1 00:00:01,020 --> 00:00:06,220 (INTENSE MUSIC PLAYS) 2 00:00:07,380 --> 00:00:10,020 (TOOL BUZZES) 3 00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:14,340 MARC FENNELL: What is the biggest diamond you've ever seen? 4 00:00:14,340 --> 00:00:14,580 MARC FENNELL: What is the biggest Like, give me, like, a finger size. 5 00:00:14,580 --> 00:00:16,020 Like, give me, like, a finger size. 6 00:00:16,020 --> 00:00:17,740 It's small. Oh, it's very small. 7 00:00:17,740 --> 00:00:17,980 It's small. Very small? 8 00:00:17,980 --> 00:00:18,740 Very small? 9 00:00:18,740 --> 00:00:18,980 Just a small one. Very small? 10 00:00:18,980 --> 00:00:20,420 Just a small one. Small one. 11 00:00:20,420 --> 00:00:20,660 Just a small one. What would you do with a diamond 12 00:00:20,660 --> 00:00:23,740 What would you do with a diamond 13 00:00:23,740 --> 00:00:25,420 this size? 14 00:00:25,420 --> 00:00:27,540 Ooh, jeez. (WHISTLES) 15 00:00:27,540 --> 00:00:28,620 That's big. 16 00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:28,860 Cut it. Cut it. That's big. 17 00:00:28,860 --> 00:00:30,580 Cut it. Cut it. 18 00:00:30,580 --> 00:00:32,100 I love your face, like, "Cut that thing!" 19 00:00:32,100 --> 00:00:32,340 I love your face, like, "Cut that thing!" (ALL LAUGH) 20 00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:33,340 (ALL LAUGH) 21 00:00:33,340 --> 00:00:36,020 Do you know what that's a replica of? 22 00:00:36,980 --> 00:00:38,300 The Cullinan diamond. 23 00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:38,540 The Cullinan. The Cullinan diamond. 24 00:00:38,540 --> 00:00:39,660 The Cullinan. The Cullinan. 25 00:00:39,660 --> 00:00:39,900 The Cullinan. Do you know where the real one is? 26 00:00:39,900 --> 00:00:42,140 Do you know where the real one is? 27 00:00:42,140 --> 00:00:43,780 It's in England. 28 00:00:43,780 --> 00:00:45,300 On the crown. 29 00:00:46,260 --> 00:00:49,540 How much do you know about the Cullinan diamond, where it came from? 30 00:00:50,860 --> 00:00:53,460 (THEME MUSIC PLAYS) 31 00:00:53,460 --> 00:00:54,820 TUMI BOPAPE: For me, 32 00:00:54,820 --> 00:00:57,780 nothing about the discovery of the diamond was fair. 33 00:00:57,780 --> 00:00:58,700 Absolutely nothing. 34 00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:01,900 It was gifted by the government of the time. 35 00:01:01,900 --> 00:01:03,380 A fair price was paid, 36 00:01:03,380 --> 00:01:05,380 and that's it. 37 00:01:05,380 --> 00:01:05,580 DARREL BLAKE: The Cullinan diamond and that's it. 38 00:01:05,580 --> 00:01:06,860 DARREL BLAKE: The Cullinan diamond 39 00:01:06,860 --> 00:01:09,780 represents glory upon glory upon glory 40 00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:12,700 of the wealth that was taken from other nations. 41 00:01:12,700 --> 00:01:12,940 of the wealth that was taken from other nations. VUYO ZUNGULA: That diamond 42 00:01:12,940 --> 00:01:14,220 VUYO ZUNGULA: That diamond 43 00:01:14,220 --> 00:01:18,740 is a product of the subjugation of the people of this country. 44 00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:20,980 NEVILLE MOTLHABAKWE: Stolen goods, if you ask me. 45 00:01:20,980 --> 00:01:22,500 If you look at it now, 46 00:01:22,500 --> 00:01:23,860 it's gross! 47 00:01:30,780 --> 00:01:33,860 In the days of the British Empire, things were taken. 48 00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:39,140 They now live in museums, galleries and some much stranger places. 49 00:01:39,140 --> 00:01:40,380 I'm Marc Fennell, 50 00:01:40,380 --> 00:01:44,140 and this is the story of how they really got there. 51 00:01:44,140 --> 00:01:44,380 and this is the story (CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) 52 00:01:44,380 --> 00:01:45,700 (CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS) 53 00:01:57,780 --> 00:02:00,500 ARCHIVE REPORTER: All eyes were on this moment. 54 00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:05,460 Two hours of ceremony and tradition dating back thousands of years. 55 00:02:05,460 --> 00:02:05,700 Two hours of ceremony and tradition In 2023 56 00:02:05,700 --> 00:02:06,780 In 2023 57 00:02:06,780 --> 00:02:09,260 millions of eyes were on this cathedral 58 00:02:09,260 --> 00:02:11,180 as King Charles was crowned. 59 00:02:11,180 --> 00:02:13,740 And in the streets crowds clamouring 60 00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:16,580 for a glimpse of King Charles III and Queen Camilla. 61 00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:16,860 Rooted in long-standing traditions and pageantry, for a glimpse of King Charles III and Queen Camilla. 62 00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:20,620 Rooted in long-standing traditions and pageantry, 63 00:02:20,620 --> 00:02:20,860 Rooted in long-standing traditions the coronation was a big success. 64 00:02:20,860 --> 00:02:22,740 the coronation was a big success. 65 00:02:22,740 --> 00:02:22,940 the coronation was a big success. (CHEERING) 66 00:02:22,940 --> 00:02:25,180 (CHEERING) 67 00:02:25,180 --> 00:02:29,460 And it looked like the entire United Kingdom lined the streets. 68 00:02:30,340 --> 00:02:33,700 Well, not quite everyone. 69 00:02:34,660 --> 00:02:36,900 DARREL BLAKE: I could stomach it for about 10 minutes 70 00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:38,660 and then I had to stop. 71 00:02:38,660 --> 00:02:41,060 I didn't like the ceremony at all. 72 00:02:41,060 --> 00:02:42,780 Marc. How are you? 73 00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:45,300 I'm very well. How are you doing? I'm good. Thank you for having me. 74 00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:46,140 Welcome to London, 75 00:02:46,140 --> 00:02:49,820 but, most importantly, welcome to Westminster Abbey. 76 00:02:49,820 --> 00:02:50,060 My guide today but, most importantly, welcome to Westminster Abbey. 77 00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:51,580 My guide today 78 00:02:51,580 --> 00:02:51,820 My guide today one-star review of the coronation 79 00:02:51,820 --> 00:02:54,460 and the owner of that one-star review of the coronation 80 00:02:54,460 --> 00:02:54,700 and the owner of that one-star review of the coronation is Darrel Blake, 81 00:02:54,700 --> 00:02:55,700 is Darrel Blake, 82 00:02:55,700 --> 00:02:58,980 a researcher and expert on London's Black history. 83 00:02:58,980 --> 00:02:59,220 a researcher But, to be honest, 84 00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:00,420 But, to be honest, 85 00:03:00,420 --> 00:03:02,900 this place, Westminster Abbey, 86 00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:03,140 where monarchs are crowned this place, Westminster Abbey, 87 00:03:03,140 --> 00:03:05,580 where monarchs are crowned and farewelled, 88 00:03:05,580 --> 00:03:08,180 it's not particularly known for its connection 89 00:03:08,180 --> 00:03:08,420 it's not particularly known to Britain's African history. 90 00:03:08,420 --> 00:03:10,900 to Britain's African history. 91 00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,820 Until you look a little closer. 92 00:03:15,020 --> 00:03:18,180 This is a young Queen Elizabeth II. 93 00:03:18,180 --> 00:03:18,420 The main centrepiece This is a young Queen Elizabeth II. 94 00:03:18,420 --> 00:03:20,740 The main centrepiece for the coronation 95 00:03:20,740 --> 00:03:20,980 The main centrepiece was the Cullinan diamond. 96 00:03:20,980 --> 00:03:22,260 was the Cullinan diamond. 97 00:03:22,260 --> 00:03:26,780 The Cullinan diamond is a group of diamonds. There's nine of them. 98 00:03:26,780 --> 00:03:29,100 Here at the top of the royal sceptre 99 00:03:29,100 --> 00:03:31,460 is the Great Star of Africa. 100 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:32,820 That's Cullinan diamond one. 101 00:03:32,820 --> 00:03:35,220 And then number two is this one here 102 00:03:35,220 --> 00:03:37,260 on the Imperial Crown. 103 00:03:39,580 --> 00:03:43,260 The coronation of King Charles wearing the Cullinan diamond, 104 00:03:43,260 --> 00:03:44,500 it breaks my heart to see it 105 00:03:44,500 --> 00:03:46,700 because what the Empire represents 106 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:48,820 is nothing but pillaging 107 00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:51,540 and taking over people's lands and stealing their resources. 108 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:57,100 And the diamond, a raw natural resource, was taken from the earth. 109 00:03:57,100 --> 00:04:00,340 And now it's worth over £1 billion. 110 00:04:00,340 --> 00:04:01,660 Where does that money go? 111 00:04:01,660 --> 00:04:03,860 It goes here to Britain. 112 00:04:07,060 --> 00:04:09,620 When we walk around the City of London, 113 00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:12,740 it's a reminder of all the wealth that Britain has. 114 00:04:15,060 --> 00:04:19,020 And it's about the wealth that they've taken from other nations. 115 00:04:19,020 --> 00:04:19,260 And it's about the wealth that Looking around London, 116 00:04:19,260 --> 00:04:21,500 Looking around London, 117 00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:24,500 I see blood. 118 00:04:24,500 --> 00:04:30,140 So, is the Cullinan the world's largest blood diamond? 119 00:04:30,140 --> 00:04:32,740 Well, the answers start here. 120 00:04:32,740 --> 00:04:35,260 (EPIC MUSIC PLAYS) 121 00:04:36,420 --> 00:04:38,620 This is South Africa. 122 00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:38,860 This is South Africa. Deep underground is where you need to go 123 00:04:38,860 --> 00:04:41,940 Deep underground is where you need to go 124 00:04:41,940 --> 00:04:45,540 to find where the story of that precious gem begins. 125 00:04:47,940 --> 00:04:50,980 (SOMBRE MUSIC PLAYS) 126 00:04:54,740 --> 00:04:57,900 This is a diamond mine. 127 00:04:59,140 --> 00:05:01,180 The year is 1905, 128 00:05:01,180 --> 00:05:04,660 and a manager at a mine just like this is doing a routine inspection. 129 00:05:07,020 --> 00:05:09,620 And then something catches his eye. 130 00:05:09,620 --> 00:05:12,140 It's a glint of light above him. 131 00:05:12,140 --> 00:05:12,380 Now, he thinks it's a joke, It's a glint of light above him. 132 00:05:12,380 --> 00:05:14,260 Now, he thinks it's a joke, he thinks that his colleagues 133 00:05:14,260 --> 00:05:15,780 have just hammered a piece of glass in there 134 00:05:15,780 --> 00:05:16,020 have just hammered to, you know, play a joke on him. 135 00:05:16,020 --> 00:05:17,220 to, you know, play a joke on him. 136 00:05:17,220 --> 00:05:19,140 But, just to be sure, 137 00:05:19,140 --> 00:05:22,900 he pulls out a pocket knife and he starts digging around it. 138 00:05:22,900 --> 00:05:26,580 And the story goes is that the pocket knife snaps. 139 00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:30,660 When they eventually dug out that diamond, 140 00:05:30,660 --> 00:05:30,900 When they eventually it was unbelievably clear. 141 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:32,500 it was unbelievably clear. 142 00:05:32,500 --> 00:05:34,140 It was also massive. 143 00:05:34,140 --> 00:05:34,380 We're talking about It was also massive. 144 00:05:34,380 --> 00:05:37,020 We're talking about the size of a fist. 145 00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:41,500 And that mine was owned by a man, Thomas Cullinan, 146 00:05:41,500 --> 00:05:45,620 hence how the diamond, the largest of its kind ever found in the world, 147 00:05:45,620 --> 00:05:45,860 hence how the diamond, the largest would come to be known. 148 00:05:45,860 --> 00:05:47,140 would come to be known. 149 00:05:48,100 --> 00:05:50,980 But how does a South African diamond 150 00:05:50,980 --> 00:05:53,940 end up in the hands of the British Royal Family? 151 00:05:53,940 --> 00:05:55,900 Well, to answer that 152 00:05:55,900 --> 00:05:57,420 you have to go back to a time 153 00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:01,500 before South Africa became South Africa. 154 00:06:01,500 --> 00:06:03,220 (HUBBUB) 155 00:06:03,220 --> 00:06:04,700 For thousands of years 156 00:06:04,700 --> 00:06:06,820 many distinct communities of African people 157 00:06:06,820 --> 00:06:07,060 many distinct communities lived on this part of the continent 158 00:06:07,060 --> 00:06:09,300 lived on this part of the continent 159 00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:12,340 until a ship ran aground 160 00:06:12,340 --> 00:06:12,580 off the coast of southern Africa until a ship ran aground 161 00:06:12,580 --> 00:06:15,660 off the coast of southern Africa in 1647. 162 00:06:15,660 --> 00:06:15,900 off the coast of southern Africa And, no, it was not the British. 163 00:06:15,900 --> 00:06:18,540 And, no, it was not the British. 164 00:06:18,540 --> 00:06:21,300 It was actually another global superpower - 165 00:06:21,300 --> 00:06:21,540 It was actually the Dutch. 166 00:06:21,540 --> 00:06:23,340 the Dutch. 167 00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:28,540 Tim! 168 00:06:28,540 --> 00:06:28,780 Tim! Nice to meet you. I'm Marc. 169 00:06:28,780 --> 00:06:30,660 Nice to meet you. I'm Marc. 170 00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,900 Nice to meet you. Thank you so much for meeting me. 171 00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:31,980 Thank you so much for meeting me. 172 00:06:31,980 --> 00:06:34,100 This is Tim Forssman, 173 00:06:34,100 --> 00:06:34,300 an archaeologist This is Tim Forssman, 174 00:06:34,300 --> 00:06:35,420 an archaeologist 175 00:06:35,420 --> 00:06:35,660 an archaeologist and expert on the colonisation of Africa. 176 00:06:35,660 --> 00:06:38,580 and expert on the colonisation of Africa. 177 00:06:38,580 --> 00:06:38,860 and expert on the colonisation of Africa. The first Dutch settlement came in 1652, 178 00:06:38,860 --> 00:06:41,580 The first Dutch settlement came in 1652, 179 00:06:41,580 --> 00:06:41,820 The first Dutch settlement arriving in what is now Cape Town. 180 00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:43,460 arriving in what is now Cape Town. 181 00:06:43,460 --> 00:06:44,700 The settlement expanded, 182 00:06:44,700 --> 00:06:46,980 the establishment of farming, agriculture. 183 00:06:46,980 --> 00:06:49,500 There was a castle, a fort, that was established, 184 00:06:49,500 --> 00:06:51,220 and, so, this began to grow. 185 00:06:52,180 --> 00:06:55,740 The early, mostly Dutch colony did grow 186 00:06:55,740 --> 00:06:55,980 The early, mostly Dutch colony right up until these guys arrived. 187 00:06:55,980 --> 00:06:59,060 right up until these guys arrived. 188 00:07:00,460 --> 00:07:02,300 At about the early 1800s, 189 00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:05,460 there's a period of turmoil around southern Africa. 190 00:07:05,460 --> 00:07:10,940 And ultimately it was the British Empire that took control of the cape. 191 00:07:10,940 --> 00:07:13,460 However, a lot of the Dutch living in that region 192 00:07:13,460 --> 00:07:15,340 were very displeased by this, 193 00:07:15,340 --> 00:07:15,580 which led to people fleeing were very displeased by this, 194 00:07:15,580 --> 00:07:17,420 which led to people fleeing into different areas. 195 00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:22,780 And, so, they set off to find new land on this vast continent. 196 00:07:22,780 --> 00:07:23,060 This is a period known as the Great Trek, And, so, they set off to find new land on this vast continent. 197 00:07:23,060 --> 00:07:25,060 This is a period known as the Great Trek, 198 00:07:25,060 --> 00:07:29,260 and this trek of people went into the interior. 199 00:07:29,260 --> 00:07:29,540 and this trek of people went into the interior. Several family lines settled in these different districts 200 00:07:29,540 --> 00:07:31,860 Several family lines settled in these different districts 201 00:07:31,860 --> 00:07:34,100 and started farming, set up cities. 202 00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:38,100 And, so, that was this big and initial settlement of white people 203 00:07:38,100 --> 00:07:39,420 in the interior of South Africa. 204 00:07:40,380 --> 00:07:43,020 They became known as the Boers. 205 00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:44,660 'Boer' is Dutch for 'farmer', 206 00:07:44,660 --> 00:07:46,140 and they were deeply religious 207 00:07:46,140 --> 00:07:48,140 and eventually set up their own republics... 208 00:07:49,180 --> 00:07:53,260 ..often in conflict with their British neighbours. 209 00:07:53,260 --> 00:07:53,540 ..often in conflict with their British neighbours. It was a period of interplay between these two, 210 00:07:53,540 --> 00:07:56,140 It was a period of interplay between these two, 211 00:07:56,140 --> 00:07:59,620 the British imperial forces on the one side and the Boer republics. 212 00:07:59,620 --> 00:08:01,860 And then there's the colonial enterprise, you know, 213 00:08:01,860 --> 00:08:02,100 And then there's driving into these new territories, 214 00:08:02,100 --> 00:08:03,380 driving into these new territories, 215 00:08:03,380 --> 00:08:06,180 taking them over and establishing larger colonies. 216 00:08:06,180 --> 00:08:08,540 This grew, it worsened, tension arose, 217 00:08:08,540 --> 00:08:08,780 This grew, and that just gradually escalated. 218 00:08:08,780 --> 00:08:10,180 and that just gradually escalated. 219 00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:13,460 So, at that stage, it was a very tumultuous place. 220 00:08:14,420 --> 00:08:17,700 And this place was about to get a whole lot more tumultuous. 221 00:08:19,100 --> 00:08:21,540 All because of this - 222 00:08:21,540 --> 00:08:23,100 diamonds. 223 00:08:23,100 --> 00:08:26,660 (MACHINE CLANKS) 224 00:08:26,660 --> 00:08:26,860 This big hole (MACHINE CLANKS) 225 00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:28,620 This big hole 226 00:08:28,620 --> 00:08:32,540 is actually South Africa's very first diamond mine in Kimberley. 227 00:08:32,540 --> 00:08:32,820 is actually South Africa's very first diamond mine in Kimberley. And, yes, they really do call it The Big Hole. 228 00:08:32,820 --> 00:08:35,940 And, yes, they really do call it The Big Hole. 229 00:08:35,940 --> 00:08:38,060 This is so much bigger than I imagined. 230 00:08:38,060 --> 00:08:38,300 This is so much bigger Oh, it's huge. 231 00:08:38,300 --> 00:08:39,580 Oh, it's huge. 232 00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:45,100 Is now a good time to tell you that I have a terrible fear of heights? 233 00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:48,740 Then you're very brave... 234 00:08:48,740 --> 00:08:50,340 (LAUGHS) ..to come this far. 235 00:08:50,340 --> 00:08:50,580 (LAUGHS) (LAUGHS) 236 00:08:50,580 --> 00:08:51,340 (LAUGHS) 237 00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:55,020 I have never felt less like a grown-up than this exact moment. 238 00:08:55,020 --> 00:08:58,020 Anyways, this is Tumi Bopape. 239 00:08:58,020 --> 00:09:00,260 She grew up here in Kimberley. 240 00:09:00,260 --> 00:09:02,980 And my dad is an ex-miner. 241 00:09:02,980 --> 00:09:05,980 Would this area exist as it does today 242 00:09:05,980 --> 00:09:06,220 Would this area exist without the discovery of diamonds? 243 00:09:06,220 --> 00:09:08,460 without the discovery of diamonds? 244 00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:08,700 The discovery of diamonds without the discovery of diamonds? 245 00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:11,860 The discovery of diamonds was the essence of Kimberley. 246 00:09:11,860 --> 00:09:12,100 The discovery of diamonds It was the essence of the community. 247 00:09:12,100 --> 00:09:15,500 It was the essence of the community. 248 00:09:16,460 --> 00:09:18,180 As soon as diamond gets discovered, 249 00:09:18,180 --> 00:09:22,220 they realise, "Listen, we've hit the jackpot. This is it." Right? 250 00:09:22,220 --> 00:09:22,460 they realise, "Listen, we've hit And people started... 251 00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:23,700 And people started... 252 00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:23,940 So, people came And people started... 253 00:09:23,940 --> 00:09:27,660 So, people came from all various areas of the world. 254 00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,020 The fact that diamonds were found here was such a big deal 255 00:09:33,020 --> 00:09:37,900 that Kimberley's actually built this weird oldy-world replica town 256 00:09:37,900 --> 00:09:41,460 as a tourist attraction to remember it all by. 257 00:09:41,460 --> 00:09:43,500 After discovery of diamond 258 00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:46,620 the landscape changed drastically. 259 00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:47,980 The discovery of diamond 260 00:09:47,980 --> 00:09:50,220 had anything and everything to do with land. 261 00:09:50,220 --> 00:09:53,660 And, obviously, power struggles come in. 262 00:09:53,660 --> 00:09:55,900 The ones in power made sure that their interest 263 00:09:55,900 --> 00:09:58,660 is really just to get 264 00:09:58,660 --> 00:10:03,980 as much of the diamonds or the resources at the time. 265 00:10:04,940 --> 00:10:10,020 It was a territorial struggle between the Boers and the British. 266 00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:12,060 They just had to get the resources, 267 00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:14,460 all the resources to themselves. 268 00:10:15,420 --> 00:10:19,180 And, so, with land and resources like diamonds on the line... 269 00:10:19,180 --> 00:10:19,420 And, so, with land and resources (BATTLE CRIES) 270 00:10:19,420 --> 00:10:20,180 (BATTLE CRIES) 271 00:10:20,180 --> 00:10:24,740 ..the British and the Boers, they go to battle. 272 00:10:24,740 --> 00:10:27,860 TIM FORSSMAN: The Boer War took place between 1899 and 1902. 273 00:10:27,860 --> 00:10:29,380 It was quite a brutal war, wasn't it? 274 00:10:29,380 --> 00:10:29,620 It was quite a brutal war, It was. Yeah. 275 00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:30,540 It was. Yeah. 276 00:10:30,540 --> 00:10:32,180 It was a very brutal war, 277 00:10:32,180 --> 00:10:35,660 a brutal war fought between an incredibly large... 278 00:10:35,660 --> 00:10:38,420 ..what became a very large, you know, army from the British 279 00:10:38,420 --> 00:10:40,580 and a small group of local people here 280 00:10:40,580 --> 00:10:40,820 and a small group that were living in this region. 281 00:10:40,820 --> 00:10:42,100 that were living in this region. 282 00:10:43,060 --> 00:10:48,460 And it led to quite a significant amount of deaths and destruction. 283 00:10:48,460 --> 00:10:51,940 At the time it was referred to as a 'white man's war'. 284 00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:54,900 There was an agreement between British and Boers 285 00:10:54,900 --> 00:10:58,740 that Black indigenous communities would not be involved in this war. 286 00:10:58,740 --> 00:11:00,220 But, of course, because it's in their lands, 287 00:11:00,220 --> 00:11:02,580 in their territories, around their communities, 288 00:11:02,580 --> 00:11:05,300 they absolutely would have been affected right from the very start. 289 00:11:05,300 --> 00:11:08,540 So, life would have become really tough for pretty much everyone. 290 00:11:08,540 --> 00:11:08,780 So, life would have become really (EXPLOSION) 291 00:11:08,780 --> 00:11:09,940 (EXPLOSION) 292 00:11:13,180 --> 00:11:18,100 The British began employing devastating scorched-earth tactics. 293 00:11:18,100 --> 00:11:21,620 And that was the destruction of all farmhouses. 294 00:11:21,620 --> 00:11:24,620 The destruction of all animals and crops as well. 295 00:11:24,620 --> 00:11:24,860 The destruction And incarceration in massive numbers 296 00:11:24,860 --> 00:11:27,100 And incarceration in massive numbers 297 00:11:27,100 --> 00:11:29,740 of Boer and Black women and children. 298 00:11:29,740 --> 00:11:29,980 of Boer and Black And it was in this period 299 00:11:29,980 --> 00:11:31,220 And it was in this period 300 00:11:31,220 --> 00:11:31,460 that the British created some of the very earliest concentration camps. And it was in this period 301 00:11:31,460 --> 00:11:36,020 that the British created some of the very earliest concentration camps. 302 00:11:37,420 --> 00:11:39,020 They're pretty bleak places. 303 00:11:39,020 --> 00:11:43,300 Poorly run, too little food, very bad hygiene. 304 00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:46,980 And there are stories of beatings, rapes, 305 00:11:46,980 --> 00:11:47,220 And there are stories people being fed broken glass. 306 00:11:47,220 --> 00:11:49,540 people being fed broken glass. 307 00:11:49,540 --> 00:11:49,780 Families were in these camps people being fed broken glass. 308 00:11:49,780 --> 00:11:52,980 Families were in these camps dying by the thousands. 309 00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:56,060 By the end of the war you had concentration camps for white people 310 00:11:56,060 --> 00:11:59,300 and concentration camps for Black people. 311 00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:01,380 The amount of people who died in white camps, 312 00:12:01,380 --> 00:12:03,900 we have a pretty good idea of how many that was. 313 00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:05,500 Bit the Black camps, it's an estimate. 314 00:12:06,460 --> 00:12:09,060 If we look at just the Boer people, 315 00:12:09,060 --> 00:12:09,300 they had 27,000 people die If we look at just the Boer people, 316 00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:12,620 they had 27,000 people die in the camps. 317 00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:16,100 At that stage 318 00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:16,340 that was estimated to be At that stage 319 00:12:16,340 --> 00:12:20,100 that was estimated to be around 10% of their population. 320 00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,180 So, 10% of a population of people dying within a two-year period 321 00:12:24,180 --> 00:12:24,420 So, 10% of a population of people is an incredible figure. 322 00:12:24,420 --> 00:12:26,220 is an incredible figure. 323 00:12:27,180 --> 00:12:28,940 How does the war end? 324 00:12:28,940 --> 00:12:31,820 The war ends 31 May 1902. 325 00:12:31,820 --> 00:12:34,500 The British, they squashed the Boer forces. 326 00:12:37,580 --> 00:12:40,140 This is the Boer War Memorial in Johannesburg. 327 00:12:40,140 --> 00:12:44,340 It's erected to commemorate the men, women and children 328 00:12:44,340 --> 00:12:45,660 that lost their lives during the war. 329 00:12:45,660 --> 00:12:45,900 that lost their lives It's amazing. 330 00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:48,140 It's amazing. 331 00:12:49,340 --> 00:12:51,260 You can see the names 332 00:12:51,260 --> 00:12:54,340 of various people who fought during the war, died during the war. 333 00:12:54,340 --> 00:12:59,420 This is to commemorate those actions and significant amount of deaths. 334 00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:04,540 Thousands are now dead, 335 00:13:04,540 --> 00:13:06,540 southern Africa is decimated, 336 00:13:06,540 --> 00:13:07,980 the Boers are crushed, 337 00:13:07,980 --> 00:13:10,620 and the British are now in charge. 338 00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,620 And then, three years after the end of this brutal war, 339 00:13:15,620 --> 00:13:15,860 And then, three years after the end someone comes out of a British mine 340 00:13:15,860 --> 00:13:18,100 someone comes out of a British mine 341 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:21,340 on land that used to be controlled by the Boers, 342 00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:25,620 and they're holding this massive diamond - 343 00:13:25,620 --> 00:13:27,100 the Cullinan. 344 00:13:30,820 --> 00:13:34,100 I'm at a diamond-cutting school in Johannesburg. 345 00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:34,340 I'm at a diamond-cutting school (MACHINES BUZZ) 346 00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:38,220 (MACHINES BUZZ) 347 00:13:38,220 --> 00:13:44,260 How big a deal was it when a diamond this size was found here? 348 00:13:44,260 --> 00:13:46,700 It was totally groundbreaking 349 00:13:46,700 --> 00:13:48,740 from the point of view that 350 00:13:48,740 --> 00:13:52,580 it's the largest gem-quality diamond that had been found at the time, 351 00:13:52,580 --> 00:13:56,340 and since to this day is still the largest gem-quality diamond. 352 00:13:56,340 --> 00:13:56,580 and since to this day is still 3,106 carats. 353 00:13:56,580 --> 00:13:57,940 3,106 carats. 354 00:13:57,940 --> 00:13:58,140 3,106 carats. It's totally historical 355 00:13:58,140 --> 00:14:00,420 It's totally historical 356 00:14:00,420 --> 00:14:03,540 and nothing has been found that comes close to it. 357 00:14:03,540 --> 00:14:07,140 Neil Rademeyer, Alan Lowe and Howard Bell 358 00:14:07,140 --> 00:14:10,540 are some of South Africa's foremost experts in diamond valuation 359 00:14:10,540 --> 00:14:14,060 and the instructors of these young diamond polishers. 360 00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:23,540 (TOOL BUZZES) 361 00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:28,980 When you get a diamond, how do people evaluate it? 362 00:14:28,980 --> 00:14:31,500 What are you looking for in a good diamond? 363 00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:34,980 For me, I think the colour is, like, important. 364 00:14:34,980 --> 00:14:36,740 Yeah, the colour and the size. 365 00:14:36,740 --> 00:14:40,900 Good clarity, good colour and carat. 366 00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:42,260 So, the three Cs. 367 00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:46,780 Three most important things on the diamond when you're evaluating. 368 00:14:47,620 --> 00:14:51,060 Carat is basically the mass, or size, of a diamond. 369 00:14:51,060 --> 00:14:55,620 So, how does the Cullinan measure up on these three Cs? 370 00:14:55,620 --> 00:14:57,860 HOWARD BELL: It is so large. It is so unique. 371 00:14:57,860 --> 00:14:59,340 It's internally flawless. 372 00:14:59,340 --> 00:15:02,300 It is actually unfair, unreasonable 373 00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:03,980 and not right to put a value on it. 374 00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,620 It is absolutely priceless. 375 00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:09,660 Priceless, you say? 376 00:15:09,660 --> 00:15:14,700 Cullinan's diamond company was determined to sell the massive gem. 377 00:15:15,820 --> 00:15:18,300 The decision was made to send the diamond to England, 378 00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:20,100 where they thought it would fetch the best price. 379 00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,700 But how do you send one of the world's largest diamonds 380 00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:22,940 But how do you send halfway around the globe? 381 00:15:22,940 --> 00:15:24,380 halfway around the globe? 382 00:15:25,340 --> 00:15:27,780 Well, they loaded it up in a steamship in Cape Town, 383 00:15:27,780 --> 00:15:28,020 Well, they loaded it up they locked it in a captain's box 384 00:15:28,020 --> 00:15:29,740 they locked it in a captain's box 385 00:15:29,740 --> 00:15:32,740 surrounded by police guards armed to the teeth. 386 00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:35,340 Except they didn't. 387 00:15:35,340 --> 00:15:37,900 The diamond on that ship was a fake. 388 00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:39,420 The real one 389 00:15:39,420 --> 00:15:42,220 they packed in a parcel 390 00:15:42,220 --> 00:15:45,900 and they sent it in the post. 391 00:16:08,220 --> 00:16:10,580 (CHUCKLES) 392 00:16:11,780 --> 00:16:15,260 So, you got it? Yes! I have. 393 00:16:15,260 --> 00:16:17,500 Thank you very much. Uh... 394 00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:19,140 I don't get gifts often, so... 395 00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:22,900 Wow. 396 00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:24,220 Wow! 397 00:16:27,140 --> 00:16:28,780 (LAUGHS) Yes. 398 00:16:28,780 --> 00:16:29,020 (LAUGHS) Wow. 399 00:16:29,020 --> 00:16:29,980 Wow. 400 00:16:29,980 --> 00:16:30,220 This is the most speechless Wow. 401 00:16:30,220 --> 00:16:32,860 This is the most speechless I've ever seen you. 402 00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:33,100 This is the most speechless (LAUGHS) 403 00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:34,220 (LAUGHS) 404 00:16:34,220 --> 00:16:36,180 Because I... (SIGHS) 405 00:16:36,180 --> 00:16:37,740 How do I, um... (LAUGHS) 406 00:16:37,740 --> 00:16:37,980 How do I, um... Yes. Uh... 407 00:16:37,980 --> 00:16:39,140 Yes. Uh... 408 00:16:39,140 --> 00:16:39,380 Is it wild to you Yes. Uh... 409 00:16:39,380 --> 00:16:42,580 Is it wild to you that they sent it in the post? 410 00:16:42,580 --> 00:16:42,820 Is it wild to you Absolutely. 411 00:16:42,820 --> 00:16:43,580 Absolutely. 412 00:16:43,580 --> 00:16:48,180 Because if you know anything about the British postal system... 413 00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:51,540 (LAUGHS) ..things go missing quite often. 414 00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:55,180 So, the diamond arrived safe and sound. 415 00:16:55,180 --> 00:16:58,700 But what happened once it got to England? 416 00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,540 This place is Salisbury House. 417 00:17:11,540 --> 00:17:16,580 Salisbury House essentially was created in 1898 as a base and a hub 418 00:17:16,580 --> 00:17:20,100 for companies trading diamond and gold, 419 00:17:20,100 --> 00:17:23,420 and, essentially, the Cullinan diamond was brought here. 420 00:17:23,420 --> 00:17:23,700 Now, the company had an agent in this building, and, essentially, the Cullinan diamond was brought here. 421 00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,300 Now, the company had an agent in this building, 422 00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:27,540 and his job was to sell the diamond. in this building, 423 00:17:27,540 --> 00:17:29,780 and his job was to sell the diamond. 424 00:17:29,780 --> 00:17:29,980 and his job was to sell the diamond. How did he go with that? 425 00:17:29,980 --> 00:17:31,180 How did he go with that? 426 00:17:31,180 --> 00:17:34,820 Well, essentially, he spent two years trying to sell the diamond, 427 00:17:34,820 --> 00:17:36,060 and there was no joy. 428 00:17:36,060 --> 00:17:37,980 You would think in London it would be easy. 429 00:17:37,980 --> 00:17:38,220 You would think in London No. 430 00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:38,980 No. 431 00:17:38,980 --> 00:17:42,580 Why is it so hard to sell one of the world's largest diamonds? 432 00:17:43,540 --> 00:17:47,180 I think it's because the diamond was just too big and too pricey 433 00:17:47,180 --> 00:17:49,980 for the average wealthy person even in those days 434 00:17:49,980 --> 00:17:50,220 for the average wealthy person to own and to buy. 435 00:17:50,220 --> 00:17:51,540 to own and to buy. 436 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,780 At least for an individual to buy. 437 00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:56,020 But then Cullinan's mining company At least for an individual to buy. 438 00:17:56,020 --> 00:17:59,500 But then Cullinan's mining company got a surprising request. 439 00:17:59,500 --> 00:17:59,740 But then Cullinan's mining company The Boer government back in Africa... 440 00:17:59,740 --> 00:18:02,420 The Boer government back in Africa... 441 00:18:02,420 --> 00:18:05,220 Offered to buy the stone from Thomas Cullinan 442 00:18:05,220 --> 00:18:09,260 for, in those days, £150,000, 443 00:18:09,260 --> 00:18:12,500 which would translate to modern terms today 444 00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,580 somewhere in the region of $20 million. 445 00:18:15,580 --> 00:18:20,300 It was then that the Boer government does something very odd. 446 00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:20,540 It was then that the Boer government So, it was then suggested 447 00:18:20,540 --> 00:18:22,500 So, it was then suggested 448 00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:27,020 that the diamond be donated to the British Crown, 449 00:18:27,020 --> 00:18:29,420 at the time King Edward VII. 450 00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:32,940 The King accepted the diamond 451 00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:37,620 as, quote, "a token of the loyalty and attachment of the Boer people." 452 00:18:37,620 --> 00:18:37,860 as, quote, "a token of the loyalty The Cullinan is cut and polished 453 00:18:37,860 --> 00:18:40,100 The Cullinan is cut and polished 454 00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:41,620 into nine big pieces 455 00:18:41,620 --> 00:18:43,820 and 96 smaller ones. 456 00:18:43,820 --> 00:18:44,060 Allegedly, the jeweller and 96 smaller ones. 457 00:18:44,060 --> 00:18:47,900 Allegedly, the jeweller was so overwhelmed by the task 458 00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,580 he fainted when he struck the first blow. 459 00:18:50,580 --> 00:18:51,900 (CLANK!) (GASPS) 460 00:18:52,980 --> 00:18:55,900 They presented King Edward VII with the two pieces, 461 00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:58,900 which was Cullinan I, which was the 530 carat, 462 00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:03,100 and Cullinan II, which was 300 and something carats. 463 00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:03,340 and Cullinan II, (WHISPERS) Something big. 464 00:19:03,340 --> 00:19:04,100 (WHISPERS) Something big. 465 00:19:04,100 --> 00:19:04,340 Yeah. (WHISPERS) Something big. 466 00:19:04,340 --> 00:19:05,380 Yeah. Something impressive. 467 00:19:05,380 --> 00:19:07,180 Those two stones were presented to the King, 468 00:19:07,180 --> 00:19:07,420 Those two stones which he immediately announced 469 00:19:07,420 --> 00:19:08,700 which he immediately announced 470 00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:08,940 would go into what is now known which he immediately announced 471 00:19:08,940 --> 00:19:11,700 would go into what is now known as the Crown Jewels. 472 00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:11,940 (FANFARE) would go into what is now known as the Crown Jewels. 473 00:19:11,940 --> 00:19:15,700 (FANFARE) 474 00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:18,180 VOICEOVER: The orb, Imperial State Crown and sceptre. 475 00:19:18,180 --> 00:19:19,820 The sceptre has set in its head 476 00:19:19,820 --> 00:19:23,420 the flawless pear-shaped diamond Great Star of Africa. 477 00:19:23,420 --> 00:19:26,820 In the Imperial State Crown is the Second Star of Africa 478 00:19:26,820 --> 00:19:27,060 In the Imperial State Crown set in the centre of the headband. 479 00:19:27,060 --> 00:19:29,420 set in the centre of the headband. 480 00:19:32,420 --> 00:19:35,900 So, after a devastating war where thousands of Boer are killed 481 00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:39,500 in either battle or concentration camps, 482 00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:44,340 why did they gift this diamond to a British king? 483 00:19:44,340 --> 00:19:47,780 Ultimately, the Royal Family accepted the Cullinan diamond 484 00:19:47,780 --> 00:19:48,020 Ultimately, the Royal Family as a gift from a colony 485 00:19:48,020 --> 00:19:49,900 as a gift from a colony 486 00:19:49,900 --> 00:19:53,540 that they had been in conflict with about five years prior. 487 00:19:53,540 --> 00:19:55,980 So, it's kind of controversial in that sense. 488 00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:57,540 What's underneath that? (LAUGHS) 489 00:19:57,540 --> 00:20:00,060 Right? Because there's a lot of things about that that are just like, 490 00:20:00,060 --> 00:20:01,980 "I don't know if that makes a lot of sense." 491 00:20:01,980 --> 00:20:04,220 So, there's got to be something that sits underneath that. 492 00:20:04,220 --> 00:20:07,620 Yeah, you know, there has to be. There's obviously this interplay. 493 00:20:07,620 --> 00:20:07,860 Yeah, you know, there has to be. We've lost this war. 494 00:20:07,860 --> 00:20:09,740 We've lost this war. 495 00:20:09,740 --> 00:20:09,980 We're now kind of a newish colony We've lost this war. 496 00:20:09,980 --> 00:20:12,540 We're now kind of a newish colony in a sense. 497 00:20:12,540 --> 00:20:15,180 You know, let's curry favour a little bit. 498 00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:16,980 Let's show that we've kind of forgiven you 499 00:20:16,980 --> 00:20:19,500 for this massive destruction of our landscape. 500 00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,020 So, there are all these different elements 501 00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:23,780 that are at play in this scenario. 502 00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:26,340 But gifting the diamond 503 00:20:26,340 --> 00:20:29,220 wasn't just about forgiving the horrors of the past. 504 00:20:30,980 --> 00:20:36,020 The Boers and the British saw it as a tool to build a new future. 505 00:20:36,020 --> 00:20:36,260 The Boers and the British saw it These are the Union Buildings, 506 00:20:36,260 --> 00:20:38,500 These are the Union Buildings, 507 00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:41,460 the official seat of the South African government. 508 00:20:41,460 --> 00:20:41,700 the official seat Built in 1910, 509 00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:43,140 Built in 1910, 510 00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:46,500 these two wings you can see, they symbolise the unity 511 00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:48,060 between the Boers and the British 512 00:20:48,060 --> 00:20:51,980 as they come together to form the nation of South Africa. 513 00:20:51,980 --> 00:20:52,220 as they come together Thank you for meeting me. 514 00:20:52,220 --> 00:20:53,460 Thank you for meeting me. 515 00:20:53,460 --> 00:20:53,700 In a fairly august location too. Thank you for meeting me. 516 00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:56,060 In a fairly august location too. (LAUGHS) 517 00:20:56,060 --> 00:20:59,940 Vuyo Zungula is a member of parliament here 518 00:20:59,940 --> 00:21:04,620 and he's been fighting for years for social equality in South Africa. 519 00:21:06,380 --> 00:21:08,620 When people walk around here and they see this beautiful building 520 00:21:08,620 --> 00:21:11,380 that seems like a symbol of unity, 521 00:21:11,380 --> 00:21:15,100 what would you like them to know about the roots of that unity? 522 00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:15,340 what would you like them to know Yeah, no, look, it's a... 523 00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:16,980 Yeah, no, look, it's a... 524 00:21:16,980 --> 00:21:19,780 ..it's a unity that excludes. 525 00:21:19,780 --> 00:21:22,460 It's unity between two groups - the Boers and the British. 526 00:21:22,460 --> 00:21:22,700 It's unity between two groups - The Union Buildings, basically, 527 00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,060 The Union Buildings, basically, 528 00:21:25,060 --> 00:21:26,580 is a stark reminder 529 00:21:26,580 --> 00:21:29,980 that the Boers and the British got together and said, 530 00:21:29,980 --> 00:21:32,420 "Let's forget about fighting each other. 531 00:21:32,420 --> 00:21:36,660 "Let's work together, benefit from this land together as the settlers, 532 00:21:36,660 --> 00:21:40,340 "and let's just subjugate the indigenous people." 533 00:21:40,340 --> 00:21:44,900 How explicit was race in the treaty between the Boers and the British? 534 00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,100 Look, the race has always been a key factor 535 00:21:48,100 --> 00:21:49,740 in the sense that the Africans 536 00:21:49,740 --> 00:21:53,740 were basically not regarded as people at the same level. 537 00:21:53,740 --> 00:21:53,980 were basically not regarded (BATTLE CRIES, GUNFIRE) 538 00:21:53,980 --> 00:21:56,500 (BATTLE CRIES, GUNFIRE) 539 00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:56,740 At the end of the war with the Boers, (BATTLE CRIES, GUNFIRE) 540 00:21:56,740 --> 00:22:01,580 At the end of the war with the Boers, the British signed a peace treaty, 541 00:22:01,580 --> 00:22:05,340 and during negotiations they agreed on this very particular phrase - 542 00:22:05,340 --> 00:22:09,140 "The just predominance of the white race," 543 00:22:09,140 --> 00:22:11,900 and entwined into that relationship 544 00:22:11,900 --> 00:22:14,740 is the Cullinan diamond. 545 00:22:14,740 --> 00:22:18,260 When the diamond was given by the Boers over to the British, 546 00:22:18,260 --> 00:22:22,820 they had a term for it, they called it 'the gift to heal the rift'. 547 00:22:22,820 --> 00:22:24,620 When they are talking about healing the rift, 548 00:22:24,620 --> 00:22:26,300 it is healing the rift between them 549 00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:29,460 as the white groups in our country, the British and the Boers - 550 00:22:29,460 --> 00:22:29,700 as the white groups in our country, "Let's work together. 551 00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:30,980 "Let's work together. 552 00:22:30,980 --> 00:22:35,060 "Let's subjugate the millions of Black people" at the time. 553 00:22:39,340 --> 00:22:40,980 How do you guys feel 554 00:22:40,980 --> 00:22:45,300 about the fact that a diamond from your home, from South Africa, 555 00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:45,540 about the fact that a diamond is part of the Crown Jewels? 556 00:22:45,540 --> 00:22:47,860 is part of the Crown Jewels? 557 00:22:47,860 --> 00:22:49,660 I'm quite comfortable with it from the point of view 558 00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,420 that it was gifted by the government of the time, 559 00:22:52,420 --> 00:22:55,220 and that was their call at the time, 560 00:22:55,220 --> 00:22:57,620 and I don't have an issue with that. 561 00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,660 WAS it a gift? Of course not. 562 00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:07,380 And it depends from which side you're giving the story. 563 00:23:07,380 --> 00:23:12,540 Look, for me, nothing about the discovery of the diamond was fair. 564 00:23:12,540 --> 00:23:13,780 Absolutely nothing. 565 00:23:13,780 --> 00:23:17,220 It never belonged to the Boers and the British. 566 00:23:17,220 --> 00:23:17,460 It never belonged For me it's, "Whose land is it?" 567 00:23:17,460 --> 00:23:19,780 For me it's, "Whose land is it?" 568 00:23:20,740 --> 00:23:23,900 VUYO ZUNGULA: Before South Africa was colonised 569 00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:28,420 people were living in very, very profitable land. 570 00:23:28,420 --> 00:23:31,260 But the Boers and the British got together, 571 00:23:31,260 --> 00:23:33,940 they removed people from the rich lands 572 00:23:33,940 --> 00:23:36,660 and they dispossessed the land of our people 573 00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:39,620 for them to actually settle in their lands, 574 00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:41,180 whereby they could mine, they could farm 575 00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:44,100 and they could enjoy the wealth of the land. 576 00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:46,820 So, it's the same thing with the Cullinan diamond. 577 00:23:46,820 --> 00:23:47,060 So, it's the same thing That diamond was stolen. 578 00:23:47,060 --> 00:23:49,100 That diamond was stolen. 579 00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:53,380 What is true is that the owners of that particular diamond 580 00:23:53,380 --> 00:23:54,700 and the minerals of our country 581 00:23:54,700 --> 00:23:56,220 will always be natives. 582 00:23:56,220 --> 00:24:00,700 (CHEERING) 583 00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:00,940 When you see that diamond being used (CHEERING) 584 00:24:00,940 --> 00:24:05,460 When you see that diamond being used in the coronation of a new king, 585 00:24:05,460 --> 00:24:05,700 When you see that diamond being used images broadcast around the world... 586 00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:07,660 images broadcast around the world... 587 00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:08,660 Mm. 588 00:24:08,660 --> 00:24:08,900 ..and they're just wearing it - Mm. 589 00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:11,140 ..and they're just wearing it - it's on a sceptre, it's on a crown - 590 00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:12,620 how do YOU feel? 591 00:24:12,620 --> 00:24:13,620 (SIGHS) 592 00:24:13,620 --> 00:24:14,980 It's a joke. 593 00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:19,940 It's... It's a mockery to what we would call history. 594 00:24:19,940 --> 00:24:22,820 VOICEOVER: There are three and a half times more Black Africans 595 00:24:22,820 --> 00:24:23,060 VOICEOVER: There are three than there are white. 596 00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:24,300 than there are white. 597 00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:26,820 But the white man is determined to stay on top. 598 00:24:26,820 --> 00:24:29,340 The present government plans to maintain white supremacy 599 00:24:29,340 --> 00:24:29,580 The present government by apartheid. 600 00:24:29,580 --> 00:24:30,460 by apartheid. 601 00:24:31,420 --> 00:24:34,940 That foundational agreement between the Boers and the British, 602 00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:38,020 that the just predominance of the white race, 603 00:24:38,020 --> 00:24:40,740 that would eventually give birth to apartheid. 604 00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:46,260 Decades of racial segregation socially, economically, politically, 605 00:24:46,260 --> 00:24:48,860 right up until it ended in the 1990s. 606 00:24:51,020 --> 00:24:53,860 But its legacy is inescapable. 607 00:24:53,860 --> 00:24:54,100 Right near that diamond mine But its legacy is inescapable. 608 00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:56,500 Right near that diamond mine in Kimberley 609 00:24:56,500 --> 00:25:00,860 you'll find one of South Africa's oldest townships for non-whites - 610 00:25:00,860 --> 00:25:01,100 you'll find one of South Africa's Galeshewe. 611 00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:02,420 Galeshewe. 612 00:25:03,780 --> 00:25:06,740 NEVILLE MOTLHABAKWE: This man here is one of the chiefs, 613 00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:06,980 NEVILLE MOTLHABAKWE: Kgosi Galeshewe. 614 00:25:06,980 --> 00:25:08,220 Kgosi Galeshewe. 615 00:25:08,220 --> 00:25:10,420 Basically was the king around here. 616 00:25:10,420 --> 00:25:11,620 Oh, wow. 617 00:25:11,620 --> 00:25:13,020 The British didn't like him, 618 00:25:13,020 --> 00:25:16,180 and they sort of tried to push him off his land. 619 00:25:16,180 --> 00:25:16,420 and they sort of tried And then that's Ma Francis Baard. 620 00:25:16,420 --> 00:25:18,660 And then that's Ma Francis Baard. 621 00:25:18,660 --> 00:25:20,140 Mm-hm. A unionist. 622 00:25:20,140 --> 00:25:23,620 And then she rallied against apartheid, against discrimination, 623 00:25:23,620 --> 00:25:25,300 against being treated badly. 624 00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:27,860 Journalist Neville Motlhabakwe 625 00:25:27,860 --> 00:25:30,340 used to be an anti-apartheid activist 626 00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:33,180 and he spent 10 years in the same prison 627 00:25:33,180 --> 00:25:36,060 as the former president, Nelson Mandela. 628 00:25:36,060 --> 00:25:39,340 What was it like for YOU to live under apartheid? 629 00:25:39,340 --> 00:25:39,580 What was it like It was bad. Uh... 630 00:25:39,580 --> 00:25:41,500 It was bad. Uh... 631 00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:41,740 You saw a lot of adults It was bad. Uh... 632 00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:45,740 You saw a lot of adults being mistreated by white people. 633 00:25:45,740 --> 00:25:45,980 You saw a lot of adults Apartheid is basically exclusion. 634 00:25:45,980 --> 00:25:48,220 Apartheid is basically exclusion. 635 00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:51,420 'Apart' means 'you stand apart from me'. 636 00:25:51,420 --> 00:25:55,020 "I'm superior. I'm more of a human being than you are." 637 00:25:55,020 --> 00:25:57,540 You see what it does? It permeates life. 638 00:25:59,220 --> 00:26:01,020 It was a daily thing. 639 00:26:01,020 --> 00:26:03,100 It was hurtful. I mean, it was spiteful. 640 00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:04,660 It was denigrating you. 641 00:26:04,660 --> 00:26:07,300 You know, it was degrading us. 642 00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:07,540 You know, It sort of drains you. 643 00:26:07,540 --> 00:26:08,900 It sort of drains you. 644 00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:13,420 It sort of takes the dream out of your eyes. 645 00:26:13,420 --> 00:26:14,860 How do you feel about the fact 646 00:26:14,860 --> 00:26:15,100 that one of the biggest and most How do you feel about the fact 647 00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:17,820 that one of the biggest and most expensive diamonds in the world 648 00:26:17,820 --> 00:26:18,060 that one of the biggest and most came from this land 649 00:26:18,060 --> 00:26:19,900 came from this land 650 00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:21,380 and is now in the UK? 651 00:26:21,380 --> 00:26:22,860 How do YOU feel about that? 652 00:26:22,860 --> 00:26:26,620 Well, that sort of is typical of the British, isn't it? 653 00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,860 Amassing wealth unjustly, unfairly and in an immoral fashion. 654 00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:36,020 It doesn't shake them, you know, it's part of what they do. 655 00:26:36,020 --> 00:26:36,260 It doesn't shake them, They gave it to their royals, 656 00:26:36,260 --> 00:26:39,660 They gave it to their royals, 657 00:26:39,660 --> 00:26:41,020 and they felt no shame 658 00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:43,780 in putting it on their heads and on their finery. 659 00:26:43,780 --> 00:26:44,020 in putting it on their heads Stolen goods, if you ask me! 660 00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:46,460 Stolen goods, if you ask me! 661 00:26:46,460 --> 00:26:46,700 I mean, if you look at it now, Stolen goods, if you ask me! 662 00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:48,180 I mean, if you look at it now, it's... 663 00:26:48,180 --> 00:26:48,420 I mean, if you look at it now, ..it's gross! 664 00:26:48,420 --> 00:26:49,500 ..it's gross! 665 00:26:54,660 --> 00:26:57,100 Whether that diamond was stolen or not 666 00:26:57,100 --> 00:26:59,500 really does seem to depend on who you ask 667 00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:02,780 and whose version of history you most want to entertain. 668 00:27:02,780 --> 00:27:03,020 and whose version of history What is abundantly clear, though, 669 00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380 What is abundantly clear, though, 670 00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:07,580 is there is an enormous amount of wealth 671 00:27:07,580 --> 00:27:09,220 that has been extracted from this land, 672 00:27:09,220 --> 00:27:09,460 that has been extracted and not everyone has benefited. 673 00:27:09,460 --> 00:27:11,700 and not everyone has benefited. 674 00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,220 It was meant to be a gift to seal a rift. 675 00:27:14,220 --> 00:27:17,940 But there are these open wounds everywhere in this country. 676 00:27:20,540 --> 00:27:22,140 VUYO ZUNGULA: If you look at South Africa, 677 00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:22,380 VUYO ZUNGULA: there is two countries in one - 678 00:27:22,380 --> 00:27:24,620 there is two countries in one - 679 00:27:24,620 --> 00:27:28,060 the rich and the wealthy, which are predominantly white, 680 00:27:28,060 --> 00:27:28,300 the rich and the wealthy, people get to live in a country 681 00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:29,620 people get to live in a country 682 00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:32,100 whereby they can enjoy good quality of life, 683 00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:36,140 a good access to water, sanitation, education, 684 00:27:36,140 --> 00:27:39,700 whereas the Black people, which is a majority, 685 00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,220 they are condemned into a life of poverty, 686 00:27:42,220 --> 00:27:45,020 a life of crime, a life of disease. 687 00:27:46,060 --> 00:27:48,460 I think the people that colonised our country, 688 00:27:48,460 --> 00:27:52,260 they need to own up and there needs to be reparations. 689 00:27:52,260 --> 00:27:54,780 So, you'd like to see the diamond back here? 690 00:27:54,780 --> 00:27:55,540 Definitely. 691 00:27:55,540 --> 00:27:58,860 So that the people that were dispossessed from that land 692 00:27:58,860 --> 00:28:01,460 can actually benefit from their mineral wealth, 693 00:28:01,460 --> 00:28:01,700 can actually benefit which is that diamond. 694 00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:02,980 which is that diamond. 695 00:28:06,340 --> 00:28:07,820 As long as we're alive 696 00:28:07,820 --> 00:28:10,100 we are going to keep pushing for that. 697 00:28:10,100 --> 00:28:10,340 we are going And, trust me, 698 00:28:10,340 --> 00:28:11,700 And, trust me, 699 00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:15,180 with the consciousness that is rising amongst South Africans, 700 00:28:15,180 --> 00:28:15,420 with the consciousness that especially the young people, 701 00:28:15,420 --> 00:28:16,740 especially the young people, 702 00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:16,980 it will happen especially the young people, 703 00:28:16,980 --> 00:28:19,660 it will happen sometime in our future. 704 00:28:19,660 --> 00:28:23,500 What would you do with a diamond this size? 705 00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:23,740 What would you do Jeez. 706 00:28:23,740 --> 00:28:24,700 Jeez. 707 00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:26,180 (ALL LAUGH) 708 00:28:26,180 --> 00:28:28,100 I'll sell that for billions, my man. 709 00:28:28,100 --> 00:28:30,860 (ALL LAUGH) 710 00:28:30,860 --> 00:28:31,100 Well, what I would have liked (ALL LAUGH) 711 00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,020 Well, what I would have liked to happen at the coronation 712 00:28:34,020 --> 00:28:38,340 was for King Charles III to stand up with his sceptre 713 00:28:38,340 --> 00:28:41,260 and be like, "Guys, I think it's time, you know, 714 00:28:41,260 --> 00:28:44,860 "that we actually do a proper apology 715 00:28:44,860 --> 00:28:45,100 "that we actually "and we recognise the history 716 00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:46,420 "and we recognise the history 717 00:28:46,420 --> 00:28:46,660 "and see how we can actually "and we recognise the history 718 00:28:46,660 --> 00:28:50,940 "and see how we can actually do a journey of reparations." 719 00:28:50,940 --> 00:28:53,460 TIM FORSSMAN: And I think it would be a fantastic gesture to say, 720 00:28:53,460 --> 00:28:53,700 TIM FORSSMAN: And I think it "OK, we in the UK, 721 00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:55,020 "OK, we in the UK, 722 00:28:55,020 --> 00:28:55,260 "we've acknowledged "OK, we in the UK, 723 00:28:55,260 --> 00:28:57,500 "we've acknowledged the issues surrounding this. 724 00:28:57,500 --> 00:28:59,140 "Here it is. It's coming back to you." 725 00:28:59,140 --> 00:29:01,420 TUMI BOPAPE: You cannot erase the pain, 726 00:29:01,420 --> 00:29:01,700 but, for me, if the pain can be acknowledged, TUMI BOPAPE: You cannot erase the pain, 727 00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,540 but, for me, if the pain can be acknowledged, 728 00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,780 it will make a huge difference. if the pain can be acknowledged, 729 00:29:04,780 --> 00:29:06,100 it will make a huge difference. 730 00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:09,660 A simple, "I'm sorry. I see. Let's move forward." 731 00:29:09,660 --> 00:29:09,900 (HAPPY CHATTER) Let's move forward." 732 00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:11,660 (HAPPY CHATTER) 733 00:29:11,660 --> 00:29:15,380 You may not change the past, 734 00:29:15,380 --> 00:29:17,420 but what we are in charge of 735 00:29:17,420 --> 00:29:20,300 is our today and tomorrow. 736 00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:22,580 Captions by Red Bee Media 737 00:29:22,580 --> 00:29:24,460 Copyright Australian Broadcasting Corporation