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00:00:04,320 --> 00:00:09,000
- My ancestors arrived here
in Maketu over 700 years ago,

2
00:00:09,040 --> 00:00:12,760
bringing with them the things they
needed to survive in a new land ―

3
00:00:12,760 --> 00:00:20,240
plants, tools and the cultural
know-how to explore and settle
the world's largest ocean.

4
00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:24,440
Their waka carried the plants
they needed for food and clothing.

5
00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:28,120
The one that became most important
here was the kumara,

6
00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:36,560
which was not just critical to
our survival but tells a story that
connects us right across the Pacific.

7
00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:43,480
I want to retrace the journey of our
ancestors from Aotearoa all the way
to South America and theMarquesas

8
00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:48,800
to help me understand where
our tupuna went, who they met,
and what they saw.

9
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In this episode ― I make surprise
connections at the top of the world

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and go looking for
the origins of haka.

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00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:58,200
(ALL PERFORM HAKA)

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I want to understand
how we became Maori,

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how we connect to
the rest of the Pacific, and how our
ancestors explored such a vast ocean.

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00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:12,480
Join me as I follow
the path of my ancestors.

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www.able.co.nz
Copyright Able 2023

16
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When my tupuna first
sailed south from Hawaiki,

17
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the great explorer Kupe had told
them to look for Parinuitera,
the great cliffs of the sun.

18
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- A very special place to all
the voyagers. It was integral
to Kupe's knowledge.

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If you're far out at sea, you knew
to look for the tohu of Parinuitera.

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- Ahuahu became a nursery
for our waka plants.

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Rock walls warmed the soil

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to help cultivate the precious
seedlings we needed to survive
on these new islands.

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- Became known as the home
of the kumara and the taro.

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And, you know, if any of the tribes
down the coast lost their kumara
tubers through frosts and floods,

25
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even in war, you know, where
the enemy would take their―
pick their gardens,

26
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take what was going
in their gardens,

27
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they knew they could replenish
their tubers by coming back to
Ahuahu.

28
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- The early spread of
kumara throughout our country

29
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paints a picture of how and where
our tupuna were able to settle.

30
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Kumara played a key role
in making this land home.

31
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But those kumara plants came
from many thousands of miles away ―

32
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from the South American coast, where
they were a staple for the indigenous
people there.

33
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So how did the kumara
get here to Aotearoa?

34
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I'm on my way to Whakatane to talk to
a kumara whisperer. He reckons he may
have some answers.

35
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(BIRDS CALL)

36
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- Just a little technique ―
when you plant them...
- Yeah.

37
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- ...we plant them so they're
shaped like a jade like that.
- Ah! Yeah.

38
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- So push them in that way. And then
this part here is on the sunny side,

39
00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,520
cos this is north over here;
south over here.

40
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Just hold it like that.
- Yeah.

41
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- Push it in about that
deep and cover it over.

42
00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:16,760
- Where do you think kumara
came from? When did it get
here to Aotearoa?

43
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- Well, the interesting thing is our
tipuna, when they first came here,

44
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they didn't bring kumara with them.

45
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They brought other things ― taro,
hue, all those kinds of things.

46
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And then there's this long period
where there was some mahi growing
those kai,

47
00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:30,720
but, essentially, we lived off
the bush and the ocean,

48
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and then these other waka came later
on and bought kumara down then.

49
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By experimentation, by trying
different things, it was able
to flourish.

50
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- So, you are of the firm view
that kumara came from South America.

51
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- If you go over there to South
America, they'll say, 'Oh, we've
grown this since the beginning.'

52
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And there's signs of kumara
that's 8000 years ago.

53
00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:05,080
You know, you go to the people that
have had it the longest and talk to
them.

54
00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:12,120
- Science tells us kumara
came from South America.

55
00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:18,280
But how it was brought into the
Pacific is a mystery I hope to
understand.

56
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In your opinion, is it possible
for our ancestors to travel from
Eastern Polynesia to South America?

57
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Is that possible?
- Yeah, of course it is. I mean...

58
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when we left here in 2012

59
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to sail to Rapa Nui,

60
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we followed that path.

61
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- If Polynesian waka did
travel to South America,

62
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one possible route
was from Rapa Nui, when the winds
were right, down to northern Chile,

63
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then following the Humboldt Current
up the coast,

64
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meeting people and
trading kumara, chickens and DNA,

65
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they would have sailed downwind
all the way to Marquesas.

66
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- They've been everywhere
in the Pacific.

67
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They developed everything that they
needed to know to be able to cross
the oceans.

68
00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,760
- As an expert in
our traditional ways of navigation,

69
00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:19,240
how do you link the origin of
the kumara, our tupuna going
to South America,

70
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and then our traditional narratives
around the origin of kumara?

71
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- So you've got all these stories
of how the kumara came, you know,

72
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and, and I think that
just shows that there...

73
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there were lots of voyages happening
with people bringing, you know, that
resource with them.

74
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And so from my perspective,

75
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a practical sense of being able to
cross the ocean and having all this
matauranga

76
00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:48,160
and having a duty of care
for your people,

77
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that you find the things that
you need to be able to survive.

78
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- Did our ancestors get
all the way to South America?

79
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Tu mai e nga...

80
00:06:01,280 --> 00:06:04,000
'It sounds like I need
to go and see for myself,

81
00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:09,120
'but before I do,
I've got to pay my respects to our
Te Arawa kumara god Matuatonga.'

82
00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:15,720
Whitiki kia mau, whitiki kia puta
ki te whaiao, ki te ao marama.
Tihei mauri ora.

83
00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:19,800
No reira, mihi ana ki a koe.

84
00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:21,480
Matuatona, tena koe.

85
00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:23,960
Ko tae mai te hope o Tutanekai.

86
00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:26,320
Tena koe.

87
00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:34,000
This is a taonga that was brought
over on the Te Arawa waka in the
1300s. Our tupuna brought itover.

88
00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:37,440
They knew that they could
utilise the mana of this taonga

89
00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:41,040
to help them sustain themselves
and grow their kumara here.

90
00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:43,640
But where does the story start?

91
00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:47,320
Did our tupuna go all
that way to South America?

92
00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:50,800
And was it just kumara that
they brought back with them?

93
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Kotahi ana kei te ara hai whai maku ―
there's only one way to find out.

94
00:07:05,840 --> 00:07:07,840
(TRAIN BELL DINGS)

95
00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:18,560
- Our early Polynesian ancestors
explored nearly a third of the earth,

96
00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:25,360
and while many viewed the ocean as
a barrier, our Polynesian ancestors
viewed the ocean as a highway.

97
00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:28,720
And after many thousands of years
of exploration and discovery,

98
00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:36,920
I wonder if they had any idea that
far, far off into the east was the
great landmass of South America.

99
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These days when we hear Peru,
we think of the Incas.

100
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But there have been people here
long before Machu Picchu.

101
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The name Peru means land of abundance
and the indigenous language Quechua,

102
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and one of the things they grow
in abundance here is kumara,
which in Quechua is 'kumar',

103
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a near certain linguistic link and
the original clue for early contact
between our people.

104
00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:10,280
Rob said, 'Go to the people who have
had it the longest and talk to them,'

105
00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:14,360
and I'm told Alfredo is
Peru's kumara whisperer.

106
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What's the secret that you've got
the best kumara in Peru? (CHUCKLES)

107
00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,520
(LAUGHTER)

108
00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:26,840
- (SPEAKS SPANISH)

109
00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:37,360
- How many generations has
your whanau been doing this mahi?

110
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- Karakia. Hey!

111
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- Todo, todo, todo, todo.
Todo, todo!

112
00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:06,280
- (SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

113
00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:27,960
If our tupuna came here,
was more than a plant exchanged?

114
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:32,240
I want to understand more about the
cultures that would have been here
at that time,

115
00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:36,440
so I'm heading up into the clouds ―
ara ki nga kapua.

116
00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:38,360
I'm in the Sacred Valley.

117
00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:46,280
The indigenous people here still
speak Quechua, and many still live
according to their ancient tikanga.

118
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It's a calm day, very tranquil.

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00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:50,920
(PANTS)

120
00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:57,520
Sun shining ― kei te whiti te ra ―
but don't be fooled ― it's quite
cold, and we're very highup,

121
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so, you know, getting puffed
quite quickly. (PANTS)

122
00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:05,200
'Course, it's not affecting
the tangata whenua.

123
00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:06,920
- Hola.

124
00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:15,200
- We're up at 4500m, and I'm carrying
a koha of the coca leaves they chew
to combat altitude sickness.

125
00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,200
Anei te koha.

126
00:10:18,200 --> 00:10:20,200
(MAN SPEAKS QUECHUA)

127
00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:24,000
Tell me a little bit
about those leaves.

128
00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:31,840
- Yes. Before they start chewing the
coca, they have to organise the coca
with three coca leaves.

129
00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:33,760
You have to blow.
- Three?

130
00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:35,760
- Three. To the Apus.

131
00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:37,960
- This maunga.

132
00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:40,720
- (SPEAKS QUECHUA)
(LAUGHTER)

133
00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:42,280
- Shush!

134
00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:44,440
Straight in?
- Just keep it in your mouth.

135
00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:48,440
- Keep it in my mouth.
- Like a gum and just chew it.

136
00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:51,720
(MAN SPEAKS QUECHUA)

137
00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:54,760
- (SPEAKS QUECHUA)

138
00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:58,200
Now they are sharing
their love with us.

139
00:10:58,200 --> 00:10:59,640
- To Hawaiki.

140
00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,640
My friend over here,
you are laughing at me the most.

141
00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:04,160
- (SPEAKS QUECHUA)

142
00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:06,160
- (LAUGHS)

143
00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:15,760
A huatia is their version
of an earth oven.

144
00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:21,320
Today they are burning alpaca kaka.
I guess you use whatever materials
you have available.

145
00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:25,920
And it works ― they've been
doing this for thousands of years.

146
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:28,520
(CRACKLING)
Ooh! Listen to it.

147
00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:32,400
It's loud.

148
00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:37,560
Oh!

149
00:11:37,560 --> 00:11:40,640
All done. We just want now ―
20 to 30 minutes.

150
00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:42,640
(CONCH SHELL BLARES)

151
00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:49,880
Very good.

152
00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:56,960
What do you call this?
What's the name?
- Como llamas a esto?

153
00:11:56,960 --> 00:11:58,560
- Pututu.

154
00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:00,560
Pu-tutu.
- Pututu.

155
00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:03,080
Pututu.

156
00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:06,480
We have an instrument
that's very similar to this.

157
00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:09,760
You call it pututu;
we call it putatara.

158
00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:11,760
- (SPEAKS SPANISH)

159
00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,800
- Yeah, to announce an arrival
or something important happening...
- Mm-hm.

160
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:25,960
- ...which is the same―
what we use a putatara for.

161
00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:27,960
(BLOWS CONCH SHELL)

162
00:12:32,040 --> 00:12:35,720
- Can stay now.
- I can stay now. Yeah. (LAUGHS)

163
00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:41,320
'It's not just the pututu that sounds
familiar. I've heard other words that
catch in my ears.'

164
00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:43,520
Do you have a word 'hapai'?

165
00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:46,080
- (SPEAKS QUECHUA)

166
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:50,000
- 'Apay' means 'to bring'.

167
00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:52,280
- To...
- To bring. To bring.
- To bring, yes.

168
00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:55,160
Is 'kanaku' fire here? No? Kanaku?

169
00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:58,480
- Hay algo que sea kanaku
que significa fuego? Kanaku?

170
00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:01,120
- K'anachiy.
- Ka...
- K'anachiy es quemar.

171
00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:04,360
- K'anachiy.
- K'anachiy.
- K'anachiy means 'burn'.

172
00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:07,840
- Burn. Yeah, same.
Same in our language.
- Dice que su idioma es lo mismo.

173
00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:11,240
- Maybe our ancestors
met many years ago.

174
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,200
(MAN SPEAKS QUECHUA)

175
00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:23,080
You know what the incredible thing
is, is that I'm 10,000km away from
home, from Aotearoa,

176
00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:25,640
and here I am eating kumara.

177
00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:29,560
It's been cooked exactly the same
way ― in an umu, in an earth oven;

178
00:13:29,560 --> 00:13:36,240
tastes exactly the same as it does
in Aotearoa, and they have the same
word for it.

179
00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:43,600
For most of the 20th century,

180
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:49,080
people believe kumara
was carried into the Pacific on
traditional South American rafts.

181
00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:50,960
My next stop is down on the coast,

182
00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:57,840
where local fishermen still work from
caballitos de totora ― handmade reed
boats.

183
00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:04,680
Tucume was once a
major regional centre known
for its enormous pyramids,

184
00:14:04,680 --> 00:14:10,320
but the recent discovery of
a pre-Incan dwelling revealed
the Huaca Las Balsas reliefs ―

185
00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:14,880
images carved into stone of the type
of ancient raft South Americans had

186
00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:19,160
back when my ancestors
were exploring the Pacific.

187
00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:22,280
These are 1000 years old.
- Yes.

188
00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:24,760
(SPEAKS SPANISH)

189
00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:29,480
- All the evidence, yes.

190
00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:34,240
- There's the waka.

191
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,000
- Mm?
- Mm.

192
00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:57,200
- Mm-hm.

193
00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:06,600
Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl
believed these rafts carried kumara
west into the Pacific

194
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,200
and built a replica to prove it.

195
00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:13,560
But his raft was difficult
to steer and, ultimately, wrecked.

196
00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:15,880
If anything, he proved the opposite.

197
00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:21,560
Unlike our waka hourua, it wasn't
capable of open ocean travelling.

198
00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:23,440
- Welcome aboard. (CHUCKLES)

199
00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:25,440
- Tena koe.
- Thank you.

200
00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:29,680
I think the Polynesians
arrived here.

201
00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:33,680
They did landfall here,
and they went back to...

202
00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:35,920
to Polynesia with...

203
00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:37,640
kumara.

204
00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:41,160
If you compare,
this is the ones thatwehad.

205
00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:43,200
It's called square sails.

206
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:47,480
It's similar to the techniques
used to go downwind.

207
00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,240
But Polynesians had this type.
Right?

208
00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:55,360
This triangular type
of Polynesian voyaging canoes.

209
00:15:55,360 --> 00:16:01,640
Right? They're are actually easier
to go 50 degree, 90 degree with the
wind.

210
00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:06,360
They knew where to get there,
because they knew how to come back
with this type of rigging.

211
00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:10,960
- So they all get here. How long do
they stay here for? And how do they
get back?

212
00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:13,480
- Normally, the prevailing winds
and currents,

213
00:16:13,480 --> 00:16:18,560
it's from May― March, April to
July, August ― the trade winds.

214
00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:25,320
They knew perfectly,
and Polynesians knew perfectly
when to sail, wait and come back.

215
00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,880
- Where would they hit landfall?
Where would they arrive first?

216
00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,200
- Northern Chile. Northern Chile.
- Northern Chile.

217
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:38,000
I've been fascinated by Peru, but
now I have that arrival point in
Chile on the brain.

218
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:44,440
Scientists have recently discovered
DNA from Chile's indigenous people
in the Pacific.

219
00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:52,240
So I'm gonna follow some of
those ancient DNA strands all the
way down the coast towards Chile.

220
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,400
- Chile is famous for
its rugged coastline,

221
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:07,000
and the theory is that it's here our
tupuna would have first made land.

222
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,680
In 2020, that theory took
another step towards reality

223
00:17:10,680 --> 00:17:15,280
when a study
was released showing Polynesians in
the Marquesas Islands and Rapa Nui

224
00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,960
had DNA markers from South America's
Mapuche people.

225
00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:24,160
Those markers arrived in the
13th century, along with kumara.

226
00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:29,080
I'm here in the Araucania region
in the south of Chile,

227
00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:32,360
because this is the land
of the Mapuche.

228
00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:36,720
At the time of
the great kumara DNA exchange,

229
00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:41,280
the Mapuche people lived
about 3000km north of here.

230
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:47,840
Known as a fierce warrior people,
they were the only ones to resist
the Inca and Spanish conquest,

231
00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,560
staying true to their name, Mapuche.

232
00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:52,360
Mapu ― whenua,

233
00:17:52,360 --> 00:17:53,920
che ― tangata.

234
00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:56,120
Mapuche ― tangata whenua.

235
00:17:56,120 --> 00:17:58,000
Anei ra, tetahi o ratou toa.

236
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:01,080
And here stands one of
their warriors, Lautaro,

237
00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,960
and he's wearing what
they call a toki kura.

238
00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:05,960
Sound familiar?

239
00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:11,920
(KULL KULL BLARES,
DRUM BEATS RHYTHMICALLY)

240
00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:19,840
- (SPEAKS MAPUDUNGUN)
- Mari mari.

241
00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,960
- En este espacio,
en la ruca, son bienvenidos
en el territorio Mapuche.

242
00:18:23,960 --> 00:18:28,840
- In this place, you're welcome ―
in the Mapuche territory.

243
00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:30,680
- Kia ora.

244
00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:32,960
(BOTH CHANT IN MAPUDUNGUN)

245
00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:50,880
- (EXHALES SHARPLY) WHISPERS: Right.

246
00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:54,840
(DRUM BEATS, MAN CHANTS)

247
00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:00,280
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

248
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,320
When you called my ancestors

249
00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:14,200
to come with me and join your
ancestors, I felt that very deeply.

250
00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:17,040
- (SPEAKS SPANISH)

251
00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:24,720
- Ariel, do you believe...

252
00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:31,960
that Polynesian ancestors came here
and met your ancestors hundreds of
years ago?

253
00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:36,880
- It's hard not to draw conclusions.
A Polynesian chicken called kollonka,

254
00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:39,960
meaning water chicken
and representing exchange

255
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:45,520
that arrived around the same time as
kumara made its way into Polynesian
hands.

256
00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:47,520
Tena koutou. (LAUGHS)

257
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:50,560
- ALL: Yo, yo, yo, yo, yo, yo, yo!

258
00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:51,760
- (CHUCKLES)

259
00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:53,760
(ALL CHANT)

260
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:57,720
That's the chants.

261
00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:02,600
That's the chants,
the native chants of celebration.

262
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:11,960
Chile's urban protests
often make international news.
It's a very political country.

263
00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:14,240
Less known are the rural tensions,

264
00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:19,920
where Mapuche have had to fight to
hold on to their land, culture and
language.

265
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,880
I've seen these huge carvings
that remind me of our pou at home,

266
00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:25,360
so I'm here to meet Colelo,

267
00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:32,320
who is working to reclaim Mapuche
culture through traditional music and
carving these beautifulchemamull.

268
00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,400
- Chemamull.
- We say 'pou whakarae'.

269
00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:39,560
- Pou whakarae.
- Mm.

270
00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:41,840
Like, uh...

271
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:43,720
guardians.

272
00:21:43,720 --> 00:21:45,720
Ancestral guardians.

273
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:48,600
- Ah.

274
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:50,600
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

275
00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,000
- (SPEAKS SPANISH)

276
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:26,880
- Kia ora.

277
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,200
- # Esta la decision.

278
00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:31,720
# Y amor, dejar las injusticias...

279
00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:34,520
- Just like the fry bread
at home, eh?

280
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:37,200
- # Dejara que maneje la ilusion.

281
00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:42,000
# Es tu futuro,
tu presente y tu pasado.

282
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:46,880
- Mapuche have faced three waves of
colonisation, and they're still here,

283
00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:50,720
still fighting for their land,
for their trees and their rivers.

284
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:53,960
Although, our fish
are bigger in Rotorua.

285
00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:55,960
Tena koutou.

286
00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:58,320
- # Amotinando palabras. #

287
00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:04,240
- What's your dream for your people,
for Mapuche people, into the future?

288
00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:06,240
- (SPEAKS SPANISH)

289
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:24,600
(CHUCKLES)

290
00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:26,840
- (SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

291
00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:31,840
For the chief.

292
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:36,080
No reira ― therefore, a toki kura.

293
00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:42,360
If the Mapuche toki kura
did come from us,

294
00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:48,640
this may not be the first time a
toki kura has been gifted between
our people.

295
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:51,920
- # Y la mire y usted
tiene que saber,

296
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:55,960
# que aqui en esta tierra
se eleva puro querer.

297
00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:58,280
- Hey. Perfecto.

298
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:00,200
(LAUGHS)

299
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,200
- # Duena celeste... #

300
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,600
(BLOWS TRUTUKA)

301
00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:19,760
- My last stop in Chile involves
other toki kura that were found
around the necks of ancientskeletons

302
00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:22,760
in an anthropological dig
on a coastal island.

303
00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:30,240
The skeletons were larger
than the people here, and some
had unique Polynesian jawbones.

304
00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:32,920
(CHANTS IN TE REO MAORI)

305
00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,560
'The museum in Concepcion
has arranged a special viewing.'

306
00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:43,800
Tiri o te wananga, te tiri o te
pukenga, te tiri o te taura...

307
00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:45,800
te tiri o te tauira.

308
00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,520
'For cultural reasons, we're
not allowed to film the skeleton,

309
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:56,800
'but I am allowed to hold
the ancient toki kura that
was found around his neck.'

310
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,560
...to iwi anei ko tai mai
nei Aotearoa.

311
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:01,560
Na te hau koe kawe...

312
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,080
na te hau koe kawe...

313
00:25:04,360 --> 00:25:06,360
na te hau koe kawe.

314
00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:24,120
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

315
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:34,560
To me, this is from Aotearoa,
this is from New Zealand.
It's.... exactly what we have.

316
00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:36,560
It was found...

317
00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,280
on his chest and hanging
around his neck.

318
00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:43,840
It's beautiful.

319
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:54,600
Very privileged to be able
to touch something this old
and something this ancestral.

320
00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:58,200
(SEA BIRDS CRY)

321
00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:03,400
If you put the toki kura alongside
the other clues I found here,

322
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:09,040
it all points to our tupuna landing
on these shores around 800 years ago.

323
00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:13,480
And if that's the case, they would
have followed the birds here from
Rapa Nui.

324
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:20,400
But evidence suggests their journey
would have started in the Marquesas,
so that's where I'm going next.

325
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:31,880
- The Marquesas is an isolated
island group in French Polynesia.

326
00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:36,720
The traditional name
is Fenua 'Enata or Henua 'Enana,
depending on dialect,

327
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:39,720
which translates to land of people.

328
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,640
I'm roughly 7500km
from South America.

329
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:50,080
It's a vast distance, but it's
downwind from there to here,
so an easy sail.

330
00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:54,480
It's also the other end of the DNA
story of the South American people.

331
00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:58,800
Finding evidence of indigenous South
American DNA here in the Marquesas

332
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:04,280
confirms that not
only did our Polynesian ancestors,
the early explorers of our ancestors,

333
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:10,760
meet up with the indigenous people of
South America, but they also coupled
up.

334
00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:18,520
Along with South American DNA, this
is where kumara entered the Pacific.

335
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:25,000
Although, culturally, their important
waka plant is the breadfruit, or mei.

336
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:30,200
Tiki are important here too.
There are statues everywhere.

337
00:27:30,360 --> 00:27:34,160
I wonder if they connect
to our people at home.

338
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:41,840
Scattered throughout
the Marquesas are sacred marae

339
00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:46,200
that have survived years under
the protection of the ngahere.

340
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:52,600
And some of those marae are home
to the oldest and largest tiki in
the Pacific.

341
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:57,160
- Before going in the marae,

342
00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:01,640
I just call the tupuna
to have their permission

343
00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,520
and welcome us to go in.

344
00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:10,160
(SPEAKS MARQUESAN)

345
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:18,680
- Edgar Tetahiotupa
is an anthropologist

346
00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:23,480
who has studied the history of
these marae and their ancient tiki.

347
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:28,160
Kia ora. Thank you very much.
Beautiful.
- The ancestor agree.

348
00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:33,960
- Oh, well that's good. I'm glad.
- Yeah. (CHUCKLES)
- Glad they agree.

349
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,600
- This is the place called
the I'Ipona.

350
00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:42,840
And the I'ipona means a strong mana.

351
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:46,360
- Would you say that
tiki in the marae...

352
00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:51,240
are the core of culture
in the Marquesas?

353
00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:58,520
- It's an energy. How to represent
in nature a shape known by human ―

354
00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:00,680
shape as the man. Yes.

355
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:08,360
And they take the red colour,
because the red colour is the is
the blood. And the blood is life.

356
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,360
- Mm.
- Yeah.

357
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:13,480
It's not a statue.
Statues are representation.
- Yes.

358
00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:19,960
- But that's representation,
represent an energy ―
an energy of the universe.

359
00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:26,160
- Are these representations
of my tupuna?

360
00:29:26,920 --> 00:29:34,800
Our Te Arawa tribe is one of the few
tribes in Aotearoa to consider tiki
as an original ancestor.

361
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,000
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

362
00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:46,720
And in our korero,

363
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,240
Tumatauenga creates the male,

364
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:53,440
and there's a succession
of males that couple with

365
00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:59,360
some of the female― early female
celestial beings and create our
people.

366
00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:01,360
And they all go back to tiki.

367
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:06,760
And then here I am, standing in one
of the oldest tiki in the world.

368
00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,160
Miharo ana.

369
00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:14,320
It suddenly feels very personal.

370
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,360
And I'm astonished to learn
from my boat captain Humu

371
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:22,160
that tiki is one of the creation
stories of these islands.

372
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:24,160
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

373
00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:28,840
- (SPEAKS MARQUESAN)

374
00:30:56,240 --> 00:31:00,520
- I'm staggered by how familiar
these concepts are.

375
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:10,040
And the closeness of our language
becomes more apparent as I explore
the island of Tahuata.

376
00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,480
Hello, brother.
- Kaoha nui.

377
00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:18,640
- Tena koe.

378
00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:20,640
- Tena koe.

379
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,240
- Tehautetua.
- (SPEAKS MARQUESAN)

380
00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:28,200
- Tena koe. Te manahau.
- Te manahau.

381
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:30,440
Oh, manahau, OK.
- Manahau. (CHUCKLES)

382
00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:32,440
Pai to whare.

383
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,920
- 'This is startling to me.
Tumeke ka to au.

384
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:52,320
'I'm almost 6000km from home,
and I can speak to these people
in my language.'

385
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:12,280
- These words ― hei kaki,
whai, honu, hei mo te ringa.

386
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,080
(TRADITIONAL MARQUESAN MUSIC PLAYS)

387
00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:19,520
It's so easy to think the ocean
separates the islands here,

388
00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:23,520
but, actually, the ocean
is what connects them.

389
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:32,240
The Marquesas have been described
as the tattoo capital of the Pacific,

390
00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:37,640
and early accounts by European
explorers describe whole bodies
covered in tattoos.

391
00:32:37,640 --> 00:32:41,640
The scale of marking is
unique to the Marquesas.

392
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:50,280
In Nuku Hiva, Heretu is spearheading
a tattoo revival, which celebrates
the importance of tiki.

393
00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:57,280
- What happened here is tiki took a
very important place in the religion
of the Marquesan people,

394
00:32:57,280 --> 00:33:00,160
and through that religion came out

395
00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:05,240
some graphic expression,
which are in honour of tiki.

396
00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:11,560
This graphic expression,
we call that 'mata tiki',
meaning the face of tiki.

397
00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:12,680
- Face of tiki.

398
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:14,680
- And there is...

399
00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:17,080
two main elements

400
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,760
to understand in the tattoo.

401
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:21,600
Two main purpose.

402
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,200
The first one is protection.

403
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:32,200
Those symbols are on the body to
protect ― protect you from attacks
from bad spirits.

404
00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:34,240
We call that pa'iuiu.

405
00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:39,360
The second main element is to
channel the power of creation.

406
00:33:40,120 --> 00:33:45,760
Yeah. And they would reach out
in the environment they live in,

407
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,440
and they would put
this mana inside the body.

408
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,680
Polynesian culture is what
we call a holistic culture.

409
00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:59,320
The way they perceive the world
and their science are not based
on mathematics;

410
00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:01,320
it's based on myth,

411
00:34:01,560 --> 00:34:03,560
on poetry, on art,

412
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:05,600
on beauty.

413
00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:11,880
- I'm blown away by just how
similar our cultural structures are.

414
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:17,240
It's a way of thinking.
And even though we're thousands of
miles and hundreds of years apart,

415
00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:24,040
we've still been able to maintain
these tikanga, the pillars of our
cultural belief.

416
00:34:31,040 --> 00:34:38,320
- In the 1840s, the Marquesas
were colonised by the French,
devastating their culture.

417
00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:44,880
Before colonisation arrived with guns
and disease, there were 75,000 people
living here on theseislands.

418
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:48,680
By 1920, there were 2255.

419
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:55,000
Te Fenua 'Enata, the Marquesas
Islands, had gone from being the
cultural capital of the Pacific

420
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,480
to losing almost everything.

421
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:03,280
But some of its secrets
survived deep in the bush.

422
00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:08,360
Marae in hidden valleys
guarded by kuia like Mama Yvonne,

423
00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:14,160
who uphold ancient matauranga and act
as gatekeepers to these papa kainga.

424
00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,160
- (SPEAKS MARQUESAN)

425
00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:40,560
- (SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

426
00:35:43,880 --> 00:35:45,880
- YVONNE:

427
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:01,440
- CHANTS: Waerea, waerea,

428
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:03,160
waerea.

429
00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:05,040
He waerea te rangi e tu.

430
00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,520
He waerea te Papa e takoto nei.

431
00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:11,880
(CHANTS IN TE REO MAORI)

432
00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:18,440
'This marae may look different to
ours, but I can feel the wairua of
the people who lived here

433
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:22,560
'and hints of a lost history
we may have once shared.

434
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:25,040
'I think this place is happy.
I think this place is thinking,

435
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:28,520
'"Well, we haven't heard this
for a while.

436
00:36:29,240 --> 00:36:35,920
'"Someone's here, and it's someone
we know and is speaking to us in a
language we know."

437
00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:37,920
'So, yeah...

438
00:36:38,240 --> 00:36:41,400
'it just makes everything complete.'

439
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:42,680
Haumi e,

440
00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:44,680
hui e,

441
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:47,280
taiki e.

442
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:50,040
(EXHALES SHARPLY)

443
00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,960
Kei a koe, Heretu?

444
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:04,000
This sacred marae of Kamuihei
was occupied by 3000 people
in its heyday.

445
00:37:04,440 --> 00:37:11,120
High up on the marae, Heretu has come
to show me ancient petroglyphs carved
into the stone.

446
00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:15,440
- So, to make it clear, the best
way is to put some water on it...
- OK.

447
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,520
- ...and it will reveal itself.
- Ooh.

448
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:21,000
Sounds cool.

449
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:26,080
- Here is a higher place
of the to'ua.

450
00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:32,520
It used to be tapu; only priests
and chiefs could access this area.

451
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:37,160
- Almost like a tohunga
could come, look and read it
and know what it meant,

452
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:42,000
but another person wouldn't quite
pick that up, wouldn't understand
the meaning.

453
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:45,200
- It was not open for
most of the people.

454
00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:52,360
What I understand is in the ancient
religion, once your soul leave your
body,

455
00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:58,360
it goes to Hawaiki under
the ocean, and at night,
it comes up in the skies.

456
00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,680
And sisters are the stars.

457
00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:06,520
Stars are reincarnation of
the soul of the ancestors.

458
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,080
And they are gathered together
as a constellation.
- Mm-hm.

459
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:14,240
- And they are fish that swim
in the ocean of Hawaiki.

460
00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:18,720
And on this petroglyph,
we see a lot of fishes and honu.

461
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:23,000
- The honu, or turtle,
symbolises travel and navigation.

462
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,040
Maybe here a guide
to the spiritual world,

463
00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:31,960
which would be in keeping with the
secret beneath this ancient banyan
tree.

464
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:34,960
- And here we have this...

465
00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:37,560
peephole,

466
00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:40,520
which is a gateway to Hawaiki.

467
00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:43,000
Of course, its name is Tainui.

468
00:38:44,040 --> 00:38:45,920
- Taunui.
- Tainui, the great ocean.

469
00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:47,920
- Yeah.
- Yeah.
- Wow.

470
00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:56,680
It's pretty obvious to me
that there's really strong
connections here.

471
00:38:56,680 --> 00:39:01,280
And it's just the knowledge base,
the principles, the values that's
in everything they do

472
00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:09,680
that connect us so strongly that I
feel in my heart of hearts that we're
definitely part of their story,

473
00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:12,760
and they're definitely part of ours.

474
00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:19,160
It's almost like a little
missing part to the puzzle.

475
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,000
(SPEAKS TE REO MAORI)

476
00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:32,000
I feel like I'm heading even further
back now to the breathtaking Ua Pou.

477
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:38,200
It's where haka in one of its deepest
forms is still being performed today.

478
00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:46,360
(WOMEN PERFORM KARANGA)

479
00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:55,560
I'm overwhelmed by this breathtaking
karanga me te powhiri.

480
00:39:56,040 --> 00:40:01,520
They sound like my aunties back home.
Instantly, I feel welcomed.

481
00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:13,720
Ua Pou, which in Maori would be
Rua Pou ― the two pillars of the
Marquesas.

482
00:40:16,480 --> 00:40:23,080
I'm here to meet Kahu, who has
promised to induct me into the
world of their haka.

483
00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:26,520
- (SPEAKS MARQUESAN)

484
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:32,720
(SPEAKS MARQUESAN)
- Tena koe, brother.

485
00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:36,400
What does it mean to you,
the traditional haka here
in the Marquesas?

486
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:41,280
- I mean, it presents a lot, because
it's our way as male to show who we
are

487
00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:44,800
and also to show that
warrior side of who we are.

488
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:47,800
Because back in the day, Marquesans,
they were warriors.

489
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:52,240
Today, we can't really do war.
We can't really eat people.
There's no more cannibalism.

490
00:40:52,240 --> 00:40:55,160
So we still need to revive that
mindset, to revive that spirit,

491
00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:58,280
because there's something that
we need to keep in ourselves,

492
00:40:58,280 --> 00:41:04,240
cos there's also
positive energy from it. That's
why we still perform haka. Yeah.

493
00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:09,080
- Was it nearly lost through
contact, colonisation, Christianity?

494
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:16,840
- That's why it disappeared. They
banned it. All those practices, the
rituals just disappeared with it.

495
00:41:16,840 --> 00:41:21,120
- The haka that we're about to learn
and have a bit of a practice of,
is it a particular typeof haka?

496
00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,800
- It is. It is. It is. The haka toa.

497
00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:25,800
(PERFORMS HAKA)

498
00:41:47,760 --> 00:41:49,440
- Ooh.

499
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:52,920
- How are you feeling? Good?
- Feels good. Feels good doing it.

500
00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:55,520
Feel energised straight away.

501
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:57,000
We call that ihi.
- Ihi.

502
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,640
- It's that energy that
you get when you...
- Got the same.

503
00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:01,960
- ...go into it. You got the same?
- We call it i'i!

504
00:42:01,960 --> 00:42:03,960
- I'i.
- I'i.

505
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,560
(PERFORMS HAKA)

506
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:17,320
(ALL PERFORM HAKA)

507
00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:29,720
- The language and culture feels so
close to ours. There are echoes in
everything.

508
00:42:29,720 --> 00:42:32,200
I've never really known
about the Marquesas,

509
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:37,400
but from now on, these islands
will be written into my history.

510
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:43,600
(GRUNTS)

511
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:49,560
(PERFORMS HAKA)

512
00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:01,080
(GROUP PERFORMS HAKA)

513
00:43:31,520 --> 00:43:33,520
Whoo!

514
00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:45,000
Visiting the Marquesas has been an
eye-opening experience and a really
heartfelt one too.

515
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:47,000
So many connections here ―

516
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:49,000
whakapapa, haka,

517
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:51,160
tiki, marae,

518
00:43:51,160 --> 00:43:53,240
the language. So many connections.

519
00:43:53,240 --> 00:43:58,080
I've been right across to Peru,
to the origins of the kumara,

520
00:43:58,080 --> 00:44:04,080
and then its journey all
the way from the Americas to here, to
the Marquesas and into the Pacific.

521
00:44:04,080 --> 00:44:07,560
But I still have a few more
questions, so join me next time,

522
00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:12,720
when I head to the northernmost
point and the easternmost point
of the Polynesian Triangle.

523
00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:14,720
(ALL SPEAK MARQUESAN)

524
00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:24,520
Next on my journey ― I stand
in the shadows of the great
ancestors of Rapa Nui.

525
00:44:24,880 --> 00:44:28,680
Te Pito o Te Whenua ―
a true wonder of the world.

526
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:35,480
And I find connections in Hawaii
that link us all together across
the Pacific.

527
00:44:35,880 --> 00:44:37,880
(PERCUSSIVE MUSIC)

528
00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:42,360
Na Te Puna Whakatongarewa
nga kupu hauraro i tautoko.

529
00:44:42,360 --> 00:44:45,440
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