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These enormous structures
in the Amazon
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speak to a monumental human endeavor.
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But how many of them are there?
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Tell us what you found.
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- You see the trees?
- Yeah.
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- And now the terrain.
- Now we take it down.
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Wow.
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- Wow.
- Incredible.
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Professor Pärssinen and the team
have found nine new geoglyphs
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that were hidden
beneath the jungle canopy.
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Here we have round octagonal.
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This octagon, it's about 100 meters.
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- Yeah.
- 100 meters in diameter.
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Diameter.
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Incredible. And nobody knew it was there
until you got up there with your LiDAR.
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Nobody knew about this.
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Yeah. It's incredible
what this technology can reveal.
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Let's move up
and look at this interesting feature.
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These two nearly overlap
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and appear to be connected,
perhaps to other sites.
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This is road
with embankments on both sides.
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- An ancient road?
- Ancient road, yes.
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Leading to the large embankment square.
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- Yes.
- Stunning.
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If these geoglyphs were built
at the same time as others nearby,
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the roads suggest
an organized civilization thrived here
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at least 2,500 years ago.
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And there's evidence
they might've been around
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for very much longer.
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We found that many of these sites
have been established
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already 10,000 years ago.
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We can't be sure
whether we're looking at
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reconstructions of much older geoglyphs.
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But what we do know is that
human beings were present in that area.
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And that evidence goes back
more than 10,000 years, uh, into the past
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and brings us very close
to the end of the last Ice Age.
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However old they may be,
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the scale of the enterprise
is truly astonishing.
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So this raises the question,
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how many people would it take
to do something like this?
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We speak, uh, about hundreds of thousands.
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Yes. Literally hundreds
of thousands of inhabitants.
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Amazing.
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Professor Pärsinnen
isn't suggesting
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all of those people physically built
the geoglyphs.
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But a population that size
must have existed here long-term
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to both provide for and support
the necessary workforce.
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Within a few hundred meters
of known geoglyphs,
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our LiDAR team were finding more geoglyphs
that nobody even knew about.
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So what on earth can we expect to discover
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if we go hundreds of miles
into that dense rainforest?
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This has changed totally
our understanding of Amazonia.
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We're dealing with a huge phenomenon here,
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which has to change
the history of the Americas
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and changing the history of the world.
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{\an8}-
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{\an8}
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We can't possibly begin to tell
the story of the Americas
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until we have much more complete knowledge
of what was going on in the Amazon…
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not 1,000 years ago, but 10,000 years ago,
20,000 years ago, 30,000 years ago.
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We need to keep going back.
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We need not to close our minds
to these possibilities.
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And there's tantalizing evidence
of that deeper history
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1,000 miles northeast of Acre.
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I've come to
the Monte Alegre National Park
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on the north bank of the Amazon.
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Although much of the Amazon basin is flat
and cloaked in trees,
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here, distinctive rocky outcrops
tower over the canopy.
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Archaeologist and anthropologist
Dr. Christopher Davis
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has spent years investigating
a potentially history-changing discovery
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high on one of these ridges.
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This is Serra do Paituna…
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hill of the Blackwater Lake…
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a towering rocky crag adorned with
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an array of seemingly ancient
painted images.
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Thank you for leading the way.
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We're obviously surrounded
by just this amazing art here.
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What led you to this investigation
and this exploration?
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{\an8}I started doing archeology,
um, as a graduate student.
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And I had no idea
that there was rock art in the Americas.
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And so I was blown away by that.
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The images are known
as pictographs.
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Some are very simple.
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Maybe a serpent slithering
across the rock.
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Others depict
more complex geometric patterns.
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The big question is
when were these images painted?
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The art itself can't be dated.
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So Dr. Davis and his team
looked for other evidence.
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What's your dating
of this site based on at the moment?
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It's from the excavation
that we did back behind here.
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There were fragments of carbonated wood,
mostly palm wood, some carbonated seeds.
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We found evidence of a fire
back there as well.
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The results were
truly unexpected.
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From the radiocarbon dating,
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the oldest dates that we got
were about 13,200 before present.
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Fascinating.
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Dating back more than 13,000 years,
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we're looking at
some of the oldest artwork
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found anywhere in the Americas.
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Artwork created during the last Ice Age.
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By people, we're told,
who just suddenly appeared here
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deep in the Amazon wilderness.
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You can imagine, you know,
thousands of years ago,
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this would've been much brighter,
much more vibrant.
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The images were painted
using red and yellow ocher
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and seemingly treated to make them last.
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I've done experiments here
where you just take the ocher
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and draw it on the rock,
and it washes away.
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Right. So there has to be a binder.
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There has to be a binder
and a very good one.
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- We suspect they mixed it with tree resin…
- Uh-huh.
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…and the resin forms into
almost like amber but it's kind of clear.
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So that suggests
those who created these paintings had,
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first of all, experience
in how to do paintings like this,
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and they developed some knowledge
of how to make the paint last.
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Absolutely. Um, and in addition to that,
it shows preparation and time.
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Most compelling to me
are the many handprints…
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that intimate human contact expressed
by the handprints in the rock art.
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It's almost as though
they were touching the wall,
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and through the wall, touching us,
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sending a message to the future.
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{\an8}
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{\an8}
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{\an8}More Paleolithic art
has been found in the Western Amazon.
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Like this intricate mural
in the jungles of Colombia,
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where 12,600-year-old images depict humans
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alongside what appear to be
creatures of the Ice Age.
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{\an8}We are seeing an eyewitness account
of the coexistence of human beings
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with now long-extinct Ice Age megafauna.
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{\an8}And to the east of the Amazon,
these paintings push the date back further
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to more than 25,000 years ago.
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Which means 2,000 years before
those hunter-gatherers were walking
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the White Sands of New Mexico,
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there were other people already living
in the forests of South America
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creating art like this.
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And in great numbers.
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This should open up exploration
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of what those human beings
might have been doing in the Americas
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over these tens of thousands of years
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that archaeologists
previously didn't think
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there were any human beings there at all.
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At Serra do Paituna,
Dr. Davis is sure of one thing.
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Whoever they were
and whatever they were doing,
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the rock painters here suddenly stopped.
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So the first people
who were at this region, they were here,
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they were doing the art,
and then about 12,700 years ago,
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they were gone.
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So was the area abandoned at that time?
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It appears to be so.
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For quite some time.
For thousands of years.
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To me, 12,700 years ago
is a highly significant date.
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There's always margins of error in dates.
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But that's very close to the beginning
of the Younger Dryas climate anomaly.
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So I can't help wondering
if there's a connection.
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Back then,
temperatures suddenly plunged,
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while unexpectedly,
fires raged across the planet.
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And sea levels rose.
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We can hear echoes
of this catastrophic epoch…
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…in the oral traditions of Amazonia.
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There are countless myths and legends
about an ancient cataclysm
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that are still told all across the Amazon.
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And there's one
that I find particularly intriguing.
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According to
the Indigenous Tiriyó people,
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long ago, the sky spirits told a shaman
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that a terrible flood
would soon be unleashed,
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a punishment for the people's wickedness.
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Some heeded his warning
and fled to safety atop Mount Kantani.
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But most perished in the deluge.
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Eventually, the flood receded,
leaving the survivors to start over.
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It is a worldwide tradition.
There was a golden age.
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There was a time when humans lived
in harmony with one another.
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But that it somehow fell
from its high standards,
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and it was punished with a great flood,
with a global destruction,
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which wiped it from the face of the Earth.
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The global distribution of
this shared myth can't be a coincidence.
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I believe these ancient stories may be
our last surviving memories
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of very real events
that occurred all over the world
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around the end of the Ice Age,
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during a period of cataclysms
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that we've been calling
the Ancient Apocalypse.
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The evidence is mounting more and more
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that the Earth crossed the path
of cometary debris.
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And the argument is that
it was multiple impacts of fragments
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of this cometary debris that set off
the Younger Dryas climate emergency
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12,800 years ago.
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It's an idea we keep encountering
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called the Younger Dryas
Impact Hypothesis.
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In both the Southern
and Northern Hemispheres,
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{\an8}scientists have found
black matte layers like this one,
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{\an8}showing traces of nanodiamonds,
platinum, and iridium,
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suggesting a nearby cosmic impact
or airburst.
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But here, in the Amazon,
other evidence might be present,
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etched into these walls.
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We have several images of comets,
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but one panel particularly,
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there's a comet
that is positioned facing upward.
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The tail is going down.
The head is going up.
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Yeah.
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Above the comet image
is a painting of the sun.
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And this was baffling when I first saw it
because normally you wouldn't see a comet
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until after the sun sets.
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Most comets are
easily distinguishable by their tails,
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usually only visible above
the setting sun streaming away from it.
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Surely it would be impossible to see
a comet below the sun in broad daylight.
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So that gave me the idea, "When would you
possibly see a comet head up
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before the sun sets?"
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- Maybe during an eclipse.
- Mm-hmm.
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And so I started looking
in astronomy software,
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and there was an eclipse that occurred
facing that image about 13,027 years ago.
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Right.
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And a comet
that was near the sun.
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If there was an eclipse
that darkened the sun,
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you could possibly see suddenly
this comet,
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and it would be head up facing the sun.
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- So--
- That's what we see in the art?
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The art does seem to show that.
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Could this painting be
a record of the comet
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that many believe broke apart,
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pummeling the Earth with debris
and triggering the Younger Dryas?
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I think the ancients were already
getting warnings from the sky.
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They were becoming aware
that something had changed in the heavens,
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and perhaps they were painting
the first signs of the apocalypse
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that was to come.
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The timing certainly fits with
when humans abandoned this rocky outcrop.
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I know archaeologists
don't like to speculate
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and I'm gonna ask you to speculate,
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but do you think the Younger Dryas
had anything to do with
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that sudden cessation of activity?
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You can't ignore it, certainly,
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because it does come
right at that period of time.
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At a personal level,
what's your estimation
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of the people who created this art?
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How do you envisage them in your mind?
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It's kind of hard to imagine
how brave you would have to be
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coming to a new environment.
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I mean, they were pioneers.
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But how did these pioneers
get here in the first place?
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In 2015, scientists investigating
just that question dropped a bombshell.
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They found that members
of certain Indigenous Amazonian tribes
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share a specific DNA marker
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with people from the other side
of the Pacific Ocean.
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The fact that we find it amongst
remote tribes in the Amazon rainforest
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and in Papua New Guinea,
Taiwan, and Australia
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00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:52,680
suggests very strongly
that there was a direct crossing
245
00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:54,760
across the Pacific Ocean.
246
00:17:56,000 --> 00:18:00,040
Even more surprising
is where this DNA signal isn't.
247
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:07,880
This DNA signal is not found anywhere
in North America.
248
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:11,840
If the Americas were peopled
entirely by land,
249
00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:15,800
we should find this DNA signal present
in North America
250
00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:17,520
as well as in South America.
251
00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:25,760
What's more, the DNA signal is very old,
dating back at least 10,000 years.
252
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,040
Nobody is supposed to have
been able to cross the Pacific Ocean
253
00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:34,520
from one side to the other
10 or 11,000 years ago.
254
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:38,320
For that to have happened
just turns the whole story on its head.
255
00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:41,400
If there's one place on Earth
that might hold clues
256
00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:43,600
as to who crossed the Pacific back then…
257
00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:48,520
…it's here.
258
00:18:52,360 --> 00:18:55,800
I've come to one of the world's
most remote inhabited islands
259
00:18:58,120 --> 00:19:01,360
2,300 miles west of South America
260
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:05,520
and 2,600 miles east of Tahiti.
261
00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:13,880
On Easter Sunday, 1722, Dutch explorers
stumbled across this small speck of land,
262
00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:18,400
lost in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
263
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:22,920
So they named it Easter Island.
264
00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:26,920
But they were stunned to discover
that it was inhabited
265
00:19:27,920 --> 00:19:32,320
by a people who today
call their home Rapa Nui.
266
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,120
I mean,
look at the basic geography.
267
00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:47,040
It's just sitting there
in the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
268
00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:51,080
this tiny little dot of land.
269
00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:57,240
And so the first extraordinary thing
about it is,
270
00:19:57,320 --> 00:19:59,120
how did people find it at all?
271
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:03,480
How did anybody ever end up
settling on Easter Island
272
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:08,000
in this huge wilderness
of the Pacific Ocean?
273
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:13,640
That Pan-Pacific DNA signal convinces me
274
00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:18,320
that this island could play a key role
in my efforts to reconstruct the story
275
00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:20,720
of a lost civilization of the Ice Age.
276
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:23,240
Why?
277
00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:27,160
Because of these.
278
00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:33,200
Vast megalithic statues
that tower over the landscape…
279
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:39,400
for which Rapa Nui is famous today.
280
00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:48,720
Across the Pacific,
281
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:52,600
several islands are home to collections
of remarkable megalithic structures.
282
00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:57,680
However, the greatest concentration
of such monuments is found here.
283
00:20:57,760 --> 00:20:59,760
The islanders call them Moai.
284
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,000
There are
more than 1,000 of them…
285
00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:14,320
on a remote rock
that's smaller than Washington, DC.
286
00:21:19,120 --> 00:21:23,880
Many stand together along the coastline,
facing inland…
287
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:30,720
while others are found
seemingly at random,
288
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:35,760
as if a massive project
had been abandoned midway through.
289
00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:46,480
For me, Easter Island is just one
of the most enchanted places on Earth.
290
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,720
The great Moai statues,
291
00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,360
these human figures carved
out of the soft volcanic rock.
292
00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,040
It's confronting us
with a mystery right there,
293
00:21:58,120 --> 00:21:59,840
which needs to be explained.
294
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:07,320
Who were the sculptors
of these giant statues?
295
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:09,120
What were they trying to achieve,
296
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,760
and why did they expend
such mighty efforts to achieve it?
297
00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:16,960
These are puzzles
to which no definite solution,
298
00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:20,280
only speculation, has ever been offered.
299
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:35,600
This gap in our knowledge
is mostly due to the devastation
300
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:37,680
wrought here by outsiders.
301
00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:41,640
During the 19th century,
302
00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:44,880
the Rapa Nui people were reduced
to a tiny remnant
303
00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:47,840
by slave raids and disease.
304
00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:50,440
The few who clung on, did so,
305
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:53,680
by taking refuge
in underground lava tubes like this.
306
00:22:56,760 --> 00:22:59,440
I often say
that we're a species with amnesia,
307
00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:02,880
and that is particularly true
of Easter Island
308
00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:04,760
because of its tragic history.
309
00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:07,040
Because from the moment
310
00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:11,120
that Easter Island encountered
Western culture,
311
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:13,480
uh, disaster set in.
312
00:23:15,120 --> 00:23:20,000
The elders who had preserved the memories
were all taken away.
313
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,000
Some slaves were later repatriated,
314
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:26,280
but brought with them deadly diseases,
315
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:28,840
with the result
that the remaining islanders
316
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:30,480
were all but wiped out.
317
00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:38,440
Leo Pakarati is
an Indigenous documentarian
318
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,080
{\an8}whose family has carefully preserved
the oral traditions of Rapa Nui
319
00:23:42,160 --> 00:23:43,440
{\an8}for generations.
320
00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,760
He's painfully aware of what was lost
321
00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:50,560
during those dark times
of the slave raids.
322
00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:55,320
The only memory that is preserved
of the origins of Easter Island
323
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:58,480
is the memory
that survived the 19th century.
324
00:23:59,080 --> 00:24:04,040
In a historical moment,
we are only 111 persons on the island.
325
00:24:04,120 --> 00:24:05,600
- It's a big disaster.
- For the culture.
326
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:07,320
It's a cultural disaster too
327
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,320
because you need many people
to keep the knowledge.
328
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:11,920
Few people, few knowledge.
329
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,960
- Yeah.
- And we lose a big part of our history.
330
00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:20,840
And yet,
despite these overwhelming odds,
331
00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,280
the Rapa Nui have retained memories
332
00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:26,720
concerning this tiny island's
most intriguing mystery.
333
00:24:28,120 --> 00:24:30,800
Tell me what the old tradition says
about the Moai.
334
00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,920
The real name for the Moai
is "te aringa ora o te Tupuna."
335
00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,400
- Mm-hmm.
- "The living face of our ancestors."
336
00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:38,560
That is the name.
337
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:42,640
The idea is
the Moai represent a real person.
338
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:43,680
Yeah.
339
00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:46,560
And in life,
this person is special, important.
340
00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:49,880
According to Rapa Nui lore,
341
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:53,520
these important ancestors
were memorialized in the Moai
342
00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:57,160
with distinctive features
related to their rank.
343
00:24:57,960 --> 00:24:59,840
- Some of the Moai have short ears.
- Yeah.
344
00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:01,800
Some have long ears. What's that about?
345
00:25:01,880 --> 00:25:04,640
This is because of our different
social classes on the island.
346
00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:08,160
- Yeah.
- Some people have time for long earrings.
347
00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:10,280
They have long nails too.
348
00:25:10,360 --> 00:25:12,280
- It's a social class act.
- Yes.
349
00:25:12,360 --> 00:25:15,200
So those long fingers on the Moai,
those are actually nails?
350
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:17,080
They have long fingers,
351
00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,360
and some Moai have
very long nails and curves too.
352
00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:25,920
I find it impossible
to avoid seeing
353
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:30,080
parallels with similar statues
of great antiquity found elsewhere.
354
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:37,600
{\an8}On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi,
we find 4,000-year-old megalithic figures
355
00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:39,720
in a remarkably similar posture
356
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:42,520
{\an8}and with similar hand positions.
357
00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:49,040
{\an8}Even on the other side of the world,
in Turkey,
358
00:25:49,120 --> 00:25:52,960
{\an8}a statue known as Urfa Man
that dates back to the Ice Age
359
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:57,120
strikes a similar pose,
his hands clasped across his belly.
360
00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,960
{\an8}An equally intriguing parallel is found
also in Turkey,
361
00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,200
{\an8}in the ten-ton megalithic pillars
of Göbekli Tepe.
362
00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:12,160
These pillars are 11,600 years old.
363
00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:19,520
Could the similarities
of these designs across time and space
364
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,400
be evidence
of a single common ancestor culture,
365
00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:27,160
leaving a legacy of ideas
for later peoples to express?
366
00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:37,760
No records exist that could explain
the origins of such imagery.
367
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,560
But according to Rapa Nui oral tradition,
368
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:46,360
the Moai, in addition to being
megalithic memorials,
369
00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:50,480
channel a sacred spiritual power
from their ancestors,
370
00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:54,720
an energy known as mana.
371
00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:58,840
Tell me more about mana.
372
00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:00,320
Mana is very important.
373
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:01,920
Mana is the energy.
374
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:03,280
All the people have mana.
375
00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:06,640
Any rock, any elements
in the universe have mana.
376
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,080
So the Moai are invested with mana?
377
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:11,720
Yeah. People, when they die,
378
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:16,160
the family send
to make a Moai with the intention,
379
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:20,920
the soul, the mana, the spirit
of this person entering the Moai.
380
00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:26,240
But interestingly,
that mana only starts to flow
381
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:30,400
after the Moai are set in place
and properly finished.
382
00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:34,680
In the moment,
the Moai is safe on the platform,
383
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:38,680
the tupuna, the ancestors,
carve in the holes for the eyes first,
384
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:42,360
and later they put in coral
for the white part
385
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,480
and sometimes obsidian
or other rocks for the eyes.
386
00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,080
- Right. Yeah.
- In this moment, it's no more Moai.
387
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,360
Now it's Aringa ora o te Tupuna.
The living face of our ancestors.
388
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:53,320
- Once it has the eyes?
- Once it has the eyes.
389
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:55,840
- Right.
- And from the platform, from the Ahu,
390
00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:59,080
the Moai look in direction to the town
and protect the family.
391
00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:00,680
That is the function of the Moai.
392
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:11,240
Clearly, the Moai are
deeply sacred to the Rapa Nui.
393
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,600
But does that mean
they originally carved them?
394
00:28:18,360 --> 00:28:21,360
Or could the Moai have already been here?
395
00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:24,680
If so, we'd need to rethink
the entire timeline
396
00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:28,280
of the peopling of Rapa Nui.
397
00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,080
Let's consider an alternative scenario
398
00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:34,640
in which it was first explored
by a small group
399
00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:36,720
of highly sophisticated navigators,
400
00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:40,240
much further back in prehistory
than is presently accepted.
401
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,120
Based on genetic testing,
402
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:56,880
we know that the Rapa Nui people…
403
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,240
…are descended from
those great ancient navigators,
404
00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:03,760
the Polynesians.
405
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:10,400
The Polynesians were fantastically
advanced navigators and seafarers
406
00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:12,840
and settled many parts
of the Pacific Ocean
407
00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,440
during the Polynesian expansion
about 3,000 years ago.
408
00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,960
Carbon dating
of the oldest human settlements here
409
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:26,040
strongly suggests that Rapa Nui was one
of the last islands they reached
410
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,280
around 1,100 years ago.
411
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:32,720
A new study proposes
412
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,520
that the first people arrived
even more recently,
413
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,880
just 800 years ago or less.
414
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:52,480
And yet, fragments
of a different earlier origin story
415
00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:55,160
that seem to contradict
the archaeological timeline
416
00:29:55,240 --> 00:29:57,240
have been kept alive here.
417
00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,680
I'm privileged to witness
a celebration of it.
418
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:14,320
The oral traditions speak
of a primeval homeland called Hiva,
419
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:19,400
a large island destroyed by a global flood
that forced their ancestors to flee.
420
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,960
In this account,
the great king of Hiva, Hutu Matu'a,
421
00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:30,760
was warned that his island nation
would suffer a terrible deluge
422
00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:32,440
and be submerged forever.
423
00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:38,560
Guided by a vision,
424
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:42,200
he sent seven chosen men
out in seafaring canoes,
425
00:30:44,360 --> 00:30:47,680
heading towards the rising sun
in search of a new home.
426
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:51,560
After weeks at sea,
427
00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,240
they landed safely
on the island of Rapa Nui,
428
00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,680
where they were later joined
by Hutu Matu'a and hundreds of his people
429
00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:00,960
to reestablish their civilization.
430
00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,560
So we have a tradition
of a great flood and an exploration,
431
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:14,480
and we have to ask ourselves,
"Did such an event happen?"
432
00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:18,240
You really have to go back
to the end of the last Ice Age
433
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,080
to get the kind of flood
that would submerge an entire land.
434
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:27,680
The name of that sunken island, Hiva,
435
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:31,280
in Rapa Nui language means far-off land,
436
00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:35,040
suggesting it wasn't a land
the Polynesians were familiar with.
437
00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:42,000
But the arrival of a band of seven
by sea after a time of great cataclysm
438
00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:45,320
{\an8}is a tradition encountered
all over the ancient world
439
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:47,840
{\an8}from the Apkallu of Mesopotamia
440
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:51,600
{\an8}to Egypt's seven sages
441
00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:54,240
{\an8}and India's seven rishis.
442
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:55,960
{\an8}
443
00:31:56,040 --> 00:32:00,080
{\an8}Such traditions often speak
of a small band of flood survivors
444
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,760
arriving in a distant land
in a time of chaos
445
00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:06,240
with a mission to restart civilization.
446
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:13,560
Coincidence? Could these origin stories
be memories of real events
447
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:17,080
experienced by many ancient cultures
around the world?
448
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,640
Crucially, the legend
of Hotu Matu'a and Hiva
449
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:28,160
doesn't include a date.
450
00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,480
This causes me
to raise questions in my mind
451
00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:38,920
about when Easter Island
was first settled.
452
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:43,240
I'm not disputing
the Polynesian expansion.
453
00:32:43,320 --> 00:32:47,320
I'm not disputing
that the population of Easter Island today
454
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:49,640
is a Polynesian population.
455
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,040
But the question is, could it
have been settled earlier than that?
456
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:09,120
Alas, the Moai themselves
can't help us answer this question.
457
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:12,920
The characteristic Moai are cut from
458
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,560
a relatively soft type of rock
called tuff,
459
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,040
a form of volcanic ash turned to stone.
460
00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,400
They can't be dated in and of themselves.
461
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:24,880
In the absence of direct evidence
462
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,680
for when these megalithic statues
were carved,
463
00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:31,800
archaeologists relied on
dating the organic matter
464
00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:36,080
embedded in the Ahu platforms,
on which many of the Moai stand.
465
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:38,720
For example,
466
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:45,080
Ahu Nau Nau has been dated
to between 400 and 900 years old.
467
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:55,080
So that's when historians believe
the islanders began to carve the Moai.
468
00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:59,440
But if that were true,
469
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:02,000
it means that after a few centuries,
470
00:34:02,080 --> 00:34:06,040
living simply with no traces
of building the necessary skills,
471
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,880
the Rapa Nui people suddenly embarked
on this mammoth project,
472
00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:16,520
which continued until just a few decades
before the Europeans arrived.
473
00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:20,600
Many of the platforms
are really quite rough
474
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:23,040
and ready by comparison with the statues.
475
00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:25,280
And we have to ask ourselves the question,
476
00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:29,240
"Are the platforms actually the same age
as the statues that stand on top of them?"
477
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:33,360
Or is it possible
that the statues were re-erected
478
00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:35,360
by latecomers to Easter Island,
479
00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:38,600
giving us a totally false idea
of how old the statues are
480
00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:40,400
based on the platforms alone?
481
00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:45,400
After all, throughout history,
482
00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:50,160
many objects of great cultural value
have later been moved and displayed
483
00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:51,520
in a newer setting.
484
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:53,720
{\an8}-
485
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:57,120
{\an8}In Venice, the four tetrarchs
of St. Mark's Basilica
486
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:02,960
{\an8}were actually carved in Constantinople
900 years before they were installed here.
487
00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:10,120
{\an8}And the Renaissance fountain in front of
Rome's Pantheon isn't nearly as old
488
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,760
{\an8}as the ancient Egyptian obelisk
it supports.
489
00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:18,760
Many of these huge statues
were moved around, relocated,
490
00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:20,440
placed in different positions.
491
00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:23,160
And I think we have
to remain open to the possibility
492
00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:25,480
that the statues
may already have been there
493
00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:28,360
when the first Polynesians arrived.
494
00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:33,120
And that they were kind of adopted
by those new settlers
495
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,360
and taken in to their culture.
496
00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,040
Supporting this idea is Ahu Nau Nau,
497
00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:44,120
which uses another Moai head,
deeply weathered,
498
00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:48,200
as one of its foundation stones,
recycled for this purpose.
499
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:59,240
Another hint that the Moai could be
much older than previously thought
500
00:35:59,960 --> 00:36:02,080
can be found at the extinct volcano,
501
00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,880
where nearly all of the megaliths
were first quarried and shaped.
502
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:14,400
Here, in the southeastern corner
of the island, is an extinct volcano
503
00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:16,120
called Rano Raraku.
504
00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:19,760
It's a dramatic feature on the landscape.
505
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:27,840
And on its slopes are the remains
of hundreds of partially completed Moai.
506
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:32,720
It truly is one of
the world's most mysterious places.
507
00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:43,000
Nearly 400 Moai
are scattered about the volcano…
508
00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:50,080
in various stages of completion.
509
00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:05,360
Many only peek above ground level,
510
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:08,560
their squat torsos
embedded in deep sediment.
511
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:14,160
This sedimentation could result
from landslides,
512
00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,160
mudflows, or even tsunamis.
513
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:25,480
But although they might lean,
most of the statues remain upright,
514
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:27,120
not randomly tumbled over,
515
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,240
as you would expect
if such an event were the cause.
516
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:34,560
So what really happened here?
517
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,440
For centuries,
the sediment concealed the evidence.
518
00:37:41,040 --> 00:37:45,760
Until 1914,
when archaeologists began excavations.
519
00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:49,000
As this photograph shows,
520
00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:53,000
some Moai are
much more than just head and shoulders
521
00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:56,760
and include the whole torso
lodged deep in the hillside…
522
00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:04,120
a finding that was only fully revealed
to the world in the 1950s
523
00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:07,080
by the famous ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl.
524
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,720
Thor Heyerdahl was
a remarkable human being.
525
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:16,680
I was lucky to meet him more than once.
526
00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:19,840
He was willing to challenge convention.
527
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:22,800
He was convinced
that there were some missing pieces
528
00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:24,760
in the story of our past.
529
00:38:24,840 --> 00:38:28,960
And he tried to show us
that deep in prehistory,
530
00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,120
uh, ancient humans were capable
of achievements
531
00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:35,760
that we have tended to allocate
to much later periods.
532
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,560
Like this mysterious
Moai building project.
533
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:43,240
Archaeologists tell us
534
00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:47,040
that the last of the Moai were sculpted
around 400 years ago.
535
00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:51,320
But it seems implausible,
on such a small island,
536
00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:55,440
that such a massive amount
of sedimentation could have accumulated
537
00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:57,960
around them in such a short time.
538
00:38:59,880 --> 00:39:03,160
None of these Moai show evidence
of intentional burial.
539
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,280
So is there another explanation?
540
00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,760
Could it be that what we're looking at
is the end result
541
00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:13,560
of a process of sedimentation
542
00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:17,120
that would have taken
not hundreds of years, but thousands?
543
00:39:19,640 --> 00:39:21,560
The problem with that theory?
544
00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:25,320
There's no evidence
of human habitation dating so far back.
545
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:27,840
Or is there?
546
00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,960
{\an8}