ran for president, 369 00:24:56,161 --> 00:25:00,624 presenting himself in a way that wasn't authentic. 370 00:25:00,707 --> 00:25:05,504 I think he was a born oppressor. A very evil person. 371 00:25:06,338 --> 00:25:08,423 Easily influenced young people! 372 00:25:08,507 --> 00:25:12,302 We will oppose them, wherever they come from. 373 00:25:12,385 --> 00:25:14,846 Whether it's the bureaucracy, 374 00:25:14,930 --> 00:25:17,724 or the corporations, 375 00:25:18,225 --> 00:25:21,478 or the nefarious agencies 376 00:25:21,561 --> 00:25:23,522 controlled from abroad. 377 00:25:25,982 --> 00:25:27,776 Alfonso Martínez Domínguez 378 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:31,029 was appointed to the municipal government 379 00:25:31,112 --> 00:25:32,531 by Echeverría. 380 00:25:33,365 --> 00:25:35,825 He appointed him mayor of Mexico City. 381 00:25:35,909 --> 00:25:42,332 So, Alfonso looked for someone with journalistic credentials 382 00:25:42,999 --> 00:25:44,459 to be his press officer. 383 00:25:45,001 --> 00:25:46,336 He thought of Buendía 384 00:25:46,419 --> 00:25:50,006 to work for the municipal government in communications. 385 00:25:52,634 --> 00:25:54,344 PRESS OFFICE AND PUBLIC RELATIONS MEXICO CITY 386 00:25:54,427 --> 00:25:55,929 It was Corpus Christi Thursday 387 00:25:56,012 --> 00:25:57,847 and Manuel Buendía's name day. 388 00:25:58,598 --> 00:26:05,146 All of the reporters that covered the city decided to host a dinner for him. 389 00:26:07,232 --> 00:26:12,112 All of a sudden, Buendía said, "I have to go." 390 00:26:13,071 --> 00:26:16,491 "There's something going on, and I think it's serious." 391 00:26:16,575 --> 00:26:21,788 Freedom! Mexico! 392 00:26:21,871 --> 00:26:24,916 Echeverría was determined to prevent the students 393 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,210 from protesting in the streets again. 394 00:26:27,294 --> 00:26:29,629 They hadn't taken to the streets since 1968. 395 00:26:30,171 --> 00:26:31,464 FORCES OPPOSING MEXICO'S PROGRESS 396 00:26:31,548 --> 00:26:32,799 Few people remember that Buendía 397 00:26:32,882 --> 00:26:34,551 STRANGE INFLUENCES WANT TO TRICK OUR YOUTH 398 00:26:34,634 --> 00:26:39,431 happened to be on the wrong side of the Corpus Christi Massacre, 399 00:26:40,056 --> 00:26:43,476 but he wasn't a promoter of the official version either. 400 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:44,644 WHO ARE THE HALCONES? 401 00:26:44,728 --> 00:26:47,105 FORMAL COMPLAINT BY PHOTOGRAPHERS AND REPORTERS 402 00:26:47,188 --> 00:26:50,317 The Halcones were created and trained, 403 00:26:51,026 --> 00:26:54,404 with their top brass in Japan. 404 00:26:54,487 --> 00:26:56,489 CUENCA DÍAZ SAYS THE HALCONES AREN'T PART OF THE ARMY 405 00:26:56,573 --> 00:26:58,033 I don't know who had the bright idea… 406 00:26:58,116 --> 00:27:00,327 MARTÍNEZ DOMINGUEZ AFFIRMS THAT THE "HALCONES" DON'T EXIST 407 00:27:00,410 --> 00:27:05,665 …to use them against the youth protest. 408 00:27:05,749 --> 00:27:07,417 THE EVENTS UNRAVELED LIKE THIS: 409 00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:10,837 SCENE OF THE EVENT RIOT CONTROL TANKS 410 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:14,174 LINE OF PROTESTERS 411 00:27:14,257 --> 00:27:16,259 RIOT POLICE 412 00:27:16,343 --> 00:27:18,345 OPPOSING GROUPS 413 00:27:39,324 --> 00:27:42,494 WE WILL NOT ALLOW DISORDERLY CONDUCT 414 00:27:42,577 --> 00:27:45,789 NOBODY IN UNIFORM PARTICIPATED IN THE CLASH 415 00:27:45,872 --> 00:27:48,291 THE MAYOR CAN'T FOOL US IT WAS AN OFFICIAL MASSACRE 416 00:27:48,375 --> 00:27:53,588 Buendía had to manage the information on this issue. 417 00:27:54,714 --> 00:28:00,220 Out of respect for his boss, and because of the official role he had. 418 00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:06,810 But it was obviously a setup in Echeverría's signature style, 419 00:28:06,893 --> 00:28:10,313 where he said one thing but did another. 420 00:28:14,651 --> 00:28:18,196 THOSE RESPONSIBLE WILL BE PUNISHED 421 00:28:18,279 --> 00:28:19,280 WE WILL MOVE FORWARD! - LE 422 00:28:19,364 --> 00:28:21,825 Manuel Buendía said to me, "Look." 423 00:28:22,867 --> 00:28:25,245 "From what I can see, this is over." 424 00:28:25,954 --> 00:28:27,914 "But the president 425 00:28:28,665 --> 00:28:35,588 is asking my boss, Alfonso, to hold a huge demonstration in the Zócalo 426 00:28:36,089 --> 00:28:40,593 to support him and smooth things over after what happened with the Halcones." 427 00:28:45,056 --> 00:28:46,433 There was a crowd. 428 00:28:46,516 --> 00:28:48,560 He packed the Zócalo. 429 00:28:48,643 --> 00:28:53,022 Echeverría was gloating in the National Palace. 430 00:29:16,254 --> 00:29:18,089 When the event was over, 431 00:29:19,299 --> 00:29:20,925 he said, "Alfonso, 432 00:29:21,926 --> 00:29:26,514 I'm really grateful for the demonstration you organized, 433 00:29:26,598 --> 00:29:28,641 and I'm going to ask for a favor." 434 00:29:29,184 --> 00:29:33,646 "Please tell your wife and your children 435 00:29:34,272 --> 00:29:38,359 that, moving forward, you will devote yourself to them… 436 00:29:38,943 --> 00:29:39,986 NEW MAYOR 437 00:29:40,069 --> 00:29:43,865 …because you've already given me all the help I need." 438 00:29:44,407 --> 00:29:46,117 That's how he fired him. 439 00:29:46,201 --> 00:29:48,912 THERE WILL BE NO SETBACKS IN MEXICO'S PROGRESS 440 00:29:58,129 --> 00:29:59,088 Look, 441 00:30:00,131 --> 00:30:02,592 journalism is definitely a form of power. 442 00:30:03,843 --> 00:30:07,305 It's real. You exercise power through the press. 443 00:30:08,932 --> 00:30:11,684 We have influence over society. 444 00:30:12,852 --> 00:30:14,562 We have authority. 445 00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:18,441 Like many others before me, I ask myself, 446 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:22,654 "Who the hell gave us that power?" 447 00:30:23,780 --> 00:30:25,448 "Did we take it by force?" 448 00:30:26,282 --> 00:30:27,659 "Did we inherit it?" 449 00:30:30,453 --> 00:30:36,376 The change in Manuel Buendía after being a civil servant for a while, 450 00:30:36,459 --> 00:30:37,836 when civil servants… 451 00:30:39,671 --> 00:30:43,591 That time was completely erased. You didn't mention it. 452 00:30:43,675 --> 00:30:47,846 And it didn't matter because Manuel had already taken on his role 453 00:30:47,929 --> 00:30:53,852 as one of the most avid critics of the Mexican political system. 454 00:30:59,107 --> 00:31:00,066 PRIVATE NETWORK 455 00:31:00,149 --> 00:31:02,610 "Contamination and Tyranny." 456 00:31:02,694 --> 00:31:08,533 Excélsior. October 11th, 1979, by Manuel Buendía. 457 00:31:11,578 --> 00:31:15,456 The Acapulco Bay is as contaminated with human waste… 458 00:31:16,165 --> 00:31:19,043 as the Guerrero government is with tyranny. 459 00:31:23,673 --> 00:31:25,800 A chemical analysis of water samples 460 00:31:25,884 --> 00:31:29,262 shows that eight locations on the Acapulco Bay 461 00:31:29,345 --> 00:31:34,475 have water contaminated with bacteria that is usually found 462 00:31:34,559 --> 00:31:36,853 in human feces. 463 00:31:38,229 --> 00:31:43,067 A political analysis showed that the state police chief 464 00:31:43,151 --> 00:31:46,446 has ties with notorious criminals. 465 00:31:47,780 --> 00:31:50,158 As a result of those two short reports, 466 00:31:50,241 --> 00:31:56,205 this columnist faced a frightful avalanche of insults, 467 00:31:56,289 --> 00:31:58,875 provocations, and threats. 468 00:31:58,958 --> 00:32:01,961 THE YEAR 1981 469 00:32:02,045 --> 00:32:04,672 A TRIP TO MEXICO 470 00:32:04,756 --> 00:32:07,467 BROADCAST #1 MR. GOVERNOR! 471 00:32:07,550 --> 00:32:12,639 He told me about the difficult time he had 472 00:32:14,349 --> 00:32:18,186 when Rubén Figueroa threatened his life. 473 00:32:18,269 --> 00:32:21,564 Manuel said that when he would pull up to his home, 474 00:32:21,648 --> 00:32:23,274 he'd put on his high beams, 475 00:32:23,358 --> 00:32:27,654 and he would slowly illuminate the surroundings 476 00:32:28,363 --> 00:32:31,157 to see if anyone was hiding there. 477 00:32:31,240 --> 00:32:35,870 He said that he learned to open the door with his left hand, 478 00:32:35,954 --> 00:32:38,915 while he had his right hand on his gun. 479 00:32:38,998 --> 00:32:43,586 Rubén Figueroa Figueroa was a shady figure in Mexican politics. 480 00:32:44,504 --> 00:32:47,048 He was one of those people 481 00:32:48,049 --> 00:32:49,550 who go down in history 482 00:32:49,634 --> 00:32:53,846 because of the freakish stories about them, 483 00:32:53,930 --> 00:32:56,432 rather than for their political achievements. 484 00:32:57,642 --> 00:33:02,438 When they ask questions that I don't like, 485 00:33:03,064 --> 00:33:05,274 well, when that happens, I… 486 00:33:06,025 --> 00:33:07,944 shoot them in the eye without touching an eyelash. 487 00:33:08,027 --> 00:33:09,779 RUBÉN FIGUEROA GOVERNOR OF GUERRERO, 1975–1981 488 00:33:09,862 --> 00:33:15,910 I distinctly remember his habit 489 00:33:15,994 --> 00:33:20,373 of holding meetings, giving orders, and doing everything 490 00:33:20,456 --> 00:33:23,209 from a swimming pool in his swimming trunks. 491 00:33:25,211 --> 00:33:26,754 Yes, Mr. President? 492 00:33:27,839 --> 00:33:29,424 A school collapsed? 493 00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:31,426 Three dead? 494 00:33:32,218 --> 00:33:34,679 Poor children… We're very sorry. 495 00:33:34,762 --> 00:33:36,597 What was the cause? 496 00:33:37,890 --> 00:33:40,977 It was very old? What town is it in? 497 00:33:42,478 --> 00:33:44,689 Tenancingo, in the municipality of Tlalchapa. 498 00:33:44,772 --> 00:33:46,107 Write it down, please. 499 00:33:47,275 --> 00:33:51,029 Also, he also used to say, "I want to be buried…" 500 00:33:51,112 --> 00:33:53,531 With a bra covering my eyes 501 00:33:54,615 --> 00:33:58,119 and panties over my heart. 502 00:33:59,579 --> 00:34:02,915 That fat, ugly man? 503 00:34:02,999 --> 00:34:07,503 Yes, he threatened him. That governor was dangerous. 504 00:34:07,587 --> 00:34:09,255 He was afraid of him. 505 00:34:10,715 --> 00:34:13,760 It's ready to use. 506 00:34:14,594 --> 00:34:15,887 He was bloodthirsty. 507 00:34:16,679 --> 00:34:18,848 He killed several journalists 508 00:34:18,931 --> 00:34:22,435 and more people in Guerrero than anyone knows about. 509 00:34:23,019 --> 00:34:26,564 Manuel Buendía wrote about it constantly. 510 00:34:30,818 --> 00:34:34,989 They say they that soft people are meant to be eaten. 511 00:34:36,282 --> 00:34:40,703 I'd rather be known for being tough than soft. 512 00:34:41,454 --> 00:34:44,040 I had breakfast with him once for an event. 513 00:34:44,123 --> 00:34:46,876 He bragged to me, 514 00:34:47,710 --> 00:34:52,006 "We barely have guerrillas anymore. We've turned them into fishermen." 515 00:34:52,090 --> 00:34:53,299 "And it's going great." 516 00:34:56,511 --> 00:34:58,137 I asked, "How's that, Rubén?" 517 00:34:58,221 --> 00:35:03,643 "We take them, and with the help of our friends in the Army, 518 00:35:03,726 --> 00:35:07,146 we drop them into the sea from a plane or a helicopter." 519 00:35:07,230 --> 00:35:11,317 "Some can't swim." That's what happened. 520 00:35:14,237 --> 00:35:16,114 Let's remember his famous saying, 521 00:35:17,115 --> 00:35:20,701 "In Guerrero, there are no political prisoners or missing persons." 522 00:35:20,785 --> 00:35:22,370 "They're all dead." 523 00:35:23,913 --> 00:35:27,667 Naturally, Figueroa was very offended 524 00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:32,046 by the things Manuel revealed about his corrupt government. 525 00:35:33,131 --> 00:35:35,967 And since he had already killed people 526 00:35:36,509 --> 00:35:38,010 in the state of Guerrero, 527 00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:43,558 the threat against Manuel Buendía by a murderous governor was serious. 528 00:35:45,726 --> 00:35:48,521 The threat from Mr. Rubén, far from worrying me, 529 00:35:49,188 --> 00:35:51,649 now gives me some sort of protection 530 00:35:51,732 --> 00:35:57,113 from being run over, bar brawls, and even spoiled seafood. 531 00:35:58,781 --> 00:36:03,077 Manuel had what I would call a dark sense of humor. 532 00:36:04,328 --> 00:36:10,459 You noticed how… he would put together questions 533 00:36:10,543 --> 00:36:15,506 to be as venomous as possible towards the person being addressed. 534 00:36:16,549 --> 00:36:18,551 What will those young men become? 535 00:36:19,051 --> 00:36:20,469 What are they now? 536 00:36:21,012 --> 00:36:24,765 Well, they are psychopaths that, in the future, 537 00:36:24,849 --> 00:36:30,980 will be added to the collections of Mexico's criminal museum. 538 00:36:41,073 --> 00:36:43,910 I went to his office a few times. 539 00:36:43,993 --> 00:36:48,915 He called it the MIA, the Mexican Intelligence Agency, 540 00:36:48,998 --> 00:36:51,834 to mock the CIA. 541 00:36:55,504 --> 00:36:56,964 I asked him, 542 00:36:57,048 --> 00:37:03,846 "Manuel, where do you get your information from?" 543 00:37:05,264 --> 00:37:08,726 "Is it from your buddies at the Federal Security Directorate?" 544 00:37:08,809 --> 00:37:12,146 "Is it from the president's office?" 545 00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:13,564 He said, "Look, Jorge, 546 00:37:15,107 --> 00:37:17,902 it's all in the press." 547 00:37:17,985 --> 00:37:19,946 "But people don't know how to read." 548 00:37:20,613 --> 00:37:23,157 "You have to read the newspapers." 549 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:26,327 "You have to read the sports section, 550 00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:30,081 the gossip pages… 551 00:37:31,499 --> 00:37:32,416 THE CIA KNOWS ABOUT YOU 552 00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:35,253 …and especially the crime section." 553 00:37:36,337 --> 00:37:38,547 He would make clippings, 554 00:37:39,173 --> 00:37:41,467 and he would put them in little bags. 555 00:37:42,343 --> 00:37:45,680 The archive started to grow. 556 00:37:45,763 --> 00:37:49,141 It went from 20 files 557 00:37:49,225 --> 00:37:53,020 to almost 4,000 files. 558 00:37:53,104 --> 00:37:55,314 I said, "It's true!" 559 00:37:55,398 --> 00:37:57,316 "This guy's discovering things 560 00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:01,862 that we see every day without realizing it." 561 00:38:02,446 --> 00:38:05,741 That is the eye of a true journalist. 562 00:38:11,831 --> 00:38:16,961 It's commonly accepted that the world's oldest profession is prostitution. 563 00:38:18,504 --> 00:38:23,175 But I would be willing to argue that espionage is just as old. 564 00:38:23,843 --> 00:38:26,012 It's possible \the oldest reference to espionage… 565 00:38:26,095 --> 00:38:27,722 THE BIBLE 566 00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:30,099 …to spies and their role in society, 567 00:38:30,975 --> 00:38:33,269 dates back to 4,000 years before Christ. 568 00:38:33,352 --> 00:38:37,898 It's found in Chapter two, verse three in the Book of Joshua. 569 00:38:39,358 --> 00:38:44,697 Joshua, son of Nun, secretly sent two spies from Shittim 570 00:38:44,780 --> 00:38:48,743 and said, "Go learn about Jericho and its land." 571 00:38:49,618 --> 00:38:53,956 They went to the house of a whore named Rahab, 572 00:38:54,540 --> 00:38:55,541 and stayed there. 573 00:38:57,209 --> 00:39:00,880 Here, we see how two of the world's oldest professions 574 00:39:00,963 --> 00:39:02,923 meet in an intriguing situation. 575 00:39:04,717 --> 00:39:09,013 Six thousand years later, things are more or less the same. 576 00:39:17,229 --> 00:39:20,107 On the ground, please! 577 00:39:22,276 --> 00:39:25,863 The concept of the European Cold War 578 00:39:26,906 --> 00:39:30,576 reached a new height or had a second wave 579 00:39:30,659 --> 00:39:33,037 in Central America. 580 00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:34,914 BLANCHE PIETRICH JOURNALIST 581 00:39:34,997 --> 00:39:38,751 The United States and the North American media 582 00:39:38,834 --> 00:39:43,547 thought or fabricated the idea 583 00:39:43,631 --> 00:39:48,302 that Nicaragua was fighting the last frontier against communism 584 00:39:48,386 --> 00:39:51,764 and the remaining Soviet and Cuban influence in the continent. 585 00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:53,933 My fellow Americans… 586 00:39:54,016 --> 00:39:56,936 RONALD REAGAN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1980–1988 587 00:39:57,019 --> 00:39:59,939 …I ask for this time to tell you of some basic decisions 588 00:40:00,022 --> 00:40:01,649 which are yours to make. 589 00:40:01,732 --> 00:40:04,360 I believe it's my constitutional responsibility 590 00:40:04,443 --> 00:40:06,153 to place these matters before you. 591 00:40:06,237 --> 00:40:10,324 We do not start wars. We will never be the aggressor. 592 00:40:12,701 --> 00:40:15,579 "Associate Thugs." El Sol de México. 593 00:40:16,497 --> 00:40:20,543 February 6th, 1978, by Manuel Buendía. 594 00:40:22,169 --> 00:40:26,090 It is the US newspapers, and not those from the Soviet Union, 595 00:40:26,715 --> 00:40:29,385 that have recently provided evidence 596 00:40:29,468 --> 00:40:32,096 that the Reagan administration 597 00:40:32,763 --> 00:40:37,017 is directly involved in a series of attacks against Nicaragua 598 00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:40,146 which could be the prelude to an invasion. 599 00:40:43,566 --> 00:40:46,485 The Sandinista rule is a Communist reign of terror. 600 00:40:46,569 --> 00:40:50,322 They want to shoot their way into power and establish totalitarian rule. 601 00:40:50,406 --> 00:40:51,532 Thousands who fought 602 00:40:51,615 --> 00:40:54,618 with the Sandinistas have taken up arms against them 603 00:40:54,702 --> 00:40:56,620 and are now called the Contras. 604 00:40:56,704 --> 00:40:58,289 They are freedom fighters. 605 00:40:58,372 --> 00:41:00,749 We, Americans, should be proud 606 00:41:00,833 --> 00:41:03,377 of what we are trying to do in Central America. 607 00:41:03,461 --> 00:41:06,130 This is not only in our strategic interest. 608 00:41:06,213 --> 00:41:07,506 It is morally right 609 00:41:07,590 --> 00:41:11,010 that we want no hostile communist colonies 610 00:41:11,093 --> 00:41:14,763 here in the Americas, South, Central, or North. 611 00:41:16,056 --> 00:41:19,351 Thank you, God bless you, and good night. 612 00:41:19,435 --> 00:41:26,150 At the very start of the war during the armed conflict in El Salvador, 613 00:41:27,026 --> 00:41:28,736 Nacho Rodríguez Terrazas 614 00:41:28,819 --> 00:41:31,947 was the first foreign journalist killed in El Salvador. 615 00:41:32,031 --> 00:41:34,450 IGNACIO RODRÍGUEZ WE CONTINUE YOUR WORK 616 00:41:34,533 --> 00:41:38,078 I called Manuel Buendía that night, completely shocked. 617 00:41:38,913 --> 00:41:41,957 Buendía gave me advice about what to do. 618 00:41:42,041 --> 00:41:45,127 We organized an impressive demonstration. 619 00:41:45,211 --> 00:41:47,963 We spoke to the media so that all of us would be there 620 00:41:48,047 --> 00:41:51,634 when Nacho Rodríguez Terrazas's body arrived. 621 00:41:52,593 --> 00:41:55,638 That was the first reality check for me. 622 00:41:55,721 --> 00:41:56,931 And for others too. 623 00:41:57,014 --> 00:41:58,974 All Mexican journalists are shaken… 624 00:41:59,058 --> 00:42:00,768 PRIVATE NETWORK REQUIEM FOR IGNACIO 625 00:42:00,851 --> 00:42:05,231 …by the murder of our colleague Ignacio Rodríguez Terrazas. 626 00:42:05,314 --> 00:42:07,816 He died as he surely would have chosen. 627 00:42:08,692 --> 00:42:09,568 In action. 628 00:42:10,903 --> 00:42:14,823 He basically died in the arms of two other journalists 629 00:42:14,907 --> 00:42:17,368 who were filled with shock and rage. 630 00:42:18,827 --> 00:42:23,999 As long as there are honest journalists in Mexico, we will honor his name. 631 00:42:25,125 --> 00:42:27,419 Let's promise what we must promise, 632 00:42:28,128 --> 00:42:30,506 let's risk what we must risk 633 00:42:30,589 --> 00:42:34,343 to be worthy colleagues to that 28-year-old man 634 00:42:34,885 --> 00:42:36,262 who set the example. 635 00:42:39,431 --> 00:42:41,809 Whenever anything important happened, 636 00:42:42,685 --> 00:42:45,563 the next day, other columnists 637 00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:50,234 would write about it and give their analysis. 638 00:42:50,859 --> 00:42:54,280 Then you'd read Private Network, and it'd be about something else. 639 00:42:54,363 --> 00:42:58,325 Days would go by, and Manuel would write about other things. 640 00:42:58,409 --> 00:43:01,245 Until suddenly, there it'd be. 641 00:43:01,996 --> 00:43:03,831 "Bombs from the Right." 642 00:43:03,914 --> 00:43:08,460 El Universal. February 2nd, 1978. 643 00:43:08,544 --> 00:43:11,338 The technique used to plant a bomb 644 00:43:11,422 --> 00:43:13,257 in the Cuban ambassador's car 645 00:43:13,340 --> 00:43:15,843 is 100% North American. 646 00:43:16,635 --> 00:43:19,471 Nothing is improvised. Nothing is left to chance. 647 00:43:19,972 --> 00:43:21,890 This isn't a game. 648 00:43:22,683 --> 00:43:24,435 Bombs are a message. 649 00:43:24,518 --> 00:43:26,478 THE CHRISTIAN FAMILY 50,000 YELL, "NO TO ABORTION!" 650 00:43:26,562 --> 00:43:29,481 Messages don't always say the same thing, nor are they sent by one person. 651 00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,194 Guadalajara has one of the oldest and most violent fascist organizations… 652 00:43:34,278 --> 00:43:37,906 THE TERRORIST HAD A BACKUP GRENADE 653 00:43:37,990 --> 00:43:39,366 …with the most members. 654 00:43:39,450 --> 00:43:40,784 THEY PREFER DEATH OVER COMMUNISM 655 00:43:40,868 --> 00:43:43,454 The Tecos, these people from the far right, 656 00:43:43,537 --> 00:43:47,541 some of them have German heritage. 657 00:43:49,043 --> 00:43:53,339 They come from an almost pro-Nazi background. 658 00:43:58,969 --> 00:44:00,429 FASCISTS? 659 00:44:01,805 --> 00:44:03,807 Our fascism doesn't have a face. 660 00:44:03,891 --> 00:44:05,684 It's an act of nature. 661 00:44:06,185 --> 00:44:09,313 Like a sunset or a dust storm. 662 00:44:13,525 --> 00:44:16,528 Manuel had published some fierce articles 663 00:44:16,612 --> 00:44:20,282 against the University of Guadalajara. 664 00:44:20,366 --> 00:44:23,869 Because they were a far-right organization. 665 00:44:23,952 --> 00:44:25,871 They were dangerous, murderous… 666 00:44:25,954 --> 00:44:27,081 WHAT ARE THE "TECOS"? ANTORCHA 667 00:44:27,164 --> 00:44:29,750 It's headquartered at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara. 668 00:44:29,833 --> 00:44:32,461 It controls the majority of students and professors, 669 00:44:32,544 --> 00:44:34,588 and its symbol is an owl 670 00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:37,383 because it watches and lurks in the dark. 671 00:44:38,008 --> 00:44:41,011 In 1967 or 1966, I don't remember exactly, monitoring of Manuel Buendía began. 672 00:44:41,095 --> 00:44:42,888 RAMÓN LIRA JUDICIAL POLICE OFFICER, 1971–1985 673 00:44:44,556 --> 00:44:47,559 JUDICIAL POLICE 674 00:44:47,643 --> 00:44:49,353 They ordered me to monitor him. 675 00:44:50,145 --> 00:44:52,773 -Who ordered you? -The heads of the Tecos. 676 00:44:52,856 --> 00:44:57,444 THE CUESTA-GALLARDOS 677 00:44:57,528 --> 00:45:01,990 I was there when they gave the order to kill him at the earliest opportunity. 678 00:45:02,074 --> 00:45:03,534 WE MUST GET TO THE ROOT OF THE ATTACK 679 00:45:03,617 --> 00:45:04,618 He was bothering them. 680 00:45:04,702 --> 00:45:07,079 AMERICAN AGENT WHO THREW THE GRENADE DIDN'T ACT ALONE 681 00:45:07,162 --> 00:45:12,126 He was an observer with a keen eye 682 00:45:12,209 --> 00:45:14,461 for published information. 683 00:45:14,545 --> 00:45:20,509 Maybe he would find an article in one of the sections of the newspaper 684 00:45:21,427 --> 00:45:26,473 about a shipment of weapons that was detected at the border. 685 00:45:27,057 --> 00:45:31,061 And a few days later, he'd suddenly find something else 686 00:45:31,145 --> 00:45:34,523 that seemed to be a part of the same puzzle. 687 00:45:34,606 --> 00:45:39,027 And that's how he put together most of his articles. 688 00:45:41,071 --> 00:45:43,323 Manuel Buendía had several regulars, 689 00:45:43,407 --> 00:45:46,160 and Gerhard Mertins was one of them. 690 00:45:46,243 --> 00:45:47,870 PRIVATE NETWORK ARMS FOR SALE 691 00:45:47,953 --> 00:45:50,164 One of the key international arms traffickers, 692 00:45:50,247 --> 00:45:54,918 a former Nazi SS member, has established offices in Mexico. 693 00:45:55,669 --> 00:46:00,883 And in his own words, he conducts his Central American operations from here 694 00:46:00,966 --> 00:46:03,093 to fight Communism. 695 00:46:07,431 --> 00:46:09,016 He was one of their suppliers, 696 00:46:09,099 --> 00:46:12,060 and he had close relations with the armed forces. 697 00:46:12,144 --> 00:46:14,396 THEY WILL BRING BUENDÍA'S GERMAN 698 00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:16,064 MERTINS, PRIME SUSPECT 699 00:46:19,860 --> 00:46:23,280 In the '80s, Mexico was the world capital of espionage. 700 00:46:23,363 --> 00:46:24,865 Everyone was here. 701 00:46:25,532 --> 00:46:29,536 Soviets, East Germany, Cuba. 702 00:46:29,620 --> 00:46:31,622 Let me see… 703 00:46:31,705 --> 00:46:35,167 Today I… This afternoon… 704 00:46:35,250 --> 00:46:36,168 Yes. 705 00:46:37,377 --> 00:46:41,048 I'm meeting with a group of Nicaraguans to talk. 706 00:46:41,131 --> 00:46:43,008 After that, I have a dinner. 707 00:46:43,091 --> 00:46:44,802 That means… 708 00:46:45,636 --> 00:46:49,973 Only if it could be around 6:30. 709 00:46:50,057 --> 00:46:50,891 Yes. 710 00:46:50,974 --> 00:46:54,728 So, you're busy at… 711 00:46:54,812 --> 00:46:56,146 -Five. -At five? 712 00:46:57,189 --> 00:46:58,774 Yes, and later, at 8:30. 713 00:46:58,857 --> 00:47:03,779 It was a hotbed of espionage that Mexico didn't participate in. 714 00:47:03,862 --> 00:47:07,533 Shamefully, Mexico did participate in some way. 715 00:47:09,201 --> 00:47:11,745 Which was by wiretapping all the phones 716 00:47:11,829 --> 00:47:14,248 from lists provided by the CIA. 717 00:47:14,790 --> 00:47:18,585 We did the dirty work for the CIA. 718 00:47:18,669 --> 00:47:21,505 -What is your address, sir? -Forty-eight Nápoles Street. 719 00:47:21,588 --> 00:47:24,883 -Nápoles… -Forty-eight. 720 00:47:24,967 --> 00:47:27,427 -Forty-eight. -Yes. 721 00:47:27,511 --> 00:47:29,221 -Which floor? -Second floor. 722 00:47:29,304 --> 00:47:33,141 -Second floor. -Between Londres and Liverpool Street. 723 00:47:35,769 --> 00:47:38,438 They used recorders that would be off, 724 00:47:38,522 --> 00:47:41,775 and the moment someone picked up the phone, 725 00:47:41,859 --> 00:47:44,528 the machine would turn on and start recording. 726 00:47:47,489 --> 00:47:49,616 When they hang up, the recorder would stop. 727 00:47:50,492 --> 00:47:55,914 Then very good typists 728 00:47:55,998 --> 00:47:58,542 transcribed the conversation. 729 00:48:03,088 --> 00:48:05,883 Lawrence Sternfield, 52 years old, 730 00:48:05,966 --> 00:48:08,468 is the current head of the CIA in Mexico. 731 00:48:08,552 --> 00:48:11,847 His undercover identity is an attaché 732 00:48:11,930 --> 00:48:14,808 to the group of diplomatic officials 733 00:48:14,892 --> 00:48:21,523 that the United States government officially confirmed were here in 1977. 734 00:48:21,607 --> 00:48:22,566 JESÚS ESQUIVEL JOURNALIST 735 00:48:22,649 --> 00:48:26,737 Any hint that reveals the identity of a CIA agent, 736 00:48:26,820 --> 00:48:31,533 puts them in a vulnerable position, wherever they are. 737 00:48:33,035 --> 00:48:37,915 Not only do they consider themselves in danger, 738 00:48:38,498 --> 00:48:42,336 but they also consider the national security of the US in danger. 739 00:48:44,630 --> 00:48:46,340 So for a Mexican journalist 740 00:48:47,799 --> 00:48:53,180 to know the identities of CIA operatives and agents in Mexico 741 00:48:54,097 --> 00:48:56,350 wasn't just a big professional victory, 742 00:48:56,433 --> 00:48:59,394 but it also meant that Manuel Buendía had good connections. 743 00:49:00,312 --> 00:49:02,105 Stewart Burton, 52 years old, 744 00:49:02,981 --> 00:49:04,942 failed religious preacher, 745 00:49:05,609 --> 00:49:08,403 is the current head of the CIA in Mexico. 746 00:49:09,363 --> 00:49:12,658 His office is located at 48 Río de la Plata. 747 00:49:13,367 --> 00:49:16,203 And if you want to ask him something about the CIA, 748 00:49:16,828 --> 00:49:21,333 you can call him at 633-59-80. 749 00:49:21,416 --> 00:49:24,336 Dr. Phillip Aler, James Anderson, 750 00:49:24,419 --> 00:49:28,423 Robert Bruce, Gilbert Carey, William Carson, Harry Chandler… 751 00:49:32,970 --> 00:49:36,223 Every country and government has its own spies, 752 00:49:37,224 --> 00:49:41,645 its own intelligence service to collect information. 753 00:49:42,354 --> 00:49:47,025 But information services are one thing, and espionage is another. 754 00:49:48,485 --> 00:49:50,862 And subversive acts are even worse. 755 00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:53,615 "The dirty work," as the Americans say. 756 00:49:53,699 --> 00:49:55,033 "The dirty work." 757 00:49:55,617 --> 00:49:57,536 The CIA murdered people here. 758 00:49:58,996 --> 00:50:03,500 When the article came out, and we got together to talk, 759 00:50:03,583 --> 00:50:07,629 we were afraid something would happen to him 760 00:50:07,713 --> 00:50:11,883 because we knew what the CIA did in Latin America and all over the world. 761 00:50:11,967 --> 00:50:13,552 They plant a bomb, 762 00:50:13,635 --> 00:50:15,762 or you're in a car crash, and it looks like an accident. 763 00:50:15,846 --> 00:50:17,222 HE KILLED HIS WIFE AND THEN HIMSELF 764 00:50:17,305 --> 00:50:20,809 Manuel was very brave with what he published. 765 00:50:21,351 --> 00:50:22,978 I knew about the Tecos, 766 00:50:23,645 --> 00:50:26,606 I knew about Mr. Mertins's gun trafficking, 767 00:50:26,690 --> 00:50:30,193 I knew about several enemies of his that were hypothetical suspects 768 00:50:30,694 --> 00:50:32,821 in the Buendía case. 769 00:50:33,613 --> 00:50:34,990 So, they never knew… 770 00:50:35,073 --> 00:50:38,285 In my opinion, it was almost the perfect crime. 771 00:50:38,368 --> 00:50:42,247 When do journalists, covering these stories, cross the line 772 00:50:42,330 --> 00:50:45,584 and put themselves at risk? 773 00:50:45,667 --> 00:50:47,002 It's in the details. 774 00:50:47,085 --> 00:50:50,005 The person who published detailed information… 775 00:50:52,174 --> 00:50:53,675 was Manuel Buendía. 776 00:50:58,013 --> 00:51:03,226 I think that retaliation and risks are part of the job. 777 00:51:06,563 --> 00:51:08,648 As I've said many times before, 778 00:51:08,732 --> 00:51:11,443 "You have to take the rough with the smooth." 779 00:51:22,579 --> 00:51:24,372 MAY 30TH, 1984 780 00:51:24,456 --> 00:51:26,458 Special programming about the annular solar eclipse… 781 00:51:26,541 --> 00:51:28,210 ALL OF MEXICO WATCHED THE ECLIPSE! 782 00:51:28,293 --> 00:51:29,628 …for May 30th, 1984, at 9:00 a.m. 783 00:51:29,711 --> 00:51:32,464 THE MOON BETWEEN APOGEE AND PERIGEE 784 00:51:32,547 --> 00:51:34,424 This is a production 785 00:51:34,508 --> 00:51:37,052 of National Autonomous University of Mexico Radio. 786 00:51:37,135 --> 00:51:40,222 Special edition for the annular solar eclipse. 787 00:51:41,807 --> 00:51:43,100 ECLIPSE MOMENTARILY VISIBLE 788 00:51:45,060 --> 00:51:45,936 TODAY'S SOLAR SHOW 789 00:51:46,019 --> 00:51:50,357 This morning, the annular solar eclipse over Mexico. 790 00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:52,275 Scientists from all over the country 791 00:51:52,359 --> 00:51:56,530 got together at exactly 9:29 and 47 seconds 792 00:51:56,613 --> 00:51:58,657 when the eclipse reached its peak. 793 00:52:00,617 --> 00:52:03,662 He was killed this afternoon, with five shots in the back, 794 00:52:03,745 --> 00:52:05,622 one of which went through the heart. 795 00:52:06,206 --> 00:52:11,461 Today, Excélsior reports that Buendía always carried a gun 796 00:52:11,545 --> 00:52:15,257 and used to say, "If they kill me, it'll have to be from behind 797 00:52:15,340 --> 00:52:19,302 because if they attack me head-on, I'll take some of them with me." 798 00:52:22,556 --> 00:52:26,268 So, they called Zorrilla. "They just killed Buendía." 799 00:52:27,018 --> 00:52:28,728 They called me over the radio, 800 00:52:28,812 --> 00:52:33,859 "F7-L1, make contact immediately. Bring the Wasps to this address." 801 00:52:33,942 --> 00:52:35,277 "There's been a homicide." 802 00:52:35,777 --> 00:52:39,614 And that's when I said, "Why are we going to see a homicide?" 803 00:52:40,323 --> 00:52:41,908 "It's an order. Let's go." 804 00:52:41,992 --> 00:52:45,078 The agents arrived quickly. Zorrilla arrived a little later, 805 00:52:45,162 --> 00:52:46,621 but they arrived quickly 806 00:52:46,705 --> 00:52:48,957 and started speaking to Juan Manuel Bautista. 807 00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:51,168 -What is your name? -Juan Manuel Bautista. 808 00:52:51,251 --> 00:52:52,794 -Did you work with Buendía? -Yes. 809 00:52:52,878 --> 00:52:54,254 I was inside. 810 00:52:55,213 --> 00:52:59,634 I heard Juan Manuel Bautista give them the same description. 811 00:52:59,718 --> 00:53:01,553 "He was tall, about 5'9''." 812 00:53:01,636 --> 00:53:03,305 "Dark complexion, thin mustache." 813 00:53:03,388 --> 00:53:05,432 "He had a crew cut." 814 00:53:05,515 --> 00:53:07,559 "Muscular. A guy from the coast." 815 00:53:18,195 --> 00:53:21,448 The Federal Security Directorate took files from the archive. 816 00:53:21,531 --> 00:53:26,036 I don't know how many files they took, but I saw them taking them. 817 00:53:26,119 --> 00:53:29,915 Luis Soto was very upset and said, "They're taking the files." 818 00:53:33,043 --> 00:53:35,837 JOURNALIST MURDERED 819 00:53:36,338 --> 00:53:37,714 The Feds are the Feds. 820 00:53:38,256 --> 00:53:40,717 We had orders, and we were more fierce. 821 00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:42,886 The Feds have always been more respected. 822 00:53:42,969 --> 00:53:46,389 We gathered all the evidence and spoke to the witnesses. 823 00:53:46,473 --> 00:53:49,059 So, when the murder occurred, 824 00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:52,520 the Federal Security Directorate was the first thing I thought of. 825 00:53:52,604 --> 00:53:55,148 BUENDÍA'S MURDER WAS NOT POLITICAL 826 00:53:58,568 --> 00:54:03,156 Crimes of passion are a common thing in the police work. 827 00:54:04,824 --> 00:54:08,536 But nobody believed that a lover 828 00:54:09,162 --> 00:54:10,872 would pull on his trench coat 829 00:54:11,456 --> 00:54:13,333 and shoot him in the back. 830 00:54:15,335 --> 00:54:17,170 That's what a professional does. 831 00:54:18,588 --> 00:54:19,881 SECOND SHOT 832 00:54:19,965 --> 00:54:21,299 THIRD AND FOURTH SHOTS 833 00:54:22,008 --> 00:54:24,094 EXAMINATION OF THE CRIME SCENE 834 00:54:25,470 --> 00:54:28,431 None of the facts nor the nature of the crime 835 00:54:28,515 --> 00:54:30,684 were consistent with a crime of passion. 836 00:54:30,767 --> 00:54:32,352 PRIVATE NETWORK COLUMN ANALYSIS 837 00:54:32,435 --> 00:54:34,521 BEFORE HIS MURDER 838 00:54:36,147 --> 00:54:38,566 We jumped into action as a union 839 00:54:38,650 --> 00:54:42,112 to hold a demonstration the following day, 840 00:54:42,195 --> 00:54:44,072 which was very well attended. 841 00:54:44,155 --> 00:54:47,993 The union made itself heard. 842 00:54:48,076 --> 00:54:50,412 MANUEL BUENDÍA FOUNDATION 843 00:54:50,495 --> 00:54:54,958 We held a short rally at the Ministry of the Interior, 844 00:54:55,709 --> 00:55:00,255 asking to speak with Mr. Manuel Bartlett. 845 00:55:00,922 --> 00:55:02,424 Why are you closing it? 846 00:55:02,924 --> 00:55:06,219 -This is a public office. -I don't get why this is closed. 847 00:55:06,303 --> 00:55:10,098 Justice! 848 00:55:10,181 --> 00:55:12,017 The secretary of the interior. 849 00:55:12,809 --> 00:55:14,686 Manuel Bartlett… 850 00:55:14,769 --> 00:55:17,272 Tell him the Union of Journalists is here. 851 00:55:19,190 --> 00:55:21,318 The secretary of the interior. 852 00:55:22,610 --> 00:55:24,904 "The secretary isn't here. He's very busy." 853 00:55:24,988 --> 00:55:26,072 "We'll wait." 854 00:55:26,740 --> 00:55:31,494 Two seconds later, by some miracle, 855 00:55:31,578 --> 00:55:34,247 Manuel Bartlett appeared and met with us. 856 00:55:35,206 --> 00:55:40,378 We told him we were angry 857 00:55:40,462 --> 00:55:42,964 because there were no results. 858 00:55:43,798 --> 00:55:48,511 And he told us, "I will get involved." 859 00:55:48,595 --> 00:55:51,222 Mexico's future is at stake, 860 00:55:51,765 --> 00:55:53,767 and Mexicans want this. 861 00:55:54,267 --> 00:55:56,144 True democracy. 862 00:55:56,895 --> 00:55:59,189 Honesty and good faith. 863 00:55:59,272 --> 00:56:03,610 Manuel Bartlett Díaz is an impressive political figure. 864 00:56:04,194 --> 00:56:08,031 Manuel Bartlett Díaz has been everything but president. 865 00:56:09,366 --> 00:56:12,660 Manuel Bartlett is the type of Mexican politician 866 00:56:12,744 --> 00:56:16,331 from the old PRI, where the idea of the state 867 00:56:16,414 --> 00:56:19,501 was different from what we have now. 868 00:56:20,335 --> 00:56:23,338 And that's what defines him. 869 00:56:23,421 --> 00:56:25,924 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 1982–1988 870 00:56:26,007 --> 00:56:28,176 SECRETARY OF EDUCATION 1988–1992 871 00:56:28,259 --> 00:56:30,470 GOVERNOR OF PUEBLA 1993–1999 872 00:56:30,553 --> 00:56:33,056 SENATOR/LABOR PARTY 2012–2018 873 00:56:33,139 --> 00:56:34,933 DIRECTOR FEDERAL ELECTRICITY COMMISSION, 2018 874 00:56:35,016 --> 00:56:37,352 De la Madrid seemed terribly worried 875 00:56:38,311 --> 00:56:40,313 about keeping the country afloat, 876 00:56:40,814 --> 00:56:45,193 and Manuel Bartlett seemed terribly worried about becoming president. 877 00:56:46,736 --> 00:56:50,782 How did Manuel Bartlett suggest to the president 878 00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:55,537 that Zorrilla should take over the investigation? 879 00:56:58,164 --> 00:57:02,794 The investigation conducted by the authorities would have been pointless. 880 00:57:02,877 --> 00:57:05,255 Rogelio Hernández played an important role, 881 00:57:05,338 --> 00:57:07,841 without ever having met Manuel Buendía. 882 00:57:07,924 --> 00:57:10,093 Because he was 883 00:57:10,176 --> 00:57:15,932 a tireless advocate for justice. 884 00:57:16,015 --> 00:57:17,058 ROGELIO HERNÁNDEZ JOURNALIST 885 00:57:17,142 --> 00:57:21,938 First, we looked at Buendía's friends and enemies. 886 00:57:22,856 --> 00:57:27,527 One person stood out. His very good friend, Zorrilla. 887 00:57:29,070 --> 00:57:33,408 Zorrilla was Manuel Buendía's buddy. 888 00:57:34,617 --> 00:57:40,707 They even went shooting together at Military Camp 1. 889 00:57:42,876 --> 00:57:46,629 I have nothing bad to say about Zorrilla 890 00:57:47,297 --> 00:57:50,008 before the Federal Security Directorate. 891 00:57:50,091 --> 00:57:54,637 He was the ambitious type, lacking in morals, 892 00:57:55,305 --> 00:57:59,642 disloyal, crooked, unpleasant, unsettling, 893 00:58:00,810 --> 00:58:02,020 but that's it. 894 00:58:02,103 --> 00:58:05,773 But he went crazy at the Federal Security Directorate. 895 00:58:05,857 --> 00:58:12,322 He once told me, and, again, I quote, 896 00:58:12,405 --> 00:58:14,699 "I'm going to make Manuel president." 897 00:58:14,782 --> 00:58:16,868 "And then, you'll know…" 898 00:58:20,246 --> 00:58:22,790 The Federal Security Directorate played a huge role 899 00:58:22,874 --> 00:58:26,753 by breaking the law and interfering with the investigation. 900 00:58:26,836 --> 00:58:31,841 I mean, there were signs 901 00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:36,429 that suggested that they were involved. 902 00:58:36,513 --> 00:58:40,225 They had no reason to take the files from the archive. 903 00:58:40,975 --> 00:58:43,937 Zorrilla once said privately, 904 00:58:45,438 --> 00:58:48,107 "Bartlett ordered us to take the files." 905 00:58:50,485 --> 00:58:55,073 Even back then, some journalists accused Bartlett directly. 906 00:58:55,156 --> 00:59:00,328 He felt singled out, and that lit a spark. 907 00:59:00,411 --> 00:59:04,040 That's when they started to investigate Zorrilla, I think. 908 00:59:04,707 --> 00:59:08,920 And everything the DFS did, started to get exposed. 909 00:59:12,632 --> 00:59:17,470 Federal Security Directorate commanders were the country's first drug lords. 910 00:59:17,554 --> 00:59:21,683 There was no distinction between drug traffickers, organized crime, 911 00:59:21,766 --> 00:59:23,643 and the Federal Security Directorate. 912 00:59:23,726 --> 00:59:26,187 A well-known connection 913 00:59:26,271 --> 00:59:29,607 is the protection provided to the Guadalajara Cartel. 914 00:59:29,691 --> 00:59:33,069 The head of the cartel was Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, 915 00:59:33,152 --> 00:59:36,614 and Ernesto Fonseca, also known as Don Neto, 916 00:59:36,698 --> 00:59:38,992 and Rafael Caro Quintero were members. 917 00:59:39,075 --> 00:59:44,038 These were the connections that Manuel Buendía was following. 918 00:59:46,291 --> 00:59:49,002 What was taken from Buendía's archive? 919 00:59:49,877 --> 00:59:54,716 Everything he had collected about drug trafficking. 920 00:59:56,342 --> 00:59:58,094 Here's a very interesting anecdote. 921 00:59:59,178 --> 01:00:01,931 José Antonio Zorrilla told the Ministry, 922 01:00:02,015 --> 01:00:04,517 "Look at us. We don't need a budget." 923 01:00:04,601 --> 01:00:07,312 Why? Because he had a national web of corruption 924 01:00:07,395 --> 01:00:10,523 that brought in billions. 925 01:00:12,317 --> 01:00:16,112 Manuel took me to lunch and sternly said, 926 01:00:16,195 --> 01:00:20,074 "The Federal Security Directorate is involved in drug trafficking." 927 01:00:20,867 --> 01:00:23,953 "Manuel, as a journalist, you may think that, 928 01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:26,122 but it is a very serious accusation." 929 01:00:26,205 --> 01:00:29,584 "You don't know, but you do know. You do." 930 01:00:32,420 --> 01:00:34,547 That was my last interview with him, 931 01:00:35,173 --> 01:00:38,092 three or four days before they killed him. 932 01:00:39,302 --> 01:00:41,554 Was Buendía wrong to trust Zorrilla? 933 01:00:43,097 --> 01:00:44,849 In my opinion, yes. 934 01:00:45,933 --> 01:00:50,521 He couldn't be friends with someone he knew was protecting criminals. 935 01:00:50,605 --> 01:00:52,690 That is, if he knew about it. 936 01:00:56,527 --> 01:01:00,740 For months, or maybe even a year, 937 01:01:01,574 --> 01:01:03,951 they've been keeping the case file hidden. 938 01:01:04,035 --> 01:01:05,828 Nothing has been done. 939 01:01:05,912 --> 01:01:07,246 They lost everything. 940 01:01:07,747 --> 01:01:09,248 They lost his clothes. Why? 941 01:01:09,332 --> 01:01:13,002 How is it possible to lose everything in the investigation of this magnitude? 942 01:01:13,086 --> 01:01:16,339 LIBERTY 943 01:01:16,422 --> 01:01:20,009 Will my husband's murderer go unpunished? 944 01:01:22,720 --> 01:01:24,514 I saw how things were developing, 945 01:01:24,597 --> 01:01:27,934 and I thought, "Something big is going to happen here." 946 01:01:29,477 --> 01:01:34,065 Then Zorrilla showed up at my office and said, 947 01:01:34,148 --> 01:01:37,944 "I've come to say farewell." 948 01:01:38,027 --> 01:01:39,779 "Where are you going?" 949 01:01:40,279 --> 01:01:45,118 "The secretary has appointed me as a representative back home, 950 01:01:45,201 --> 01:01:46,953 and then I'll become a governor." 951 01:01:49,622 --> 01:01:54,877 At that point, there were at least four investigations into the Buendía case. 952 01:01:55,586 --> 01:01:58,297 Three official ones, and one conducted by journalists. 953 01:01:58,381 --> 01:02:01,175 And all of them pointed to Zorrilla. 954 01:02:04,595 --> 01:02:09,392 Even though he denies it, that's why Bartlett 955 01:02:10,727 --> 01:02:12,353 got him out of Hidalgo, 956 01:02:13,354 --> 01:02:15,690 and told him to leave the country. 957 01:02:15,773 --> 01:02:18,860 And Antonio Zorrilla Pérez went to Spain. 958 01:02:18,943 --> 01:02:21,529 BUENDÍA INVESTIGATION HELP! 959 01:02:39,422 --> 01:02:43,676 We will not close ongoing investigations. 960 01:02:43,760 --> 01:02:46,304 Especially in the case 961 01:02:46,387 --> 01:02:50,057 of the murder of renowned journalist Manuel Buendía 962 01:02:50,767 --> 01:02:52,977 that took place five years ago. 963 01:02:53,811 --> 01:02:56,481 We will double up our efforts. 964 01:02:57,023 --> 01:03:01,068 This week, Mexico City's district attorney general 965 01:03:01,152 --> 01:03:04,489 and the special prosecutor appointed to this case 966 01:03:04,989 --> 01:03:09,619 will present an overview of the investigation to the public. 967 01:03:13,080 --> 01:03:15,875 Yesterday, the results of the investigation 968 01:03:15,958 --> 01:03:18,961 into the murder of Manuel Buendía were released. 969 01:03:19,045 --> 01:03:22,632 That's why we are speaking with Mr. Ignacio Morales Lechuga, 970 01:03:23,382 --> 01:03:26,427 who is Mexico City's district attorney general. 971 01:03:27,011 --> 01:03:31,057 When the special prosecutor's office began their work 972 01:03:31,140 --> 01:03:33,810 under Miguel Ángel García Domínguez, 973 01:03:33,893 --> 01:03:38,731 they compiled a set of 298 hypotheses, 974 01:03:39,357 --> 01:03:43,986 based on Manuel Buendía's newspaper columns, 975 01:03:44,570 --> 01:03:48,991 and 24 that were based on personal and family relationships. 976 01:03:49,867 --> 01:03:53,371 From these hypotheses, clues were collected 977 01:03:53,454 --> 01:03:57,708 using a methodology, system, and structure 978 01:03:57,792 --> 01:04:00,461 developed by the special prosecutor's office. 979 01:04:00,962 --> 01:04:04,423 Is it prudent, or even possible, 980 01:04:04,507 --> 01:04:07,593 to solve this case before its sixth anniversary? 981 01:04:09,554 --> 01:04:14,267 All I can say is… hopefully. 982 01:04:15,643 --> 01:04:18,896 Why are you making this statement now? 983 01:04:18,980 --> 01:04:24,193 Because I wasn't formally mandated to do so before. 984 01:04:24,277 --> 01:04:27,446 What is your statement regarding the homicide? 985 01:04:28,030 --> 01:04:30,825 We're here to provide information for the investigation. 986 01:04:30,908 --> 01:04:32,577 Ask your questions in the office. 987 01:04:32,660 --> 01:04:35,538 Where have you been for the last four years? 988 01:04:36,372 --> 01:04:40,418 I've been… to many places. 989 01:04:40,501 --> 01:04:41,377 Like what, sir? 990 01:04:49,635 --> 01:04:53,973 TUESDAY, JUNE 13th, 1989 991 01:05:01,439 --> 01:05:05,443 I received a phone call confirming his location. 992 01:05:06,903 --> 01:05:11,782 I heard distinct gunfire in the background. 993 01:05:12,575 --> 01:05:16,704 So I said, "Stop shooting." 994 01:05:16,787 --> 01:05:21,042 "But he's shooting at us." "Let him, but don't you shoot." 995 01:05:23,127 --> 01:05:25,671 He was in his bedroom. 996 01:05:26,297 --> 01:05:28,966 I went up the stairs, towards his bedroom. 997 01:05:29,967 --> 01:05:33,930 I took the stairs, and I saw the door open, 998 01:05:34,013 --> 01:05:36,182 and the barrel of a gun appeared. 999 01:05:36,265 --> 01:05:39,352 I said, "Zorrilla, I'm the district attorney general." 1000 01:05:39,435 --> 01:05:40,311 "Don't shoot." 1001 01:05:42,313 --> 01:05:44,565 "I'm unarmed," I shouted. 1002 01:05:45,107 --> 01:05:48,986 So, he opened the door, and I entered. He pointed the gun at me. 1003 01:05:49,862 --> 01:05:52,615 He kept threatening to kill me. 1004 01:05:52,698 --> 01:05:54,659 That's when the phone rang. 1005 01:05:56,035 --> 01:05:59,956 I went to answer it, but he said, "No!" He answered it, while holding the gun. 1006 01:06:02,875 --> 01:06:03,751 CORNERED 1007 01:06:07,838 --> 01:06:10,633 The president called me and said, 1008 01:06:10,716 --> 01:06:12,343 "Go to the city hall 1009 01:06:14,261 --> 01:06:16,722 because there's a very big problem." 1010 01:06:17,390 --> 01:06:22,311 That's when I found out that Ponce Rojas and Nacho Morales 1011 01:06:23,604 --> 01:06:28,401 wanted to detain Zorrilla, and that Zorrilla had them at gunpoint. 1012 01:06:28,484 --> 01:06:31,570 Finally, after three hours, 1013 01:06:31,654 --> 01:06:34,365 he took his coat and his hat, 1014 01:06:35,241 --> 01:06:36,242 and we left. 1015 01:06:37,702 --> 01:06:40,830 We noticed that he had a gun behind his back. 1016 01:06:44,625 --> 01:06:46,419 I said, "I'll buy you dinner." 1017 01:06:47,336 --> 01:06:50,256 That's what I said. "Let's all have dinner together." 1018 01:06:51,007 --> 01:06:55,177 We are outside the District Attorney General's Office, 1019 01:06:55,261 --> 01:06:59,557 where today, Mr. Zorrilla Pérez is being interrogated, 1020 01:06:59,640 --> 01:07:04,061 accused of allegedly murdering Manuel Buendía. 1021 01:07:04,729 --> 01:07:07,523 I waited at the District Attorney General's Office, 1022 01:07:08,357 --> 01:07:11,986 and Nacho Morales arrived with Zorrilla. 1023 01:07:13,446 --> 01:07:18,284 And when I greeted Zorrilla, 1024 01:07:18,993 --> 01:07:24,915 I gave him a hug and took the gun he was hiding behind his back. 1025 01:07:25,708 --> 01:07:28,377 I said, "Forgive me, buddy, but I'll be here, 1026 01:07:28,461 --> 01:07:30,796 and I don't tolerate these sorts of things." 1027 01:07:30,880 --> 01:07:34,425 I didn't actually see the interrogation. 1028 01:07:36,093 --> 01:07:41,348 Nacho put on a movie about a journalist… 1029 01:07:43,392 --> 01:07:47,271 an old movie about a journalist called-- some movie. 1030 01:07:47,354 --> 01:07:49,940 I don't know what's happening in Mexico. 1031 01:07:50,024 --> 01:07:51,776 Nothing happens in Mexico! 1032 01:07:52,359 --> 01:07:55,362 I can't believe this news to end the year. 1033 01:07:55,446 --> 01:07:57,865 The news is like a rabbit. 1034 01:07:58,449 --> 01:08:00,493 It jumps out where you least expect it. 1035 01:08:00,576 --> 01:08:02,495 You have to catch it mid-flight. 1036 01:08:02,578 --> 01:08:04,538 He even ordered dinner. 1037 01:08:05,331 --> 01:08:07,958 With everyone there, it felt like a family gathering. 1038 01:08:08,042 --> 01:08:11,670 I told Nacho, "I'm going to interrogate Zorrilla." 1039 01:08:11,754 --> 01:08:15,424 "Those are my orders." I interrogated him for two or three hours. 1040 01:08:16,133 --> 01:08:18,803 He said, "Look, you can kill me." 1041 01:08:20,054 --> 01:08:20,971 "It wasn't me." 1042 01:08:21,639 --> 01:08:24,308 "I know who it was, but I won't tell you." 1043 01:08:25,893 --> 01:08:28,938 "But, Javier, I'll take the fall for it." 1044 01:08:30,564 --> 01:08:31,440 And he did. 1045 01:08:33,400 --> 01:08:36,362 So, they detained Zorrilla, 1046 01:08:36,445 --> 01:08:40,324 but they didn't touch his money or his ranches 1047 01:08:40,407 --> 01:08:42,868 or any of his property. 1048 01:08:42,952 --> 01:08:44,203 In exchange for what? 1049 01:08:44,829 --> 01:08:47,289 For turning himself in and for his silence. 1050 01:08:47,373 --> 01:08:49,917 Zorrilla never spoke about the case. 1051 01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:50,960 ZORRILLA GOES DOWN 1052 01:08:51,043 --> 01:08:53,087 ZORRILLA CAPTURED CHARGES PILE UP 1053 01:08:53,921 --> 01:08:55,965 NO EXIT FOR ZORRILLA GUILTY 1054 01:08:56,048 --> 01:08:58,050 That's when I started working in film. 1055 01:08:58,134 --> 01:09:01,846 -What parts did you play? -The bad guy, the villain. 1056 01:09:03,931 --> 01:09:05,349 Tell your pigs 1057 01:09:05,933 --> 01:09:08,561 that there isn't enough money in the world to buy me. 1058 01:09:09,061 --> 01:09:11,856 I'll keep reporting you until I die. 1059 01:09:14,275 --> 01:09:18,154 Today we are joined by Dr. Dela Balza, the renowned criminologist. 1060 01:09:18,237 --> 01:09:20,531 I always did action films. 1061 01:09:20,614 --> 01:09:22,950 I was always the thug or the cop. 1062 01:09:23,701 --> 01:09:28,038 We arrived at a studio where there was a news reporter, 1063 01:09:28,122 --> 01:09:30,541 and we shot everyone, 1064 01:09:30,624 --> 01:09:32,626 even the guys that do the lights. 1065 01:09:32,710 --> 01:09:34,503 I killed a lot of people in movies. 1066 01:09:34,587 --> 01:09:36,338 Later I played an assassin. 1067 01:09:36,672 --> 01:09:39,675 A skilled one, because I took out a lot of people. 1068 01:09:44,638 --> 01:09:48,809 I was in a hotel, with a girl 1069 01:09:50,144 --> 01:09:53,731 when my mom called and said, "What did you do, Juan Rafael?" 1070 01:09:53,814 --> 01:09:54,940 I got scared. 1071 01:09:55,024 --> 01:09:57,318 "I didn't do anything. Why?" 1072 01:09:57,401 --> 01:10:00,237 "They came to your house and broke down your doors." 1073 01:10:00,321 --> 01:10:02,615 "They beat your dog unconscious." 1074 01:10:02,698 --> 01:10:03,991 "They stole everything you had." 1075 01:10:04,074 --> 01:10:06,285 WE FELL INTO A TRAP, SAYS MORO'S MOTHER 1076 01:10:06,368 --> 01:10:09,288 "They have orders to turn you in dead." 1077 01:10:09,371 --> 01:10:13,751 "And they will say that you admitted to killing Buendía before dying." 1078 01:10:13,834 --> 01:10:15,878 "So, be careful, son." 1079 01:10:18,297 --> 01:10:20,216 I got scared after that. 1080 01:10:20,299 --> 01:10:23,427 I said, "Mom, find me a lawyer and file for protection." 1081 01:10:23,510 --> 01:10:25,387 POLICE CAPTURE JUAN RAFAEL MORO ÁVILA 1082 01:10:25,471 --> 01:10:28,182 I was a cop. I knew what was going on. 1083 01:10:28,265 --> 01:10:30,851 I ran away, and I was playing games with the police. 1084 01:10:30,935 --> 01:10:32,144 They were dumb. 1085 01:10:33,938 --> 01:10:35,314 "Where's my protection?" 1086 01:10:35,397 --> 01:10:38,901 When she said she had it, I came back immediately. 1087 01:10:38,984 --> 01:10:40,361 I left my guns. 1088 01:10:40,444 --> 01:10:43,197 I was well-armed, so in case they were going to kill me, 1089 01:10:43,280 --> 01:10:44,490 they would die too. 1090 01:10:47,826 --> 01:10:50,120 I turned myself in, unarmed. 1091 01:10:50,204 --> 01:10:52,665 Then I saw they had snipers, 1092 01:10:52,748 --> 01:10:57,169 shooters, and a swarm of police. 1093 01:10:57,253 --> 01:11:00,381 They put me against the car. "What's up? Easy." 1094 01:11:00,464 --> 01:11:03,717 I was a cop. I knew I had a clear conscience. 1095 01:11:03,801 --> 01:11:06,553 I turned myself in. They took me in the squad car. 1096 01:11:08,555 --> 01:11:11,725 The District Attorney General's Office 1097 01:11:12,226 --> 01:11:18,357 will bring Juan Rafael Moro Ávila before criminal court 34 today 1098 01:11:18,440 --> 01:11:23,779 on the charge of being an accomplice to homicide. 1099 01:11:25,030 --> 01:11:27,950 They threatened my family. 1100 01:11:28,033 --> 01:11:29,034 BUENDÍA'S MURDERER CAUGHT 1101 01:11:29,118 --> 01:11:32,162 They detained my family, and were using them to pressure me. 1102 01:11:32,246 --> 01:11:35,124 That's why I agreed to a press conference. But I never incriminated myself. 1103 01:11:35,207 --> 01:11:36,917 I DIDN'T KILL BUENDÍA! 1104 01:11:37,001 --> 01:11:38,419 I didn't incriminate anyone. 1105 01:11:38,877 --> 01:11:41,297 The day they killed the journalist, 1106 01:11:41,380 --> 01:11:46,760 Juan Moro Ávila, then head of the Special Motorcycle Brigade, 1107 01:11:46,844 --> 01:11:51,056 was at the Federal Security Directorate offices 1108 01:11:51,140 --> 01:11:53,976 when he was informed that that afternoon, 1109 01:11:54,059 --> 01:11:58,605 a special operation called "News" would be taking place. 1110 01:11:58,689 --> 01:12:00,149 Special Operation News? 1111 01:12:00,232 --> 01:12:02,568 Everything he's saying isn't true. 1112 01:12:04,320 --> 01:12:06,989 That bastard is reading my whole statement! 1113 01:12:08,324 --> 01:12:11,368 Finally, I said, "If you're gonna pressure me, fine." 1114 01:12:11,452 --> 01:12:14,038 "I helped the killer." But I didn't know who he was. 1115 01:12:14,121 --> 01:12:17,291 "We'll say Chocorrol jumped on your bike, 1116 01:12:17,374 --> 01:12:18,375 CHOCORROL WAS THE SHOOTER 1117 01:12:18,459 --> 01:12:21,545 and you thought he was a DFS agent, so you went to investigate… 1118 01:12:21,628 --> 01:12:25,007 …and after a while, we'll say that he killed him, 1119 01:12:25,090 --> 01:12:26,592 and we'll get you out of trouble." 1120 01:12:26,675 --> 01:12:27,843 "THEY BETRAYED ME," CRIES MORO 1121 01:12:27,926 --> 01:12:29,762 They were trying to blame Chocorrol. 1122 01:12:29,845 --> 01:12:32,890 It was all political. They had me and my family in a bind. 1123 01:12:32,973 --> 01:12:36,393 We were all trapped. I said, "If this is the only way out, fine." 1124 01:12:36,477 --> 01:12:41,648 They asked me to report to the address, which I did. 1125 01:12:43,067 --> 01:12:48,906 The commander ordered me to comb the area. I got off the bike to get instructions. 1126 01:12:49,448 --> 01:12:50,699 I got on the bike. 1127 01:12:50,783 --> 01:12:53,994 I started my bike to go comb the area by myself, 1128 01:12:54,078 --> 01:12:57,831 when Mr. Chocorrol jumped on the back. 1129 01:12:58,457 --> 01:13:01,001 I recognized him from the office. 1130 01:13:01,085 --> 01:13:03,837 I thought he was also a Federal Security agent. 1131 01:13:04,421 --> 01:13:07,716 We took off, and he said, "Go to the right, go to the left." 1132 01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:10,761 I said, "Let's check. We're after someone who fits this description." 1133 01:13:10,844 --> 01:13:15,391 I didn't realize what I was doing. 1134 01:13:15,891 --> 01:13:18,685 I was collaborating in a homicide. 1135 01:13:18,769 --> 01:13:21,980 The District Attorney General's Office 1136 01:13:22,064 --> 01:13:26,443 revealed details about the death of José Luis Ochoa Alonso, 1137 01:13:26,527 --> 01:13:28,028 also known as "Chocorrol." 1138 01:13:28,529 --> 01:13:32,116 Yesterday, Moro Ávila named Chocorrol 1139 01:13:32,199 --> 01:13:35,285 as the person responsible for killing Manuel Buendía. 1140 01:13:35,786 --> 01:13:37,996 I'll fully cooperate and tell you everything. 1141 01:13:38,080 --> 01:13:40,999 I love journalists. I have journalistic inclinations, 1142 01:13:41,083 --> 01:13:43,460 and I've always taken care of reporters. 1143 01:13:43,544 --> 01:13:44,795 I love you all. 1144 01:13:44,878 --> 01:13:46,630 I LOVE YOU SO MUCH! 1145 01:13:46,713 --> 01:13:48,882 IMAGINE THE ONES WHO DON'T LOVE US! 1146 01:13:56,598 --> 01:13:58,308 Around 7:30 at night, 1147 01:13:58,392 --> 01:14:03,230 Mr. José Antonio Zorrilla Pérez arrived at Mexico City's Northern Jail. 1148 01:14:03,856 --> 01:14:06,150 Mr. Zorrilla was traveling in a white car, 1149 01:14:06,233 --> 01:14:11,530 which was part of a convoy of 15 judicial police vehicles. 1150 01:14:11,613 --> 01:14:14,199 He shouted that he was innocent to some journalists. 1151 01:14:14,283 --> 01:14:16,910 One of them managed to stick their recorder 1152 01:14:16,994 --> 01:14:21,039 into the squad car Zorrilla Pérez arrived in and obtained this audio. 1153 01:14:21,748 --> 01:14:24,626 Are you guilty or innocent, Mr. Zorrilla? 1154 01:14:24,710 --> 01:14:27,004 Innocent. I need the press to help me. 1155 01:14:28,630 --> 01:14:29,465 Thank you. 1156 01:14:30,340 --> 01:14:33,594 As a result of the investigations 1157 01:14:33,677 --> 01:14:36,430 and his recent conduct, 1158 01:14:37,181 --> 01:14:43,353 José Antonio Zorrilla Pérez is presumed responsible 1159 01:14:43,437 --> 01:14:47,649 for the homicide of Manuel Buendía Tellezgirón, 1160 01:14:47,733 --> 01:14:50,986 as the mastermind behind that act. 1161 01:14:51,069 --> 01:14:54,615 NO ESCAPE FOR ZORRILLA 1162 01:14:54,698 --> 01:14:57,534 Based on the evidence, 1163 01:14:58,202 --> 01:15:03,582 Juan Rafael Moro Ávila was the one who shot Manuel Buendía. 1164 01:15:04,291 --> 01:15:06,293 MORO IN JAIL WHAT ABOUT THE OTHERS? 1165 01:15:06,376 --> 01:15:09,755 ZORRILLA AND MORO UNDOUBTEDLY KILLED BUENDÍA 1166 01:15:09,838 --> 01:15:12,299 ZORRILLA GAVE THE ORDER 1167 01:15:12,382 --> 01:15:14,968 MORO SHOT 1168 01:15:15,052 --> 01:15:17,221 BUENDÍA CASE CLOSED 1169 01:15:17,304 --> 01:15:23,185 We felt that Manuel Buendía's investigation was 1170 01:15:23,268 --> 01:15:25,229 quite typical for the police. 1171 01:15:25,312 --> 01:15:29,608 With crazy stories, 1172 01:15:29,691 --> 01:15:32,819 and then the biker guy 1173 01:15:32,903 --> 01:15:37,199 who was the grandson of President Ávila Camacho. 1174 01:15:38,242 --> 01:15:42,454 Everything is overdramatized, and doesn't lead to the truth. 1175 01:15:43,539 --> 01:15:47,751 We supposed that they would cover up the real motive. 1176 01:15:48,418 --> 01:15:54,007 But we didn't imagine that we were on the cusp of a story 1177 01:15:54,091 --> 01:15:56,176 that would engulf us. 1178 01:15:56,260 --> 01:15:59,263 It was the emergence of the cartels. 1179 01:16:01,098 --> 01:16:02,599 One month before the murder, 1180 01:16:03,433 --> 01:16:05,519 a report was published 1181 01:16:05,602 --> 01:16:09,690 by the bishops from the South Pacific 1182 01:16:10,274 --> 01:16:12,776 which said that they were seeing 1183 01:16:13,485 --> 01:16:19,199 drug traffickers infiltrating state institutions. 1184 01:16:19,283 --> 01:16:23,870 Manuel Buendía picked up the story and published two articles about that. 1185 01:16:23,954 --> 01:16:27,874 NATIONAL SECURITY 1186 01:16:32,421 --> 01:16:34,339 "National Security." 1187 01:16:34,423 --> 01:16:38,135 Excélsior. May 14th, 1984. 1188 01:16:38,218 --> 01:16:39,428 By Manuel Buendía. 1189 01:16:40,178 --> 01:16:44,683 Drug trafficking has evidently picked up in Mexico 1190 01:16:44,766 --> 01:16:47,269 since 1982. 1191 01:16:48,186 --> 01:16:52,399 And this can't be achieved without help from the inside. 1192 01:16:52,899 --> 01:16:54,818 They say that in this dirty business, 1193 01:16:55,444 --> 01:16:59,197 there is direct or indirect complicity 1194 01:16:59,281 --> 01:17:03,910 of the top state and federal officials. 1195 01:17:05,329 --> 01:17:09,750 Based on what the bishops have reported, and also other sources, 1196 01:17:09,833 --> 01:17:13,503 this is a matter of national security. 1197 01:17:14,087 --> 01:17:16,715 THE PROGRESSIVE, APRIL, 1985 WHO KILLED MANUEL BUENDÍA? 1198 01:17:16,798 --> 01:17:19,593 A MEXICAN MYSTERY BY MATTHEW ROTHSCHILD 1199 01:17:22,262 --> 01:17:24,973 "TO KILL ME, THEY WILL HAVE TO SHOOT ME IN THE BACK."' 1200 01:17:25,057 --> 01:17:26,308 WHO KILLED MANUEL BUENDÍA 1201 01:17:26,391 --> 01:17:32,522 That was a major piece that Unomásuno did in its Sunday section. 1202 01:17:33,523 --> 01:17:36,860 He thought it was either by people who wanted to keep 1203 01:17:36,943 --> 01:17:42,616 Manuel Buendía from revealing connections to the drug traffickers, to the cartel. 1204 01:17:42,699 --> 01:17:44,034 RUSSELL BARTLEY HISTORIAN 1205 01:17:44,117 --> 01:17:47,704 Or it was CIA, it was the US government, trying to prevent… 1206 01:17:49,706 --> 01:17:50,791 things they were into 1207 01:17:50,874 --> 01:17:53,877 that had to do with drug trafficking, the Contras, and crime. 1208 01:17:55,170 --> 01:17:59,132 The bodies, found wrapped in plastic at a ranch 100 miles from Guadalajara, 1209 01:17:59,216 --> 01:18:00,967 were badly decomposed. 1210 01:18:01,051 --> 01:18:04,429 Enrique Camarena was investigating drug trafficking in Mexico 1211 01:18:04,513 --> 01:18:07,683 when he was kidnapped near the US consulate in Guadalajara. 1212 01:18:07,766 --> 01:18:10,977 He was tortured, and two days later, murdered by his captors, 1213 01:18:11,061 --> 01:18:14,064 believed to be drug dealers angry at Camarena's interference. 1214 01:18:14,147 --> 01:18:17,526 The two men the US government thinks ordered the Camarena murder, 1215 01:18:17,609 --> 01:18:21,863 and are eager to try, are drug kingpins are Rafael Caro Quintero 1216 01:18:21,947 --> 01:18:23,657 and Ernesto Fonseca. 1217 01:18:23,740 --> 01:18:25,951 They are already in prison in Mexico. 1218 01:18:27,202 --> 01:18:29,287 All of a sudden, my phone rang. 1219 01:18:29,788 --> 01:18:32,791 They asked me if I was Jesús Esquivel. 1220 01:18:34,084 --> 01:18:36,670 I said, "Yes. Who's calling?" 1221 01:18:37,379 --> 01:18:39,464 He said, "I'm Héctor Berrellez." 1222 01:18:39,548 --> 01:18:43,760 I was in charge of investigating the murder of Kiki Camarena. 1223 01:18:44,761 --> 01:18:47,389 What he told me would change history. 1224 01:18:49,224 --> 01:18:53,729 The story to cover up Kiki's murder 1225 01:18:54,438 --> 01:18:57,899 and to cover up the CIA's complicity in Kiki's murder… 1226 01:18:57,983 --> 01:18:59,109 HÉCTOR BERRELLEZ DEA 1227 01:18:59,192 --> 01:19:01,695 …is to say that Kiki was killed by the drug lords 1228 01:19:01,778 --> 01:19:05,532 for the biggest marijuana seizure in the history of law enforcement. 1229 01:19:05,615 --> 01:19:06,658 Over 10,000 tons. 1230 01:19:08,660 --> 01:19:11,663 That is a complete fabrication. 1231 01:19:11,747 --> 01:19:16,084 Camarena did not participate in the Buffalo raids. 1232 01:19:17,919 --> 01:19:19,921 One of the things Berrellez told me was, 1233 01:19:20,005 --> 01:19:22,132 when he took over the investigation, 1234 01:19:22,215 --> 01:19:24,301 the first thing he did was 1235 01:19:24,384 --> 01:19:28,847 he took all of Kiki's belongings from the DEA office in Guadalajara. 1236 01:19:29,973 --> 01:19:36,354 And the first thing he saw was Kiki Camarena's planner. 1237 01:19:37,272 --> 01:19:39,983 The planner had Buendía's phone number in it. 1238 01:19:41,985 --> 01:19:46,448 Héctor Berrellez and the DEA told us also about that connection. 1239 01:19:46,531 --> 01:19:49,993 And, supposedly, they had met once. 1240 01:19:51,161 --> 01:19:52,245 So we knew that then. 1241 01:19:53,497 --> 01:19:55,415 Well, back then, Manuel Buendía 1242 01:19:56,082 --> 01:20:00,420 was visited by Javier Vázquez, a reporter out of Veracruz. 1243 01:20:01,338 --> 01:20:05,592 The reporter told Manuel Buendía that he had uncovered a ranch 1244 01:20:06,718 --> 01:20:07,552 in Veracruz 1245 01:20:08,261 --> 01:20:10,889 that the DFS was protecting 1246 01:20:11,681 --> 01:20:15,894 and that the ranch belonged to Rafael Caro Quintero. 1247 01:20:16,603 --> 01:20:20,065 Zorrilla Pérez told Manuel Buendía, 1248 01:20:20,565 --> 01:20:23,026 "Don't write any of it. Please. Leave that alone." 1249 01:20:23,109 --> 01:20:23,985 "That is…" 1250 01:20:24,069 --> 01:20:26,196 "Don't even go there. That's a big secret." 1251 01:20:26,279 --> 01:20:28,448 The most American investigators are hoping for 1252 01:20:28,532 --> 01:20:32,661 is that those responsible will be arrested and tried in Mexico. 1253 01:20:32,744 --> 01:20:36,540 So, my first objective was to find witnesses. 1254 01:20:36,623 --> 01:20:40,752 And ironically enough, they identified an American agent to me. 1255 01:20:40,836 --> 01:20:44,047 LAWRENCE HARRISON CIA COLLABORATOR, 1968–1985 1256 01:20:44,130 --> 01:20:46,675 He was a guy who, 1257 01:20:48,051 --> 01:20:49,094 as far as I know, 1258 01:20:50,220 --> 01:20:54,099 was a drinking buddy of the Guadalajara group. 1259 01:20:55,684 --> 01:20:57,686 The November of 1983, 1260 01:20:58,979 --> 01:21:02,566 he's living in Ernesto Fonseca's house, for crying out loud. 1261 01:21:02,649 --> 01:21:06,194 He's married, and he has his own house, but he's managing 1262 01:21:06,278 --> 01:21:07,821 the electronic communications, 1263 01:21:07,904 --> 01:21:10,532 the radio communications that the cartel had there. 1264 01:21:13,493 --> 01:21:17,122 Who knew anything a bout Harrison? He was a very complicated human being. 1265 01:21:17,205 --> 01:21:21,543 He was deep cover, and he was his own handler. 1266 01:21:23,587 --> 01:21:25,505 Obviously, he reported to somebody. 1267 01:21:27,716 --> 01:21:31,511 A lot of his reporting was actually to Mexican intelligence people. 1268 01:21:32,137 --> 01:21:36,099 He had a superior, superiors in DFS, and so on. 1269 01:21:36,182 --> 01:21:39,019 And I thought, "This is strange." 1270 01:21:39,102 --> 01:21:42,355 "An American person working for the DFS?" 1271 01:21:42,439 --> 01:21:44,024 THIS IS THE FEDERAL SECURITY DIRECTORATE 1272 01:21:44,107 --> 01:21:47,444 A tiger is a powerful animal that doesn't run from danger. 1273 01:21:47,527 --> 01:21:48,987 It attacks head-on. 1274 01:21:49,070 --> 01:21:52,908 It prefers to act in silence, and it sees what others don't. 1275 01:21:53,617 --> 01:21:57,078 This is what a DFS agent should be like. 1276 01:21:57,162 --> 01:22:00,165 I went through a lot of hardship to try to get to this guy. 1277 01:22:00,248 --> 01:22:03,501 So finally, I got him on the phone, and I talked to him. 1278 01:22:04,002 --> 01:22:06,838 And he said, "You don't know what you're dealing with." 1279 01:22:06,922 --> 01:22:08,840 "You're treading in very deep waters." 1280 01:22:08,924 --> 01:22:11,176 "You don't know where you're going with this." 1281 01:22:11,259 --> 01:22:14,262 "I'm not hiding from you. I'm hiding from my own agency now." 1282 01:22:14,346 --> 01:22:15,639 "I work for the CIA." 1283 01:22:19,267 --> 01:22:22,687 But when they came after him, when it was clear they'd do him in, 1284 01:22:22,771 --> 01:22:27,609 one way or another, he said, "To hell with it." 1285 01:22:27,692 --> 01:22:31,196 You know, that's when he let us record and photograph and… 1286 01:22:33,406 --> 01:22:36,242 This is an interview conducted by Russell Bartley 1287 01:22:36,743 --> 01:22:38,912 with Lawrence Victor Harrison 1288 01:22:39,412 --> 01:22:42,248 at his residence in Riverside, California, 1289 01:22:42,874 --> 01:22:47,796 on Thursday, June 18th, 2009. 1290 01:22:48,755 --> 01:22:51,591 And, you know, you and I had a discussion about that. 1291 01:22:51,675 --> 01:22:55,261 But… the person who was blamed for it, 1292 01:22:55,345 --> 01:22:57,889 the person who publicized it was Manuel Buendía. 1293 01:22:57,973 --> 01:23:01,643 Where he got the lists, I don't know. He said he got them from Zorrilla. 1294 01:23:02,560 --> 01:23:04,229 Then Zorrilla later on said, 1295 01:23:04,312 --> 01:23:06,982 "I had to take care of him. He found something out." 1296 01:23:07,065 --> 01:23:10,527 "Something that I can't tell you what it is, but it's very important." 1297 01:23:10,610 --> 01:23:14,072 It certainly wasn't the credential. Everybody already knew about that. 1298 01:23:15,490 --> 01:23:17,492 It wasn't Mertins or anything like that. 1299 01:23:17,575 --> 01:23:18,994 It was something else. 1300 01:23:20,120 --> 01:23:21,579 Why did they kill Buendía? 1301 01:23:22,414 --> 01:23:27,252 Buendía? Because he had seen about these airstrips. 1302 01:23:27,335 --> 01:23:30,130 That's what they were pissed about. That was the whole thing. 1303 01:23:30,213 --> 01:23:31,381 That was their problem. 1304 01:23:32,090 --> 01:23:34,592 You now see partly, a part of what's happening. 1305 01:23:34,676 --> 01:23:39,639 You don't have the grounding, but you're getting close. 1306 01:23:39,723 --> 01:23:42,058 You've been around, talking to people. 1307 01:23:42,142 --> 01:23:44,310 But if you're not able to put that together, 1308 01:23:44,394 --> 01:23:46,354 you should see we're running it. 1309 01:23:46,855 --> 01:23:48,898 We've been running it for a long ti-- 1310 01:23:50,817 --> 01:23:54,696 When I tell you these things, I tell you because I saw them, you know. 1311 01:23:57,574 --> 01:24:00,035 And when he was here, he said, "Listen." 1312 01:24:00,118 --> 01:24:02,954 "We have a secret operation. We're running guns 1313 01:24:03,538 --> 01:24:07,083 into Central and South America, many to the Contras, through Mexico." 1314 01:24:07,834 --> 01:24:11,046 "And we're also bringing in tons of cocaine." 1315 01:24:11,129 --> 01:24:13,798 "We are funding the Nicaraguan war with coke." 1316 01:24:13,882 --> 01:24:17,218 And I said, "Who's 'we'?" He said, "Oliver North, Félix Rodríguez." 1317 01:24:17,302 --> 01:24:19,596 OLIVER NORTH US NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER 1318 01:24:23,224 --> 01:24:26,770 Félix Rodríguez is a dark person… 1319 01:24:29,898 --> 01:24:34,611 with some incredible stories in Latin America that seem like fiction. 1320 01:24:34,694 --> 01:24:37,447 Starting with the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1321 01:24:38,323 --> 01:24:42,577 And eventually, the assassination of Che Guevara 1322 01:24:42,660 --> 01:24:43,787 in Bolivia. 1323 01:24:45,246 --> 01:24:47,290 They sent him to Mexico 1324 01:24:47,373 --> 01:24:53,630 because there were investigations by the US Congress 1325 01:24:54,756 --> 01:24:58,343 about the weapons the Contras were receiving. 1326 01:24:58,426 --> 01:25:02,472 Would it be fair to say, Mr. Rodríguez, that this operation 1327 01:25:02,555 --> 01:25:04,891 was controlled by the United States government? 1328 01:25:04,974 --> 01:25:06,392 I didn't consider that. 1329 01:25:06,476 --> 01:25:07,936 I considered that 1330 01:25:09,604 --> 01:25:13,775 Colonel North had the interest to help the Nicaraguan freedom fighter. 1331 01:25:13,858 --> 01:25:15,944 When you lose your country, you feel abandoned, 1332 01:25:16,027 --> 01:25:18,530 and have nobody to go to, if anybody comes to your help 1333 01:25:18,613 --> 01:25:19,989 under those circumstances, 1334 01:25:20,073 --> 01:25:22,408 it would be immoral for me not to go to him 1335 01:25:22,492 --> 01:25:24,452 or help him in any way or form. 1336 01:25:24,536 --> 01:25:28,665 You are a former CIA agent, are you not? 1337 01:25:28,748 --> 01:25:30,166 -Yes, sir. -All right. 1338 01:25:30,250 --> 01:25:34,170 Kiki Camarena was targeted 1339 01:25:34,921 --> 01:25:40,218 because he found out about the Veracruz ranch. 1340 01:25:41,678 --> 01:25:44,430 They feared that he knew about the training camps 1341 01:25:44,514 --> 01:25:48,685 and he knew of the collusion of the DFS, the CIA with the narcos. 1342 01:25:48,768 --> 01:25:54,232 I mean, you start putting pieces of the puzzle together, and you see it. 1343 01:25:54,315 --> 01:25:58,987 We killed Buendía. We killed Camarena. We, the Americans. 1344 01:26:02,407 --> 01:26:05,577 The CIA, to this day, feels they did nothing wrong. 1345 01:26:05,660 --> 01:26:10,790 The war against communism is first, above in priorities than the drug war. 1346 01:26:10,874 --> 01:26:13,042 I'm DEA, and I'm saying, "You're wrong." 1347 01:26:13,126 --> 01:26:15,295 To me, you're destroying our country. 1348 01:26:15,795 --> 01:26:18,715 You're destroying our youth, and you guys are drug dealers. 1349 01:26:18,798 --> 01:26:20,258 GEORGE BUSH CIA DIRECTOR 1350 01:26:20,341 --> 01:26:22,218 We may not be talking about security. 1351 01:26:22,302 --> 01:26:28,308 We're talking about regime goals and objectives in the world. Policy. 1352 01:26:32,103 --> 01:26:36,858 What has always been on our minds 1353 01:26:36,941 --> 01:26:38,693 is, "Who?" 1354 01:26:39,277 --> 01:26:43,406 Zorrilla had no personal issues with Manuel. 1355 01:26:43,489 --> 01:26:47,994 The issues were coming from higher up, from top officials. 1356 01:26:50,455 --> 01:26:54,500 When I left court, I ran into a guy with blue eyes who said, 1357 01:26:54,584 --> 01:26:57,295 "Moro, you didn't kill Buendía." 1358 01:26:57,378 --> 01:26:58,421 "Of course not." 1359 01:26:58,504 --> 01:27:01,257 "I know who did it. It wasn't you." 1360 01:27:01,925 --> 01:27:05,595 He said he knew a guy, 1361 01:27:06,971 --> 01:27:10,350 Luis Sayas, who worked as a hit man. 1362 01:27:10,892 --> 01:27:16,272 Sayas said he had a .38 caliber gun. 1363 01:27:16,356 --> 01:27:19,359 According to him, they saw Buendía leave and said, 1364 01:27:19,442 --> 01:27:22,278 "That's Buendía." 1365 01:27:22,362 --> 01:27:26,324 He crossed the street, shot him at point-blank range 1366 01:27:26,950 --> 01:27:27,867 and ran away. 1367 01:27:27,951 --> 01:27:32,163 When they left, they got orders for another job. 1368 01:27:32,872 --> 01:27:35,041 To rob a jewelry store… 1369 01:27:36,251 --> 01:27:39,420 A jewelry store in Acapulco with a lot of gold. 1370 01:27:40,129 --> 01:27:44,092 Upon arrival they got into a shooting, and Luis Sayas was killed. They shot him. 1371 01:27:44,175 --> 01:27:48,429 They filled him with a lot of bullets and dumped him in a common grave. 1372 01:27:49,472 --> 01:27:51,224 That's where Buendía's killer is. 1373 01:27:51,307 --> 01:27:53,851 AFTER SPENDING 18 YEARS IN PRISON, 1374 01:27:53,935 --> 01:27:57,063 JUAN RAFAEL MORO ÁVILA WAS RELEASED IN FEBRUARY 2009 1375 01:28:02,819 --> 01:28:05,655 -Hello, Mr. Zorrilla. -How are you? 1376 01:28:05,738 --> 01:28:08,449 I'm here to meet with you again. 1377 01:28:08,533 --> 01:28:11,911 -I hope we aren't bothering you. -No, not at all. 1378 01:28:11,995 --> 01:28:13,121 -You sure? -Of course. 1379 01:28:13,204 --> 01:28:14,831 I'm happy to hear that, sir. 1380 01:28:14,914 --> 01:28:17,959 I'm innocent, and so are my associates. 1381 01:28:18,042 --> 01:28:23,006 The authorities need to investigate the matter. 1382 01:28:23,548 --> 01:28:27,885 I went to the crime scene because Luis Soto called me. 1383 01:28:28,636 --> 01:28:30,305 I arrived quickly 1384 01:28:30,388 --> 01:28:33,182 because it was five minutes away from my office. 1385 01:28:33,766 --> 01:28:37,145 I went quickly to see a friend 1386 01:28:37,228 --> 01:28:39,272 who I was told had been shot. 1387 01:28:40,023 --> 01:28:44,402 I went to help him and see if I could save his life. 1388 01:28:44,485 --> 01:28:49,115 If that's a crime, I would gladly do it again. 1389 01:28:49,866 --> 01:28:55,872 I'm convinced that it is a state crime. 1390 01:28:57,498 --> 01:28:59,959 Zorrilla is not guilty. 1391 01:29:00,043 --> 01:29:03,296 May Mr. Morales Lechuga forgive me 1392 01:29:03,379 --> 01:29:05,923 and the government and whoever else as well, 1393 01:29:06,758 --> 01:29:08,092 but I questioned him. 1394 01:29:08,176 --> 01:29:09,469 I interrogated him. 1395 01:29:11,054 --> 01:29:14,432 And with all due respect, I'm good at that. 1396 01:29:14,515 --> 01:29:16,601 AFTER 25 YEARS IN PRISON, 1397 01:29:16,684 --> 01:29:22,148 JOSÉ ANTONIO ZORRILLA PÉREZ WAS PLACED UNDER HOUSE ARREST IN 2013 1398 01:29:22,231 --> 01:29:25,526 When the PRI controlled Mexico in the '80s, 1399 01:29:26,611 --> 01:29:30,198 the code of silence was very important, and it still is. 1400 01:29:31,324 --> 01:29:32,950 Before he dies, 1401 01:29:33,034 --> 01:29:37,080 Zorrilla should give his version of the story. 1402 01:29:37,163 --> 01:29:38,498 Hopefully, he does. 1403 01:29:43,002 --> 01:29:44,670 History belongs to no one. 1404 01:29:45,505 --> 01:29:49,801 In that sense, those of us who have lived for so long 1405 01:29:50,760 --> 01:29:54,430 should not keep our "secrets" to ourselves, 1406 01:29:55,098 --> 01:29:59,268 especially if they concern matters that affect the whole nation. 1407 01:30:03,898 --> 01:30:05,983 The history of Mexico in the 20th century 1408 01:30:06,067 --> 01:30:09,570 is the story of the crumbling of the Mexican state 1409 01:30:10,196 --> 01:30:13,324 and the emergence and consolidation of organized crime. 1410 01:30:14,534 --> 01:30:19,705 And in that story, we have to include figures like Manuel Buendía. 1411 01:30:19,789 --> 01:30:23,501 Manuel Buendía, like other great journalists of the 19th century, 1412 01:30:23,584 --> 01:30:25,711 returned to the liberal tradition, 1413 01:30:25,795 --> 01:30:28,589 though it's much more evolved this century, 1414 01:30:28,673 --> 01:30:31,551 and he made journalism a weapon. 1415 01:30:31,634 --> 01:30:33,886 I think he was the first journalist that, 1416 01:30:33,970 --> 01:30:36,889 if I remember correctly, was killed this way. 1417 01:30:36,973 --> 01:30:38,641 On the street. 1418 01:30:38,724 --> 01:30:42,311 That's where it happened, leaving his office. 1419 01:30:42,395 --> 01:30:46,399 A crime against all of Mexico. It wasn't just against one man. 1420 01:30:47,233 --> 01:30:50,987 But the ideas, freedom, and truth will always live on, 1421 01:30:51,070 --> 01:30:55,908 regardless of whether they murder brave men like Manuel Buendía. 1422 01:30:55,992 --> 01:30:59,203 He continued to report, 1423 01:30:59,787 --> 01:31:03,958 but the people with power remained in the limelight. 1424 01:31:04,709 --> 01:31:10,465 And to take such enormous risks for zero results 1425 01:31:11,132 --> 01:31:14,427 is disappointing and unfair. 1426 01:31:14,510 --> 01:31:17,972 And it makes you ask yourself, "What for?" 1427 01:31:18,055 --> 01:31:20,725 WHAT FOR? 1428 01:31:22,727 --> 01:31:23,936 "God's Truce." 1429 01:31:25,563 --> 01:31:26,981 When the meadow catches fire, 1430 01:31:28,232 --> 01:31:30,693 when there's a threat of flood, 1431 01:31:30,776 --> 01:31:33,654 or something frightens the animals, 1432 01:31:34,155 --> 01:31:37,492 the beasts and vermin share refuge 1433 01:31:38,034 --> 01:31:39,160 without fighting. 1434 01:31:39,785 --> 01:31:42,205 Without tearing each other to pieces. 1435 01:31:43,164 --> 01:31:46,959 The farmers call this "God's truce." 1436 01:31:48,669 --> 01:31:50,004 Let's call a truce. 1437 01:31:51,380 --> 01:31:54,634 If we are not capable of acting rationally, 1438 01:31:55,301 --> 01:31:58,846 let us be guided by our animal instincts. 1439 01:32:01,015 --> 01:32:02,266 What does this mean? 1440 01:32:03,017 --> 01:32:06,103 How meaningful are the other things that are happening? 1441 01:32:06,187 --> 01:32:10,316 I repeat, we have the need and the subject matter 1442 01:32:10,399 --> 01:32:13,361 to examine a political event 1443 01:32:13,444 --> 01:32:17,240 that is multilayered, that has different shades and textures, 1444 01:32:17,323 --> 01:32:21,285 and that probably has deceptive lighting. 1445 01:32:21,369 --> 01:32:25,498 Well, there will hopefully still be time 1446 01:32:25,581 --> 01:32:29,335 to keep speaking with you, in front of you. 1447 01:32:30,044 --> 01:32:33,923 For now, thank you for listening to me today. 1448 01:40:09,712 --> 01:40:14,717 Subtitle translation by: B.P.