1 00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:05,509 {\an1}Announcer: Funding for "The U.S. And the Holocaust" 2 00:00:05,533 --> 00:00:06,709 was provided by David M. Rubenstein, 3 00:00:06,733 --> 00:00:08,776 investing in people and institutions 4 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:10,409 {\an1}that help us understand the past 5 00:00:10,433 --> 00:00:11,976 {\an1}and look to the future; 6 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:13,542 {\an1}by the Park Foundation; 7 00:00:13,566 --> 00:00:16,309 the Judy and Peter Blum Kovler Foundation, 8 00:00:16,333 --> 00:00:17,742 {\an1}supporting those who remind us 9 00:00:17,766 --> 00:00:20,309 {\an1}about American history and the Holocaust; 10 00:00:20,333 --> 00:00:23,409 {\an1}by Gilbert S. Omenn and Martha A. Darling; 11 00:00:23,433 --> 00:00:26,042 {\an1}by the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations, 12 00:00:26,066 --> 00:00:28,276 {\an1}investing in our common future; 13 00:00:28,300 --> 00:00:31,209 {\an1}and by these members of the Better Angels Society: 14 00:00:31,233 --> 00:00:33,376 {\an1}Jeannie and Jonathan Lavine; 15 00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:34,976 Jan and Rick Cohen; 16 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:36,809 {\an1}Allan and Shelley Holt; 17 00:00:36,833 --> 00:00:38,676 the Koret Foundation; 18 00:00:38,700 --> 00:00:40,842 {\an1}David and Susan Kreisman; 19 00:00:40,866 --> 00:00:43,442 {\an1}Jo Carole and Ronald S. Lauder; 20 00:00:43,466 --> 00:00:45,709 the Fullerton Family Charitable Fund; 21 00:00:45,733 --> 00:00:47,876 {\an1}the Blavatnik Family Foundation; 22 00:00:47,900 --> 00:00:49,842 {\an1}the Crown Family Philanthropies, 23 00:00:49,866 --> 00:00:52,509 {\an8}honoring members of the Crown and Goodman families; 24 00:00:52,533 --> 00:00:54,633 {\an7}and by these additional members. 25 00:00:56,966 --> 00:00:59,109 {\an8}By the Corporation for Public Broadcasting 26 00:00:59,133 --> 00:01:00,576 {\an7}and by viewers like you. 27 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,733 {\an8}Thank you. 28 00:01:09,100 --> 00:01:17,100 ♪ 29 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,909 {\an1}Narrator: On a sunny March afternoon in 1933, 30 00:01:23,933 --> 00:01:26,376 a German businessman and his family 31 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:29,100 went for a stroll in the center of Frankfurt. 32 00:01:30,533 --> 00:01:33,476 {\an1}Otto Frank snapped a picture of his wife, Edith, 33 00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:35,009 {\an1}and their two daughters... 34 00:01:35,033 --> 00:01:36,809 Margot, 7 years old, 35 00:01:36,833 --> 00:01:39,200 and Annelies, just 3. 36 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:42,742 Otto's ancestors had lived in Germany 37 00:01:42,766 --> 00:01:45,342 {\an1}since the 16th century. 38 00:01:45,366 --> 00:01:47,242 {\an1}Merchants and bankers, they were not 39 00:01:47,266 --> 00:01:50,076 {\an1}particularly observant Jews. 40 00:01:50,100 --> 00:01:53,909 Otto, a proud officer in the Great War, 41 00:01:53,933 --> 00:01:55,533 {\an1}was a patriotic German. 42 00:01:58,466 --> 00:02:03,076 {\an1}But in January of 1933, Adolf Hitler had come to power 43 00:02:03,100 --> 00:02:07,376 {\an1}and everything had begun rapidly to change. 44 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:09,042 Jews, Hitler charged, 45 00:02:09,066 --> 00:02:12,709 {\an1}were "parasites," not Germans. 46 00:02:12,733 --> 00:02:15,909 Nazi thugs roamed the Frankfurt streets, 47 00:02:15,933 --> 00:02:18,466 {\an1}beating anyone they thought was Jewish. 48 00:02:19,933 --> 00:02:23,009 Most of the Franks' Gentile friends fell away. 49 00:02:23,033 --> 00:02:26,942 {\an1}Their landlord insisted they find other quarters. 50 00:02:26,966 --> 00:02:31,533 {\an1}Margot was made to sit apart from her classmates in school. 51 00:02:33,833 --> 00:02:36,542 {\an1}Man as Frank: The world around me had collapsed. 52 00:02:36,566 --> 00:02:39,142 {\an1}When most of the people of my country 53 00:02:39,166 --> 00:02:42,309 turned into hordes of nationalistic, cruel, 54 00:02:42,333 --> 00:02:44,809 {\an1}antisemitic criminals, 55 00:02:44,833 --> 00:02:47,042 {\an1}I had to face the consequences, 56 00:02:47,066 --> 00:02:49,842 {\an1}and though this hurt me deeply, I realized that 57 00:02:49,866 --> 00:02:53,800 {\an1}Germany was not the world, and I left forever. 58 00:02:56,433 --> 00:02:59,309 {\an1}Narrator: By the time Otto Frank photographed his family, 59 00:02:59,333 --> 00:03:01,576 {\an1}he and Edith were already planning to move 60 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:05,042 to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. 61 00:03:05,066 --> 00:03:08,176 By early 1934, they would be living in 62 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:12,209 {\an1}a spacious, sunny apartment in the city's River Quarter, 63 00:03:12,233 --> 00:03:16,500 {\an1}alongside hundreds of other Jewish families from Germany. 64 00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:23,176 {\an1}They would eventually try to seek a safe haven in the United States, 65 00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:28,376 {\an1}only to find, like countless others fleeing Nazism, 66 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:31,542 that most Americans did not want to let them in. 67 00:03:31,566 --> 00:03:38,509 ♪ 68 00:03:38,533 --> 00:03:41,276 [Gulls squawking] 69 00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:44,866 [Ship's horn blows] 70 00:03:46,033 --> 00:03:50,042 {\an1}Woman: Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand 71 00:03:50,066 --> 00:03:53,176 a mighty woman with a torch, whose flame 72 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:56,376 {\an1}is the imprisoned lightning, and her name 73 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:59,076 Mother of Exiles. 74 00:03:59,100 --> 00:04:02,909 From her beacon-hand glows world-wide welcome; 75 00:04:02,933 --> 00:04:06,009 her mild eyes command the air-bridged harbor 76 00:04:06,033 --> 00:04:08,000 {\an1}that twin cities frame. 77 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:12,842 "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" 78 00:04:12,866 --> 00:04:15,266 {\an1}cries she with silent lips. 79 00:04:16,766 --> 00:04:19,876 {\an1}"Give me your tired, your poor, 80 00:04:19,900 --> 00:04:22,642 "your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, 81 00:04:22,666 --> 00:04:25,576 {\an1}"the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. 82 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:30,942 {\an1}"Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, 83 00:04:30,966 --> 00:04:34,633 I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" 84 00:04:36,166 --> 00:04:37,766 Emma Lazarus. 85 00:04:40,233 --> 00:04:42,742 Narrator: In 1883, Emma Lazarus, 86 00:04:42,766 --> 00:04:45,242 the descendant of Portuguese Jews 87 00:04:45,266 --> 00:04:47,176 {\an1}who had fled the Inquisition 88 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:51,276 {\an1}and found sanctuary in Manhattan before the American Revolution, 89 00:04:51,300 --> 00:04:53,276 {\an1}had written a poem expressing 90 00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:57,276 {\an1}what the Statue of Liberty meant to her. 91 00:04:57,300 --> 00:04:58,709 {\an1}But a few years later, 92 00:04:58,733 --> 00:05:00,576 {\an1}Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 93 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,142 {\an1}a writer whose family had also 94 00:05:02,166 --> 00:05:05,142 lived in America since colonial times, 95 00:05:05,166 --> 00:05:08,442 wrote another poem warning of what he believed 96 00:05:08,466 --> 00:05:13,133 {\an1}would happen to his country if the golden door remained open. 97 00:05:15,300 --> 00:05:18,509 {\an1}Man as Aldrich: Wide open and unguarded stand our gates, 98 00:05:18,533 --> 00:05:22,742 {\an1}and through them presses a wild, motley throng. 99 00:05:22,766 --> 00:05:27,609 {\an1}In street and alley what strange tongues are these, 100 00:05:27,633 --> 00:05:30,976 accents of menace alien to our air, 101 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:35,042 voices that once the Tower of Babel knew! 102 00:05:35,066 --> 00:05:39,609 {\an1}O Liberty, white Goddess! Is it well 103 00:05:39,633 --> 00:05:42,000 {\an1}to leave the gates unguarded? 104 00:05:44,166 --> 00:05:46,342 {\an1}Man: I think Americans have a very hard time deciding 105 00:05:46,366 --> 00:05:49,109 what kind of country they want to have. 106 00:05:49,133 --> 00:05:50,909 {\an8}We all tend to think of the United States 107 00:05:50,933 --> 00:05:53,742 {\an8}as this country with the Statue of Liberty poem, 108 00:05:53,766 --> 00:05:56,376 {\an8}"Give me your tired, your poor." 109 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:59,309 {\an1}But in fact, exclusion of people and shutting them out 110 00:05:59,333 --> 00:06:01,509 has been as American as apple pie. 111 00:06:01,533 --> 00:06:09,533 ♪ 112 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,809 Man: All of my grandparents are 113 00:06:17,833 --> 00:06:20,976 {\an1}immigrants from Eastern Europe 114 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:24,509 {\an1}except one grandmother was born here. 115 00:06:24,533 --> 00:06:27,942 {\an8}So, I sort of grew up haunted by stories of, 116 00:06:27,966 --> 00:06:31,409 {\an8}as they used to say, the old country. 117 00:06:31,433 --> 00:06:33,409 {\an1}Haunted by this story of 118 00:06:33,433 --> 00:06:35,442 {\an1}my grandfather's brother and his family, 119 00:06:35,466 --> 00:06:40,909 {\an1}living in a provincial town in Eastern Poland, 120 00:06:40,933 --> 00:06:42,633 {\an1}and then they disappeared. 121 00:06:44,566 --> 00:06:48,142 {\an7}All you think about is that they had been consumed by this 122 00:06:48,166 --> 00:06:51,042 {\an7}conflagration that consumed all of Europe. 123 00:06:51,066 --> 00:06:59,066 {\an8}♪ 124 00:07:06,966 --> 00:07:10,109 {\an1}Narrator: When Nazi rule began in 1933, 125 00:07:10,133 --> 00:07:14,109 there were 9 million Jews in Europe. 126 00:07:14,133 --> 00:07:19,742 {\an1}12 years later, when the Second World War ended in 1945, 127 00:07:19,766 --> 00:07:24,066 {\an1}at least two out of every 3 of them had been murdered. 128 00:07:27,133 --> 00:07:30,942 {\an1}Mendelsohn: It's not so easy to put the picture together, 129 00:07:30,966 --> 00:07:35,166 the real scale of what happened to people. 130 00:07:36,833 --> 00:07:40,800 It is unbelievable. It boggles the imagination. 131 00:07:44,100 --> 00:07:46,966 {\an8}You don't know what 6 million people looks like. 132 00:07:49,166 --> 00:07:52,076 {\an7}Narrator: As the catastrophe of what would come to be called 133 00:07:52,100 --> 00:07:54,576 {\an7}the Holocaust unfolded, 134 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:56,776 Americans heard about Nazi persecutions 135 00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:00,109 of Jews and others on the radio, 136 00:08:00,133 --> 00:08:03,209 read about it in their newspapers and magazines, 137 00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:06,509 {\an1}and glimpsed it in newsreels. 138 00:08:06,533 --> 00:08:10,242 {\an1}Some Americans responded by denouncing the Nazis, 139 00:08:10,266 --> 00:08:15,976 marching in protest, and boycotting German goods. 140 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:19,109 Individual Americans performed heroic acts 141 00:08:19,133 --> 00:08:23,276 {\an1}to save individual Jews. 142 00:08:23,300 --> 00:08:24,776 {\an1}Some government officials 143 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:26,642 {\an1}battled red tape and bigotry 144 00:08:26,666 --> 00:08:30,133 {\an1}to bring Jewish refugees to America. 145 00:08:32,666 --> 00:08:34,909 In the end, the United States admitted 146 00:08:34,933 --> 00:08:39,642 some 225,000 refugees from Nazi terror, 147 00:08:39,666 --> 00:08:44,676 more than any other sovereign nation took in. 148 00:08:44,700 --> 00:08:47,476 {\an1}And by defeating Nazi Germany on the battlefield, 149 00:08:47,500 --> 00:08:50,042 the United States, Great Britain, 150 00:08:50,066 --> 00:08:52,542 the Soviet Union, and their allies 151 00:08:52,566 --> 00:08:57,033 {\an1}stopped the killing of the surviving Jewish people in Europe. 152 00:08:59,133 --> 00:09:02,209 {\an1}But during the years when escape was still possible, 153 00:09:02,233 --> 00:09:05,642 {\an1}the American people and their government proved unwilling 154 00:09:05,666 --> 00:09:07,876 to welcome more than a fraction of 155 00:09:07,900 --> 00:09:12,966 {\an1}the hundreds of thousands of desperate people seeking refuge. 156 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:16,942 Woman: The Holocaust disrupts any idea 157 00:09:16,966 --> 00:09:18,709 {\an1}that we have of good and evil, 158 00:09:18,733 --> 00:09:20,242 of right and wrong. 159 00:09:20,266 --> 00:09:21,742 {\an1}This is a story in which 160 00:09:21,766 --> 00:09:23,709 {\an1}everyone is challenged all the time. 161 00:09:23,733 --> 00:09:25,276 {\an1}We are challenged as Americans. 162 00:09:25,300 --> 00:09:27,842 {\an7}We're challenged as parents, as children. 163 00:09:27,866 --> 00:09:29,842 {\an8}We're challenged as neighbors and as friends 164 00:09:29,866 --> 00:09:32,042 {\an8}to think about what we would have done, 165 00:09:32,066 --> 00:09:35,476 {\an7}what we could have done, what we should have done, 166 00:09:35,500 --> 00:09:39,642 {\an1}and even though the Holocaust physically took place in Europe, 167 00:09:39,666 --> 00:09:42,566 {\an1}it is a story that Americans have to reckon with, too. 168 00:09:44,633 --> 00:09:46,776 {\an1}Man: We tell ourselves stories as a nation. 169 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:48,409 One of the stories we tell ourselves is that 170 00:09:48,433 --> 00:09:50,309 {\an1}we're a land of immigrants. 171 00:09:50,333 --> 00:09:52,909 {\an1}But in moments of crisis, it becomes very hard for us 172 00:09:52,933 --> 00:09:55,776 {\an1}to live up to those stories. 173 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:58,809 {\an8}I think the impetus should not then be 174 00:09:58,833 --> 00:10:01,542 {\an8}to wag your finger at people in the past 175 00:10:01,566 --> 00:10:04,576 {\an8}and think that we're somehow superior to them, 176 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:09,209 {\an7}but to struggle to understand why that's such a tension 177 00:10:09,233 --> 00:10:10,876 between having a humanitarian ideal 178 00:10:10,900 --> 00:10:15,176 {\an1}and then living up to it on the ground. 179 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:17,509 Woman: Part of our national mythology is that 180 00:10:17,533 --> 00:10:22,342 we are a good people, we are a democracy, 181 00:10:22,366 --> 00:10:25,809 {\an1}and we are a democracy, and in our better moments, 182 00:10:25,833 --> 00:10:28,209 {\an7}we are very good people. 183 00:10:28,233 --> 00:10:31,209 {\an7}But that's not all there is to this story, 184 00:10:31,233 --> 00:10:35,042 {\an7}and I think if we're going to congratulate ourselves 185 00:10:35,066 --> 00:10:38,776 {\an8}on our democracy, which I think we should, 186 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:43,000 {\an1}we also need to face up to the other side. 187 00:10:45,066 --> 00:10:48,376 {\an1}Woman 2: In the past few years, I've begun to wonder 188 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:52,209 how serious America's commitment to looking at 189 00:10:52,233 --> 00:10:57,209 {\an1}some of the dark marks in its history really is. 190 00:10:57,233 --> 00:10:59,576 {\an1}How can we learn from the past? 191 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:01,109 {\an1}Where did we go wrong? 192 00:11:01,133 --> 00:11:04,809 {\an1}How can we not go wrong the next time? 193 00:11:04,833 --> 00:11:07,009 {\an7}And I think while there is 194 00:11:07,033 --> 00:11:10,242 {\an7}much we can be proud of of this country, 195 00:11:10,266 --> 00:11:13,276 {\an7}the episode of America and the Holocaust 196 00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:16,833 is not one that redounds to our credit. 197 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:25,609 Man: How did America treat its potential refugees? 198 00:11:25,633 --> 00:11:28,609 {\an8}The refugees, they lost their lives 199 00:11:28,633 --> 00:11:30,409 {\an8}because those doors... 200 00:11:30,433 --> 00:11:33,776 {\an8}the golden door was not wide open. 201 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:41,800 ♪ 202 00:11:45,900 --> 00:11:48,009 [Birds chirping] 203 00:11:48,033 --> 00:11:51,876 [Horse neighs] 204 00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:53,809 {\an1}Narrator: For centuries, America had 205 00:11:53,833 --> 00:11:55,776 mostly open borders. 206 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:59,442 Peoples from Europe and the Far East were let in... 207 00:11:59,466 --> 00:12:01,276 {\an1}and at least tolerated... 208 00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:05,509 As workers, farmers, soldiers, and pioneers 209 00:12:05,533 --> 00:12:10,576 {\an1}needed to conquer a continent and build a nation. 210 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:11,909 {\an1}Irvin Painter: This is the good side of us, 211 00:12:11,933 --> 00:12:14,009 the open side of us. 212 00:12:14,033 --> 00:12:17,809 We want to welcome working people. 213 00:12:17,833 --> 00:12:21,342 {\an1}The other side of that is Native American genocide, 214 00:12:21,366 --> 00:12:25,009 {\an1}Native Americans being pushed out of their lands. 215 00:12:25,033 --> 00:12:29,809 {\an8}And then there's also the involuntary immigrants, 216 00:12:29,833 --> 00:12:34,176 {\an8}the Africans who were transported across the ocean 217 00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:38,509 {\an1}to become a workforce that could be worked to death. 218 00:12:38,533 --> 00:12:44,042 {\an1}So, the idea of immigrants at the top, it looks very good, 219 00:12:44,066 --> 00:12:47,400 but that's not all there is to us. 220 00:12:49,633 --> 00:12:52,342 {\an1}Narrator: Before the Civil War, most immigrants had come from 221 00:12:52,366 --> 00:12:56,342 northern Europe... England, Scotland, Ireland, 222 00:12:56,366 --> 00:13:00,076 Germany, Holland, and Scandinavia. 223 00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:02,309 {\an1}Hayes: I'm named after my ancestor who arrived 224 00:13:02,333 --> 00:13:04,642 {\an1}at the port of Boston in 1860. 225 00:13:04,666 --> 00:13:06,809 {\an1}He came from County Cork in Ireland. 226 00:13:06,833 --> 00:13:09,176 {\an1}He didn't have to fill out anything but a landing card 227 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:10,876 when he got here 228 00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:13,742 {\an7}in a time when immigration was free and open. 229 00:13:13,766 --> 00:13:16,542 {\an7}It became more and more restrictive later. 230 00:13:16,566 --> 00:13:19,042 Narrator: In 1882, Congress passed 231 00:13:19,066 --> 00:13:21,476 {\an1}the Chinese Exclusion Act, 232 00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:23,909 the first time the United States had barred 233 00:13:23,933 --> 00:13:27,300 the immigration of any people from anywhere. 234 00:13:29,233 --> 00:13:32,409 {\an1}But between 1870 and 1914, 235 00:13:32,433 --> 00:13:35,942 {\an1}nearly 25 million people would arrive, 236 00:13:35,966 --> 00:13:39,209 mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe. 237 00:13:39,233 --> 00:13:44,009 {\an1}They spoke unfamiliar tongues, followed other customs, 238 00:13:44,033 --> 00:13:47,942 worshipped God in different ways. 239 00:13:47,966 --> 00:13:52,776 Their sheer numbers inspired a backlash. 240 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,742 {\an1}Man: We Americans must realize that the altruistic ideals 241 00:13:56,766 --> 00:13:59,076 which have controlled our social development 242 00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:00,842 {\an1}during the past century, 243 00:14:00,866 --> 00:14:02,742 {\an1}and the maudlin sentimentalism 244 00:14:02,766 --> 00:14:05,976 that has made America "an asylum for the oppressed" 245 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:10,342 {\an1}are sweeping the nation toward a racial abyss. 246 00:14:10,366 --> 00:14:12,476 This generation must completely repudiate 247 00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,609 {\an1}the proud boasts of our fathers that they acknowledged 248 00:14:15,633 --> 00:14:18,709 no distinction in "race, creed, or color" 249 00:14:18,733 --> 00:14:20,876 or else turn the page of history 250 00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:25,309 {\an1}and write: "FINIS AMERICAE." 251 00:14:25,333 --> 00:14:26,866 Madison Grant. 252 00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:31,976 {\an1}Daniel Okrent: They don't speak our language. 253 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,142 {\an1}They don't really look like us. 254 00:14:34,166 --> 00:14:36,042 They don't have the educations that we have. 255 00:14:36,066 --> 00:14:38,176 {\an8}And so, you find somebody like Henry Adams 256 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:39,709 {\an7}walking across Boston Common 257 00:14:39,733 --> 00:14:43,309 {\an8}and he describes in his autobiography, 258 00:14:43,333 --> 00:14:47,742 {\an1}he sees this creature, this furtive Yitzhak or Yakov 259 00:14:47,766 --> 00:14:51,076 {\an1}reeking of the ghettos, snarling in a guttural Yiddish. 260 00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:54,966 What was this thing? It was utterly alien. 261 00:14:57,266 --> 00:14:59,942 {\an1}Narrator: Among the new arrivals from Eastern Europe 262 00:14:59,966 --> 00:15:02,209 were more than two million Jews, 263 00:15:02,233 --> 00:15:04,042 most fleeing poverty, 264 00:15:04,066 --> 00:15:07,600 and many escaping antisemitic violence. 265 00:15:08,733 --> 00:15:12,542 {\an1}Some Jews, who had already been in America for generations, 266 00:15:12,566 --> 00:15:15,209 were also wary of the newcomers. 267 00:15:15,233 --> 00:15:19,676 {\an1}"We are Americans and they are not," one rabbi said. 268 00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:23,566 "They gnaw the bones of past centuries." 269 00:15:26,133 --> 00:15:28,776 By 1910, New York would be home to 270 00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:30,876 {\an1}more than a million Jews, 271 00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:34,442 more than a quarter of the city's population, 272 00:15:34,466 --> 00:15:37,666 far more than any other city on earth. 273 00:15:39,566 --> 00:15:41,509 Hayes: The anxieties about urbanization, 274 00:15:41,533 --> 00:15:46,409 {\an1}about unlettered, untutored, relatively uneducated peoples 275 00:15:46,433 --> 00:15:48,809 {\an1}coming in in large numbers, 276 00:15:48,833 --> 00:15:52,042 {\an1}the sense that disease was a problem, 277 00:15:52,066 --> 00:15:56,709 {\an1}all of these worries were amalgamated into a belief 278 00:15:56,733 --> 00:15:58,942 that immigrants cause these problems, 279 00:15:58,966 --> 00:16:02,776 and thus immigration should be held down. 280 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:05,642 {\an1}Narrator: Many white Protestant Americans came to fear 281 00:16:05,666 --> 00:16:08,809 {\an1}they were about to be outnumbered and outbred 282 00:16:08,833 --> 00:16:11,276 by the newcomers and their offspring... 283 00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:13,666 {\an1}that they were being replaced. 284 00:16:15,333 --> 00:16:18,142 They embraced a new pseudo-science born in Britain 285 00:16:18,166 --> 00:16:22,876 {\an1}called eugenics, which falsely claimed with no evidence 286 00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:25,809 that everything from poverty to prostitution, 287 00:16:25,833 --> 00:16:29,609 disabilities to what they called feeble-mindedness 288 00:16:29,633 --> 00:16:33,276 {\an1}could be eliminated if the individuals they dismissed 289 00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:34,909 {\an1}as "socially defective" 290 00:16:34,933 --> 00:16:37,500 could be stopped from reproducing. 291 00:16:41,533 --> 00:16:43,809 Man: I wish very much that the wrong people 292 00:16:43,833 --> 00:16:47,109 {\an1}could be prevented entirely from breeding; 293 00:16:47,133 --> 00:16:49,442 {\an1}and when the evil nature of these people 294 00:16:49,466 --> 00:16:52,900 {\an1}is sufficiently flagrant, this should be done. 295 00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:55,976 {\an1}Criminals should be sterilized, 296 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:58,376 {\an1}and feeble-minded persons forbidden to leave 297 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:00,100 {\an1}offspring behind them. 298 00:17:01,333 --> 00:17:02,633 Theodore Roosevelt. 299 00:17:05,133 --> 00:17:08,176 {\an1}Irvin Painter: The idea was that the bad people 300 00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:10,676 {\an1}have to stop reproducing 301 00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:15,376 and the good people need to reproduce more. 302 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:21,176 {\an1}Negative eugenics says sterilize the wrong people, 303 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:27,042 snuff them out, and that's the eugenics 304 00:17:27,066 --> 00:17:29,266 that the Nazis would pick up on. 305 00:17:30,533 --> 00:17:33,676 {\an1}Narrator: Colleges and universities taught eugenics. 306 00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:36,876 {\an1}Medical societies confirmed it. 307 00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:38,976 {\an1}Clergymen preached it. 308 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:43,042 John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie funded it. 309 00:17:43,066 --> 00:17:47,376 And some of the most prominent people in America championed it... 310 00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:51,509 Margaret Sanger, Alexander Graham Bell, 311 00:17:51,533 --> 00:17:54,942 even Helen Keller. 312 00:17:54,966 --> 00:17:56,376 Woman as Keller: It seems to me that 313 00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:58,409 the simplest, wisest thing to do 314 00:17:58,433 --> 00:18:00,442 {\an1}would be to submit cases like that of 315 00:18:00,466 --> 00:18:05,500 {\an1}the malformed idiot baby to a jury of expert physicians. 316 00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:09,142 If the evidence were presented openly 317 00:18:09,166 --> 00:18:12,409 {\an1}and the decisions made public before the death of the child, 318 00:18:12,433 --> 00:18:16,276 {\an1}there would be little danger of mistakes or abuses. 319 00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,942 {\an1}We must decide between a fine humanity 320 00:18:19,966 --> 00:18:22,333 {\an1}and a cowardly sentimentalism. 321 00:18:24,966 --> 00:18:26,942 {\an1}Narrator: 33 of the 48 states 322 00:18:26,966 --> 00:18:29,609 {\an1}would eventually enact eugenics laws 323 00:18:29,633 --> 00:18:33,809 mandating the forced sterilization of wards of the state 324 00:18:33,833 --> 00:18:37,576 deemed physically or mentally "unfit"... 325 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:42,576 People in prisons, hospitals, and asylums. 326 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:44,476 {\an1}More than 60,000 Americans 327 00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:47,276 would be sterilized without their consent 328 00:18:47,300 --> 00:18:49,542 before the last of these statutes was 329 00:18:49,566 --> 00:18:53,800 {\an1}removed from the books in 2014. 330 00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,809 {\an1}Eugenics also provided a racist rationale 331 00:18:59,833 --> 00:19:03,076 for those convinced immigration needed to be 332 00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:05,033 {\an1}drastically curtailed. 333 00:19:06,333 --> 00:19:08,709 {\an1}Man as Grant: The man of the old stock is being crowded out 334 00:19:08,733 --> 00:19:11,642 {\an1}of many country districts by these foreigners 335 00:19:11,666 --> 00:19:14,509 {\an1}just as he is today being literally driven off the streets 336 00:19:14,533 --> 00:19:18,566 of New York City by the swarms of Polish Jews. 337 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,409 {\an1}These immigrants adopt the language of the American, 338 00:19:23,433 --> 00:19:26,742 {\an1}they wear his clothes, they steal his name, 339 00:19:26,766 --> 00:19:29,809 {\an1}and they are beginning to take his women, 340 00:19:29,833 --> 00:19:34,542 but they seldom adopt his religion or understand his ideals. 341 00:19:34,566 --> 00:19:37,276 And while he is being elbowed out of his own home, 342 00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:39,376 the American looks calmly abroad 343 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,676 and urges on others the suicidal ethics 344 00:19:42,700 --> 00:19:45,700 {\an1}which are exterminating his own race. 345 00:19:47,666 --> 00:19:50,342 Madison Grant. 346 00:19:50,366 --> 00:19:52,109 {\an1}Narrator: Madison Grant was a 347 00:19:52,133 --> 00:19:54,276 {\an1}widely-admired conservationist... 348 00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:58,176 {\an1}a friend of presidents, a founder of the Bronx Zoo, 349 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:02,009 {\an1}responsible in part for saving the California Redwoods 350 00:20:02,033 --> 00:20:04,076 {\an1}and preserving the buffalo, 351 00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:08,009 {\an1}and instrumental in creating Glacier, Denali, 352 00:20:08,033 --> 00:20:10,533 {\an1}and Everglades National Parks. 353 00:20:12,333 --> 00:20:14,709 {\an1}Okrent: And he was also a violent antisemite 354 00:20:14,733 --> 00:20:17,076 {\an1}and a violent anti-Italian, 355 00:20:17,100 --> 00:20:20,142 {\an7}and he really was horrified by what he saw happening 356 00:20:20,166 --> 00:20:22,009 {\an7}on the streets of New York. 357 00:20:22,033 --> 00:20:24,409 {\an1}So, he publishes a book called "The Passing of the Great Race," 358 00:20:24,433 --> 00:20:26,909 {\an1}in which he puts forward the idea that 359 00:20:26,933 --> 00:20:31,109 nationalities have eugenic characteristics. 360 00:20:31,133 --> 00:20:33,042 He fills it with all sorts of interesting 361 00:20:33,066 --> 00:20:35,209 {\an1}historical, so-called data, 362 00:20:35,233 --> 00:20:38,542 {\an1}which is mostly crazy, but it's very persuasive 363 00:20:38,566 --> 00:20:41,976 and it does give the anti-immigration movement, 364 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,142 {\an1}it suddenly gives them science. 365 00:20:44,166 --> 00:20:46,509 "Science says if we let them in, 366 00:20:46,533 --> 00:20:50,676 {\an1}then they're going to destroy the American gene pool." 367 00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:52,442 Narrator: For Grant and many others, 368 00:20:52,466 --> 00:20:56,709 {\an1}Jews were a distinct race, not considered white, 369 00:20:56,733 --> 00:21:00,166 dismissed as "uncouth Asiatics." 370 00:21:02,333 --> 00:21:04,809 Grant's supposedly "scientific" claims about 371 00:21:04,833 --> 00:21:08,376 {\an1}a rigid hierarchy of races was ludicrous... 372 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,809 {\an1}the biological notion of race itself is a fiction... 373 00:21:12,833 --> 00:21:16,409 {\an1}but his ideas caught the imagination of those Americans 374 00:21:16,433 --> 00:21:19,166 {\an1}already opposed to immigration. 375 00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:24,409 {\an1}Hayes: People tended to increasingly view nationalities 376 00:21:24,433 --> 00:21:27,742 as if they were breeds or species. 377 00:21:27,766 --> 00:21:30,376 {\an1}To liken nationalities to breeds 378 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:33,876 was a fundamental categorical mistake. 379 00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,176 {\an8}The biological pool of human beings 380 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,276 {\an7}between Germans and French, Dutch and English 381 00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:42,342 {\an7}is nothing like the biological or genetic pool 382 00:21:42,366 --> 00:21:45,266 between poodles and German shepherds. 383 00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,409 {\an1}Narrator: American xenophobia deepened when the U.S. 384 00:21:49,433 --> 00:21:52,633 {\an1}entered the Great War in 1917. 385 00:21:54,933 --> 00:21:59,176 More than 116,000 American servicemen would die 386 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:02,333 {\an1}in a war that was supposed to end all wars... 387 00:22:04,333 --> 00:22:06,300 {\an1}and did nothing of the kind. 388 00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,209 After the War, the United States was convulsed 389 00:22:12,233 --> 00:22:16,142 {\an1}by white-on-black violence in dozens of cities, 390 00:22:16,166 --> 00:22:20,842 {\an1}anarchist bombings, bloody strikes, and a "Red Scare" 391 00:22:20,866 --> 00:22:25,776 {\an1}that saw the arrests of 10,000 suspected revolutionaries, 392 00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:30,866 {\an1}many of them immigrants, some of them Jewish. 393 00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:36,609 {\an1}Irvin Painter: Anti-immigrant sentiment and the Red Scare 394 00:22:36,633 --> 00:22:39,609 came together, so, by the early Twenties, 395 00:22:39,633 --> 00:22:46,176 {\an1}you have this boiling notion that immigrants are stupid 396 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,242 {\an1}and immigrants are bolshevists 397 00:22:49,266 --> 00:22:54,242 and immigrants are threatening America. 398 00:22:54,266 --> 00:22:57,009 {\an1}Hayes: And this justified increasingly in the minds of 399 00:22:57,033 --> 00:23:00,242 {\an1}people like Madison Grant and Henry Cabot Lodge, 400 00:23:00,266 --> 00:23:03,242 {\an1}the senator from Massachusetts, who argued that 401 00:23:03,266 --> 00:23:06,842 {\an1}the way to master the problems was to restrict the inflow 402 00:23:06,866 --> 00:23:10,509 of these destabilizing populations. 403 00:23:10,533 --> 00:23:13,309 Narrator: Antisemitism intensified. 404 00:23:13,333 --> 00:23:16,842 {\an1}The automobile pioneer Henry Ford blamed Jews 405 00:23:16,866 --> 00:23:19,876 for everything from Lincoln's assassination 406 00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:22,042 {\an1}to the change he thought he detected 407 00:23:22,066 --> 00:23:25,709 in the flavor of his favorite candy bar. 408 00:23:25,733 --> 00:23:28,476 He bought himself a weekly newspaper, 409 00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:31,409 {\an1}the "Dearborn Independent," and used it to spread 410 00:23:31,433 --> 00:23:34,442 {\an1}his antisemitic propaganda. 411 00:23:34,466 --> 00:23:37,009 In a series of 91 weekly articles 412 00:23:37,033 --> 00:23:39,742 {\an1}called "The International Jew," 413 00:23:39,766 --> 00:23:43,609 {\an1}he promoted "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," 414 00:23:43,633 --> 00:23:45,709 a Russian hoax that claimed there was 415 00:23:45,733 --> 00:23:50,542 {\an1}a global Jewish conspiracy to take over the world. 416 00:23:50,566 --> 00:23:52,842 {\an1}The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 417 00:23:52,866 --> 00:23:55,766 had only seemed to confirm those fears. 418 00:23:57,833 --> 00:24:01,176 {\an1}The articles were eventually reprinted in 4 volumes 419 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:06,866 {\an1}and translated into 9 languages, including German. 420 00:24:09,166 --> 00:24:13,509 {\an1}Ford's newspaper continued printing its antisemitic bile 421 00:24:13,533 --> 00:24:17,133 {\an1}and had the second-highest circulation in the country. 422 00:24:19,166 --> 00:24:23,642 Jewish-Americans were already denied membership in private clubs, 423 00:24:23,666 --> 00:24:27,476 not hired by banks or prestigious law firms. 424 00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:29,409 {\an1}"Restrictive covenants" kept them out of 425 00:24:29,433 --> 00:24:31,942 {\an1}desirable neighborhoods. 426 00:24:31,966 --> 00:24:35,442 Strict quotas limited the number of Jewish students 427 00:24:35,466 --> 00:24:37,542 {\an1}enrolled in universities 428 00:24:37,566 --> 00:24:39,409 {\an1}and barred all but a handful of 429 00:24:39,433 --> 00:24:42,300 Jewish teachers from their faculties. 430 00:24:43,733 --> 00:24:48,133 {\an8}Hotels advertised rooms only for "Gentiles." 431 00:24:50,666 --> 00:24:53,209 {\an7}Greene: One of the most, I think, maddening things 432 00:24:53,233 --> 00:24:56,209 {\an8}about antisemitism is an antisemite 433 00:24:56,233 --> 00:24:57,976 {\an8}will hold a contradictory belief 434 00:24:58,000 --> 00:24:59,976 {\an7}and it won't bother the antisemite, right? 435 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,942 {\an1}So, "Jews are capitalists," "Jews are Communists." 436 00:25:03,966 --> 00:25:07,142 Or, "Jewish men are weak and effeminate," 437 00:25:07,166 --> 00:25:10,176 or "Jewish men are a sexual threat to... 438 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:12,009 To non-Jewish women." 439 00:25:12,033 --> 00:25:14,476 {\an1}These are contradictory beliefs that are illogical, 440 00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:16,642 {\an1}that don't bother antisemites. 441 00:25:16,666 --> 00:25:20,909 {\an1}So, how do you fight back against that with logic? 442 00:25:20,933 --> 00:25:22,242 Lipstadt: What are the stereotypes 443 00:25:22,266 --> 00:25:24,976 {\an1}associated with antisemitism? 444 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:29,976 {\an1}Something to do with money, something to do with smarts, 445 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,409 but not positive or affirmatively, 446 00:25:33,433 --> 00:25:37,642 {\an7}conniving and a small cabal. 447 00:25:37,666 --> 00:25:39,142 {\an7}Jews are very few in number, 448 00:25:39,166 --> 00:25:41,709 {\an8}but they know how to control things. 449 00:25:41,733 --> 00:25:45,733 {\an1}They are the puppet masters, controlling the puppets. 450 00:25:48,366 --> 00:25:51,342 {\an1}Narrator: In the early 1920s, support grew steadily 451 00:25:51,366 --> 00:25:53,609 {\an1}for congressional legislation 452 00:25:53,633 --> 00:25:56,142 to permanently restrict immigration, 453 00:25:56,166 --> 00:25:59,642 designed to return to the ethnic mix of America 454 00:25:59,666 --> 00:26:02,509 as it had been before the waves of newcomers 455 00:26:02,533 --> 00:26:04,833 from Southern and Eastern Europe. 456 00:26:06,466 --> 00:26:10,709 {\an1}A resurgent Ku Klux Klan, now several million strong, 457 00:26:10,733 --> 00:26:13,076 as anti-Catholic and antisemitic 458 00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:15,142 as it was anti-Black, 459 00:26:15,166 --> 00:26:17,976 favored restricting immigration. 460 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,576 {\an1}So did many Protestant clergymen and union leaders 461 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,276 convinced immigrants drove wages down. 462 00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,442 {\an1}President Calvin Coolidge supported it, too. 463 00:26:28,466 --> 00:26:32,200 "America must be kept American," he said. 464 00:26:34,166 --> 00:26:36,109 Jewish and Catholic organizations 465 00:26:36,133 --> 00:26:38,266 {\an1}were adamantly opposed. 466 00:26:40,233 --> 00:26:44,009 {\an1}A small band of congressmen... Mostly from urban districts, 467 00:26:44,033 --> 00:26:47,942 {\an1}often immigrants themselves or the children of immigrants... 468 00:26:47,966 --> 00:26:53,076 {\an1}tried to speak for the new Americans they represented. 469 00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,209 Man: I knew them. I knew the Irish and the Jews 470 00:26:56,233 --> 00:26:58,709 and the Italians and the Greeks. 471 00:26:58,733 --> 00:27:01,076 I knew the women in the Brooklyn tenements 472 00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:03,576 {\an1}who scrubbed their floors again and again 473 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:07,409 in the helpless fight against squalor. 474 00:27:07,433 --> 00:27:09,676 I knew their richness and their laughter 475 00:27:09,700 --> 00:27:11,576 and the disappointing heartbreak of 476 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,733 {\an1}the struggle in America to adjust. 477 00:27:16,300 --> 00:27:18,776 {\an1}I knew also their pride, 478 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,442 the unfulfilled dream of independence 479 00:27:21,466 --> 00:27:24,376 that had first brought them here. 480 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,609 Emanuel Celler. 481 00:27:27,633 --> 00:27:30,442 {\an1}Narrator: Freshman Congressman Emanuel Celler 482 00:27:30,466 --> 00:27:33,142 {\an1}was a third-generation Jewish-American, 483 00:27:33,166 --> 00:27:35,876 who represented Brooklyn's 10th District. 484 00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,776 {\an1}It was one of the most ethnically diverse in the nation, 485 00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,276 and he liked to tell his constituents that 486 00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:45,776 {\an1}his Catholic grandfather had jumped into New York Harbor 487 00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:48,676 {\an1}to save his Jewish grandmother from drowning 488 00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,642 {\an1}after the boat they had both taken from Germany 489 00:27:51,666 --> 00:27:54,942 began to sink. 490 00:27:54,966 --> 00:27:58,676 {\an1}When Celler came to Washington in the winter of 1923, 491 00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:01,276 he hurled himself into the struggle against 492 00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:03,876 the latest anti-immigration bill, 493 00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,942 even before he was able to hire a staff. 494 00:28:07,966 --> 00:28:10,976 He pored over books in the Library of Congress 495 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,842 {\an1}and brought in scientists to testify against eugenics. 496 00:28:15,866 --> 00:28:19,576 {\an1}The work of Madison Grant and his fellow eugenicists, 497 00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:23,042 {\an1}Celler said, was all "bunk and balderdash." 498 00:28:23,066 --> 00:28:28,042 {\an1}"There is no such thing as superior and inferior races. 499 00:28:28,066 --> 00:28:30,966 One set of people is as good as another." 500 00:28:33,266 --> 00:28:35,509 {\an1}Man as Celler: This is indeed a new doctrine 501 00:28:35,533 --> 00:28:40,176 {\an1}for a democratic America, founded on the declaration that 502 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,542 {\an1}all men are created equal, 503 00:28:42,566 --> 00:28:46,842 {\an1}a slap in the face to our immigrants who have assimilated 504 00:28:46,866 --> 00:28:51,700 {\an1}and who have become bone of our bone, flesh of our flesh. 505 00:28:54,233 --> 00:28:56,642 Narrator: But nothing Celler or his allies said 506 00:28:56,666 --> 00:28:59,376 could halt the rush toward passage. 507 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,142 The new law, the Johnson-Reed Act, 508 00:29:02,166 --> 00:29:07,542 {\an1}passed by overwhelming margins in both the House and Senate. 509 00:29:07,566 --> 00:29:12,733 On May 26, 1924, Coolidge signed it into law. 510 00:29:14,566 --> 00:29:17,342 {\an1}It drastically limited the total number of immigrants 511 00:29:17,366 --> 00:29:19,642 {\an1}admitted to the United States, 512 00:29:19,666 --> 00:29:22,342 {\an1}and it allotted quotas to each country, 513 00:29:22,366 --> 00:29:24,976 {\an1}overwhelmingly favoring immigrants from 514 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:28,342 {\an1}Northern European countries. 515 00:29:28,366 --> 00:29:30,976 {\an1}Erbelding: The Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924 516 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,176 {\an1}is really meant to define who is going to be 517 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:35,176 {\an1}an American in the future. 518 00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:39,542 {\an1}And 85% of it is for people who are born in countries 519 00:29:39,566 --> 00:29:42,742 {\an7}that they decide in 1924 are white Protestant countries 520 00:29:42,766 --> 00:29:46,300 {\an7}that will send white Protestant immigrants to the United States. 521 00:29:47,433 --> 00:29:50,609 {\an1}Narrator: The act did not limit immigrants from the Americas... 522 00:29:50,633 --> 00:29:53,609 Who were needed for farm labor... 523 00:29:53,633 --> 00:29:57,742 {\an1}but it now barred all Asians, not just the Chinese. 524 00:29:57,766 --> 00:30:01,242 {\an1}One Japanese newspaper labeled the law's passage 525 00:30:01,266 --> 00:30:03,876 "the greatest insult in our history," 526 00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:06,309 and a prominent nationalist declared 527 00:30:06,333 --> 00:30:08,476 {\an1}it made "an eventual collision 528 00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:11,966 between Japan and America... inevitable." 529 00:30:13,566 --> 00:30:17,109 {\an1}For the first time, before embarking for the United States, 530 00:30:17,133 --> 00:30:19,976 potential immigrants would have to obtain a visa 531 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,509 {\an1}from American consulates in their countries, 532 00:30:23,533 --> 00:30:25,676 {\an1}giving State Department bureaucrats 533 00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:27,909 unprecedented control 534 00:30:27,933 --> 00:30:32,842 {\an1}over who was and who was not worthy of admission. 535 00:30:32,866 --> 00:30:36,942 The new act also made no exception for refugees... 536 00:30:36,966 --> 00:30:41,533 {\an1}those fleeing disaster, war, or persecution. 537 00:30:43,466 --> 00:30:49,309 {\an1}In 1921, 805,000 immigrants had come to America. 538 00:30:49,333 --> 00:30:52,876 {\an1}In 1925, under the new quota system, 539 00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:57,166 just under 150,000 were allowed in. 540 00:30:58,666 --> 00:31:01,609 {\an8}There was no explicit quota for Jews, 541 00:31:01,633 --> 00:31:05,009 {\an8}and Jews were not specifically named in the law. 542 00:31:05,033 --> 00:31:06,842 {\an1}But it was not an accident that 543 00:31:06,866 --> 00:31:09,676 {\an1}most recent Jewish immigrants had come from 544 00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:15,776 {\an1}the Eastern European countries that now had miniscule quotas. 545 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:19,542 Almost 120,000 Jews had started new lives 546 00:31:19,566 --> 00:31:23,842 {\an1}in the United States in 1921. 547 00:31:23,866 --> 00:31:28,433 5 years later, only 10,000 were able to do so. 548 00:31:30,033 --> 00:31:32,876 {\an1}"America has closed the doors just in time 549 00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:35,042 "to prevent our Nordic population 550 00:31:35,066 --> 00:31:37,976 from being overrun by the lower races," 551 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,042 said Madison Grant. 552 00:31:40,066 --> 00:31:43,676 {\an1}"The law's passage was one of the greatest steps forward 553 00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:46,266 in the history of this country." 554 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,142 {\an1}Man as Celler: To say that a handful of men 555 00:31:50,166 --> 00:31:55,309 {\an1}forced through the Immigration Act of 1924 is false. 556 00:31:55,333 --> 00:31:59,709 {\an1}The United States was drawing her skirts about her in fear 557 00:31:59,733 --> 00:32:04,242 {\an1}lest she be contaminated by the alien. 558 00:32:04,266 --> 00:32:06,876 {\an1}The temper of the Congress, I discovered, 559 00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:09,166 {\an1}is the temper of the country. 560 00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:12,500 Emanuel Celler. 561 00:32:19,433 --> 00:32:23,776 {\an1}Narrator: In 1924, in a prison cell in Landsberg, Bavaria, 562 00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:28,609 {\an1}Adolf Hitler, the head of the National Socialist German Workers Party... 563 00:32:28,633 --> 00:32:33,776 {\an1}the Nazis... learned of the new American immigration law. 564 00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,209 {\an1}He had been imprisoned for high treason 565 00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:38,742 {\an1}after leading a failed coup. 566 00:32:38,766 --> 00:32:42,209 {\an1}He was pleased that the United States felt itself to be 567 00:32:42,233 --> 00:32:45,442 what he called a "Nordic-Germanic state," 568 00:32:45,466 --> 00:32:48,409 {\an1}and had acted to preserve its purity 569 00:32:48,433 --> 00:32:52,309 {\an1}by "excluding certain races." 570 00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:55,609 Those ideas mirrored Hitler's own beliefs, 571 00:32:55,633 --> 00:32:57,942 and he was willing to exploit the chaos 572 00:32:57,966 --> 00:33:01,642 {\an1}that gripped Germany after its defeat in the Great War 573 00:33:01,666 --> 00:33:03,942 to promote them. 574 00:33:03,966 --> 00:33:06,709 {\an1}At Versailles in 1919, 575 00:33:06,733 --> 00:33:10,109 the victorious Allies had imposed on the Germans 576 00:33:10,133 --> 00:33:14,576 {\an1}a treaty that required them to give up 10% of their territory 577 00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,176 {\an1}as well as their colonies in Africa, 578 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,642 {\an1}pay massive reparations, 579 00:33:19,666 --> 00:33:22,509 {\an1}and disarm completely. 580 00:33:22,533 --> 00:33:26,009 Hitler, who had been an obscure army dispatch messenger 581 00:33:26,033 --> 00:33:27,542 when the war ended, 582 00:33:27,566 --> 00:33:30,342 was among those who convinced themselves 583 00:33:30,366 --> 00:33:34,009 Germany had not been defeated on the battlefield, 584 00:33:34,033 --> 00:33:36,376 that she had been "stabbed in the back" 585 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,166 {\an1}by socialists and Jews. 586 00:33:40,866 --> 00:33:43,976 While behind bars, Hitler worked on a book 587 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,509 {\an1}entitled "Mein Kampf"... "My Struggle." 588 00:33:47,533 --> 00:33:51,276 {\an1}History, he argued, was an endless racial conflict 589 00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:54,842 in which the superior so-called "Aryan" race 590 00:33:54,866 --> 00:33:59,176 {\an1}was being undermined by Jews. 591 00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:01,742 {\an1}Hayes: The most dangerous of other nationalities, 592 00:34:01,766 --> 00:34:04,809 {\an1}said the Nazis, were the Jews. 593 00:34:04,833 --> 00:34:06,909 {\an1}And the reason they were was not only inherited, 594 00:34:06,933 --> 00:34:08,476 {\an1}that is, there had been a Christian teaching 595 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,042 {\an1}that these people are corrupting and so forth. 596 00:34:11,066 --> 00:34:12,976 The reason is also they were the people 597 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,976 {\an1}who brought the notion of conscience, the golden rule, 598 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:22,442 {\an1}fair play, international cooperation into the world. 599 00:34:22,466 --> 00:34:24,009 {\an1}Man: What's particular about the thing that 600 00:34:24,033 --> 00:34:26,209 {\an1}Hitler puts together is to say, 601 00:34:26,233 --> 00:34:30,442 {\an1}"The Jews are responsible for every global idea, 602 00:34:30,466 --> 00:34:32,909 {\an1}"for every universal idea. 603 00:34:32,933 --> 00:34:35,709 {\an7}"Anything which allows us to see each other as people, 604 00:34:35,733 --> 00:34:40,242 {\an7}rather than as members of a race, that's the Jews." 605 00:34:40,266 --> 00:34:44,576 {\an1}Narrator: Germany's 523,000 Jews constituted less than 606 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,909 1% of their country's population. 607 00:34:47,933 --> 00:34:52,676 {\an1}But 100,000 of them had fought during the Great War. 608 00:34:52,700 --> 00:34:56,442 12,000 had died. 609 00:34:56,466 --> 00:34:59,709 They had overcome centuries of persecution 610 00:34:59,733 --> 00:35:03,142 to become merchants, manufacturers, musicians, 611 00:35:03,166 --> 00:35:05,976 {\an1}lawyers, writers, scientists, 612 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:09,309 {\an1}artists, government officials, 613 00:35:09,333 --> 00:35:11,976 {\an1}and were loyal Germans. 614 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:15,376 {\an8}Stern: We were absolutely integrated 615 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,976 {\an7}into this town of about 65,000 inhabitants 616 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:24,642 {\an1}and felt completely at home. 617 00:35:24,666 --> 00:35:25,909 Narrator: The city of Hildesheim, 618 00:35:25,933 --> 00:35:27,376 in northern Germany, 619 00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:30,876 was home to some 1,000 Jewish families. 620 00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:33,909 Julius Stern owned a small shop. 621 00:35:33,933 --> 00:35:35,976 His wife Hedwig was the daughter of 622 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:37,809 {\an1}a well-to-do-merchant. 623 00:35:37,833 --> 00:35:39,642 They had 3 children. 624 00:35:39,666 --> 00:35:45,709 {\an1}Their oldest was Günther, born in 1922. 625 00:35:45,733 --> 00:35:50,109 Stern: My mother was a absolute luminous woman. 626 00:35:50,133 --> 00:35:55,242 And she could write German verses for all occasions 627 00:35:55,266 --> 00:36:01,309 {\an1}and was praised as the "Poet Laureate" of our family. 628 00:36:01,333 --> 00:36:04,609 {\an1}I had a neighbor boy who was my best friend 629 00:36:04,633 --> 00:36:09,342 {\an1}on the slim basis that both of our names were Günther. 630 00:36:09,366 --> 00:36:14,509 {\an1}His family was not all that conservative as Protestants. 631 00:36:14,533 --> 00:36:18,766 And we were not that observant as Jews. 632 00:36:20,833 --> 00:36:24,709 {\an1}Narrator: But to Hitler, all Jews were clannish, stateless, 633 00:36:24,733 --> 00:36:27,709 subhuman "leeches" who drained the strength 634 00:36:27,733 --> 00:36:30,609 {\an8}of every country in which they lived. 635 00:36:30,633 --> 00:36:33,509 {\an7}From his cell, he promised to one day make Germany 636 00:36:33,533 --> 00:36:36,042 {\an7}free of them... and, by so doing, 637 00:36:36,066 --> 00:36:38,533 {\an7}restore Germany's greatness. 638 00:36:39,833 --> 00:36:41,709 {\an1}Victory in that struggle, he said, 639 00:36:41,733 --> 00:36:45,542 {\an1}demanded military might, "Aryan fertility," 640 00:36:45,566 --> 00:36:47,842 and racial purity. 641 00:36:47,866 --> 00:36:51,376 {\an1}He would seek to destroy the power of what he believed 642 00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:56,909 {\an1}was a worldwide conspiracy... "International Jewry." 643 00:36:56,933 --> 00:37:00,976 {\an1}At the same time, he dreamed of reclaiming German territories 644 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:04,576 and waging a war against the Soviet Union 645 00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:07,842 {\an1}that would simultaneously destroy what he called 646 00:37:07,866 --> 00:37:09,576 "Jewish Bolshevism" 647 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:13,676 and win for Germany the "Lebensraum"... Living Space... 648 00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:16,500 To which he believed it was entitled. 649 00:37:18,266 --> 00:37:21,676 {\an1}Hayes: Hitler saw the expansion of Germany into Eastern Europe 650 00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:27,076 {\an1}as foreshadowed by what we had done in North America, 651 00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:29,942 {\an1}the expansion of the white people of the United States 652 00:37:29,966 --> 00:37:33,709 across the continent from east to west, 653 00:37:33,733 --> 00:37:37,309 {\an1}brushing aside the people who were already here 654 00:37:37,333 --> 00:37:40,866 and confining them to reservations. 655 00:37:42,433 --> 00:37:45,109 {\an1}Narrator: "The immense inner strength" of the United States, 656 00:37:45,133 --> 00:37:49,276 {\an1}Hitler said, came from the ruthless but necessary act 657 00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:51,976 {\an1}of murdering native people 658 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:56,276 and herding the rest into "cages." 659 00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:58,209 Snyder: He saw us as the way that 660 00:37:58,233 --> 00:38:01,642 racial superiority is supposed to work. 661 00:38:01,666 --> 00:38:05,209 The higher races conquer the territory. 662 00:38:05,233 --> 00:38:07,842 So, if anything, the attitude before the war 663 00:38:07,866 --> 00:38:11,276 was an attitude of a certain admiration. 664 00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:13,842 {\an1}Narrator: Hitler hoped that just as the Americans 665 00:38:13,866 --> 00:38:16,009 {\an1}had conquered "the Wild West," 666 00:38:16,033 --> 00:38:19,342 {\an1}his countrymen would conquer "the Wild East"... 667 00:38:19,366 --> 00:38:22,276 Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. 668 00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:26,066 "Our Mississippi," he said, "must be the Volga." 669 00:38:27,633 --> 00:38:29,442 {\an1}Germans would sweep aside those who 670 00:38:29,466 --> 00:38:32,509 {\an1}inconveniently occupied those lands... 671 00:38:32,533 --> 00:38:37,076 {\an1}Poles and other Slavs, as well as Jews... 672 00:38:37,100 --> 00:38:40,400 {\an1}much as Native Americans had been swept aside. 673 00:38:44,333 --> 00:38:46,142 When Hitler was released from prison 674 00:38:46,166 --> 00:38:48,509 in December of 1924, 675 00:38:48,533 --> 00:38:51,509 {\an1}the fledgling Weimar Republic that had been born 676 00:38:51,533 --> 00:38:53,442 {\an1}at the end of the Great War 677 00:38:53,466 --> 00:38:55,933 was finally coming into its own. 678 00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,342 Berlin, its capital and largest city, 679 00:39:00,366 --> 00:39:03,409 {\an1}home to 1/3 of Germany's Jews, 680 00:39:03,433 --> 00:39:06,209 had become the intellectual and creative 681 00:39:06,233 --> 00:39:09,309 center of Europe... 682 00:39:09,333 --> 00:39:14,076 {\an1}Expressionism on canvas and on the movie screen, 683 00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:18,842 Bauhaus architecture and American jazz, 684 00:39:18,866 --> 00:39:23,076 {\an1}scientific advancement and avant-garde music, 685 00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:27,833 sexual freedom and leftist politics. 686 00:39:29,833 --> 00:39:33,909 Berlin represented everything Hitler hated 687 00:39:33,933 --> 00:39:35,733 and hoped to destroy. 688 00:39:38,733 --> 00:39:46,076 {\an8}♪ 689 00:39:46,100 --> 00:39:49,609 {\an7}In the autumn of 1929, after nearly a decade of 690 00:39:49,633 --> 00:39:53,342 {\an1}unprecedented economic growth, 691 00:39:53,366 --> 00:39:55,800 the New York stock market crashed. 692 00:39:57,433 --> 00:39:59,376 {\an1}The Great Depression that followed would be 693 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:04,242 {\an1}the worst crisis America had faced since the Civil War. 694 00:40:04,266 --> 00:40:08,409 {\an1}Before it was over, one out of every 4 wage-earners... 695 00:40:08,433 --> 00:40:11,176 More than 15 million men and women... 696 00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:12,933 {\an1}would be without work. 697 00:40:14,333 --> 00:40:16,642 Now Americans were even less eager 698 00:40:16,666 --> 00:40:19,076 to welcome workers from foreign lands 699 00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:21,100 {\an1}than they had been before. 700 00:40:22,333 --> 00:40:26,076 {\an1}President Herbert Hoover directed all overseas consulates 701 00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:28,409 to strictly enforce what had been 702 00:40:28,433 --> 00:40:32,342 {\an1}a seemingly minor provision of the immigration law. 703 00:40:32,366 --> 00:40:35,642 {\an1}From now on, the United States would deny a visa 704 00:40:35,666 --> 00:40:37,809 {\an1}to any would-be immigrant 705 00:40:37,833 --> 00:40:40,509 "likely to become a public charge," 706 00:40:40,533 --> 00:40:43,366 dependent on government support. 707 00:40:45,133 --> 00:40:48,742 Under the slogan "American jobs for real Americans," 708 00:40:48,766 --> 00:40:51,609 {\an1}Hoover's Labor Department approved raids by 709 00:40:51,633 --> 00:40:54,976 sheriffs, marshals, and vigilantes 710 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:59,609 that rounded up some 1.8 million people of Mexican descent 711 00:40:59,633 --> 00:41:01,166 and deported them. 712 00:41:02,666 --> 00:41:06,009 {\an1}It was called the "Mexican Repatriation Program," 713 00:41:06,033 --> 00:41:08,776 but 6 out of 10 of those dispossessed 714 00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:12,366 {\an1}are believed to have been American citizens. 715 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:17,742 {\an1}In 1932, for the first time in American history, 716 00:41:17,766 --> 00:41:21,933 {\an1}more people left the United States than were allowed in. 717 00:41:23,233 --> 00:41:24,909 {\an1}Man: You are approaching Ellis Island, 718 00:41:24,933 --> 00:41:27,609 once the gateway for thousands seeking fortune, 719 00:41:27,633 --> 00:41:29,909 {\an1}and now every month sees hundreds banished 720 00:41:29,933 --> 00:41:32,276 {\an1}after being convicted by the immigration board 721 00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,709 of failing to meet the requirements of good citizenship. 722 00:41:35,733 --> 00:41:37,376 Today's batch of deportees include 723 00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,409 a husband and wife, forced apart 724 00:41:39,433 --> 00:41:41,476 {\an1}by Uncle Sam's stern edict. 725 00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:43,142 And so the symbol of liberty becomes 726 00:41:43,166 --> 00:41:46,642 {\an1}a fading memory of things that might have been. 727 00:41:46,666 --> 00:41:53,476 ♪ 728 00:41:53,500 --> 00:41:55,809 {\an1}Narrator: The Great Depression spread relentlessly 729 00:41:55,833 --> 00:41:57,366 around the world. 730 00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,809 {\an1}In Germany, more than a third of the adult population 731 00:42:01,833 --> 00:42:03,976 was without work. 732 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:08,642 {\an1}Parliamentary democracy seemed powerless to improve things. 733 00:42:08,666 --> 00:42:11,209 The Weimar Republic was teetering. 734 00:42:11,233 --> 00:42:13,876 {\an1}Governments came and went. 735 00:42:13,900 --> 00:42:19,042 The search for scapegoats intensified. 736 00:42:19,066 --> 00:42:24,309 In the chaos, Hitler saw his chance. 737 00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:26,366 {\an7}[Hitler speaking German] 738 00:42:35,233 --> 00:42:37,776 {\an8}[Crowd cheering] 739 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:40,509 Narrator: In 1928, the Nazi share of the vote 740 00:42:40,533 --> 00:42:43,042 {\an1}had been less than 3%. 741 00:42:43,066 --> 00:42:48,042 By 1932, theirs was the largest party in Germany, 742 00:42:48,066 --> 00:42:50,766 {\an1}but still not large enough to form a government. 743 00:42:52,366 --> 00:42:53,909 {\an1}To appeal to moderates, 744 00:42:53,933 --> 00:42:56,709 the Nazis downplayed their antisemitism 745 00:42:56,733 --> 00:43:01,476 and they stepped up street warfare against socialists and Communists 746 00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,366 {\an1}to convince voters that civil war was imminent. 747 00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:10,609 {\an1}Then, a small group of elite conservatives stepped in 748 00:43:10,633 --> 00:43:14,742 {\an1}and on January 30, 1933, saw to it 749 00:43:14,766 --> 00:43:17,276 that Hitler was appointed Chancellor... 750 00:43:17,300 --> 00:43:20,176 Confident that they could control him. 751 00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,709 "We have hired him," one of them told a friend. 752 00:43:22,733 --> 00:43:25,342 "In a few months, we will have pushed him so far 753 00:43:25,366 --> 00:43:28,333 into the corner that he will squeak." 754 00:43:29,633 --> 00:43:32,276 {\an1}They had misjudged him. 755 00:43:32,300 --> 00:43:34,276 {\an1}Snyder: The people who brought Hitler to power 756 00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:36,876 {\an1}didn't necessarily share all of his ideas. 757 00:43:36,900 --> 00:43:38,276 In fact, they didn't. 758 00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:40,176 {\an7}But what they did believe 759 00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:42,542 {\an7}was that we can't have democracy anymore, 760 00:43:42,566 --> 00:43:44,609 {\an7}because if we have democracy, 761 00:43:44,633 --> 00:43:47,109 {\an8}then the Left and the labor unions, 762 00:43:47,133 --> 00:43:48,966 they're going to take all of the power. 763 00:43:50,333 --> 00:43:52,276 {\an1}So, the people who brought Hitler to power 764 00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:54,409 {\an1}were conscious and aware, 765 00:43:54,433 --> 00:43:57,276 and desirous of doing away with democracy. 766 00:43:57,300 --> 00:43:59,333 [Crowd shouting] 767 00:44:00,466 --> 00:44:02,842 {\an1}Narrator: Within two months, with a ruthlessness that 768 00:44:02,866 --> 00:44:05,876 stunned supporters and opponents alike, 769 00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:08,976 Hitler bullied the parliament... the Reichstag... 770 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:16,342 {\an1}into granting him the powers of an absolute dictator. 771 00:44:16,366 --> 00:44:18,476 The morning after Hitler took power, 772 00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:23,033 {\an1}local Nazis staged victory marches throughout the country. 773 00:44:24,533 --> 00:44:27,809 In Hildesheim, the Stern family's apartment 774 00:44:27,833 --> 00:44:30,742 {\an1}overlooked the parade route. 775 00:44:30,766 --> 00:44:34,176 {\an1}Stern: We stayed home, and my parents said, 776 00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:39,009 "Don't even look out the window." 777 00:44:39,033 --> 00:44:45,942 {\an1}And at the very tail end of that parade were my classmates. 778 00:44:45,966 --> 00:44:51,842 {\an7}My father called my brother into our... 779 00:44:51,866 --> 00:44:53,942 {\an8}what was called the gute stube, 780 00:44:53,966 --> 00:44:56,942 {\an1}which was the best room in the apartment. 781 00:44:56,966 --> 00:45:00,509 And he said to us, "Sit down, boys, 782 00:45:00,533 --> 00:45:02,909 {\an1}I have something to tell you." 783 00:45:02,933 --> 00:45:08,409 And what he said was, "Don't stick out. 784 00:45:08,433 --> 00:45:12,842 He who sticks out, gets stuck." 785 00:45:12,866 --> 00:45:16,242 {\an1}We took him seriously. He said, 786 00:45:16,266 --> 00:45:19,576 {\an1}"Be like invisible ink." 787 00:45:19,600 --> 00:45:24,642 {\an1}In other words, what you are will someday come out again, 788 00:45:24,666 --> 00:45:29,242 but at this time, fade into the crowd. 789 00:45:29,266 --> 00:45:36,176 ♪ 790 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,909 Franklin Roosevelt: I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 791 00:45:38,933 --> 00:45:42,409 {\an1}do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute 792 00:45:42,433 --> 00:45:46,009 {\an1}the Office of President of the United States... 793 00:45:46,033 --> 00:45:48,976 {\an1}Narrator: The United States had a new leader that winter, too. 794 00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:50,909 {\an1}Roosevelt: preserve, protect, and defend... 795 00:45:50,933 --> 00:45:53,642 {\an1}Narrator: Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn in 796 00:45:53,666 --> 00:45:58,042 as the 32nd president on March 4th. 797 00:45:58,066 --> 00:45:59,442 Roosevelt: This is a day of... 798 00:45:59,466 --> 00:46:00,742 Narrator: The economic situation had 799 00:46:00,766 --> 00:46:03,742 {\an1}steadily worsened since 1929, 800 00:46:03,766 --> 00:46:07,676 {\an1}so steadily that some Americans on both sides of the aisle 801 00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:12,909 {\an1}urged the new president also to assume dictatorial powers. 802 00:46:12,933 --> 00:46:14,909 Roosevelt: the Congress shall fail to take one of these... 803 00:46:14,933 --> 00:46:17,976 {\an1}Narrator: In his inaugural address, he assured Americans 804 00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:22,509 {\an1}that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself," 805 00:46:22,533 --> 00:46:26,142 {\an1}but he also warned that if all else failed... 806 00:46:26,166 --> 00:46:28,476 Roosevelt: I shall ask the Congress for the one 807 00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,909 remaining instrument to meet the crisis... 808 00:46:31,933 --> 00:46:39,276 {\an1}broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency 809 00:46:39,300 --> 00:46:43,409 {\an1}as great as the power that would be given to me 810 00:46:43,433 --> 00:46:47,476 {\an1}if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. 811 00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:50,109 [Crowd cheering] 812 00:46:50,133 --> 00:46:52,542 {\an1}Narrator: His wife Eleanor remembered that she'd 813 00:46:52,566 --> 00:46:56,842 {\an1}found the crowd's enthusiastic reaction to that line 814 00:46:56,866 --> 00:47:00,776 {\an1}"a little terrifying." 815 00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,076 During the 100 days that followed, 816 00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:04,842 {\an1}Roosevelt would sign into law 817 00:47:04,866 --> 00:47:08,476 16 major pieces of domestic legislation 818 00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:13,042 {\an1}that laid the foundation for what he called the New Deal. 819 00:47:13,066 --> 00:47:18,509 {\an1}His overriding objective was to put Americans back to work. 820 00:47:18,533 --> 00:47:22,542 {\an1}Foreign policy was left mostly to the State Department... 821 00:47:22,566 --> 00:47:25,642 {\an1}small, hide-bound, dominated by 822 00:47:25,666 --> 00:47:30,542 {\an1}conservative members of the Protestant establishment. 823 00:47:30,566 --> 00:47:33,876 {\an1}FDR's secretary of state was Cordell Hull, 824 00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:37,609 {\an1}a former Tennessee senator most concerned with 825 00:47:37,633 --> 00:47:40,776 {\an1}increasing America's trade with the world 826 00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:43,509 {\an1}and opposed on principle to interfering in 827 00:47:43,533 --> 00:47:48,066 the domestic affairs of other countries. 828 00:47:53,333 --> 00:47:55,366 {\an7}[Hitler speaking German] 829 00:48:23,966 --> 00:48:27,242 {\an1}Narrator: Many Germans... Jews and Gentiles alike... 830 00:48:27,266 --> 00:48:31,742 {\an1}believed that once in power, Hitler would moderate his views. 831 00:48:31,766 --> 00:48:34,709 They took comfort in an old German saying, 832 00:48:34,733 --> 00:48:38,676 "Nothing is eaten as hot as it is cooked." 833 00:48:38,700 --> 00:48:41,742 {\an1}Others hoped his government would quickly collapse 834 00:48:41,766 --> 00:48:44,109 {\an1}as so many others had. 835 00:48:44,133 --> 00:48:45,709 [Men chant in German] 836 00:48:45,733 --> 00:48:48,500 {\an1}Narrator: The Nazis soon dashed those hopes. 837 00:48:50,133 --> 00:48:52,242 {\an1}Within weeks of taking power, 838 00:48:52,266 --> 00:48:55,576 Hitler's Brownshirt street fighters and black-clad members 839 00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:58,276 of an elite paramilitary organization 840 00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:02,042 {\an1}called the Schutzstaffel... Or SS... 841 00:49:02,066 --> 00:49:07,009 {\an1}had rounded up some 4,800 socialists and Communists 842 00:49:07,033 --> 00:49:12,276 {\an1}and soon sent them to the first of many concentration camps... 843 00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,142 Guarded compounds initially intended to hold 844 00:49:15,166 --> 00:49:18,042 large numbers of political opponents, 845 00:49:18,066 --> 00:49:22,209 stripped of all their rights as citizens. 846 00:49:22,233 --> 00:49:25,209 It was set up about 12 miles from Munich, 847 00:49:25,233 --> 00:49:27,566 {\an1}near the village of Dachau. 848 00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,442 By year's end, more than 100,000 people 849 00:49:32,466 --> 00:49:35,333 had been imprisoned throughout Germany. 850 00:49:40,333 --> 00:49:44,742 {\an1}Meanwhile, Brownshirts stormed up and down German streets, 851 00:49:44,766 --> 00:49:47,676 {\an1}beating anyone they decided looked Jewish, 852 00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,509 {\an1}chanting, "When Jewish blood spurts off the knife, 853 00:49:51,533 --> 00:49:54,066 {\an1}everything will be fine again!" 854 00:49:56,600 --> 00:49:57,833 {\an1}Man: "Chicago Tribune." 855 00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,009 Bands of Nazis throughout Germany 856 00:50:01,033 --> 00:50:03,509 carried out wholesale raids calculated 857 00:50:03,533 --> 00:50:08,209 {\an1}to intimidate the opposition, particularly the Jews. 858 00:50:08,233 --> 00:50:10,776 {\an1}As hundreds have sworn in affidavits, 859 00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:15,142 {\an1}men and women were insulted, slapped, punched in the face, 860 00:50:15,166 --> 00:50:17,142 hit over the head with blackjacks, 861 00:50:17,166 --> 00:50:20,266 {\an1}dragged from their homes in night clothes. 862 00:50:21,433 --> 00:50:23,276 Never have I seen law-abiding citizens 863 00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:25,066 {\an1}living in such terror. 864 00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:27,366 Edmond Taylor. 865 00:50:29,066 --> 00:50:31,042 {\an1}Narrator: American newspapers published more than 866 00:50:31,066 --> 00:50:34,909 3,000 stories about antisemitic incidents 867 00:50:34,933 --> 00:50:39,142 during the first 100 days of Nazi rule. 868 00:50:39,166 --> 00:50:41,342 {\an1}Greene: Americans who picked up their papers, 869 00:50:41,366 --> 00:50:42,909 {\an1}or who listened to the radio, 870 00:50:42,933 --> 00:50:45,609 had access to a lot of information 871 00:50:45,633 --> 00:50:48,809 {\an1}about Nazi persecution of Jews. 872 00:50:48,833 --> 00:50:50,942 {\an1}Is it the lead story? No. 873 00:50:50,966 --> 00:50:53,276 {\an1}The Depression in the 1930s is the lead story. 874 00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:56,009 {\an1}But it's not right to say the information wasn't there. 875 00:50:56,033 --> 00:50:59,776 {\an1}The information was there. 876 00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,800 {\an1}Narrator: Many Americans were appalled by what they read. 877 00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:06,276 {\an1}But others were skeptical... Remembering that 878 00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:10,242 {\an1}lurid anti-German propaganda from the Great War 879 00:51:10,266 --> 00:51:12,066 {\an1}had turned out to be false. 880 00:51:13,566 --> 00:51:16,276 Jewish-Americans were deeply divided as to 881 00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:20,233 what, if anything, they should try to do about it. 882 00:51:22,066 --> 00:51:25,242 {\an8}I think a lot of American Jews were torn between 883 00:51:25,266 --> 00:51:27,342 {\an7}wanting to ring the alarm 884 00:51:27,366 --> 00:51:30,409 {\an8}and not wanting to seem alarmist. 885 00:51:30,433 --> 00:51:32,409 {\an8}They had just precariously established 886 00:51:32,433 --> 00:51:35,466 {\an7}their identities as Americans. 887 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,042 {\an1}Lipstadt: What's going to make the situation better? 888 00:51:39,066 --> 00:51:41,209 {\an1}And no one really knew. 889 00:51:41,233 --> 00:51:44,909 {\an1}They were also continuously told by political leaders, you know, 890 00:51:44,933 --> 00:51:46,809 if you speak out and make a fuss, 891 00:51:46,833 --> 00:51:48,942 {\an1}it'll only make it worse. 892 00:51:48,966 --> 00:51:52,242 {\an7}And there was also the fear, and a legitimate fear, 893 00:51:52,266 --> 00:51:54,009 {\an7}that if we talk too much about this, 894 00:51:54,033 --> 00:51:56,376 {\an7}Americans are going to say, "Well, that's right. 895 00:51:56,400 --> 00:52:00,976 {\an1}You know, Jews are like that. Jews are conniving." 896 00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:02,209 {\an1}Narrator: On March 20th, 897 00:52:02,233 --> 00:52:04,076 {\an1}despite a heavy rainstorm, 898 00:52:04,100 --> 00:52:08,676 {\an1}some 1,500 representatives of Jewish organizations 899 00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:12,209 {\an1}gathered in the ballroom of New York's Hotel Astor, 900 00:52:12,233 --> 00:52:15,642 {\an1}hoping to find consensus about what to do. 901 00:52:15,666 --> 00:52:19,642 When many called for a mass rally at Madison Square Garden 902 00:52:19,666 --> 00:52:22,976 {\an1}and other demonstrations across the country, 903 00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:28,276 {\an1}New York Supreme Court Justice Joseph Proskauer rose to object. 904 00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:32,276 {\an1}He begged those present to vote against public meetings 905 00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:35,309 that could only further inflame Hitler. 906 00:52:35,333 --> 00:52:39,309 {\an1}The crowd began to boo, but he continued: 907 00:52:39,333 --> 00:52:42,476 "I ask you to think whether you want Jewish blood 908 00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:45,700 to be seen in the gutters of Germany." 909 00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:52,609 Then Stephen Wise, the best-known rabbi in America, stood up. 910 00:52:52,633 --> 00:52:56,109 Wise demanded that Proskauer apologize 911 00:52:56,133 --> 00:52:59,776 {\an1}for implying that American Jews could ever be blamed 912 00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:04,676 {\an1}for what the Nazis did to German Jews. 913 00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:06,709 {\an1}Wise had been born in Budapest 914 00:53:06,733 --> 00:53:09,976 {\an1}and was already so celebrated that the post office 915 00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:15,476 {\an1}delivered to him letters addressed only, "Rabbi, USA." 916 00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,809 Worldly, charismatic, and a brilliant orator, 917 00:53:18,833 --> 00:53:22,576 {\an1}he had broken from the world of his orthodox ancestors 918 00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:27,042 {\an1}to establish the Reform Free Synagogue in Manhattan. 919 00:53:27,066 --> 00:53:32,209 {\an1}"The time for prudence and caution is past," he said. 920 00:53:32,233 --> 00:53:35,309 Man as Wise: We must speak up like men. 921 00:53:35,333 --> 00:53:37,742 How can we ask our Christian friends 922 00:53:37,766 --> 00:53:40,309 {\an1}to lift their voices in the protest against 923 00:53:40,333 --> 00:53:42,609 {\an1}the wrongs suffered by Jews 924 00:53:42,633 --> 00:53:44,433 if we keep silent? 925 00:53:45,733 --> 00:53:47,942 What is happening in Germany today 926 00:53:47,966 --> 00:53:50,909 may happen tomorrow in any other land on Earth 927 00:53:50,933 --> 00:53:54,676 unless it is challenged and rebuked. 928 00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:58,976 {\an1}It is not the German Jews who are being attacked. 929 00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:00,500 It is the Jews. 930 00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:04,442 {\an1}Narrator: Rabbi Wise prevailed. 931 00:54:04,466 --> 00:54:07,076 The rally at Madison Square Garden 932 00:54:07,100 --> 00:54:09,500 {\an1}was scheduled for March 27th. 933 00:54:11,366 --> 00:54:14,109 {\an1}Meanwhile, Jewish War Veterans led a march 934 00:54:14,133 --> 00:54:16,209 {\an1}to New York's City Hall, 935 00:54:16,233 --> 00:54:20,333 {\an1}calling for a worldwide boycott of German merchandise. 936 00:54:21,766 --> 00:54:25,709 {\an1}When Jewish organizations in England echoed their demand, 937 00:54:25,733 --> 00:54:28,442 the Nazis claimed that this was proof 938 00:54:28,466 --> 00:54:32,476 {\an1}the Reich was under attack by Jews everywhere. 939 00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,476 The Nazis denounced the stories of mistreatment 940 00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:38,466 as lies... Jewish lies. 941 00:54:39,766 --> 00:54:43,176 {\an1}Hermann Goering, one of Hitler's closest advisors, 942 00:54:43,200 --> 00:54:45,942 {\an1}assured the foreign press that the German government 943 00:54:45,966 --> 00:54:49,676 had moved against Bolsheviks, not Jews. 944 00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:54,376 {\an1}No one, he promised, would ever be "subjected to persecution 945 00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:57,109 {\an1}solely because he is a Jew." 946 00:54:57,133 --> 00:54:59,942 And he also ordered German Jewish leaders 947 00:54:59,966 --> 00:55:02,476 to call for an immediate end to all 948 00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:06,342 {\an1}"demonstrations hostile to Germany." 949 00:55:06,366 --> 00:55:11,109 {\an1}Otherwise, Goering said, "We are going to take our revenge. 950 00:55:11,133 --> 00:55:15,476 {\an1}"The Jews in America and England are hoping to injure us. 951 00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:19,166 {\an1}We shall know how to deal with their brothers in Germany." 952 00:55:20,533 --> 00:55:22,109 {\an1}The American Embassy in Berlin 953 00:55:22,133 --> 00:55:25,176 {\an1}cabled Secretary of State Cordell Hull 954 00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:27,542 that it was the Nazis who were lying, 955 00:55:27,566 --> 00:55:30,176 {\an1}that the Jewish situation was "rapidly taking 956 00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:32,609 {\an1}a turn for the worse." 957 00:55:32,633 --> 00:55:34,276 {\an1}But Hull insisted that 958 00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:36,842 the mistreatment was coming to an end, 959 00:55:36,866 --> 00:55:39,542 that things would "revert to normal" 960 00:55:39,566 --> 00:55:43,166 {\an1}if the protests in America would stop. 961 00:55:46,466 --> 00:55:48,909 Film announcer: Thousands who waited hours behind police lines 962 00:55:48,933 --> 00:55:52,309 {\an1}rushed forward as the doors of Madison Square Garden are opened. 963 00:55:52,333 --> 00:55:54,742 Jews and Gentiles join in the race for seats 964 00:55:54,766 --> 00:55:57,066 {\an1}and 22,000 of them get in. 965 00:55:59,966 --> 00:56:02,809 {\an1}Narrator: On March 27, 1933, 966 00:56:02,833 --> 00:56:05,842 {\an1}more than 20,000 New Yorkers packed the Garden 967 00:56:05,866 --> 00:56:08,700 to show their support for German Jews; 968 00:56:09,933 --> 00:56:14,133 {\an1}35,000 more gathered around loudspeakers outside. 969 00:56:15,666 --> 00:56:19,676 Christian clergymen denounced the Nazis. 970 00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:22,042 {\an1}Former New York governor Al Smith, 971 00:56:22,066 --> 00:56:24,976 {\an1}whose presidential candidacy in 1928 972 00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:28,376 {\an1}had been undercut by anti-Catholic bigotry, 973 00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:31,909 {\an1}equated the Nazis with the Ku Klux Klan: 974 00:56:31,933 --> 00:56:33,942 {\an1}"It don't make any difference to me," he said, 975 00:56:33,966 --> 00:56:38,300 {\an1}"whether it's a brown shirt or a night shirt." 976 00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:42,966 Rabbi Wise was the last to speak. 977 00:56:45,366 --> 00:56:46,742 Man as Wise: If things are to be worse 978 00:56:46,766 --> 00:56:49,409 for our brother-Jews in Germany, 979 00:56:49,433 --> 00:56:52,709 {\an1}which I cannot bring myself to believe... 980 00:56:52,733 --> 00:56:56,576 {\an1}then humbly and sorrowfully, we bow our heads 981 00:56:56,600 --> 00:57:00,842 {\an1}in the presence of the tragic fate that threatens, 982 00:57:00,866 --> 00:57:04,642 {\an1}and once again appeal to the conscience of Christendom 983 00:57:04,666 --> 00:57:09,142 {\an1}to save civilization from the shame that may be imminent. 984 00:57:09,166 --> 00:57:11,200 [Crowd cheering] 985 00:57:16,133 --> 00:57:17,476 {\an1}Narrator: Similar rallies were held 986 00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:19,809 {\an1}in Chicago, Philadelphia, 987 00:57:19,833 --> 00:57:22,842 {\an1}Boston, Baltimore, and 70 other 988 00:57:22,866 --> 00:57:26,676 cities and towns across America. 989 00:57:26,700 --> 00:57:30,033 {\an1}More than a million Americans were said to have taken part. 990 00:57:35,133 --> 00:57:37,476 Hitler now claimed that Jews controlled 991 00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:39,576 {\an1}the United States government. 992 00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:41,642 {\an1}He ordered a one-day boycott of 993 00:57:41,666 --> 00:57:45,342 Jewish businesses throughout Germany. 994 00:57:45,366 --> 00:57:47,642 Brownshirts stationed themselves outside 995 00:57:47,666 --> 00:57:50,642 {\an1}shops and office buildings to intimidate 996 00:57:50,666 --> 00:57:54,342 anyone who tried to venture inside. 997 00:57:54,366 --> 00:57:56,200 [Men speaking German] 998 00:58:03,333 --> 00:58:04,842 {\an1}Narrator: Again and again, 999 00:58:04,866 --> 00:58:07,042 {\an1}Jewish-Americans would find themselves 1000 00:58:07,066 --> 00:58:09,442 {\an1}in an agonizing quandary: 1001 00:58:09,466 --> 00:58:12,642 {\an1}if they kept quiet about Nazi persecution, 1002 00:58:12,666 --> 00:58:16,109 {\an1}it looked as though they'd abandoned their fellow Jews; 1003 00:58:16,133 --> 00:58:18,709 if they protested, they ran the risk of 1004 00:58:18,733 --> 00:58:21,376 seeming to confirm Hitler's delusions 1005 00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:24,509 about the power of Jews around the world. 1006 00:58:24,533 --> 00:58:26,333 {\an1}[Men chanting in German] 1007 00:58:37,533 --> 00:58:39,709 {\an1}Narrator: Rabbi Wise hoped that President Roosevelt 1008 00:58:39,733 --> 00:58:42,842 {\an1}could be persuaded to issue a formal rebuke 1009 00:58:42,866 --> 00:58:45,576 of the Nazi regime. 1010 00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:48,042 FDR loathed Hitler, whose "Mein Kampf" 1011 00:58:48,066 --> 00:58:50,542 he had read in the original German, 1012 00:58:50,566 --> 00:58:53,866 {\an1}and whom he privately called "a madman." 1013 00:58:55,166 --> 00:58:57,509 {\an1}He and Eleanor Roosevelt had both been brought up 1014 00:58:57,533 --> 00:59:00,276 {\an1}in a rarified patrician world in which 1015 00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:03,200 {\an1}antisemitism was commonplace. 1016 00:59:04,433 --> 00:59:07,609 {\an1}But life in the multi-ethnic world of New York politics 1017 00:59:07,633 --> 00:59:10,076 {\an1}had altered their perspective. 1018 00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:15,576 {\an1}FDR was seen as a friend by American Jews. 1019 00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:17,942 {\an1}Lipstadt: He knew a lot of Jews and he's close, 1020 00:59:17,966 --> 00:59:20,709 {\an1}he's a neighbor of Morgenthau, 1021 00:59:20,733 --> 00:59:23,709 who will go on to be secretary of the treasury. 1022 00:59:23,733 --> 00:59:25,476 {\an1}[Cheering and applause] 1023 00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:27,742 But he wants to be very careful. 1024 00:59:27,766 --> 00:59:32,942 {\an1}He knows he has a horrific financial situation 1025 00:59:32,966 --> 00:59:34,942 {\an1}facing the United States. 1026 00:59:34,966 --> 00:59:36,742 [Crowd cheering] 1027 00:59:36,766 --> 00:59:39,376 {\an1}Narrator: In 1932, FDR had been 1028 00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,709 {\an1}the first major party candidate ever publicly 1029 00:59:42,733 --> 00:59:45,876 to denounce prejudice against Jews 1030 00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,242 {\an1}and had been rewarded with between 70% and 80% 1031 00:59:49,266 --> 00:59:53,242 {\an1}of the Jewish-American vote. 1032 00:59:53,266 --> 00:59:55,109 {\an1}The federal government had always been 1033 00:59:55,133 --> 00:59:59,442 {\an1}the private preserve of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. 1034 00:59:59,466 --> 01:00:03,009 FDR opened it up to men and women of talent, 1035 01:00:03,033 --> 01:00:05,176 {\an1}regardless of their faith. 1036 01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:08,676 {\an1}He appointed more Jews to his administration 1037 01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:10,800 {\an1}than any president before him. 1038 01:00:12,266 --> 01:00:15,876 {\an1}But much of their counsel continued to be divided, 1039 01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:18,776 {\an1}and most of those closest to Roosevelt warned that 1040 01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:23,576 {\an1}speaking out would only further endanger Jews in Germany... 1041 01:00:23,600 --> 01:00:28,476 {\an1}and intensify antisemitism at home. 1042 01:00:28,500 --> 01:00:31,276 {\an1}Lipstadt: If anything, they pulled him back. 1043 01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:33,709 Don't get involved, don't make a statement, 1044 01:00:33,733 --> 01:00:35,900 {\an1}you'll only make it worse. 1045 01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:40,142 {\an1}Narrator: Roosevelt would for now side with 1046 01:00:40,166 --> 01:00:43,409 {\an1}those who urged caution, hoping that 1047 01:00:43,433 --> 01:00:47,576 {\an1}conciliatory gestures to Hitler on other fronts 1048 01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:49,700 {\an1}might encourage moderation. 1049 01:00:53,733 --> 01:00:55,766 {\an7}[Children shouting indistinctly] 1050 01:00:58,866 --> 01:01:01,542 {\an8}[Man speaking German] 1051 01:01:01,566 --> 01:01:03,976 Stern: It was a gradual process. 1052 01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:06,033 [Man speaking German] 1053 01:01:07,700 --> 01:01:13,176 {\an1}First, there were some kids who didn't greet you anymore. 1054 01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:20,442 {\an7}But it was so gradual that you accepted, or not accepted, 1055 01:01:20,466 --> 01:01:25,676 {\an8}but tried to ignore these early manifestations 1056 01:01:25,700 --> 01:01:30,600 {\an1}of a change of ideology into evil. 1057 01:01:34,733 --> 01:01:37,009 {\an1}Man: Everything was fine until, I don't know, 1058 01:01:37,033 --> 01:01:38,976 I was maybe 3 or 4. 1059 01:01:39,000 --> 01:01:41,342 One of the kids that I played with 1060 01:01:41,366 --> 01:01:44,509 {\an8}called me a dirty Jew and beat me up. 1061 01:01:44,533 --> 01:01:48,876 {\an7}So, after that, I stopped going to play in the courtyard. 1062 01:01:48,900 --> 01:01:50,776 Narrator: Sol Messinger's parents, 1063 01:01:50,800 --> 01:01:53,509 {\an1}like thousands of other Polish Jews, 1064 01:01:53,533 --> 01:01:55,209 {\an1}had emigrated to Germany, 1065 01:01:55,233 --> 01:01:59,642 {\an1}hoping to escape poverty and antisemitism. 1066 01:01:59,666 --> 01:02:02,642 {\an1}They settled in Berlin, which had been one of 1067 01:02:02,666 --> 01:02:07,042 {\an1}the most tolerant cities in Europe. 1068 01:02:07,066 --> 01:02:09,909 {\an1}Messinger: Across the street from us, on the ground floor, 1069 01:02:09,933 --> 01:02:12,176 {\an1}there were many shops. 1070 01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:14,742 About half of them were Jewish owned. 1071 01:02:14,766 --> 01:02:20,409 {\an1}And I remember one day, I saw crowds of people forming. 1072 01:02:20,433 --> 01:02:23,909 {\an1}And eventually somebody threw a rock through the window, 1073 01:02:23,933 --> 01:02:25,376 broke the windows. 1074 01:02:25,400 --> 01:02:26,642 And the people went into the stores 1075 01:02:26,666 --> 01:02:29,409 and simply took the merchandise. 1076 01:02:29,433 --> 01:02:31,376 There were policemen standing there, 1077 01:02:31,400 --> 01:02:34,409 and they did absolutely nothing. 1078 01:02:34,433 --> 01:02:37,909 {\an1}They just allowed it to happen. 1079 01:02:37,933 --> 01:02:40,909 Narrator: Susan and Joseph Hilsenrath lived with 1080 01:02:40,933 --> 01:02:44,876 {\an1}their parents and little brother in western Germany. 1081 01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:47,709 {\an1}Susan Hilsenrath: I was born in a small town in Germany, 1082 01:02:47,733 --> 01:02:49,742 in Bad Kreuznach. 1083 01:02:49,766 --> 01:02:53,909 {\an7}Our life was pretty good. My father had a linen store. 1084 01:02:53,933 --> 01:02:55,742 And we... he was doing really well 1085 01:02:55,766 --> 01:02:58,409 and taking good care of his family. 1086 01:02:58,433 --> 01:03:02,476 We were very happy living in our house 1087 01:03:02,500 --> 01:03:06,376 {\an1}until Hitler came into power. 1088 01:03:06,400 --> 01:03:09,276 They boycotted my father's store. 1089 01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:13,076 {\an1}He wasn't able to make a living for us anymore. 1090 01:03:13,100 --> 01:03:15,309 {\an1}Joseph Hilsenrath: With the rise of the Nazis, of course, 1091 01:03:15,333 --> 01:03:17,500 {\an1}he had to close his business. 1092 01:03:19,133 --> 01:03:26,476 {\an8}And he peddled fruits and vegetables as... 1093 01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:28,976 {\an1}to... just to make a living. 1094 01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:31,609 {\an1}And, but he managed, somehow. 1095 01:03:31,633 --> 01:03:34,609 I'm flabbergasted when I think about it. 1096 01:03:34,633 --> 01:03:39,076 {\an1}We moved to an apartment, and then another apartment. 1097 01:03:39,100 --> 01:03:42,809 So, it was... each step was a down step. 1098 01:03:42,833 --> 01:03:47,942 {\an1}And it was always because we were Jewish, we had to move. 1099 01:03:47,966 --> 01:03:49,809 Susan Hilsenrath: My parents did want us 1100 01:03:49,833 --> 01:03:55,509 {\an1}to have a normal childhood in an impossible situation. 1101 01:03:55,533 --> 01:03:57,276 {\an1}I mean, we couldn't help but see. 1102 01:03:57,300 --> 01:03:59,609 I mean, we were intelligent children. 1103 01:03:59,633 --> 01:04:02,876 But we didn't understand, really, 1104 01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:06,142 that it was going to get any worse. 1105 01:04:06,166 --> 01:04:07,776 {\an1}And I guess maybe a lot of Jews 1106 01:04:07,800 --> 01:04:10,509 {\an1}that were living in Germany at the time 1107 01:04:10,533 --> 01:04:14,600 {\an1}didn't know that it was going to get worse, but it did. 1108 01:04:16,700 --> 01:04:19,876 {\an1}Narrator: On the evening of May 10, 1933, 1109 01:04:19,900 --> 01:04:24,176 {\an1}students in Berlin and some 30 other university towns 1110 01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:26,509 {\an1}raided their campus libraries, 1111 01:04:26,533 --> 01:04:30,142 carried out armloads of books by Jewish authors 1112 01:04:30,166 --> 01:04:33,842 {\an1}and by those Gentile writers deemed by the Nazis 1113 01:04:33,866 --> 01:04:36,509 to embody an un-German spirit, 1114 01:04:36,533 --> 01:04:39,842 {\an1}and flung them into bonfires. 1115 01:04:39,866 --> 01:04:43,342 {\an1}Writings by Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein, 1116 01:04:43,366 --> 01:04:47,342 {\an1}Thomas Mann and Ernest Hemingway and Rosa Luxemburg 1117 01:04:47,366 --> 01:04:51,300 {\an1}and scores of others all went up in flames. 1118 01:04:52,566 --> 01:04:55,176 {\an1}The book-burning marked the end of a month 1119 01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:57,576 {\an1}during which the Reich had promulgated 1120 01:04:57,600 --> 01:05:01,209 its first openly anti-Jewish laws. 1121 01:05:01,233 --> 01:05:02,942 {\an1}With certain exceptions, 1122 01:05:02,966 --> 01:05:07,409 {\an1}men and women of so-called non-Aryan ancestry 1123 01:05:07,433 --> 01:05:10,409 were ordered to leave government service. 1124 01:05:10,433 --> 01:05:13,442 {\an1}Jewish doctors and dentists were barred 1125 01:05:13,466 --> 01:05:17,576 {\an1}from treating patients enrolled in the government health system. 1126 01:05:17,600 --> 01:05:21,342 {\an1}Jews were no longer permitted to enter the legal profession. 1127 01:05:21,366 --> 01:05:23,942 Jewish editors and journalists, 1128 01:05:23,966 --> 01:05:28,942 {\an1}artists, and musicians lost their livelihoods. 1129 01:05:28,966 --> 01:05:34,109 Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1130 01:05:34,133 --> 01:05:37,442 presided over the book-burning in Berlin. 1131 01:05:37,466 --> 01:05:43,209 {\an1}He exulted that it marked the end of Jewish intellectualism. 1132 01:05:43,233 --> 01:05:45,476 {\an1}Lipstadt: It's step by step. 1133 01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:47,442 {\an1}Jewish judges are fired. 1134 01:05:47,466 --> 01:05:50,276 {\an1}Jewish lawyers who work in the courts are fired. 1135 01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:52,542 {\an1}Jewish teachers are fired. 1136 01:05:52,566 --> 01:05:55,276 {\an1}The Nazis were very attuned 1137 01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:57,742 {\an1}to what the public reaction would be. 1138 01:05:57,766 --> 01:06:00,809 {\an1}It was drip, drip, drip. 1139 01:06:00,833 --> 01:06:01,976 They're judging. 1140 01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:03,509 They're very careful 1141 01:06:03,533 --> 01:06:06,533 {\an1}of what the German people will accept. 1142 01:06:08,066 --> 01:06:10,976 {\an1}Narrator: Hitler eliminated opposition parties, 1143 01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:13,609 {\an1}crushed the labor unions, 1144 01:06:13,633 --> 01:06:17,776 {\an1}and would eventually order the murder of potential rivals. 1145 01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:19,642 {\an1}[Hitler speaking German] 1146 01:06:19,666 --> 01:06:22,309 {\an1}Narrator: The goal of the Nazi government, Goebbels said, 1147 01:06:22,333 --> 01:06:24,976 {\an1}was that "there should be only one opinion, 1148 01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,833 one party, and one faith in Germany." 1149 01:06:30,866 --> 01:06:35,142 {\an1}Woman: There are to be no minorities of opinion in the new Germany 1150 01:06:35,166 --> 01:06:38,342 {\an1}and no division of loyalties. 1151 01:06:38,366 --> 01:06:40,942 {\an1}Most men will wear uniforms, 1152 01:06:40,966 --> 01:06:43,109 {\an1}the badge of their membership in that secret, 1153 01:06:43,133 --> 01:06:45,476 mystic community of blood-brothers, 1154 01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:47,276 the German state. 1155 01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:50,509 {\an1}Women will, by preference, wear kitchen aprons 1156 01:06:50,533 --> 01:06:52,776 {\an1}and will stay home and take care of the children, 1157 01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:56,842 {\an1}which they will gladly bear in large numbers for Germany. 1158 01:06:56,866 --> 01:06:59,676 They will not hold political opinions, 1159 01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:03,742 but then, neither will anyone else. 1160 01:07:03,766 --> 01:07:05,109 Dorothy Thompson. 1161 01:07:05,133 --> 01:07:07,509 {\an1}"Saturday Evening Post." 1162 01:07:07,533 --> 01:07:10,909 {\an1}Narrator: It was not easy for foreign correspondents 1163 01:07:10,933 --> 01:07:14,176 {\an1}to report what was really happening in Germany. 1164 01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:17,209 Sources were often too frightened to talk. 1165 01:07:17,233 --> 01:07:20,809 {\an1}Reporters were reluctant to quote witnesses by name 1166 01:07:20,833 --> 01:07:23,876 {\an1}for fear of betraying them to the secret police, 1167 01:07:23,900 --> 01:07:26,309 called the Gestapo. 1168 01:07:26,333 --> 01:07:29,176 The Nazis controlled the German press 1169 01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:33,376 {\an1}and exhorted foreigners to "report on affairs in Germany 1170 01:07:33,400 --> 01:07:36,342 without attempting to interpret them." 1171 01:07:36,366 --> 01:07:40,409 {\an1}What that meant, the American journalist William L. Shirer 1172 01:07:40,433 --> 01:07:42,409 wrote in his diary, 1173 01:07:42,433 --> 01:07:46,300 {\an1}"is that we should jump on the bandwagon of Nazi propaganda." 1174 01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:52,342 {\an1}But the best American journalists did write about what was going on, 1175 01:07:52,366 --> 01:07:55,800 {\an1}however much the Nazi government tried to hide it. 1176 01:07:56,966 --> 01:07:59,909 {\an1}Edgar Ansel Mowrer of the "Chicago Daily News" 1177 01:07:59,933 --> 01:08:03,842 {\an1}covered Hitler's rise to power with such brutal candor 1178 01:08:03,866 --> 01:08:06,509 {\an1}that in the summer of 1933, 1179 01:08:06,533 --> 01:08:09,576 {\an1}the Nazis made it clear they could no longer 1180 01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:12,000 guarantee his safety in Berlin. 1181 01:08:13,500 --> 01:08:15,609 As Mowrer was leaving the country, 1182 01:08:15,633 --> 01:08:20,442 {\an1}a Nazi official asked when he thought he might return to Germany. 1183 01:08:20,466 --> 01:08:23,576 {\an1}The American answered, "When I come back 1184 01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:26,600 {\an1}with about two million of my countrymen." 1185 01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,809 {\an1}Dorothy Thompson's turn would come the following summer. 1186 01:08:31,833 --> 01:08:35,276 {\an1}She had covered Europe off and on since 1920, 1187 01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:38,109 earning a reputation for vivid reporting 1188 01:08:38,133 --> 01:08:40,942 {\an1}and for making herself part of her stories. 1189 01:08:40,966 --> 01:08:44,642 {\an1}She had interviewed Hitler for "Cosmopolitan" magazine 1190 01:08:44,666 --> 01:08:46,642 {\an1}before he came to power 1191 01:08:46,666 --> 01:08:51,309 {\an1}and had dismissed him then as "formless, faceless, insecure, 1192 01:08:51,333 --> 01:08:55,276 the very prototype of the little man." 1193 01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:57,776 But she had also read "Mein Kampf," 1194 01:08:57,800 --> 01:09:00,976 {\an1}saw that Hitler's nightmare vision of Germany's future 1195 01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:03,476 {\an1}was fast becoming a reality, 1196 01:09:03,500 --> 01:09:06,542 {\an1}and refused to mince words while saying so. 1197 01:09:06,566 --> 01:09:11,376 {\an1}"The situation for the Jews is just ghastly, helpless," she said. 1198 01:09:11,400 --> 01:09:15,409 {\an1}"Not only are the reports about the atrocities unexaggerated, 1199 01:09:15,433 --> 01:09:17,942 they are underrated." 1200 01:09:17,966 --> 01:09:20,876 {\an1}She returned to America for a time, 1201 01:09:20,900 --> 01:09:24,766 {\an1}but continued to write for the "Jewish Daily Bulletin" in New York. 1202 01:09:25,900 --> 01:09:30,509 {\an1}When she visited Germany again in the summer of 1934, 1203 01:09:30,533 --> 01:09:34,709 {\an1}Hitler, who had never forgotten her scornful article about him 1204 01:09:34,733 --> 01:09:37,676 {\an1}and was appalled that she, a non-Jew, 1205 01:09:37,700 --> 01:09:40,276 had written for a Jewish publication, 1206 01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:45,233 {\an1}personally ordered her out of the country within 24 hours. 1207 01:09:47,533 --> 01:09:49,742 {\an1}On the morning of August 26th, 1208 01:09:49,766 --> 01:09:51,909 {\an1}she boarded a train for France, 1209 01:09:51,933 --> 01:09:55,909 her arms filled with American Beauty roses given her 1210 01:09:55,933 --> 01:09:58,309 {\an1}by her admiring colleagues. 1211 01:09:58,333 --> 01:10:00,676 "I really was put out of Germany 1212 01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:03,709 {\an1}for the crime of blasphemy," she commented. 1213 01:10:03,733 --> 01:10:06,376 "My offense was to think that Hitler 1214 01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,476 {\an1}is just an ordinary man." 1215 01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:11,309 Thompson: There seems to me to be 1216 01:10:11,333 --> 01:10:14,476 {\an1}a certain misunderstanding about the Hitler movement. 1217 01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:18,176 {\an1}A great many people seem to think that the persecution of the Jews, 1218 01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:20,942 {\an1}which has followed the accession to power of Hitler, 1219 01:10:20,966 --> 01:10:23,276 {\an1}is the result of something that they have done. 1220 01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,309 As a matter of fact, antisemitism has been a plank 1221 01:10:26,333 --> 01:10:29,676 {\an1}in the National Socialist platform for 13 years. 1222 01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:32,542 {\an1}So-called civilized people didn't believe 1223 01:10:32,566 --> 01:10:33,876 {\an1}that if they came to power, 1224 01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:37,109 they would carry this program out. 1225 01:10:37,133 --> 01:10:39,042 Narrator: Thompson's expulsion made her 1226 01:10:39,066 --> 01:10:41,876 an instant celebrity in the United States. 1227 01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:44,542 {\an1}She undertook a 30-city lecture tour, 1228 01:10:44,566 --> 01:10:47,842 {\an1}warning that, "Germany has gone to war already 1229 01:10:47,866 --> 01:10:50,542 {\an1}and the rest of the world does not believe it." 1230 01:10:50,566 --> 01:10:52,309 {\an1}And in a syndicated column, 1231 01:10:52,333 --> 01:10:55,642 {\an1}she called upon Washington again and again 1232 01:10:55,666 --> 01:10:59,176 {\an1}to ease the barriers that kept desperate German Jews 1233 01:10:59,200 --> 01:11:01,766 from emigrating to the United States. 1234 01:11:03,133 --> 01:11:06,276 {\an1}But the State Department claimed that very few 1235 01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:10,276 actually wanted to come to America. 1236 01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:12,309 Erbelding: In the 1930s and 1940s, 1237 01:11:12,333 --> 01:11:14,276 {\an1}you could be openly antisemitic 1238 01:11:14,300 --> 01:11:16,809 and serve as a State Department official. 1239 01:11:16,833 --> 01:11:18,709 {\an7}The rest of Washington is changing. 1240 01:11:18,733 --> 01:11:20,876 {\an7}They're changing under the Roosevelt Administration. 1241 01:11:20,900 --> 01:11:22,742 {\an8}They're changing with the New Deal. 1242 01:11:22,766 --> 01:11:24,776 {\an1}But State Department officials were more conservative, 1243 01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:27,576 {\an1}they were more antisemitic, they were more nativist, 1244 01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:32,042 {\an1}at least openly, than anywhere else in Washington. 1245 01:11:32,066 --> 01:11:34,276 {\an1}Narrator: Consular officials in Berlin 1246 01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:36,176 {\an1}and everywhere else in Europe 1247 01:11:36,200 --> 01:11:39,776 {\an1}continued zealously to enforce the old directive 1248 01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:42,909 to deny a visa to any would-be immigrant 1249 01:11:42,933 --> 01:11:45,376 "likely to become a public charge," 1250 01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:48,609 {\an1}and therefore required extensive data 1251 01:11:48,633 --> 01:11:51,942 on each applicant's financial resources. 1252 01:11:51,966 --> 01:11:53,542 {\an1}Lipstadt: The American diplomat 1253 01:11:53,566 --> 01:11:56,042 at certain consulates giving out visas 1254 01:11:56,066 --> 01:11:58,709 {\an1}would have to essentially engage in divination. 1255 01:11:58,733 --> 01:12:02,109 {\an1}Is this person likely to become a public charge? 1256 01:12:02,133 --> 01:12:04,676 {\an1}Well, they say they have an uncle who will support them, 1257 01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,609 {\an1}we have all these letters, but an uncle is not a parent, it's not a sibling. 1258 01:12:07,633 --> 01:12:09,842 You couldn't come if you already had a job, 1259 01:12:09,866 --> 01:12:12,276 {\an1}because that meant you were taking a job away from America. 1260 01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:14,042 {\an1}You couldn't come if you didn't have a job, 1261 01:12:14,066 --> 01:12:16,209 {\an1}because it meant you might end up on the dole 1262 01:12:16,233 --> 01:12:18,709 or have to get government support. 1263 01:12:18,733 --> 01:12:21,209 Narrator: They also continued to insist upon 1264 01:12:21,233 --> 01:12:25,476 {\an1}duplicate copies of birth certificates and government documents 1265 01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:29,076 attesting to an applicant's good character. 1266 01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:32,176 {\an1}"It seems quite preposterous," one man recalled, 1267 01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,109 {\an1}"to have to go to your enemy 1268 01:12:34,133 --> 01:12:37,133 and ask for a character reference." 1269 01:12:38,433 --> 01:12:40,176 Having made it nearly impossible 1270 01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:43,009 for Jewish Germans to obtain visas, 1271 01:12:43,033 --> 01:12:46,276 {\an1}the State Department then cited the lack of applicants 1272 01:12:46,300 --> 01:12:48,176 {\an1}to reassure the White House 1273 01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,676 that there was no immigration crisis. 1274 01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:55,376 {\an1}Congressman Emanuel Celler accused the consular service 1275 01:12:55,400 --> 01:12:59,642 {\an1}of having "a heartbeat muffled in protocol." 1276 01:12:59,666 --> 01:13:04,109 {\an1}Frances Perkins, Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, 1277 01:13:04,133 --> 01:13:07,376 sided with critics of the State Department. 1278 01:13:07,400 --> 01:13:11,409 {\an1}The first woman ever to serve in a presidential cabinet, 1279 01:13:11,433 --> 01:13:15,009 {\an1}she had known and worked with immigrants all her life, 1280 01:13:15,033 --> 01:13:19,076 {\an1}believed the United States should be a haven for refugees, 1281 01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:22,709 and promoted a plan to make their entry easier. 1282 01:13:22,733 --> 01:13:27,409 {\an1}But the State Department refused to relax its rules. 1283 01:13:27,433 --> 01:13:32,742 {\an1}"If ships begin to arrive in New York City laden with Jewish immigrants," 1284 01:13:32,766 --> 01:13:35,042 {\an1}one consular official wrote, 1285 01:13:35,066 --> 01:13:38,409 {\an1}"the predominant Gentile population of the country 1286 01:13:38,433 --> 01:13:40,409 "will claim they have been betrayed 1287 01:13:40,433 --> 01:13:44,342 through a sleeping State Department." 1288 01:13:44,366 --> 01:13:49,676 {\an1}Public opinion overwhelmingly opposed loosening restrictions. 1289 01:13:49,700 --> 01:13:51,709 Lipstadt: People were out of jobs. 1290 01:13:51,733 --> 01:13:53,676 People were standing on food lines. 1291 01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:55,709 {\an1}"You're going to ask me to worry about the persecution 1292 01:13:55,733 --> 01:14:00,176 {\an1}"of 600,000 or 585,000 Jews in Germany? 1293 01:14:00,200 --> 01:14:02,466 {\an1}I can't feed my family." 1294 01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:07,342 {\an1}Narrator: And Roosevelt's willingness to work alongside Jews 1295 01:14:07,366 --> 01:14:10,276 {\an1}had already become a source of controversy. 1296 01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:15,142 {\an1}Right-wing orators now denounced what they called the Jew Deal. 1297 01:14:15,166 --> 01:14:18,442 Others claimed FDR himself was a Jew 1298 01:14:18,466 --> 01:14:21,433 whose real name was Rosenfeld. 1299 01:14:22,900 --> 01:14:27,442 {\an1}Antisemitic organizations proliferated across the United States, 1300 01:14:27,466 --> 01:14:31,876 {\an1}more than 100 of them before the decade's end. 1301 01:14:31,900 --> 01:14:35,142 {\an1}On the East Coast, William Dudley Pelley, 1302 01:14:35,166 --> 01:14:39,276 a mystic who believed he took his orders directly from Jesus, 1303 01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,142 led a para-military fascist organization 1304 01:14:42,166 --> 01:14:44,776 modeled after the Nazi Brownshirts 1305 01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:47,876 called the Silver Legion of America 1306 01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:52,576 {\an1}and claimed there were 22 million Communists in the United States, 1307 01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:56,276 all of them following orders from rabbis. 1308 01:14:56,300 --> 01:15:00,176 {\an1}In the Midwest, an evangelist named Gerald Winrod 1309 01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:02,342 {\an1}assured his radio listeners 1310 01:15:02,366 --> 01:15:06,076 that Roosevelt was a "devil" controlled by Jews, 1311 01:15:06,100 --> 01:15:08,542 {\an1}while Hitler was a "man's man" 1312 01:15:08,566 --> 01:15:12,309 {\an1}and a stalwart defender of Christianity. 1313 01:15:12,333 --> 01:15:16,142 {\an1}A group that called itself the Friends of the New Germany 1314 01:15:16,166 --> 01:15:20,776 {\an1}desecrated synagogue walls with swastikas. 1315 01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:23,009 {\an1}And Father Charles Coughlin, 1316 01:15:23,033 --> 01:15:26,709 a Detroit priest with a radio audience of millions, 1317 01:15:26,733 --> 01:15:30,376 {\an1}blamed "Shylocks" and "international bankers," 1318 01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:34,042 code words for Jews, for the Depression. 1319 01:15:34,066 --> 01:15:39,342 {\an1}...would drive the money changers from the temple, and you did it. 1320 01:15:39,366 --> 01:15:41,376 [All cheering] 1321 01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:46,642 {\an1}Lipstadt: He begins to give overtly, unquestionably 1322 01:15:46,666 --> 01:15:49,209 antisemitic sermons, 1323 01:15:49,233 --> 01:15:51,276 many of which come straight out of Goebbels, 1324 01:15:51,300 --> 01:15:54,842 {\an1}many of which come straight out of German propaganda. 1325 01:15:54,866 --> 01:15:58,033 {\an1}And millions of Americans tune in. 1326 01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:03,209 {\an1}Narrator: A visitor to the White House reported that FDR 1327 01:16:03,233 --> 01:16:06,642 {\an1}was "quite apprehensive of the growing antisemitic 1328 01:16:06,666 --> 01:16:10,942 {\an1}and pro-Nazi sentiment in the United States." 1329 01:16:10,966 --> 01:16:12,309 [Whistle blows] 1330 01:16:12,333 --> 01:16:15,242 {\an1}Meanwhile in early 1935, 1331 01:16:15,266 --> 01:16:17,542 Hitler revealed that he had begun to build 1332 01:16:17,566 --> 01:16:20,242 {\an1}an air force, the Luftwaffe, 1333 01:16:20,266 --> 01:16:23,209 {\an1}and called for a massive rearmament program... 1334 01:16:23,233 --> 01:16:27,442 {\an1}artillery, submarines, an immense army, 1335 01:16:27,466 --> 01:16:31,766 {\an1}all of it in flagrant violation of the Versailles Treaty. 1336 01:16:34,066 --> 01:16:42,066 ♪ 1337 01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:46,909 {\an1}On the night of July 26, 1935, 1338 01:16:46,933 --> 01:16:50,742 {\an1}the SS Bremen was preparing to set sail for Germany 1339 01:16:50,766 --> 01:16:54,542 {\an1}from Pier 86 in Manhattan. 1340 01:16:54,566 --> 01:16:56,276 She flew two flags... 1341 01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:58,676 {\an1}the imperial German colors 1342 01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:03,066 {\an1}and at the bow, the crooked cross of the Nazi swastika. 1343 01:17:04,666 --> 01:17:08,009 1,300 passengers and elegantly-dressed friends 1344 01:17:08,033 --> 01:17:10,342 had come aboard to see them off. 1345 01:17:10,366 --> 01:17:14,376 {\an1}So had several thousand curiosity-seekers. 1346 01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:19,809 {\an1}A dozen New York merchant seamen had also slipped aboard. 1347 01:17:19,833 --> 01:17:23,509 {\an1}The American Communist Party Club on 10th Street 1348 01:17:23,533 --> 01:17:27,676 {\an1}had sent them to avenge a sailor who had been jailed in Hamburg 1349 01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:30,633 {\an1}for possessing anti-Nazi literature. 1350 01:17:32,133 --> 01:17:34,809 {\an1}When it was time for guests to disembark, 1351 01:17:34,833 --> 01:17:37,642 the seamen charged toward the bow. 1352 01:17:37,666 --> 01:17:41,442 {\an1}New York cops and German crewmen tried to stop them. 1353 01:17:41,466 --> 01:17:43,776 {\an1}One officer was badly beaten, 1354 01:17:43,800 --> 01:17:46,509 one invader was shot in the thigh. 1355 01:17:46,533 --> 01:17:50,242 {\an1}But two men managed to make it to the Nazi flag, 1356 01:17:50,266 --> 01:17:52,076 {\an1}and as onlookers cheered, 1357 01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:55,633 they cut it loose and hurled it into the Hudson. 1358 01:17:58,033 --> 01:18:01,642 {\an1}6 men were arrested and arraigned before a judge, 1359 01:18:01,666 --> 01:18:05,209 a Russian immigrant named Louis Brodsky. 1360 01:18:05,233 --> 01:18:09,409 {\an1}He jailed one protestor because he had worn brass knuckles. 1361 01:18:09,433 --> 01:18:11,576 {\an1}But he let the others go. 1362 01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:13,409 {\an1}The swastika, he said, 1363 01:18:13,433 --> 01:18:16,342 {\an1}was nothing but "a black flag of piracy." 1364 01:18:16,366 --> 01:18:19,442 It represented "a revolt against civilization, 1365 01:18:19,466 --> 01:18:23,933 {\an1}a merciless war against religion, against freedoms." 1366 01:18:25,133 --> 01:18:29,209 {\an1}Nazi leaders eagerly exploited the incident. 1367 01:18:29,233 --> 01:18:33,209 {\an1}An "impudent Jew in his bottomless hatred for Germany," 1368 01:18:33,233 --> 01:18:37,242 {\an1}Hermann Goering said, had insulted the whole country. 1369 01:18:37,266 --> 01:18:40,876 {\an1}A formal protest was made to the State Department. 1370 01:18:40,900 --> 01:18:45,742 {\an1}Secretary Hull said he would not question Judge Brodsky's decision, 1371 01:18:45,766 --> 01:18:49,076 {\an1}but he did express "regret" that the judge had indulged 1372 01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:52,242 {\an1}in "expressions offensive to another government 1373 01:18:52,266 --> 01:18:55,609 with which we have official relations." 1374 01:18:55,633 --> 01:18:57,942 {\an1}Hitler was not mollified. 1375 01:18:57,966 --> 01:19:02,309 {\an1}At the annual Nazi party rally at Nuremberg in September, 1376 01:19:02,333 --> 01:19:06,309 {\an1}the swastika was declared the German national flag. 1377 01:19:06,333 --> 01:19:11,442 {\an1}"It," Goering said, "has become for us a holy symbol. 1378 01:19:11,466 --> 01:19:15,333 {\an1}It is the anti-Jewish symbol for the world." 1379 01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:21,476 {\an1}At Nuremberg, the Nazis also issued a series of new 1380 01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:25,500 and still more harsh antisemitic laws. 1381 01:19:27,166 --> 01:19:30,776 Jews, and potentially anyone opposed to the Reich, 1382 01:19:30,800 --> 01:19:34,709 {\an1}would become subjects, not citizens, of Germany, 1383 01:19:34,733 --> 01:19:38,076 with no political rights at all. 1384 01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:42,142 {\an1}To uphold the supposed racial purity of the German people, 1385 01:19:42,166 --> 01:19:45,542 {\an1}these laws banned marriage or sexual relations 1386 01:19:45,566 --> 01:19:48,476 {\an1}between Jews and persons of what they called 1387 01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,166 {\an1}"German or kindred blood." 1388 01:19:52,900 --> 01:19:55,476 The German jurists who wrote these laws 1389 01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,142 {\an1}had closely studied statutes in the United States 1390 01:19:59,166 --> 01:20:02,542 that had for decades reduced African Americans 1391 01:20:02,566 --> 01:20:04,642 {\an1}to second-class citizens 1392 01:20:04,666 --> 01:20:09,300 {\an1}and barred interracial marriage in 30 states. 1393 01:20:10,933 --> 01:20:13,909 {\an1}Greene: Even as the Nazis are writing the Nuremberg Laws 1394 01:20:13,933 --> 01:20:17,276 that stripped Jews of their citizenship in 1935, 1395 01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:20,842 {\an1}they're looking to Jim Crow laws in the United States 1396 01:20:20,866 --> 01:20:24,309 to understand segregation here. 1397 01:20:24,333 --> 01:20:26,742 Hayes: And when the Nazis were reproached 1398 01:20:26,766 --> 01:20:29,776 for discrimination against Jews in Germany, 1399 01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:33,509 {\an1}their first answer was "Mississippi." 1400 01:20:33,533 --> 01:20:35,942 {\an7}They were able to say, "In the United States, 1401 01:20:35,966 --> 01:20:39,142 {\an7}"you say that we should not treat these people 1402 01:20:39,166 --> 01:20:42,776 {\an1}"whom we regard as inferior badly, but you do it. 1403 01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:44,476 "You have lynching in the United States. 1404 01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:46,309 {\an1}"You make it difficult for them to vote. 1405 01:20:46,333 --> 01:20:49,666 {\an1}So how dare you reproach us for this?" 1406 01:20:51,333 --> 01:20:54,642 {\an1}Erbelding: African-American newspapers at the time here in the U.S., 1407 01:20:54,666 --> 01:20:56,676 they're saying, "You, the American people, 1408 01:20:56,700 --> 01:20:58,842 {\an1}"seem to be upset about what Hitler is doing. 1409 01:20:58,866 --> 01:21:00,676 "You're not looking down the street. 1410 01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:03,176 {\an1}"We, too, are being persecuted. 1411 01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:06,376 {\an1}"We, too, are being attacked by our own neighbors. 1412 01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:08,476 {\an1}"Where are the marches for us? 1413 01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:10,142 {\an8}"Where are the petitions for us? 1414 01:21:10,166 --> 01:21:13,409 {\an7}Where are the rallies for us?" 1415 01:21:13,433 --> 01:21:15,442 {\an1}Narrator: In one respect, 1416 01:21:15,466 --> 01:21:19,442 {\an1}the Nazi statutes were less harsh than many U.S. state laws 1417 01:21:19,466 --> 01:21:22,442 that defined a person of color as anyone 1418 01:21:22,466 --> 01:21:26,109 who had a single drop of Negro blood. 1419 01:21:26,133 --> 01:21:29,942 {\an1}Instead, they categorized people as full Jews, 1420 01:21:29,966 --> 01:21:32,709 Jews by definition, and mongrels 1421 01:21:32,733 --> 01:21:36,400 of the first and second degrees. 1422 01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:44,809 {\an1}Man: There has been no tragedy in modern times 1423 01:21:44,833 --> 01:21:47,376 {\an1}equal in its awful effects to the fight 1424 01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:49,442 {\an1}on the Jew in Germany. 1425 01:21:49,466 --> 01:21:51,676 {\an1}It is an attack on civilization 1426 01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:53,842 comparable only to such horrors 1427 01:21:53,866 --> 01:21:58,476 {\an1}as the Spanish Inquisition and the African slave trade. 1428 01:21:58,500 --> 01:22:01,942 {\an7}Adolf Hitler hardly ever makes a speech today 1429 01:22:01,966 --> 01:22:05,409 without belittling, blaming, or cursing Jews. 1430 01:22:05,433 --> 01:22:08,276 Every misfortune of the world is in whole 1431 01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:10,766 {\an1}or in part blamed on Jews. 1432 01:22:12,266 --> 01:22:14,942 There is a campaign of race prejudice 1433 01:22:14,966 --> 01:22:17,276 which surpasses in vindictive cruelty 1434 01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:21,609 and public insult anything I have ever seen, 1435 01:22:21,633 --> 01:22:24,476 and I have seen much. 1436 01:22:24,500 --> 01:22:26,800 W.E.B. DuBois. 1437 01:22:28,833 --> 01:22:32,242 {\an7}One night when my mother and I 1438 01:22:32,266 --> 01:22:35,409 {\an7}were out of town visiting my grandparents, 1439 01:22:35,433 --> 01:22:38,976 {\an1}a group of Brownshirts 1440 01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:44,309 {\an1}came and beat my father up. 1441 01:22:44,333 --> 01:22:47,542 {\an1}We came back the next day. 1442 01:22:47,566 --> 01:22:51,642 {\an1}And my mother took one look at him 1443 01:22:51,666 --> 01:22:54,776 {\an1}and screamed out, you know, 1444 01:22:54,800 --> 01:22:57,166 {\an1}"What have they done to you, Julius?" 1445 01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:03,042 {\an1}It is a deep ingrained feeling 1446 01:23:03,066 --> 01:23:05,942 that your parents are your protectors. 1447 01:23:05,966 --> 01:23:08,676 {\an1}Now there is no protector. 1448 01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:12,966 Nobody is immune from persecution. 1449 01:23:14,700 --> 01:23:18,009 Hayes: In the 1930s, the objective of Nazi policy 1450 01:23:18,033 --> 01:23:21,942 {\an1}was to make life in Germany for Jews so miserable 1451 01:23:21,966 --> 01:23:23,909 {\an1}that they would leave. 1452 01:23:23,933 --> 01:23:27,442 {\an1}And a fair number of German Jews understood right away. 1453 01:23:27,466 --> 01:23:29,176 {\an1}There were 60,000 German Jews, 1454 01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:30,742 more than 10% of the population, 1455 01:23:30,766 --> 01:23:33,442 that left the country in 1933-'34. 1456 01:23:33,466 --> 01:23:35,842 They were fortunate in the fact that 1457 01:23:35,866 --> 01:23:39,076 in the initial shock of discrimination against the Jews, 1458 01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:42,742 {\an1}of outrages against Jews, the neighboring countries, 1459 01:23:42,766 --> 01:23:45,976 {\an1}the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, 1460 01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:49,009 {\an1}were relatively accepting of people who left. 1461 01:23:49,033 --> 01:23:51,176 And so, in that first wave of people, 1462 01:23:51,200 --> 01:23:53,842 they got refuge in other countries. 1463 01:23:53,866 --> 01:23:56,142 {\an1}As the 1930s went on, however, 1464 01:23:56,166 --> 01:23:58,242 {\an1}the willingness of these countries nearby 1465 01:23:58,266 --> 01:24:01,476 {\an1}to accept refugees declined. 1466 01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:04,142 And as more and more German Jews realized 1467 01:24:04,166 --> 01:24:06,076 they needed to get out of the country, 1468 01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:09,033 {\an1}it became harder and harder for them to get out. 1469 01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:19,642 {\an1}Man as Celler: To expect sportsmanship from the Nazis is impossible, 1470 01:24:19,666 --> 01:24:24,409 {\an1}for they obtained power by treachery, violence, and bloodshed. 1471 01:24:24,433 --> 01:24:28,576 {\an1}To regard these men as true guardians of sports, 1472 01:24:28,600 --> 01:24:33,076 {\an1}to turn the Olympics games over to their administration 1473 01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:36,176 {\an1}is to invite the possibility that the Olympic games 1474 01:24:36,200 --> 01:24:38,509 shall be befouled. 1475 01:24:38,533 --> 01:24:40,766 Emanuel Celler. 1476 01:24:42,433 --> 01:24:46,276 {\an1}Narrator: In 1936, both the Winter and Summer Olympics 1477 01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:48,609 were held in Germany. 1478 01:24:48,633 --> 01:24:52,909 {\an1}Hitler saw an opportunity to show the world a reinvigorated, 1479 01:24:52,933 --> 01:24:55,609 {\an1}allegedly peace-loving country, 1480 01:24:55,633 --> 01:24:59,376 {\an1}its jobless rate slashed by public works programs 1481 01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:01,966 and massive, rapid rearmament. 1482 01:25:03,633 --> 01:25:07,609 {\an1}Some in Europe and America had threatened to boycott the Games 1483 01:25:07,633 --> 01:25:10,742 {\an1}because of the Nazi treatment of Jews. 1484 01:25:10,766 --> 01:25:15,309 {\an1}But Avery Brundage, the president of the American Olympic Committee, 1485 01:25:15,333 --> 01:25:19,976 who privately admired Hitler and personally disliked Jews, 1486 01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:22,576 urged Americans not to be swept up 1487 01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:26,976 in what he called a "Jew-Nazi altercation." 1488 01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:29,909 Congressman Celler denounced Brundage 1489 01:25:29,933 --> 01:25:31,966 as the Nazis' "willing dupe." 1490 01:25:33,666 --> 01:25:36,309 On March 7, 1936, 1491 01:25:36,333 --> 01:25:39,709 {\an1}less than 3 weeks after the Winter Olympics, 1492 01:25:39,733 --> 01:25:43,609 {\an1}Hitler sent some 30,000 troops into the Rhineland, 1493 01:25:43,633 --> 01:25:46,376 a German region that had provided a buffer 1494 01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:48,609 {\an1}between Germany and France, 1495 01:25:48,633 --> 01:25:51,409 which according to the Treaty of Versailles 1496 01:25:51,433 --> 01:25:54,442 {\an1}was to remain demilitarized. 1497 01:25:54,466 --> 01:25:57,276 {\an1}Thousands of German-speaking residents 1498 01:25:57,300 --> 01:26:00,242 {\an1}lined the roads to cheer them. 1499 01:26:00,266 --> 01:26:02,609 "The Führer is immensely happy," 1500 01:26:02,633 --> 01:26:05,776 {\an1}Joseph Goebbels noted in his diary that night. 1501 01:26:05,800 --> 01:26:07,842 {\an1}"France won't take action, 1502 01:26:07,866 --> 01:26:13,133 {\an1}England remains passive, and America uninterested." 1503 01:26:16,233 --> 01:26:19,476 {\an1}At the same time, Berlin was being transformed 1504 01:26:19,500 --> 01:26:23,376 {\an1}into a colossal stage set for the Summer Olympics. 1505 01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:28,142 Some 1,500 reporters were expected from all over the world, 1506 01:26:28,166 --> 01:26:30,909 {\an1}and the Nazi regime made sure that they would see 1507 01:26:30,933 --> 01:26:33,709 {\an1}only what it wanted seen. 1508 01:26:33,733 --> 01:26:37,742 {\an1}They removed every sign forbidding Jews entry to restaurants, 1509 01:26:37,766 --> 01:26:41,309 kept antisemitic publications off newsstands, 1510 01:26:41,333 --> 01:26:45,600 {\an1}and ordered newspapers not to report antisemitic incidents. 1511 01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,176 They also rounded up and interned 1512 01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:52,009 several hundred Roma and Sinti people, 1513 01:26:52,033 --> 01:26:56,709 {\an1}often derogatorily referred to as gypsies. 1514 01:26:56,733 --> 01:26:59,809 {\an1}"We must be more charming than the Parisians," 1515 01:26:59,833 --> 01:27:01,742 {\an1}Goebbels told Berliners, 1516 01:27:01,766 --> 01:27:04,442 "more easy-going than the Viennese, 1517 01:27:04,466 --> 01:27:07,242 "more cosmopolitan than the Londoners, 1518 01:27:07,266 --> 01:27:10,942 and more practical than New Yorkers." 1519 01:27:10,966 --> 01:27:14,909 {\an1}But anti-Nazi Germans managed to slip between the pages 1520 01:27:14,933 --> 01:27:18,142 {\an1}of a popular guidebook a map peppered 1521 01:27:18,166 --> 01:27:22,242 with the locations of the scores of jails and prisons 1522 01:27:22,266 --> 01:27:25,909 {\an1}and concentration camps in which the regimes' enemies 1523 01:27:25,933 --> 01:27:28,166 {\an1}had been safely locked away. 1524 01:27:29,733 --> 01:27:33,876 {\an1}Still, the Nazi genius for propaganda and pageantry 1525 01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:36,500 overcame most visitors' doubts. 1526 01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:40,942 {\an1}Man: The daily spectacle was breathtaking 1527 01:27:40,966 --> 01:27:44,042 in its beauty and magnificence. 1528 01:27:44,066 --> 01:27:48,542 {\an1}The stadium was a tournament of color that caught the throat, 1529 01:27:48,566 --> 01:27:52,942 {\an1}the massed splendor of the banners made the gaudy decorations 1530 01:27:52,966 --> 01:27:55,209 {\an1}of America's great parades, 1531 01:27:55,233 --> 01:27:58,742 {\an1}presidential inaugurations, and World's Fairs 1532 01:27:58,766 --> 01:28:03,509 {\an1}seem like shoddy carnivals in comparison. 1533 01:28:03,533 --> 01:28:06,176 Thomas Wolfe. 1534 01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:08,342 [Gunshot] 1535 01:28:08,366 --> 01:28:11,176 {\an1}Narrator: The Nazis were pleased when German athletes 1536 01:28:11,200 --> 01:28:13,142 {\an1}amassed the most medals. 1537 01:28:13,166 --> 01:28:16,909 But when Jesse Owens set 3 Olympic records 1538 01:28:16,933 --> 01:28:20,609 {\an1}and won 4 gold medals, they were appalled. 1539 01:28:20,633 --> 01:28:22,842 "That's a scandal," Goebbels wrote. 1540 01:28:22,866 --> 01:28:25,776 "White humanity should be ashamed." 1541 01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,809 {\an1}In the future, Hitler assured his inner circle, 1542 01:28:28,833 --> 01:28:31,976 {\an1}the Olympics would always be held in Berlin 1543 01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:36,700 {\an1}and no "primitive men" would ever again be allowed to take part. 1544 01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:41,042 U.S. Ambassador William Dodd 1545 01:28:41,066 --> 01:28:44,009 had not been fooled by the Nazi pageantry 1546 01:28:44,033 --> 01:28:46,876 and kept his distance from the Games. 1547 01:28:46,900 --> 01:28:49,842 Germany's Jews, he informed Washington, 1548 01:28:49,866 --> 01:28:53,509 {\an1}were anticipating the withdrawal of the world's attention 1549 01:28:53,533 --> 01:28:56,000 {\an1}"with fear and trembling." 1550 01:28:58,533 --> 01:29:00,676 {\an1}Once the visitors had left, 1551 01:29:00,700 --> 01:29:04,742 {\an1}the Nazis resumed their indoctrination of the German people. 1552 01:29:04,766 --> 01:29:07,742 {\an1}"We must bring up a new type of human being," 1553 01:29:07,766 --> 01:29:09,576 {\an1}Hitler had proclaimed. 1554 01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:13,242 {\an1}"We have undertaken to give the Germans an education 1555 01:29:13,266 --> 01:29:18,109 {\an1}that begins with the child and ends with the old fighter." 1556 01:29:18,133 --> 01:29:21,376 His portrait hung in every school room. 1557 01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,742 {\an1}Small children were made to recite poems in his praise. 1558 01:29:25,766 --> 01:29:31,409 Children's books were filled with venomous caricatures of Jews. 1559 01:29:31,433 --> 01:29:35,842 {\an1}Millions of adolescents were made to join the Hitler Youth. 1560 01:29:35,866 --> 01:29:38,909 Parents of children who refused to join 1561 01:29:38,933 --> 01:29:43,242 {\an1}were investigated, fired, sometimes imprisoned. 1562 01:29:43,266 --> 01:29:50,842 ♪ 1563 01:29:50,866 --> 01:29:54,909 Stern: My mother had a good insight. 1564 01:29:54,933 --> 01:29:58,976 She said, "This will get worse and worse. 1565 01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:03,576 {\an1}I will write to your Uncle Benno in America." 1566 01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:08,242 She wrote and said, "Can you save us?" 1567 01:30:08,266 --> 01:30:10,009 Back came the answer. 1568 01:30:10,033 --> 01:30:13,242 He said, "You know, I have lost my job 1569 01:30:13,266 --> 01:30:15,676 "as a baker and pastry maker, 1570 01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:19,909 {\an1}"and so I can take one of you, 1571 01:30:19,933 --> 01:30:22,876 but not all of you." 1572 01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:24,576 Behind my back, 1573 01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:29,342 {\an8}a parental conference must have taken place. 1574 01:30:29,366 --> 01:30:33,076 {\an7}And they said, "OK, we'll send the oldest," 1575 01:30:33,100 --> 01:30:38,109 {\an1}and with a mission of trying to find other Americans 1576 01:30:38,133 --> 01:30:40,409 {\an1}who could vouch for us. 1577 01:30:40,433 --> 01:30:43,509 {\an1}Narrator: Günther was just 15 1578 01:30:43,533 --> 01:30:46,709 and ambivalent about leaving home. 1579 01:30:46,733 --> 01:30:49,242 Stern: There were countervailing thoughts. 1580 01:30:49,266 --> 01:30:53,442 {\an1}One of them is that you were... 1581 01:30:53,466 --> 01:30:57,342 Are going towards a terrific adventure. 1582 01:30:57,366 --> 01:31:00,676 {\an1}And then this dismal feeling, 1583 01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:06,600 {\an1}everything I know would be forcefully torn apart. 1584 01:31:08,433 --> 01:31:10,942 Narrator: Günther finally agreed to go 1585 01:31:10,966 --> 01:31:14,476 {\an1}and to try to find someone in America with enough money 1586 01:31:14,500 --> 01:31:17,242 to sponsor the rest of the family. 1587 01:31:17,266 --> 01:31:20,142 {\an1}While his father began the laborious task 1588 01:31:20,166 --> 01:31:24,476 {\an1}of filling out the paperwork to obtain a visa for his son, 1589 01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:26,476 he hired a local English teacher 1590 01:31:26,500 --> 01:31:28,742 who had lived for a time in Brooklyn 1591 01:31:28,766 --> 01:31:32,433 {\an1}to teach Günther everything he could about America. 1592 01:31:34,166 --> 01:31:36,076 A few months later, 1593 01:31:36,100 --> 01:31:39,309 {\an1}Günther's parents again called the family together. 1594 01:31:39,333 --> 01:31:42,242 {\an1}Stern: They took me once more in this good room, 1595 01:31:42,266 --> 01:31:45,866 and there was papers all laid out. 1596 01:31:47,633 --> 01:31:51,242 {\an8}It was the affidavit in concert 1597 01:31:51,266 --> 01:31:56,542 {\an7}with a American-Jewish Women's Organization. 1598 01:31:56,566 --> 01:32:00,476 {\an1}They said, "You also have a date in about a month 1599 01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:04,976 at the American consulate in Hamburg." 1600 01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:07,276 Narrator: Günther was filled with fear. 1601 01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:10,276 {\an1}He knew that unsympathetic American officials 1602 01:32:10,300 --> 01:32:13,609 in some cities, like the consul in Stuttgart, 1603 01:32:13,633 --> 01:32:16,309 routinely turned applicants down 1604 01:32:16,333 --> 01:32:19,709 over one technicality or another. 1605 01:32:19,733 --> 01:32:21,776 {\an1}Stern: If you were confronted, 1606 01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:23,842 {\an1}like the one in Stuttgart, 1607 01:32:23,866 --> 01:32:28,042 {\an1}by a virulent antisemite, 1608 01:32:28,066 --> 01:32:33,509 {\an1}he followed the letter of the law beyond its intent. 1609 01:32:33,533 --> 01:32:36,776 {\an1}That kind of news got around. 1610 01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:39,376 {\an1}Narrator: Günther's appointment was with the consul 1611 01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:42,633 in Hamburg, Malcolm C. Burke. 1612 01:32:43,766 --> 01:32:47,176 Stern: I was prepared to be grilled. 1613 01:32:47,200 --> 01:32:51,242 {\an1}He started out, you know, very routinely. 1614 01:32:51,266 --> 01:32:54,309 {\an1}"Where do you come from? What's your parents like?" 1615 01:32:54,333 --> 01:32:58,509 {\an1}And then, he said... I'll never forget that question... 1616 01:32:58,533 --> 01:33:01,466 {\an1}"How much is 48 and 52?" 1617 01:33:03,733 --> 01:33:05,376 That was it. 1618 01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:09,642 He put his name on my Youth Identity papers. 1619 01:33:09,666 --> 01:33:13,809 And there I was, ready to immigrate. 1620 01:33:13,833 --> 01:33:16,600 {\an1}Had we lived in Stuttgart, I was out. 1621 01:33:17,933 --> 01:33:22,576 {\an1}Snyder: Almost all of the major rescuers were diplomats, 1622 01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:26,576 {\an1}people who seemed most of the time to have unglamorous lives, 1623 01:33:26,600 --> 01:33:28,876 {\an1}people who seemed most of the time to just be pushing 1624 01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:31,776 one piece of paper from here to there. 1625 01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:33,909 {\an8}But it turns out that one piece of paper, 1626 01:33:33,933 --> 01:33:36,609 {\an7}pushed from the right here to the right there, 1627 01:33:36,633 --> 01:33:38,033 {\an8}can save a life. 1628 01:33:39,266 --> 01:33:41,809 {\an1}Narrator: In the fall of 1937, 1629 01:33:41,833 --> 01:33:44,833 the date of Günther's departure was set. 1630 01:33:46,300 --> 01:33:49,276 {\an1}Stern: It was a highly charged, 1631 01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:52,876 {\an1}emotional couple of weeks. 1632 01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:57,042 {\an1}My mother had taken me on very long walks 1633 01:33:57,066 --> 01:33:58,576 through the city 1634 01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:01,500 {\an1}in the few days we still had together. 1635 01:34:03,266 --> 01:34:06,509 {\an1}I had played games against my brother Werner, 1636 01:34:06,533 --> 01:34:08,742 and he against me. 1637 01:34:08,766 --> 01:34:13,242 {\an1}And all that was going to be taken away. 1638 01:34:13,266 --> 01:34:21,266 {\an8}♪ 1639 01:34:22,933 --> 01:34:25,142 {\an1}Narrator: In November, Günther Stern 1640 01:34:25,166 --> 01:34:28,500 {\an1}arrived in New York City aboard a German ship. 1641 01:34:31,033 --> 01:34:35,742 {\an1}After the German Jewish Children's Aid Society determined his English 1642 01:34:35,766 --> 01:34:38,476 {\an1}was good enough for him to travel alone, 1643 01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:41,809 he boarded a train and headed for St. Louis, 1644 01:34:41,833 --> 01:34:44,933 {\an1}where his aunt and uncle were waiting for him. 1645 01:34:46,533 --> 01:34:48,676 {\an1}5 days after he got there, 1646 01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,209 Günther was attending high school. 1647 01:34:51,233 --> 01:34:55,876 {\an1}He got his first job washing dishes at a downtown hotel. 1648 01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:59,476 {\an1}But the plight of his family back in Germany 1649 01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:02,742 {\an1}and the responsibility he felt for finding a way 1650 01:35:02,766 --> 01:35:05,042 {\an1}to bring them to America, too, 1651 01:35:05,066 --> 01:35:07,400 {\an1}never left him for long. 1652 01:35:09,966 --> 01:35:11,966 {\an1}[Film projector whirs] 1653 01:35:16,066 --> 01:35:18,509 {\an1}In the summer of 1937, 1654 01:35:18,533 --> 01:35:21,276 {\an1}Herman and Lotte Bland of Chicago, 1655 01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,842 who had come to America from Poland, 1656 01:35:23,866 --> 01:35:26,242 took their two sons to see the country 1657 01:35:26,266 --> 01:35:28,000 {\an1}where they had been born. 1658 01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:31,742 {\an1}Leonard, their oldest, 1659 01:35:31,766 --> 01:35:34,966 carried a brand-new 16-milimeter camera. 1660 01:35:38,100 --> 01:35:40,709 Harold, who turned 8 on the trip, 1661 01:35:40,733 --> 01:35:43,276 {\an1}was deeply affected by the poverty 1662 01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:46,133 and the antisemitism he saw there. 1663 01:35:50,166 --> 01:35:53,076 In Suwalki, they met Lotte's cousins, 1664 01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:56,966 and she installed a new headstone on her parents' grave. 1665 01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:00,576 {\an1}In the town's central square, 1666 01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:04,609 {\an1}Leonard noticed that someone had scratched "Kill the Jews" 1667 01:36:04,633 --> 01:36:08,776 {\an1}in wet cement, and he captured it on film. 1668 01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:11,609 Minutes later, Polish policemen arrived 1669 01:36:11,633 --> 01:36:14,376 {\an1}and detained the whole family. 1670 01:36:14,400 --> 01:36:17,376 {\an1}Officers tore the film from Leonard's camera, 1671 01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:19,642 and after several tense hours, 1672 01:36:19,666 --> 01:36:23,133 {\an1}finally allowed the frightened Blands to leave. 1673 01:36:27,333 --> 01:36:30,276 {\an1}In the years to come, nearly all of Suwalki's 1674 01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:34,500 {\an1}14,000 Jewish inhabitants would be murdered. 1675 01:36:39,233 --> 01:36:42,776 {\an1}Even the Jewish cemetery would be destroyed, 1676 01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:47,866 {\an1}as if the generations buried there had never existed. 1677 01:36:53,533 --> 01:36:55,466 [Airplanes whirring] 1678 01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:07,209 In 1937, the world's authoritarian regimes 1679 01:37:07,233 --> 01:37:11,100 {\an1}were entering a new, more threatening phase of conquest. 1680 01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:15,366 Hitler had taken back the Rhineland. 1681 01:37:16,933 --> 01:37:20,009 {\an1}Benito Mussolini's Italian fascist troops 1682 01:37:20,033 --> 01:37:23,409 had crushed Libya and invaded Ethiopia, 1683 01:37:23,433 --> 01:37:26,176 {\an1}dropping bombs and deploying mustard gas 1684 01:37:26,200 --> 01:37:28,266 {\an1}against helpless civilians. 1685 01:37:30,233 --> 01:37:33,466 {\an1}Japanese forces invaded China. 1686 01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,509 In Spain, German and Italian warplanes 1687 01:37:39,533 --> 01:37:41,476 {\an1}conducted terror bombing raids 1688 01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:44,176 in support of a fascist uprising 1689 01:37:44,200 --> 01:37:47,242 {\an1}against a duly elected left-wing government 1690 01:37:47,266 --> 01:37:49,800 {\an1}supported by the Soviet Union. 1691 01:37:52,033 --> 01:37:55,809 {\an1}Neither France nor England nor the United States 1692 01:37:55,833 --> 01:37:57,866 {\an1}was willing to intervene. 1693 01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:04,942 {\an1}Franklin Roosevelt had been re-elected by a landslide in 1936. 1694 01:38:04,966 --> 01:38:09,376 {\an1}4 years of the New Deal had helped restore American confidence 1695 01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:12,609 {\an1}and begun to put the country back to work. 1696 01:38:12,633 --> 01:38:15,242 But Roosevelt was an internationalist 1697 01:38:15,266 --> 01:38:19,342 presiding over an isolationist country. 1698 01:38:19,366 --> 01:38:22,709 {\an1}Senate hearings had convinced millions of Americans 1699 01:38:22,733 --> 01:38:25,776 {\an1}that Wall Street bankers, munitions makers, 1700 01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,709 {\an1}and British propagandists had conspired 1701 01:38:28,733 --> 01:38:33,376 {\an1}to trick the United States into entering the Great War. 1702 01:38:33,400 --> 01:38:37,542 {\an7}Gerald Nye: American commercial interest is selfish and greedy. 1703 01:38:37,566 --> 01:38:41,509 {\an7}Sensing the opportunity for profit from war 1704 01:38:41,533 --> 01:38:44,209 {\an8}would do as they have done in the past 1705 01:38:44,233 --> 01:38:46,833 {\an8}if left to pursue their own course. 1706 01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:52,609 {\an1}Narrator: 125,000 college students had staged 1707 01:38:52,633 --> 01:38:55,142 {\an1}a one-hour Strike for Peace, 1708 01:38:55,166 --> 01:38:58,542 and 60,000 of them signed a pledge never 1709 01:38:58,566 --> 01:39:03,342 {\an1}"to support the United States in any war it may conduct." 1710 01:39:03,366 --> 01:39:05,642 {\an1}Congress had shrunk the Army, 1711 01:39:05,666 --> 01:39:08,842 {\an1}kept the country out of international organizations, 1712 01:39:08,866 --> 01:39:11,642 and passed two Neutrality Acts, 1713 01:39:11,666 --> 01:39:18,376 {\an1}barring the sale of arms or war materiel to any belligerent anywhere. 1714 01:39:18,400 --> 01:39:24,209 {\an1}In Chicago, President Roosevelt publicly expressed his alarm. 1715 01:39:24,233 --> 01:39:28,366 {\an1}Roosevelt: The epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. 1716 01:39:29,666 --> 01:39:33,109 And mark this well, 1717 01:39:33,133 --> 01:39:38,676 {\an1}when an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, 1718 01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:40,876 {\an1}the community approves 1719 01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:46,276 {\an1}and joins in a quarantine of the patients 1720 01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:49,976 {\an1}in order to protect the health of the community 1721 01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:53,376 against the spread of the disease. 1722 01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:56,409 [Applause] 1723 01:39:56,433 --> 01:39:59,242 Narrator: Outraged pacifists now charged 1724 01:39:59,266 --> 01:40:02,842 {\an1}that Roosevelt was starting America down the slope to war 1725 01:40:02,866 --> 01:40:05,176 {\an1}by calling for a quarantine. 1726 01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,509 {\an1}Isolationist congressmen threatened to impeach him. 1727 01:40:08,533 --> 01:40:12,076 {\an1}The leaders of his own party remained silent. 1728 01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:15,009 {\an1}"It is a terrible thing," he told an aide, 1729 01:40:15,033 --> 01:40:18,342 {\an1}"to look over your shoulder when you are trying to lead 1730 01:40:18,366 --> 01:40:21,509 {\an1}and find no one there." 1731 01:40:21,533 --> 01:40:24,676 {\an1}Erbelding: There is no real perception in the 1930s 1732 01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:27,642 {\an1}that America is a force for good in the world, 1733 01:40:27,666 --> 01:40:30,476 or that we should be involved in the world at all. 1734 01:40:30,500 --> 01:40:33,942 {\an7}There is no sense among the American people, 1735 01:40:33,966 --> 01:40:36,242 {\an7}among the American government, among the international community, 1736 01:40:36,266 --> 01:40:38,509 {\an7}that it's anyone else's business what is happening 1737 01:40:38,533 --> 01:40:40,576 {\an8}within, you know, your own country. 1738 01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:44,076 {\an1}It is not illegal what Hitler is doing to the Jews 1739 01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:45,976 {\an1}under International Law. 1740 01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:47,809 You can attack your own citizens 1741 01:40:47,833 --> 01:40:50,166 {\an1}under International Law at this point. 1742 01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:55,576 {\an1}Narrator: American corporations, like those of other countries, 1743 01:40:55,600 --> 01:41:00,009 {\an1}continued to conduct business as usual with the Hitler regime. 1744 01:41:00,033 --> 01:41:04,442 {\an1}The Nazis awarded Henry Ford their highest civilian medal, 1745 01:41:04,466 --> 01:41:08,042 {\an1}and his German plant began supplying the German army 1746 01:41:08,066 --> 01:41:10,542 {\an1}with 1,500 vehicles a year, 1747 01:41:10,566 --> 01:41:12,609 {\an1}after turning down an offer 1748 01:41:12,633 --> 01:41:15,709 {\an1}to build airplane engines for Britain. 1749 01:41:15,733 --> 01:41:20,509 {\an1}Woolworth's German subsidiary fired all its Jewish employees 1750 01:41:20,533 --> 01:41:23,076 {\an1}as the price of doing business. 1751 01:41:23,100 --> 01:41:26,633 {\an1}So did the Berlin office of the Associated Press. 1752 01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:31,342 {\an1}All but one of the major Hollywood studios 1753 01:41:31,366 --> 01:41:33,442 went along with the Nazis, too, 1754 01:41:33,466 --> 01:41:37,342 {\an1}even though many of the men who ran them were Jewish. 1755 01:41:37,366 --> 01:41:41,009 {\an1}Joseph Goebbels had closed the lucrative German market 1756 01:41:41,033 --> 01:41:45,742 {\an1}to any film "considered detrimental to German prestige." 1757 01:41:45,766 --> 01:41:49,409 {\an1}For a time, the German vice-consul in Los Angeles 1758 01:41:49,433 --> 01:41:53,209 {\an1}had the power to approve or disapprove scripts 1759 01:41:53,233 --> 01:41:56,276 {\an1}before production began. 1760 01:41:56,300 --> 01:41:59,909 {\an1}Between 1933 and 1939, not a single word 1761 01:41:59,933 --> 01:42:04,700 was uttered against the Nazis on screen. 1762 01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,076 {\an1}The 80 million Americans who went to the movies each week 1763 01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:13,942 got brief glimpses of Nazi Germany from newsreels 1764 01:42:13,966 --> 01:42:17,809 {\an1}made by Pathé, Paramount, Fox Movietone, 1765 01:42:17,833 --> 01:42:20,476 {\an1}and Hearst Metrotone News. 1766 01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:22,976 But the footage was usually confined 1767 01:42:23,000 --> 01:42:26,233 to film produced by the Nazis. 1768 01:42:27,833 --> 01:42:29,942 {\an1}Film announcer: In united Germany is the rallying cry 1769 01:42:29,966 --> 01:42:32,376 of Chancellor Hitler as he tours the country. 1770 01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:34,642 {\an1}In Westphalia, he is greeted by a tremendous throng 1771 01:42:34,666 --> 01:42:36,376 {\an1}of enthusiastic admirers. 1772 01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:39,476 [All cheering] 1773 01:42:39,500 --> 01:42:42,309 {\an1}Narrator: "The March of Time," a series of shorts 1774 01:42:42,333 --> 01:42:46,442 {\an1}made in association with "Time" magazine, was different. 1775 01:42:46,466 --> 01:42:48,776 In January of 1938, 1776 01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:52,142 {\an7}it offered a film called "Inside Nazi Germany" 1777 01:42:52,166 --> 01:42:55,409 {\an7}that included scenes shot by American cameramen 1778 01:42:55,433 --> 01:42:58,642 when Nazi minders were not looking. 1779 01:42:58,666 --> 01:43:00,809 {\an1}Film announcer: Still going on as pitilessly, 1780 01:43:00,833 --> 01:43:02,876 as brutally as it did 5 years ago 1781 01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,076 {\an1}is Goebbels' persecution of the Jews. 1782 01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:08,709 {\an1}Sign-posts at city limits bear the legend, 1783 01:43:08,733 --> 01:43:11,842 "Jews not wanted. Jews keep out." 1784 01:43:11,866 --> 01:43:14,209 Nazi Germany faces her destiny 1785 01:43:14,233 --> 01:43:17,100 {\an1}with one of the greatest war machines in history. 1786 01:43:18,733 --> 01:43:21,542 {\an1}And the inevitable destiny of the great war machines 1787 01:43:21,566 --> 01:43:25,476 {\an1}of the past has been to destroy the peace of the world, 1788 01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:29,400 its people, and the governments of their time. 1789 01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:43,542 {\an1}Woman: The Nazis wanted to annex Austria, 1790 01:43:43,566 --> 01:43:48,076 {\an1}and there was supposed to be a voting if Austria wanted it. 1791 01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:50,476 Hitler didn't wait for a vote, 1792 01:43:50,500 --> 01:43:54,133 {\an1}just marched in in March 1938. 1793 01:43:56,900 --> 01:43:59,642 All our friends and the whole city 1794 01:43:59,666 --> 01:44:05,842 {\an8}became immediately enthusiastic and Nazis. 1795 01:44:05,866 --> 01:44:08,442 {\an7}They stood in the street with swastika flags 1796 01:44:08,466 --> 01:44:09,443 and Heil Hitler. 1797 01:44:09,467 --> 01:44:11,876 Crowd: Heil Hitler! 1798 01:44:11,900 --> 01:44:16,409 Heil Hitler! 1799 01:44:16,433 --> 01:44:19,342 {\an1}Narrator: Hitler called the unification 1800 01:44:19,366 --> 01:44:21,376 of his native Austria with Germany 1801 01:44:21,400 --> 01:44:23,676 {\an1}his greatest accomplishment, 1802 01:44:23,700 --> 01:44:26,609 {\an1}and he basked in the enthusiasm of the crowds 1803 01:44:26,633 --> 01:44:29,176 that had greeted him in Vienna. 1804 01:44:29,200 --> 01:44:33,800 {\an1}"Such a stream of love as I have never experienced," he called it. 1805 01:44:35,866 --> 01:44:38,776 {\an1}One quarter of a million Jews had somehow managed 1806 01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:41,276 {\an1}to escape Hitler's Germany. 1807 01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:47,576 {\an1}But now 192,000 Austrian Jews had come under his control 1808 01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:50,842 and were stripped of any citizenship. 1809 01:44:50,866 --> 01:44:56,509 {\an1}SS men and Gestapo agents were let loose to beat and humiliate them 1810 01:44:56,533 --> 01:45:01,200 {\an1}and force them to clean anti-Nazi slogans off the sidewalk. 1811 01:45:05,666 --> 01:45:11,042 {\an1}Eva Geiringer was not quite 9 when the Germans entered Vienna. 1812 01:45:11,066 --> 01:45:12,709 Geiringer: And it was just terrible, 1813 01:45:12,733 --> 01:45:15,866 {\an1}from one day to the next, the attitude changed. 1814 01:45:18,566 --> 01:45:22,009 {\an1}Suddenly I was not allowed to go and play 1815 01:45:22,033 --> 01:45:25,476 {\an1}with my Catholic friends. 1816 01:45:25,500 --> 01:45:27,209 My brother Heinz, 1817 01:45:27,233 --> 01:45:30,176 {\an1}who was at that time 12 years old, he came home. 1818 01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,609 {\an1}He looked terrible. He was badly beaten up. 1819 01:45:33,633 --> 01:45:36,542 And when my parents questioned him, he said, 1820 01:45:36,566 --> 01:45:38,376 {\an1}"My own friends did that, 1821 01:45:38,400 --> 01:45:42,176 {\an1}and the teachers just watched to see it happening." 1822 01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:45,176 {\an1}Narrator: Eva's father, a shoe manufacturer, 1823 01:45:45,200 --> 01:45:49,009 {\an1}soon joined would-be immigrants, most of them Jews, 1824 01:45:49,033 --> 01:45:52,676 {\an1}clamoring at consulates for visas to somewhere, 1825 01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:56,209 anywhere that seemed to offer safety. 1826 01:45:56,233 --> 01:45:59,542 {\an1}Geiringer: People started to queue at consulates. 1827 01:45:59,566 --> 01:46:04,376 {\an1}You had to have an entry visa and an exit visa by then. 1828 01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:05,876 And you know this. 1829 01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:08,076 {\an1}So Hitler wanted to get rid of the Jews, 1830 01:46:08,100 --> 01:46:12,176 {\an1}but to get an exit visa was as well difficult. 1831 01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:14,476 {\an1}I didn't want to leave, you know? 1832 01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,342 I know it didn't feel nice anymore. 1833 01:46:17,366 --> 01:46:19,976 But still, I had my relatives there, 1834 01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:21,376 {\an1}and it was my language, 1835 01:46:21,400 --> 01:46:24,076 and I loved it there. 1836 01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:26,742 And my parents said, "Well, it won't be long." 1837 01:46:26,766 --> 01:46:28,742 And you know, "We'll come back again." 1838 01:46:28,766 --> 01:46:32,409 {\an1}The people, even in '38, didn't believe 1839 01:46:32,433 --> 01:46:35,966 {\an1}that Hitler will be able to stay in power for very long. 1840 01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:39,909 {\an1}Narrator: Eva's father would finally manage 1841 01:46:39,933 --> 01:46:42,009 to get his family to the Netherlands 1842 01:46:42,033 --> 01:46:44,742 and launch a new business there. 1843 01:46:44,766 --> 01:46:47,209 {\an1}He was one of the lucky ones. 1844 01:46:47,233 --> 01:46:51,409 {\an1}The Nazis stepped up their discriminatory decrees. 1845 01:46:51,433 --> 01:46:53,976 Throughout the newly-expanded Reich, 1846 01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:59,176 {\an1}Jews would soon be required to register all Jewish-owned businesses 1847 01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:02,309 {\an1}and all their personal property from houses 1848 01:47:02,333 --> 01:47:06,576 {\an1}and art collections down to their dinnerware and jewelry, 1849 01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:10,776 an obvious prelude to confiscation. 1850 01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:14,976 {\an1}Those with first names the Nazis didn't recognize as Jewish 1851 01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:17,976 were made to adopt new middle names, 1852 01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:21,676 Israel for men and Sara for women. 1853 01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:25,276 {\an1}All Jews holding passports had to have them stamped 1854 01:47:25,300 --> 01:47:27,942 {\an1}with the red letter "J." 1855 01:47:27,966 --> 01:47:32,342 {\an1}Before 1938, would-be emigrants to the United States 1856 01:47:32,366 --> 01:47:35,009 already had to wait 3 or 4 months 1857 01:47:35,033 --> 01:47:37,842 before they could get an interview for their visa 1858 01:47:37,866 --> 01:47:40,076 {\an1}with consulate officials. 1859 01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:44,676 Now the steady stream of frightened people became a torrent, 1860 01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:48,566 {\an1}and they faced a wait of two or three years. 1861 01:47:50,233 --> 01:47:55,142 {\an1}Woman as Thompson: It is a fantastic commentary on the inhumanity of our times 1862 01:47:55,166 --> 01:47:57,776 that for thousands and thousands of people, 1863 01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:00,342 a piece of paper with a stamp on it 1864 01:48:00,366 --> 01:48:03,876 is the difference between life and death, 1865 01:48:03,900 --> 01:48:07,809 {\an1}and that scores of people have blown their brains out 1866 01:48:07,833 --> 01:48:11,042 because they could not get it. 1867 01:48:11,066 --> 01:48:13,066 Dorothy Thompson. 1868 01:48:15,333 --> 01:48:18,609 {\an1}Narrator: It was now impossible even for the State Department 1869 01:48:18,633 --> 01:48:23,042 {\an1}to deny that there was a growing immigration crisis. 1870 01:48:23,066 --> 01:48:25,209 {\an1}Alone among world leaders, 1871 01:48:25,233 --> 01:48:29,176 FDR tried to ease it, at least a little. 1872 01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:33,042 {\an1}At his cabinet meeting 4 days after Hitler entered Vienna, 1873 01:48:33,066 --> 01:48:35,509 Roosevelt announced that he was combining 1874 01:48:35,533 --> 01:48:39,309 {\an1}the small Austrian quota with the larger German quota 1875 01:48:39,333 --> 01:48:41,709 in order to give Austrian refugees 1876 01:48:41,733 --> 01:48:44,876 a better chance of obtaining visas. 1877 01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:48,976 {\an1}But when FDR asked his Vice President John Nance Garner, 1878 01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:51,109 a former Speaker of the House, 1879 01:48:51,133 --> 01:48:54,642 {\an1}if Congress could now be persuaded to increase the quota, 1880 01:48:54,666 --> 01:48:56,709 he said no. 1881 01:48:56,733 --> 01:49:00,376 {\an1}If his former colleagues could vote in secret, he explained, 1882 01:49:00,400 --> 01:49:04,509 they'd shut down immigration entirely. 1883 01:49:04,533 --> 01:49:07,776 No one in the room disagreed. 1884 01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:11,109 {\an1}Snyder: FDR was dealing with a society 1885 01:49:11,133 --> 01:49:13,542 {\an1}that he knew to be vulnerable 1886 01:49:13,566 --> 01:49:17,009 {\an1}to the German antisemitic propaganda. 1887 01:49:17,033 --> 01:49:22,376 What he had to do is find ways to save Jews 1888 01:49:22,400 --> 01:49:24,609 {\an1}without drawing too much American attention 1889 01:49:24,633 --> 01:49:26,942 to the fact that he was doing it. 1890 01:49:26,966 --> 01:49:29,876 {\an1}Lipstadt: Could FDR have spoken out more strongly? 1891 01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:32,776 Could he have exerted more influence? Certainly. 1892 01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:37,976 {\an1}But there was no groundswell of opinion in the Congress. 1893 01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:39,909 So, when people pin it on him, 1894 01:49:39,933 --> 01:49:41,776 "A," it's assuming that he could have 1895 01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:43,709 just turned everything around. 1896 01:49:43,733 --> 01:49:46,709 {\an1}And "B," it's forgetting the public opinion 1897 01:49:46,733 --> 01:49:51,409 {\an1}was strongly opposed to immigration in general, 1898 01:49:51,433 --> 01:49:53,809 {\an1}refugees in particular, 1899 01:49:53,833 --> 01:49:56,209 penniless refugees even more so, 1900 01:49:56,233 --> 01:49:58,309 and Jewish refugees all the more. 1901 01:49:58,333 --> 01:50:01,500 {\an1}It's on a lot of people. It's on everyone. 1902 01:50:03,233 --> 01:50:06,209 Greene: In 1938, Americans are asked 1903 01:50:06,233 --> 01:50:08,476 {\an1}whether they think the persecution of Jews in Germany 1904 01:50:08,500 --> 01:50:11,242 {\an1}has been Jews' own fault. 1905 01:50:11,266 --> 01:50:16,109 {\an1}And two-thirds of Americans say partly or entirely. 1906 01:50:16,133 --> 01:50:19,376 {\an1}Something bad is happening to the Jews abroad 1907 01:50:19,400 --> 01:50:22,833 and an inclination of a lot of Americans is to blame the Jews. 1908 01:50:24,733 --> 01:50:28,242 {\an1}Narrator: Roosevelt called for a conference in Evian, France, 1909 01:50:28,266 --> 01:50:32,442 for the international community to discuss a collective solution 1910 01:50:32,466 --> 01:50:34,876 to the problem of "political refugees" 1911 01:50:34,900 --> 01:50:36,909 {\an1}seeking to flee Hitler. 1912 01:50:36,933 --> 01:50:42,500 {\an1}He was careful not to say that most of those in flight were Jews. 1913 01:50:44,100 --> 01:50:46,942 {\an1}Erbelding: There is a sense in the U.S. Government 1914 01:50:46,966 --> 01:50:49,942 that antisemitism is so strong in America 1915 01:50:49,966 --> 01:50:51,942 that they don't want people to think that, 1916 01:50:51,966 --> 01:50:54,009 or even get the hint, 1917 01:50:54,033 --> 01:50:56,042 {\an7}that the United States might be going to do 1918 01:50:56,066 --> 01:50:59,576 {\an7}anything particular for the Jews, to rescue the Jews. 1919 01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:02,309 {\an1}Narrator: Since the U.S. Congress was not willing 1920 01:51:02,333 --> 01:51:04,842 to alter America's quota system, 1921 01:51:04,866 --> 01:51:07,742 {\an1}Roosevelt would not ask any other country 1922 01:51:07,766 --> 01:51:11,576 {\an1}to change its own laws to take in more immigrants, 1923 01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:14,242 {\an1}though it was his hope that other countries 1924 01:51:14,266 --> 01:51:18,400 {\an1}might volunteer to do so at the upcoming conference. 1925 01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:24,642 {\an1}In July, representatives of 32 countries met for a week 1926 01:51:24,666 --> 01:51:29,676 {\an1}and managed only to form an Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees 1927 01:51:29,700 --> 01:51:34,309 without any funds or power to assist them. 1928 01:51:34,333 --> 01:51:37,342 {\an1}Representatives of all 32 nations at that conference 1929 01:51:37,366 --> 01:51:40,442 stand up and say, "This is a horrible problem. 1930 01:51:40,466 --> 01:51:43,209 {\an1}Let us tell you why we can't let in refugees now." 1931 01:51:43,233 --> 01:51:46,176 {\an1}Narrator: The French delegate claimed France had reached 1932 01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:50,709 {\an1}"the extreme point of saturation as regards refugees." 1933 01:51:50,733 --> 01:51:54,276 {\an1}4 Central American countries jointly said 1934 01:51:54,300 --> 01:51:57,876 {\an1}they had no need for merchants and intellectuals, 1935 01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:00,309 {\an1}by which they meant Jews. 1936 01:52:00,333 --> 01:52:05,376 {\an1}The Australian spokesman said, "As we have no real racial problem, 1937 01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:08,909 we are not desirous of importing one." 1938 01:52:08,933 --> 01:52:11,342 Great Britain refused to increase 1939 01:52:11,366 --> 01:52:13,176 {\an1}and then sharply limited 1940 01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:16,376 the number of Jews allowed into Palestine, 1941 01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,466 {\an1}the Middle Eastern territory they controlled. 1942 01:52:20,933 --> 01:52:24,576 {\an1}Representatives of Jewish organizations were present, 1943 01:52:24,600 --> 01:52:26,542 {\an1}but only as observers. 1944 01:52:26,566 --> 01:52:29,076 A young Golda Meir remembered her 1945 01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,576 "sorrow, rage, frustration, and horror" 1946 01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:35,133 at not being allowed to speak. 1947 01:52:36,700 --> 01:52:39,242 {\an1}So, what you have is a week's worth of nations 1948 01:52:39,266 --> 01:52:41,642 standing up one after the other saying, 1949 01:52:41,666 --> 01:52:43,409 {\an1}"This is terrible, but we don't want any. 1950 01:52:43,433 --> 01:52:45,142 This is awful, but we don't want any." 1951 01:52:45,166 --> 01:52:46,876 At which point, the Germans say, 1952 01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:50,309 {\an1}"You don't want the Jews any more than we do." 1953 01:52:50,333 --> 01:52:54,842 {\an1}Narrator: Chaim Weizmann, the president of the World Zionist Organization, 1954 01:52:54,866 --> 01:52:58,976 {\an1}dedicated to creating a Jewish state in Palestine, said 1955 01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:03,942 {\an1}the globe was now "divided into places where Jews cannot live 1956 01:53:03,966 --> 01:53:07,466 and places into which they cannot enter." 1957 01:53:12,266 --> 01:53:14,242 {\an1}Film announcer: Today the wings of the German air fleet 1958 01:53:14,266 --> 01:53:16,809 {\an1}cast a threatening shadow across central Europe. 1959 01:53:16,833 --> 01:53:19,276 {\an1}From the sky and from the highway comes the rumble 1960 01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:23,300 {\an1}of the dictator's creed, "Might makes right." 1961 01:53:26,866 --> 01:53:29,242 Caught between the pan-German pincers 1962 01:53:29,266 --> 01:53:34,476 {\an1}is little Czechoslovakia, a republic of 15 million souls. 1963 01:53:34,500 --> 01:53:36,976 Narrator: In the late summer of 1938, 1964 01:53:37,000 --> 01:53:40,642 {\an1}Adolf Hitler claimed the right to seize the Sudetenland, 1965 01:53:40,666 --> 01:53:44,309 {\an1}the German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia. 1966 01:53:44,333 --> 01:53:46,676 {\an1}Newscaster: And as the tension rises almost to breaking point, 1967 01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:48,676 {\an1}might is answered with might, 1968 01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:50,742 {\an1}Czechoslovakia mobilizes. 1969 01:53:50,766 --> 01:53:52,976 Narrator: France and the Soviet Union had signed 1970 01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:56,742 a mutual defense pact with the Czechs. 1971 01:53:56,766 --> 01:53:59,242 Britain mobilized. 1972 01:53:59,266 --> 01:54:02,376 But in the end, no country proved willing 1973 01:54:02,400 --> 01:54:05,100 {\an1}to come to the defense of Czechoslovakia. 1974 01:54:06,533 --> 01:54:10,876 {\an1}Instead, at a September 30th meeting with Hitler in Munich, 1975 01:54:10,900 --> 01:54:13,509 {\an1}the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, 1976 01:54:13,533 --> 01:54:16,409 {\an1}and the French premier, Edouard Daladier, 1977 01:54:16,433 --> 01:54:20,976 {\an1}told the Czechs they had no choice but to give up their territory, 1978 01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,709 in exchange for a pledge by Hitler 1979 01:54:23,733 --> 01:54:27,433 {\an1}that he would make no further territorial demands. 1980 01:54:31,566 --> 01:54:36,100 {\an1}Nazi Germany had become the most powerful nation in Europe. 1981 01:54:37,533 --> 01:54:41,342 But it also faced a new problem. 1982 01:54:41,366 --> 01:54:43,842 {\an1}Hayes: There's a fundamental contradiction 1983 01:54:43,866 --> 01:54:47,042 {\an1}between the two central teachings of Nazi ideology. 1984 01:54:47,066 --> 01:54:52,042 {\an1}The first central teaching is that the Jews have to be removed 1985 01:54:52,066 --> 01:54:54,833 {\an1}because they are corrupting and endanger the state. 1986 01:54:56,233 --> 01:54:58,009 But the second central teaching is 1987 01:54:58,033 --> 01:55:00,542 {\an1}for Germany to be a great power, it must get living space. 1988 01:55:00,566 --> 01:55:03,009 It must expand into enough territory 1989 01:55:03,033 --> 01:55:06,276 that will give it food production to sustain its population 1990 01:55:06,300 --> 01:55:10,009 {\an1}and the natural resources that will sustain its power. 1991 01:55:10,033 --> 01:55:12,176 {\an1}Well, in Europe of the 1930s, 1992 01:55:12,200 --> 01:55:15,209 these two principles worked fundamentally against each other, 1993 01:55:15,233 --> 01:55:18,442 {\an1}because where the Nazis wanted the living space 1994 01:55:18,466 --> 01:55:22,009 {\an1}was exactly the spot on the globe with the highest density 1995 01:55:22,033 --> 01:55:23,509 {\an1}of Jewish population... 1996 01:55:23,533 --> 01:55:26,442 {\an1}Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania. 1997 01:55:26,466 --> 01:55:29,376 {\an1}And so, the Nazis discovered in the course of the 1930s 1998 01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:33,276 {\an1}as they drove about 69% of the Jews out of Germany, 1999 01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:35,442 that they also then expanded into Austria 2000 01:55:35,466 --> 01:55:38,076 and the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia. 2001 01:55:38,100 --> 01:55:39,909 {\an1}And with each of those steps, 2002 01:55:39,933 --> 01:55:43,142 {\an1}they began to acquire more Jews that almost canceled out 2003 01:55:43,166 --> 01:55:46,000 {\an1}all of the numbers that they had driven out to date. 2004 01:55:48,966 --> 01:55:50,576 {\an8}[Pounding on door] 2005 01:55:50,600 --> 01:55:52,109 {\an7}Messinger: It was the middle of the night, 2006 01:55:52,133 --> 01:55:54,776 {\an8}and there was a pounding on the door. 2007 01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:56,376 {\an1}My father opened the door, 2008 01:55:56,400 --> 01:55:59,142 {\an1}and sure enough, these two policemen were there. 2009 01:55:59,166 --> 01:56:01,109 {\an1}And they said to my father, 2010 01:56:01,133 --> 01:56:02,976 "Get dressed. You're coming with us." 2011 01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:05,376 {\an1}My mother was holding me. 2012 01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:07,809 {\an8}And I started to cry. 2013 01:56:07,833 --> 01:56:12,042 {\an7}And one of the policemen said to my mother, 2014 01:56:12,066 --> 01:56:14,809 {\an8}"Shut the kid up or I'll kill him." 2015 01:56:14,833 --> 01:56:18,509 {\an1}And they took my father away. 2016 01:56:18,533 --> 01:56:21,876 {\an1}The next morning, we went down to the police station. 2017 01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:24,542 {\an1}My mother wanted to find out what happened to my father. 2018 01:56:24,566 --> 01:56:26,676 When we got to the police station, 2019 01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:30,833 there were about 100 or 150 other Jewish women standing there. 2020 01:56:32,366 --> 01:56:34,342 And it became clear to my mother 2021 01:56:34,366 --> 01:56:39,342 {\an1}that they had taken all Jewish men of Polish origin 2022 01:56:39,366 --> 01:56:41,633 and shipped them back to Poland. 2023 01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:47,176 {\an1}Narrator: It was the first mass deportation of Jews from Germany. 2024 01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:51,342 17,000 Polish Jews were declared stateless, 2025 01:56:51,366 --> 01:56:53,476 stripped of their possessions, 2026 01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:57,342 and driven across the border into Poland. 2027 01:56:57,366 --> 01:56:59,776 {\an1}Snyder: In Eastern Europe, there was a saying that, 2028 01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:04,842 {\an1}"What holds the body and the soul together is a passport." 2029 01:57:04,866 --> 01:57:07,742 What's meant is that documentation, 2030 01:57:07,766 --> 01:57:10,709 the idea that you're somebody's citizen, 2031 01:57:10,733 --> 01:57:13,342 {\an1}that there's a state somewhere looking after you 2032 01:57:13,366 --> 01:57:18,833 {\an1}is fundamental to your ability to survive in the modern world. 2033 01:57:22,933 --> 01:57:26,209 {\an7}Man: It is not, after all, a crime to be Jewish. 2034 01:57:26,233 --> 01:57:29,976 I am not a dog. I have a right to live. 2035 01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:33,466 {\an1}My people have a right to exist on this earth. 2036 01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:38,842 {\an1}And yet everywhere, they are hunted down like animals. 2037 01:57:38,866 --> 01:57:40,833 Herschel Grynszpan. 2038 01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,776 {\an1}Narrator: In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, 2039 01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:50,742 {\an1}a 17-year-old living in Paris, learned that his family, 2040 01:57:50,766 --> 01:57:52,909 {\an1}like Sol Messinger's father, 2041 01:57:52,933 --> 01:57:56,542 {\an1}had been among those deported from Germany to Poland. 2042 01:57:56,566 --> 01:57:58,676 Herschel's sister wrote to him 2043 01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:02,476 {\an1}from a squalid refugee camp begging for help. 2044 01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:05,009 {\an1}He could provide none. 2045 01:58:05,033 --> 01:58:08,776 {\an1}He had no papers and no ability to earn a living, 2046 01:58:08,800 --> 01:58:12,809 {\an1}just one more person without a country on a continent 2047 01:58:12,833 --> 01:58:16,733 {\an1}increasingly haunted by those who had nowhere to go. 2048 01:58:18,666 --> 01:58:23,076 {\an1}In Paris on November 7th, Grynszpan bought a pistol, 2049 01:58:23,100 --> 01:58:24,942 {\an1}entered the German Embassy, 2050 01:58:24,966 --> 01:58:27,642 and asked to see the ambassador. 2051 01:58:27,666 --> 01:58:31,409 {\an1}In his pocket was a postcard addressed to his parents. 2052 01:58:31,433 --> 01:58:35,409 {\an1}He asked God to forgive him for what he was about to do. 2053 01:58:35,433 --> 01:58:37,642 {\an1}"I must protest," he wrote, 2054 01:58:37,666 --> 01:58:41,909 "so that the whole world hears my protest." 2055 01:58:41,933 --> 01:58:44,809 {\an1}Ushered into the office of a junior German official 2056 01:58:44,833 --> 01:58:46,942 named Ernst Vom Rath, 2057 01:58:46,966 --> 01:58:49,376 Grynszpan pulled out his pistol, 2058 01:58:49,400 --> 01:58:51,609 shouted that he was acting in the name 2059 01:58:51,633 --> 01:58:54,309 of all Jews deported from Germany, 2060 01:58:54,333 --> 01:58:59,442 {\an1}and fired 5 times, hitting his target in the stomach. 2061 01:58:59,466 --> 01:59:03,366 {\an1}Rath would die two days later on November 9th. 2062 01:59:05,866 --> 01:59:10,442 {\an1}Grynszpan was arrested and disappeared. 2063 01:59:10,466 --> 01:59:12,842 [Drumming] 2064 01:59:12,866 --> 01:59:16,842 Nazi leaders saw a golden opportunity. 2065 01:59:16,866 --> 01:59:19,542 Goebbels instructed the German press 2066 01:59:19,566 --> 01:59:21,542 to denounce the assassination 2067 01:59:21,566 --> 01:59:24,676 as a deliberate attack by "world Jewry" 2068 01:59:24,700 --> 01:59:26,809 that would result in what he called 2069 01:59:26,833 --> 01:59:30,066 {\an1}the "heaviest consequences" for German Jews. 2070 01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:34,176 Hitler ordered up a massive, coordinated, 2071 01:59:34,200 --> 01:59:38,309 {\an1}physical assault on Jews in hundreds of communities 2072 01:59:38,333 --> 01:59:41,342 aimed at forcing as many of them as possible 2073 01:59:41,366 --> 01:59:43,876 {\an1}to flee their country. 2074 01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:47,642 It was staged as a spontaneous uprising, 2075 01:59:47,666 --> 01:59:50,909 so some Stormtroopers and members of the Gestapo 2076 01:59:50,933 --> 01:59:54,876 {\an1}wore civilian clothes as they attacked Jewish homes, 2077 01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:58,076 shops, synagogues, cemeteries, 2078 01:59:58,100 --> 02:00:01,176 and any Jews they happened upon. 2079 02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:02,866 [Distant shouts] 2080 02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:10,142 {\an1}Schoolchildren were encouraged to join in. 2081 02:00:10,166 --> 02:00:15,042 {\an1}Firemen stood by and allowed Jewish properties to burn. 2082 02:00:15,066 --> 02:00:18,542 The police protected only shops and homes 2083 02:00:18,566 --> 02:00:21,209 {\an1}owned by so-called Aryans. 2084 02:00:21,233 --> 02:00:23,309 [Glass shatters] 2085 02:00:23,333 --> 02:00:27,342 {\an1}It would be remembered as the Night of Broken Glass... 2086 02:00:27,366 --> 02:00:29,300 Kristallnacht. 2087 02:00:31,433 --> 02:00:33,076 Susan Hilsenrath: I was 9 years old, 2088 02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:37,309 {\an1}and my brother and I were sleeping in our bedroom. 2089 02:00:37,333 --> 02:00:40,076 {\an7}Maybe it was around 11:00. 2090 02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:45,109 {\an8}And all of a sudden some bricks and rocks 2091 02:00:45,133 --> 02:00:48,109 {\an8}were being thrown through our window. 2092 02:00:48,133 --> 02:00:49,709 {\an7}And I was really scared, 2093 02:00:49,733 --> 02:00:52,042 {\an7}and I covered myself up with a blanket. 2094 02:00:52,066 --> 02:00:54,842 {\an1}And my brother, who was a year younger than I am, 2095 02:00:54,866 --> 02:00:58,342 went to the window, and he pulled himself up, 2096 02:00:58,366 --> 02:01:00,276 and he looked outside and he said, 2097 02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:04,209 {\an1}"Suzie, it is our neighbors that are throwing 2098 02:01:04,233 --> 02:01:06,676 the bricks and rocks through the window." 2099 02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,376 Then we were in our parents' bedroom, 2100 02:01:09,400 --> 02:01:14,009 and we were all huddled together trying to decide what to do. 2101 02:01:14,033 --> 02:01:16,276 {\an1}Then they were carrying this lamp post, 2102 02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:19,242 {\an1}and they smashed it through our front door 2103 02:01:19,266 --> 02:01:22,842 {\an1}which was made out of glass. 2104 02:01:22,866 --> 02:01:25,909 Narrator: In Berlin, 6-year-old Sol Messinger, 2105 02:01:25,933 --> 02:01:29,109 anxious about his absent father in Poland, 2106 02:01:29,133 --> 02:01:32,509 {\an1}huddled together with his mother in their apartment. 2107 02:01:32,533 --> 02:01:36,942 {\an1}Messinger: I saw that the synagogue had been burned. 2108 02:01:36,966 --> 02:01:41,742 {\an1}When I talk about it, I sort of can smell the smoke. 2109 02:01:41,766 --> 02:01:44,942 {\an7}This was the synagogue in which we had prayed, 2110 02:01:44,966 --> 02:01:48,742 {\an8}where my father used to take me on Shabbat, 2111 02:01:48,766 --> 02:01:54,276 {\an7}and... and there it was smoldering. 2112 02:01:54,300 --> 02:01:58,609 Narrator: The Germans destroyed 1,400 synagogues 2113 02:01:58,633 --> 02:02:01,376 and other Jewish religious sites, 2114 02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:06,509 {\an1}wrecked and looted some 7,500 Jewish-owned businesses, 2115 02:02:06,533 --> 02:02:09,042 {\an1}murdered at least 91 people, 2116 02:02:09,066 --> 02:02:12,776 and drove another 300 to kill themselves. 2117 02:02:12,800 --> 02:02:17,300 {\an1}Many more were beaten, raped, humiliated. 2118 02:02:18,800 --> 02:02:22,342 {\an1}Susan Hilsenrath: I saw the rabbi on his veranda. 2119 02:02:22,366 --> 02:02:25,676 {\an1}And two SS men, I guess that's what they were, 2120 02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:28,376 they were holding him by the arms. 2121 02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:32,209 {\an1}And another one came along and cut off his beard. 2122 02:02:32,233 --> 02:02:35,176 {\an1}And that was a very shocking thing to me at the time 2123 02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:39,676 {\an1}because it was a symbol that he was the rabbi. 2124 02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:42,609 {\an1}And it was very shocking that anybody could do 2125 02:02:42,633 --> 02:02:45,876 such a thing to the rabbi of our town. 2126 02:02:45,900 --> 02:02:48,642 My father had saved some money. 2127 02:02:48,666 --> 02:02:50,409 He had saved it under the mattress 2128 02:02:50,433 --> 02:02:52,242 because at that time 2129 02:02:52,266 --> 02:02:54,409 {\an1}Jewish people couldn't keep their money in the bank. 2130 02:02:54,433 --> 02:02:56,842 {\an1}So he gave me the money and he told me to put it 2131 02:02:56,866 --> 02:03:00,009 in my underwear, in my underpants. 2132 02:03:00,033 --> 02:03:02,576 {\an1}So he figured that if anything should happen, 2133 02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:05,076 {\an1}they're not going to look in the little girl's underwear 2134 02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:07,976 to see if there was any money. 2135 02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:11,409 {\an1}Narrator: The Nazis rounded up some 30,000 Jewish men 2136 02:03:11,433 --> 02:03:12,976 all across Germany 2137 02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:15,309 {\an1}and marched them through jeering crowds 2138 02:03:15,333 --> 02:03:18,976 {\an1}to trucks and buses that carried them to Dachau 2139 02:03:19,000 --> 02:03:21,909 {\an1}and to newly-constructed concentration camps 2140 02:03:21,933 --> 02:03:25,376 at Sachsenhausen and Buchenwald. 2141 02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:29,376 {\an1}There, they were crowded together, beaten, starved, 2142 02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:31,909 and allowed out only if they signed over 2143 02:03:31,933 --> 02:03:34,076 all their property to the state 2144 02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:36,933 and agreed to leave the country. 2145 02:03:41,366 --> 02:03:43,909 {\an1}Susan Hilsenrath: Before the Night of the Broken Glass, 2146 02:03:43,933 --> 02:03:47,842 my father wanted to stay in Germany, 2147 02:03:47,866 --> 02:03:52,842 {\an1}but my mother was always wanting to come to the United States 2148 02:03:52,866 --> 02:03:55,242 {\an1}because she had heard such wonderful things 2149 02:03:55,266 --> 02:03:57,576 {\an1}about the United States. 2150 02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,009 {\an1}But after the Night of the Broken Glass, 2151 02:04:00,033 --> 02:04:02,476 both of them wanted to get out, 2152 02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:07,033 {\an1}and I think all of the Jews in Germany wanted to get out. 2153 02:04:08,533 --> 02:04:14,442 {\an7}It was the primary goal was to get to the United States, 2154 02:04:14,466 --> 02:04:17,142 {\an8}represented by the Statue of Liberty. 2155 02:04:17,166 --> 02:04:20,576 As a child, I heard about the Statue of Liberty. 2156 02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:23,676 {\an1}I heard what it stands for. 2157 02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,633 It was the goal. 2158 02:04:33,866 --> 02:04:37,342 {\an7}Man as Frank: What can one say in times like these? 2159 02:04:37,366 --> 02:04:40,142 {\an1}We have to be grateful for what we still have 2160 02:04:40,166 --> 02:04:42,842 and not give up hope. 2161 02:04:42,866 --> 02:04:45,342 It is miserably cold here, too, 2162 02:04:45,366 --> 02:04:47,142 and we think constantly of those 2163 02:04:47,166 --> 02:04:51,533 {\an1}who, unlike ourselves, have no warm place to stay. 2164 02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:54,333 Otto Frank. 2165 02:04:56,500 --> 02:04:59,642 {\an1}Narrator: Otto and Edith Frank had been living comfortably 2166 02:04:59,666 --> 02:05:02,976 in Amsterdam for over 4 years now. 2167 02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,642 {\an1}He had established a successful business. 2168 02:05:05,666 --> 02:05:09,276 {\an1}Their eldest daughter Margot was doing well in school. 2169 02:05:09,300 --> 02:05:12,700 So was her younger sister Annelies. 2170 02:05:15,900 --> 02:05:17,942 {\an1}But after Kristallnacht, 2171 02:05:17,966 --> 02:05:20,342 a flood of new Jewish refugees 2172 02:05:20,366 --> 02:05:22,342 poured across the German border, 2173 02:05:22,366 --> 02:05:24,709 bringing with them horror stories 2174 02:05:24,733 --> 02:05:27,300 {\an1}of what they'd been through. 2175 02:05:28,900 --> 02:05:33,709 {\an1}Seeking to put still more distance between his family and the Nazis, 2176 02:05:33,733 --> 02:05:38,142 {\an1}Otto Frank traveled to the U.S. consulate in Rotterdam 2177 02:05:38,166 --> 02:05:41,042 and added his name to the ever-growing list 2178 02:05:41,066 --> 02:05:45,209 {\an1}of Jews from Greater Germany and Czechoslovakia 2179 02:05:45,233 --> 02:05:49,366 hoping somehow to escape to America. 2180 02:05:59,233 --> 02:06:07,233 ♪ 2181 02:06:55,666 --> 02:06:58,342 {\an1}Announcer: Next time, on "The U.S. and the Holocaust"... 2182 02:06:58,366 --> 02:06:59,776 [Glass shatters] 2183 02:06:59,800 --> 02:07:02,209 a desperate exodus from Europe... 2184 02:07:02,233 --> 02:07:04,642 {\an1}Hayes: At every American consulate in Germany, 2185 02:07:04,666 --> 02:07:06,809 {\an1}there were Jews seeking refuge. 2186 02:07:06,833 --> 02:07:09,309 Announcer: a call for American isolation... 2187 02:07:09,333 --> 02:07:12,376 The isolationists, the antisemites 2188 02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:14,209 {\an1}come out of the woodwork. 2189 02:07:14,233 --> 02:07:16,009 Announcer: and behind enemy lines, 2190 02:07:16,033 --> 02:07:18,042 {\an1}the unthinkable begins... 2191 02:07:18,066 --> 02:07:20,442 Mendelsohn: As it was happening to us, 2192 02:07:20,466 --> 02:07:22,076 {\an1}we couldn't believe it. 2193 02:07:22,100 --> 02:07:23,642 {\an1}Announcer: when "The U.S. and the Holocaust" 2194 02:07:23,666 --> 02:07:25,066 continues next time. 2195 02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:27,642 Announcer: Stream the full series, 2196 02:07:27,666 --> 02:07:29,176 go behind the scenes, 2197 02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:31,676 {\an1}and learn how to bring "The U.S. and the Holocaust" 2198 02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:33,942 {\an1}into the classroom by visiting 2199 02:07:33,966 --> 02:07:36,909 pbs.org/holocaust 2200 02:07:36,933 --> 02:07:40,076 or the PBS video app. 2201 02:07:40,100 --> 02:07:42,042 To order "The U.S. and the Holocaust" 2202 02:07:42,066 --> 02:07:43,842 on DVD or Blu-ray, 2203 02:07:43,866 --> 02:07:45,909 visit shopPBS or call 2204 02:07:45,933 --> 02:07:48,109 1-800-PLAY-PBS. 2205 02:07:48,133 --> 02:07:50,576 {\an1}A CD of original music from the series 2206 02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:52,376 is also available. 2207 02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:54,042 {\an1}"The U.S. and the Holocaust" 2208 02:07:54,066 --> 02:07:57,076 is also available with PBS Passport 2209 02:07:57,100 --> 02:07:59,376 {\an1}and on Amazon Prime Video. 2210 02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:07,400 ♪ 2211 02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:44,933 ♪