1
00:00:03,350 --> 00:00:05,048
[mysterious music playing]

2
00:00:31,813 --> 00:00:33,163
It isn't too late.

3
00:00:35,121 --> 00:00:37,254
Any man who wishes
to turn back...

4
00:00:38,211 --> 00:00:39,169
go now...

5
00:00:39,995 --> 00:00:41,519
with no dishonor.

6
00:00:43,129 --> 00:00:44,739
We cross this stream...

7
00:00:47,655 --> 00:00:49,918
we are fighting
all the way to Rome.

8
00:00:50,919 --> 00:00:52,356
Are you with me?

9
00:00:52,486 --> 00:00:54,662
ALL: Long live Caesar!

10
00:00:55,402 --> 00:00:58,710
- Let the dice fly high!
- [all shouting]

11
00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,104
[epic music playing]

12
00:01:07,980 --> 00:01:10,722
Caesar stands
as a colossus in world history.

13
00:01:11,505 --> 00:01:13,551
He is one of the most brilliant

14
00:01:13,681 --> 00:01:16,206
but also dangerous statesmen
who ever lived.

15
00:01:18,599 --> 00:01:21,124
He was an orator, a warrior.

16
00:01:21,254 --> 00:01:22,560
He built an empire.

17
00:01:22,690 --> 00:01:25,476
Victory, or death!

18
00:01:25,606 --> 00:01:28,174
[soldiers shouting]

19
00:01:29,523 --> 00:01:31,612
Caesar took on
the greatest rivals of his day

20
00:01:31,743 --> 00:01:33,048
and defeated them one by one.

21
00:01:34,093 --> 00:01:37,444
Caesar turns the Roman Republic
into the Roman Empire.

22
00:01:38,793 --> 00:01:40,012
The defining aspect
of Caesar's personality

23
00:01:40,143 --> 00:01:41,753
is his willingness to gamble.

24
00:01:43,102 --> 00:01:44,930
He is cunning, he's devious,

25
00:01:45,060 --> 00:01:47,715
he's not always
as sincere as he proclaims.

26
00:01:47,846 --> 00:01:50,675
The three of us
would be invincible.

27
00:01:52,938 --> 00:01:54,505
[people shouting]

28
00:01:54,635 --> 00:01:56,420
Does he declare war
on the Republic

29
00:01:56,550 --> 00:01:59,336
in order to save it,
or to dismantle it?

30
00:01:59,466 --> 00:02:01,425
Your bruised ego
means war, does it?

31
00:02:02,556 --> 00:02:05,037
So much
of our modern world is shaped

32
00:02:05,168 --> 00:02:06,995
by Julius Caesar
and the Roman Empire.

33
00:02:07,866 --> 00:02:11,086
Julius Caesar
is this pivot point

34
00:02:11,217 --> 00:02:12,349
in Western history.

35
00:02:13,785 --> 00:02:15,352
Now!

36
00:02:16,179 --> 00:02:18,703
This is a man who amassed power

37
00:02:18,833 --> 00:02:20,879
and couldn't be satisfied
with what he had.

38
00:02:21,009 --> 00:02:23,664
There's a tremendous warning
for us in Caesar's story.

39
00:02:24,491 --> 00:02:27,059
As dark as it sounds,

40
00:02:27,190 --> 00:02:30,280
Caesar's story
is the story of Rome.

41
00:02:30,410 --> 00:02:35,328
♪

42
00:02:44,990 --> 00:02:47,297
<i>NARRATOR: Rome, 81 BC.</i>

43
00:02:47,949 --> 00:02:49,734
[horse whinnying]

44
00:02:51,605 --> 00:02:54,652
<i>NARRATOR: For eight years,
a brutal civil war</i>

45
00:02:54,782 --> 00:02:58,830
<i>between rival political factions
has torn the city apart.</i>

46
00:03:00,484 --> 00:03:04,401
<i>Now, a ruthless commander,
called Sulla, has triumphed.</i>

47
00:03:06,229 --> 00:03:07,926
[men whistling]

48
00:03:09,014 --> 00:03:11,582
- [punches landing]
- [blood squirting]

49
00:03:11,712 --> 00:03:13,888
<i>NARRATOR: And he is purging
his political rivals.</i>

50
00:03:14,019 --> 00:03:16,195
[audience shouting]

51
00:03:16,326 --> 00:03:18,066
[punches thudding]

52
00:03:18,197 --> 00:03:19,329
<i>NARRATOR: Thousands are killed.</i>

53
00:03:20,982 --> 00:03:22,157
[sword slashing]

54
00:03:22,288 --> 00:03:23,594
[men grunting]

55
00:03:26,161 --> 00:03:27,206
[man screams]

56
00:03:29,991 --> 00:03:32,167
<i>NARRATOR: Caught up
in this bloody violence,</i>

57
00:03:32,298 --> 00:03:34,605
<i>is a young man,
called Julius Caesar.</i>

58
00:03:38,957 --> 00:03:41,742
Caesar comes from
a moderately well-known family.

59
00:03:42,787 --> 00:03:44,876
They weren't the wealthiest,
the most powerful

60
00:03:45,006 --> 00:03:46,878
and they were actually
on the defeated side

61
00:03:47,008 --> 00:03:48,271
of the civil war.

62
00:03:49,359 --> 00:03:50,751
He was in danger.

63
00:03:52,579 --> 00:03:54,451
He is tied
by blood and by marriage

64
00:03:54,581 --> 00:03:55,713
to the losing side.

65
00:03:57,018 --> 00:03:58,368
This puts Caesar
in a difficult position.

66
00:03:59,412 --> 00:04:01,936
[tense music playing]

67
00:04:02,067 --> 00:04:03,634
SOLDIER: Hey! Stop right there!

68
00:04:03,764 --> 00:04:05,462
Hey! Stop right there!

69
00:04:05,592 --> 00:04:08,160
Wait, wait, wait!

70
00:04:09,248 --> 00:04:11,859
Hey, stop! Hey, stop!

71
00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:15,994
♪

72
00:04:16,124 --> 00:04:19,084
[Caesar breathing heavily]

73
00:04:19,214 --> 00:04:21,782
- [soldiers shouting]
- [Caesar grunting]

74
00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:24,916
[Caesar grunts]

75
00:04:28,006 --> 00:04:30,313
Over the centuries,
before the civil war...

76
00:04:31,749 --> 00:04:34,578
Rome has gone from
a small regional power,

77
00:04:34,708 --> 00:04:37,320
to a major player
on the world stage.

78
00:04:38,233 --> 00:04:40,627
From a city state
on seven hills,

79
00:04:40,758 --> 00:04:44,022
it's bit by bit conquered
and absorbed surrounding tribes

80
00:04:44,152 --> 00:04:45,719
until it dominates Italy, Greece

81
00:04:45,850 --> 00:04:47,678
and most of the Mediterranean.

82
00:04:48,853 --> 00:04:51,899
<i>NARRATOR: Once a monarchy,
Rome has been a republic,</i>

83
00:04:52,030 --> 00:04:54,249
<i>a city ruled
by elected officials,</i>

84
00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:56,164
<i>since 500 BC.</i>

85
00:04:56,295 --> 00:04:58,558
<i>A period of more than 400 years.</i>

86
00:04:59,298 --> 00:05:00,995
The whole principle
of the Roman Republic

87
00:05:01,126 --> 00:05:03,084
is that no one individual

88
00:05:03,215 --> 00:05:05,217
should gain permanent,
supreme power.

89
00:05:06,827 --> 00:05:08,176
So, power is divided.

90
00:05:09,264 --> 00:05:11,310
[footsteps thudding]

91
00:05:11,441 --> 00:05:13,486
But at the end of the civil war,

92
00:05:13,617 --> 00:05:16,184
one man rules
the Roman Republic unchallenged,

93
00:05:16,315 --> 00:05:17,490
Sulla, the dictator.

94
00:05:23,496 --> 00:05:25,933
A dictator was a special office

95
00:05:26,064 --> 00:05:29,502
that was only called upon
in times of emergency.

96
00:05:31,025 --> 00:05:33,419
A dictator
had absolute authority

97
00:05:33,550 --> 00:05:37,815
but a dictator only served
for a period of six months,

98
00:05:37,945 --> 00:05:41,558
or the duration of the crisis,
whichever was shorter.

99
00:05:43,429 --> 00:05:45,866
What makes Sulla's
dictatorship unique,

100
00:05:45,997 --> 00:05:47,912
is that he never puts a deadline

101
00:05:48,042 --> 00:05:49,479
on when he's gonna
give up power.

102
00:05:51,785 --> 00:05:53,961
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar's uncle, Marius,</i>

103
00:05:54,092 --> 00:05:56,094
<i>and father-in-law, Cinna,</i>

104
00:05:56,224 --> 00:05:58,792
<i>were both leaders
of the defeated side in the war.</i>

105
00:06:00,054 --> 00:06:02,709
Cinna and Marius fought the war
on behalf of the <i>populares,</i>

106
00:06:02,840 --> 00:06:04,711
which essentially
means "populists."

107
00:06:04,842 --> 00:06:07,322
These are the aristocrats
who are looking to support

108
00:06:07,453 --> 00:06:09,629
the causes
of the general public.

109
00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:12,937
Sulla had fought the civil war
on behalf of the <i>optimates,</i>

110
00:06:13,067 --> 00:06:14,373
meaning "Rome's best men."

111
00:06:14,504 --> 00:06:17,420
They were
conservative aristocrats

112
00:06:17,550 --> 00:06:19,596
and they were really looking
to maintain the status quo.

113
00:06:22,207 --> 00:06:24,427
<i>NARRATOR: Given the suspect
loyalty of Caesar's family...</i>

114
00:06:25,950 --> 00:06:28,213
- Get up.
<i>- NARRATOR: ...Rome's new ruler</i>

115
00:06:28,343 --> 00:06:30,650
<i>wants to see
where his allegiances lie.</i>

116
00:06:30,781 --> 00:06:32,609
Now I heard you ran from my men.

117
00:06:33,697 --> 00:06:35,307
Not sure your uncle
would approve.

118
00:06:38,310 --> 00:06:40,225
Do you stand against me
like your dead father-in-law?

119
00:06:42,227 --> 00:06:43,663
I stand with the Republic.

120
00:06:43,794 --> 00:06:45,317
SULLA: Oh.

121
00:06:46,361 --> 00:06:48,146
[chuckles] Prove it.

122
00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:52,455
Divorce your wife.

123
00:06:57,460 --> 00:07:00,724
How does that
benefit the Republic?

124
00:07:00,854 --> 00:07:01,899
It benefits me.

125
00:07:03,901 --> 00:07:04,989
I am the Republic.

126
00:07:08,253 --> 00:07:10,603
Caesar is married to Cornelia,

127
00:07:10,734 --> 00:07:11,952
the daughter of Cinna.

128
00:07:13,301 --> 00:07:15,608
Cinna had been
Sulla's mortal enemy

129
00:07:15,739 --> 00:07:18,481
and so Sulla wants to make sure

130
00:07:18,611 --> 00:07:21,048
Julius Caesar
does not become a threat

131
00:07:21,179 --> 00:07:23,486
because of his marriage connection.

132
00:07:25,444 --> 00:07:26,489
You have until sunrise.

133
00:07:33,191 --> 00:07:37,412
Refusing Sulla's request
would be an amazing risk.

134
00:07:37,543 --> 00:07:41,504
Sulla is a terrifying
and ferocious character

135
00:07:41,634 --> 00:07:43,680
who had brought a new level

136
00:07:43,810 --> 00:07:46,857
of ruthless savagery
to Roman politics.

137
00:07:46,987 --> 00:07:51,949
♪

138
00:07:53,907 --> 00:07:55,909
But Caesar
doesn't divorce Cornelia.

139
00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:57,781
Is it because
of the political connections?

140
00:07:57,911 --> 00:08:00,000
Is it because
he genuinely loved Cornelia?

141
00:08:00,131 --> 00:08:03,482
We don't know
but we know it's a great risk.

142
00:08:06,354 --> 00:08:07,878
CAESAR: Cornelia. Cornelia.

143
00:08:11,403 --> 00:08:13,492
Why didn't you leave when you
heard they were coming for you?

144
00:08:13,623 --> 00:08:15,276
I couldn't go
without seeing you.

145
00:08:15,407 --> 00:08:17,148
There are heads
up on spikes by the bridge,

146
00:08:17,278 --> 00:08:18,889
- do you want to be one?
- Cornelia!

147
00:08:19,019 --> 00:08:20,891
It won't always be like this.

148
00:08:21,021 --> 00:08:23,154
- [people shouting]
- [armor clanking]

149
00:08:23,284 --> 00:08:24,416
You have to go now.

150
00:08:28,855 --> 00:08:31,510
[emotional music playing]

151
00:08:35,035 --> 00:08:37,647
[both breathing heavily]

152
00:08:47,961 --> 00:08:50,442
[footsteps marching]

153
00:08:53,837 --> 00:08:55,926
<i>NARRATOR: Having made
an enemy of Sulla,</i>

154
00:08:56,056 --> 00:08:57,449
<i>Caesar slips out of the city.</i>

155
00:08:59,190 --> 00:09:02,367
Caesar may hope that one day,
he can return to Rome

156
00:09:02,497 --> 00:09:05,849
and fix what he sees
as a broken Republic.

157
00:09:05,979 --> 00:09:10,897
♪

158
00:09:18,426 --> 00:09:20,428
By the time Julius Caesar
is a young man,

159
00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:23,301
Rome has grown to a city
of almost a million people.

160
00:09:24,781 --> 00:09:26,913
The population density
is approaching

161
00:09:27,044 --> 00:09:28,611
what we see in modern Manhattan.

162
00:09:29,916 --> 00:09:32,963
As Rome's power
and population increase,

163
00:09:33,093 --> 00:09:36,227
it's Republic becomes
fundamentally less democratic.

164
00:09:38,142 --> 00:09:40,144
The line between
Rome's rich and poor

165
00:09:40,274 --> 00:09:41,493
has only gotten greater.

166
00:09:43,451 --> 00:09:46,411
There are a great number of very
impoverished people in the city

167
00:09:46,541 --> 00:09:49,501
who actually survive
on a grain dole from the state.

168
00:09:51,111 --> 00:09:53,244
The <i>populares,</i>
including Caesar's family,

169
00:09:53,374 --> 00:09:55,681
think that they can fix
these problems of Rome's poor.

170
00:09:55,812 --> 00:10:00,643
♪

171
00:10:01,687 --> 00:10:03,428
<i>NARRATOR: But first,</i>

172
00:10:03,558 --> 00:10:05,735
<i>the fugitive Caesar
has to stay alive.</i>

173
00:10:09,129 --> 00:10:10,870
Caesar is being hunted down

174
00:10:11,001 --> 00:10:12,916
by some of Sulla's
bounty hunters

175
00:10:13,046 --> 00:10:15,788
because his name
is now on the lists.

176
00:10:15,919 --> 00:10:18,399
Caesar is forced
to go on the run for months,

177
00:10:18,530 --> 00:10:19,966
it's one of the worst
times in his life.

178
00:10:20,967 --> 00:10:22,882
And when he gets caught
by Sulla's men,

179
00:10:23,013 --> 00:10:25,842
he's forced to bribe them
using all the money he has.

180
00:10:25,972 --> 00:10:28,105
[Caesar breathing heavily]

181
00:10:34,415 --> 00:10:36,809
[thunder rumbling]

182
00:10:38,202 --> 00:10:39,551
AMANDA RUGGERI: Back in Rome,
Caesar's family

183
00:10:39,682 --> 00:10:41,684
lobbies Sulla to pardon Caesar.

184
00:10:44,817 --> 00:10:46,384
He eventually gives in
to their persistence.

185
00:10:48,603 --> 00:10:50,518
Despite being pardoned by Sulla,

186
00:10:50,649 --> 00:10:52,738
Caesar returning to Rome
would not necessarily be safe.

187
00:10:54,087 --> 00:10:57,656
And so, instead, he joins up
with the Roman military,

188
00:10:57,787 --> 00:11:01,312
looking for experience
that will possibly lead

189
00:11:01,442 --> 00:11:03,836
to some degree
of advancement later on.

190
00:11:05,142 --> 00:11:06,578
My name is Caesar.

191
00:11:06,709 --> 00:11:08,711
I believe
my family's been in touch.

192
00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,148
GEN. WESLEY CLARK:
Every Roman aristocrat

193
00:11:11,278 --> 00:11:13,019
was expected
to serve in the military.

194
00:11:13,759 --> 00:11:16,675
It was a society
which rewarded it's warriors.

195
00:11:18,242 --> 00:11:19,722
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar is sent
to a Greek island.</i>

196
00:11:20,418 --> 00:11:23,377
[battle din]

197
00:11:23,508 --> 00:11:25,510
<i>NARRATOR: Part of a force</i>

198
00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:26,990
<i>tasked with
bringing down a rebellion.</i>

199
00:11:28,469 --> 00:11:30,471
COL. DOUG DOUDS:
They end up in a battle.

200
00:11:30,602 --> 00:11:32,299
Caesar steps in to save

201
00:11:32,430 --> 00:11:34,345
one of his fallen
Roman soldiers.

202
00:11:34,475 --> 00:11:36,434
[swords clanking]

203
00:11:41,352 --> 00:11:44,181
In this, it is witnessed
as an act of bravery.

204
00:11:45,617 --> 00:11:47,010
ADRIAN GOLDSWORTHY:
He wins what the Romans know

205
00:11:47,140 --> 00:11:48,838
as the <i>Corona Civica.</i>

206
00:11:48,968 --> 00:11:51,884
This is the Civic Crown,
it was the highest award

207
00:11:52,015 --> 00:11:54,931
for individual gallantry that
the Roman state could issue.

208
00:11:56,019 --> 00:11:58,021
It is perhaps the first sign

209
00:11:58,151 --> 00:12:00,763
that Caesar is not
your ordinary Roman soldier.

210
00:12:02,852 --> 00:12:04,767
Caesar stays in the army
for several years.

211
00:12:05,985 --> 00:12:08,292
During this time,
he gets a real understanding

212
00:12:08,422 --> 00:12:10,685
of what it means
to be part of an empire.

213
00:12:10,816 --> 00:12:13,601
Roman politics is not just
about the city of Rome,

214
00:12:13,732 --> 00:12:15,342
it's about the world at large.

215
00:12:16,691 --> 00:12:19,129
<i>NARRATOR: Finally, four years
after he left Rome...</i>

216
00:12:20,217 --> 00:12:23,046
<i>Caesar learns that
the dictator, Sulla, is dead.</i>

217
00:12:24,743 --> 00:12:27,050
The death of Sulla in 78 BC

218
00:12:27,180 --> 00:12:29,313
brings some good news
for Caesar,

219
00:12:29,443 --> 00:12:31,881
it means he can go back to Rome
without threat of being killed.

220
00:12:33,796 --> 00:12:37,669
♪

221
00:12:42,630 --> 00:12:44,067
AMANDA: After Caesar
returns to Rome,

222
00:12:44,197 --> 00:12:45,285
he works as a lawyer.

223
00:12:46,243 --> 00:12:47,897
But he is really eager

224
00:12:48,027 --> 00:12:49,812
to get his foot
on the ladder of politics.

225
00:12:51,465 --> 00:12:53,641
Having been forced
to go into hiding,

226
00:12:53,772 --> 00:12:56,340
Caesar spent months
as a penniless refugee,

227
00:12:56,470 --> 00:12:58,603
relying on the charity
of others.

228
00:12:58,733 --> 00:13:01,519
It's the kind of thing that
might've affected his outlook.

229
00:13:01,649 --> 00:13:03,390
Working as a lawyer in Rome,

230
00:13:03,521 --> 00:13:06,176
he takes on the cases
of the underdogs.

231
00:13:08,352 --> 00:13:10,397
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar and Cornelia
now have one daughter,</i>

232
00:13:10,528 --> 00:13:12,443
<i>Julia,</i>

233
00:13:12,573 --> 00:13:14,880
<i>but Caesar
has little time for family,</i>

234
00:13:15,011 --> 00:13:17,840
<i>thanks to the demands of work
and his burning ambitions.</i>

235
00:13:19,189 --> 00:13:20,799
One of the defining features

236
00:13:20,930 --> 00:13:22,845
in this era
of the Roman Republic

237
00:13:22,975 --> 00:13:26,239
is incredible ambition
in young men.

238
00:13:26,370 --> 00:13:29,808
There's more to it than
just blind ambition for Caesar.

239
00:13:29,939 --> 00:13:33,856
He's living in a Republic
that's absolutely broken.

240
00:13:34,595 --> 00:13:38,164
Sulla is dead but he still
has appointed cronies

241
00:13:38,295 --> 00:13:40,427
who are in the government still

242
00:13:40,558 --> 00:13:43,430
and in this situation
of rank corruption,

243
00:13:43,561 --> 00:13:46,129
Caesar feels like
he can fix things

244
00:13:46,259 --> 00:13:48,087
but in order to do that,

245
00:13:48,218 --> 00:13:50,133
he needs more power
and more influence.

246
00:13:50,742 --> 00:13:51,874
CORNELIA: Will you be
joining us for dinner?

247
00:13:53,484 --> 00:13:54,746
Sorry, hearing tomorrow.

248
00:13:54,877 --> 00:13:56,182
Surely you can take a break?

249
00:13:57,009 --> 00:13:58,228
Your daughter never sees you.

250
00:13:59,098 --> 00:14:00,883
To gain more power,

251
00:14:01,013 --> 00:14:02,928
Caesar needs to climb
the <i>cursus honorum,</i>

252
00:14:03,059 --> 00:14:05,278
the Roman ladder of offices.

253
00:14:05,975 --> 00:14:07,977
What Caesar wants
is the opportunity

254
00:14:08,107 --> 00:14:10,501
to jump a few rungs up.

255
00:14:12,459 --> 00:14:15,636
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar is impatient
to progress in Roman society</i>

256
00:14:15,767 --> 00:14:17,595
<i>but he is forced
to wait for his chance.</i>

257
00:14:19,553 --> 00:14:22,034
Five years after Caesar
returns to Rome,

258
00:14:22,165 --> 00:14:25,820
the opportunity he has been
hoping for rears its head.

259
00:14:25,951 --> 00:14:28,258
[people screaming]

260
00:14:29,955 --> 00:14:31,522
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE:
A gladiatorial rebellion

261
00:14:31,652 --> 00:14:33,176
engulfs all of Italy...

262
00:14:34,394 --> 00:14:37,049
and it's leader
is named Spartacus.

263
00:14:37,745 --> 00:14:40,661
[sword slashing]

264
00:14:40,792 --> 00:14:44,535
n]

265
00:14:44,665 --> 00:14:46,363
In 73 BC,

266
00:14:46,493 --> 00:14:48,582
a group of gladiators
breaks free

267
00:14:48,713 --> 00:14:50,280
from the captivity in the school

268
00:14:50,410 --> 00:14:51,629
where they're being
trained to fight.

269
00:14:51,759 --> 00:14:52,935
[men grunting]

270
00:14:55,198 --> 00:14:56,634
[swords clanking]

271
00:14:58,027 --> 00:14:59,593
ADRIAN: They're led
by Spartacus,

272
00:14:59,724 --> 00:15:01,073
the man who would become famous.

273
00:15:05,817 --> 00:15:07,732
Within a few months,
Spartacus has rallied

274
00:15:07,862 --> 00:15:10,474
120,000 slaves to his cause.

275
00:15:10,604 --> 00:15:13,129
[battle din]

276
00:15:15,566 --> 00:15:18,786
This is the biggest slave
rebellion in Roman history.

277
00:15:23,704 --> 00:15:25,750
AMANDA: The first two years
of the rebellion

278
00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:28,492
go very well for Spartacus
and very poorly for the Romans.

279
00:15:28,622 --> 00:15:30,581
Two different armies
that are raised

280
00:15:30,711 --> 00:15:32,975
and paid for by the Senate
are completely crushed.

281
00:15:35,151 --> 00:15:37,675
<i>NARRATOR: But while Spartacus'
uprising is a crisis for Rome...</i>

282
00:15:39,503 --> 00:15:40,983
<i>it's good news for Caesar.</i>

283
00:15:42,636 --> 00:15:45,204
As Spartacus' rebellion
breaks out,

284
00:15:45,335 --> 00:15:47,380
Caesar stands
for his first elected role

285
00:15:47,511 --> 00:15:49,339
as military tribune
and he's successful.

286
00:15:49,469 --> 00:15:51,341
[swords clanking]

287
00:15:54,083 --> 00:15:55,823
BARRY STRAUSS: The military
tribune is an important officer

288
00:15:55,954 --> 00:15:57,347
in the Roman army,

289
00:15:57,477 --> 00:15:58,348
it's the equivalent
of a colonel.

290
00:15:59,479 --> 00:16:02,178
For Caesar, Spartacus' uprising

291
00:16:02,308 --> 00:16:04,528
presents an opportunity.

292
00:16:04,658 --> 00:16:06,791
If Caesar can be
a part of the group

293
00:16:06,921 --> 00:16:09,663
that brings Spartacus down,

294
00:16:09,794 --> 00:16:12,231
it gives him a profound standing

295
00:16:12,362 --> 00:16:13,841
within the Roman Republic.

296
00:16:15,408 --> 00:16:18,020
At some point, I will lose,
I promise, I promise.

297
00:16:18,150 --> 00:16:20,805
<i>NARRATOR: The man in charge
of the Roman armies</i>

298
00:16:20,935 --> 00:16:23,025
<i>is Marcus Licinius Crassus.</i>

299
00:16:25,027 --> 00:16:27,725
You do know gambling is illegal.

300
00:16:31,033 --> 00:16:33,383
- Name?
- Gaius Julius Caesar.

301
00:16:34,166 --> 00:16:35,559
You won the Civic Crown.

302
00:16:36,908 --> 00:16:38,170
I've heard about you.

303
00:16:39,302 --> 00:16:40,390
CAESAR: All good, I hope.

304
00:16:42,653 --> 00:16:44,046
We should play a real game...

305
00:16:44,829 --> 00:16:46,396
not one decided by luck.

306
00:16:47,266 --> 00:16:48,920
Play well and, uh...

307
00:16:50,530 --> 00:16:51,749
I might forget about this.

308
00:16:57,755 --> 00:16:59,931
Marcus Licinius Crassus
is famous

309
00:17:00,062 --> 00:17:02,194
as the richest man in Rome.

310
00:17:02,325 --> 00:17:04,892
He's the kind of
ancient world's Tywin Lannister.

311
00:17:06,155 --> 00:17:08,287
AARON IRVIN: The Senate
turns to Crassus for help

312
00:17:08,418 --> 00:17:10,420
because nobody else
wants the position.

313
00:17:10,550 --> 00:17:13,510
Spartacus has already
defeated several Roman generals.

314
00:17:14,511 --> 00:17:17,035
BARRY: But Crassus is ambitious,

315
00:17:17,166 --> 00:17:19,690
he doesn't have the military
reputation that he wants

316
00:17:19,820 --> 00:17:22,040
to rise to the top
of Roman politics.

317
00:17:22,171 --> 00:17:25,087
He's very eager
to have a military success.

318
00:17:25,217 --> 00:17:28,525
Crassus also
has the personal wealth

319
00:17:28,655 --> 00:17:31,571
to be able to build
and maintain the army himself.

320
00:17:33,138 --> 00:17:34,661
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar now
has an opportunity</i>

321
00:17:34,792 --> 00:17:35,793
<i>to form a relationship...</i>

322
00:17:37,316 --> 00:17:38,970
<i>with one of Rome's
most powerful men.</i>

323
00:17:40,276 --> 00:17:41,407
Your turn.

324
00:17:48,936 --> 00:17:49,981
Bold move.

325
00:17:51,548 --> 00:17:52,853
Aggression is the key
to winning any battle.

326
00:17:53,767 --> 00:17:55,639
Including our war
with the gladiators.

327
00:17:57,597 --> 00:17:59,556
Our gladiators
are extremely well-trained,

328
00:17:59,686 --> 00:18:01,297
they'll beat you
in a contest of aggression.

329
00:18:03,299 --> 00:18:05,127
There's more than one way
to defeat an enemy.

330
00:18:06,476 --> 00:18:09,000
You see,
we Romans have an advantage,

331
00:18:09,131 --> 00:18:11,307
we're the best engineers
in the world.

332
00:18:13,091 --> 00:18:15,615
Why fight an open battle
when you don't have to?

333
00:18:16,921 --> 00:18:19,445
Why take on a strong enemy

334
00:18:19,576 --> 00:18:22,666
when you can weaken them first?

335
00:18:24,189 --> 00:18:26,670
One of the most impressive
things about the Romans

336
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,412
was their military
engineering ability.

337
00:18:29,542 --> 00:18:32,328
Crassus will drive Spartacus
down to the toe of Italy

338
00:18:32,458 --> 00:18:34,678
and across that toe,

339
00:18:34,808 --> 00:18:37,159
Crassus will build
a forty-mile wall.

340
00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:42,512
♪

341
00:18:42,642 --> 00:18:45,079
ADAM MARSHAK: Crassus hopes
to either starve the army,

342
00:18:45,210 --> 00:18:47,299
get them to surrender

343
00:18:47,430 --> 00:18:50,911
or enable him to fight them
when they're weak and hungry.

344
00:18:51,042 --> 00:18:53,523
Eventually,
Spartacus' provisions run out.

345
00:18:57,483 --> 00:18:59,181
AMANDA: But then,
fate intervenes.

346
00:18:59,311 --> 00:19:01,966
There's a storm
and snow fills up the trenches

347
00:19:02,096 --> 00:19:04,882
so that Spartacus and his men
are able to escape the walls

348
00:19:05,012 --> 00:19:07,363
and make one desperate
last stand against the Romans.

349
00:19:08,886 --> 00:19:10,322
[wind howling]

350
00:19:10,453 --> 00:19:12,542
[water trickling]

351
00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:19,026
<i>NARRATOR: But Crassus' force
decisively defeats</i>

352
00:19:19,157 --> 00:19:20,898
<i>the weak and hungry gladiators.</i>

353
00:19:21,551 --> 00:19:23,205
[man groans]

354
00:19:23,335 --> 00:19:25,076
[armors clanking]

355
00:19:31,082 --> 00:19:32,910
[soldiers shouting]

356
00:19:33,563 --> 00:19:34,694
[man grunts]

357
00:19:37,958 --> 00:19:39,960
It's probably during
the Spartacus War,

358
00:19:40,091 --> 00:19:42,963
that Crassus and Caesar
become allies,

359
00:19:43,094 --> 00:19:44,922
perhaps even close friends.

360
00:19:46,837 --> 00:19:50,406
This is a relationship
that's going to last 20 years.

361
00:19:58,675 --> 00:20:00,154
PATRICK WYMAN: At the end
of the Spartacus War,

362
00:20:00,285 --> 00:20:02,331
Caesar has two things
going for him.

363
00:20:02,461 --> 00:20:04,333
He has a reputation
for military accomplishment

364
00:20:04,463 --> 00:20:05,943
and he has the backing

365
00:20:06,073 --> 00:20:07,684
of the richest man
in Rome, Crassus.

366
00:20:07,814 --> 00:20:09,251
That's a great basis

367
00:20:09,381 --> 00:20:10,382
on which to build
a political career.

368
00:20:11,165 --> 00:20:12,602
The slave army...

369
00:20:13,820 --> 00:20:15,909
- is defeated!
- [crowd applauding]

370
00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,912
<i>NARRATOR: But it takes more
than money to succeed in Rome.</i>

371
00:20:21,088 --> 00:20:25,310
The gladiator rebellion
has been crushed!

372
00:20:25,441 --> 00:20:28,487
Apart from Crassus, the other
man who vies for the title

373
00:20:28,618 --> 00:20:31,403
of the most powerful man in Rome
at this time is Pompey.

374
00:20:32,970 --> 00:20:35,581
ADAM: While Crassus
decisively defeated Spartacus

375
00:20:35,712 --> 00:20:37,409
at the Battle of Silarius River,

376
00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:39,237
Pompey is able to wipe up

377
00:20:39,368 --> 00:20:42,893
a few scattered remains
of Spartacus' army,

378
00:20:43,023 --> 00:20:47,027
he thus gets the opportunity
to claim victory for himself.

379
00:20:47,158 --> 00:20:50,292
Pompey once had the nickname
"The adolescent butcher"

380
00:20:50,422 --> 00:20:52,424
for his ruthlessness,

381
00:20:52,555 --> 00:20:55,122
and now he's taken
on this title <i>"Magnus,"</i>

382
00:20:55,253 --> 00:20:58,343
which means "The Great,"
same as "Alexander The Great."

383
00:20:58,474 --> 00:21:00,650
Now Pompey
is a brilliant general

384
00:21:00,780 --> 00:21:03,435
but he's a little bit
of a glory junkie,

385
00:21:03,566 --> 00:21:06,351
he's always looking
for his next hit of fame,

386
00:21:06,482 --> 00:21:08,179
even if it wasn't
entirely earned.

387
00:21:13,010 --> 00:21:14,490
"Pompey the Great."

388
00:21:15,229 --> 00:21:18,450
Great at stealing credit
for other men's victories.

389
00:21:18,581 --> 00:21:20,887
Glory is for generals, Crassus,

390
00:21:21,018 --> 00:21:22,628
not money-lenders.

391
00:21:22,759 --> 00:21:24,326
Generals?

392
00:21:24,456 --> 00:21:27,329
You feed on my glory
like a parasite.

393
00:21:29,505 --> 00:21:31,507
AARON: Pompey and Crassus
hated each other

394
00:21:31,637 --> 00:21:33,160
from the moment they first met.

395
00:21:33,291 --> 00:21:35,859
Crassus saw Pompey

396
00:21:35,989 --> 00:21:38,427
as someone who was
undeserving of the glory

397
00:21:38,557 --> 00:21:40,516
and credit he had received,

398
00:21:40,646 --> 00:21:43,475
while Crassus had been
denied those same honors.

399
00:21:44,084 --> 00:21:46,173
Pompey saw in Crassus,

400
00:21:46,304 --> 00:21:50,439
really, the only major threat
to Pompey's exultation.

401
00:21:51,178 --> 00:21:52,876
PATRICK: The rivalry
between Pompey and Crassus

402
00:21:53,006 --> 00:21:54,791
defines Roman politics
at this point in time,

403
00:21:54,921 --> 00:21:56,706
that makes things
very difficult for Caesar

404
00:21:56,836 --> 00:21:58,969
because he can't afford
to offend either one of them.

405
00:21:59,099 --> 00:22:02,189
A wrong step here could halt
his political career for good.

406
00:22:03,626 --> 00:22:06,019
<i>NARRATOR: Back in Rome,
for the next two years,</i>

407
00:22:06,150 --> 00:22:09,066
<i>Caesar focuses on building up
his public reputation.</i>

408
00:22:10,807 --> 00:22:12,896
<i>What he wants is a chance
to enter political office...</i>

409
00:22:16,943 --> 00:22:18,728
<i>but as Caesar
turns thirty-one...</i>

410
00:22:20,469 --> 00:22:21,992
<i>he faces a personal tragedy.</i>

411
00:22:22,122 --> 00:22:24,124
[wind howling]

412
00:22:24,255 --> 00:22:26,910
[somber music playing]

413
00:22:40,576 --> 00:22:42,273
AMANDA: In the summer of 69 BC,

414
00:22:42,404 --> 00:22:44,231
two years
after Spartacus' revolt,

415
00:22:44,362 --> 00:22:46,146
his wife, Cornelia, dies.

416
00:22:47,147 --> 00:22:49,715
We can't be sure exactly how
but there's a very good theory

417
00:22:49,846 --> 00:22:51,456
that it may have
been childbirth,

418
00:22:51,587 --> 00:22:53,284
which did kill
up to a third of women.

419
00:22:55,982 --> 00:22:58,637
Given that Caesar refused

420
00:22:58,768 --> 00:23:02,815
to divorce Cornelia for Sulla

421
00:23:02,946 --> 00:23:06,602
and given how long
their marriage lasted,

422
00:23:06,732 --> 00:23:08,517
I think it's safe to assume

423
00:23:08,647 --> 00:23:12,129
that he had a great deal
of affection for Cornelia.

424
00:23:14,958 --> 00:23:18,352
Caesar decides
to give her a public funeral.

425
00:23:19,266 --> 00:23:20,659
Now this is something
that generally

426
00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,619
was not done for Roman women.

427
00:23:24,533 --> 00:23:27,405
In Roman tradition,
funerals were a way

428
00:23:27,536 --> 00:23:30,582
of displaying everything
that your family had done

429
00:23:30,713 --> 00:23:32,236
on behalf of the Roman state.

430
00:23:32,366 --> 00:23:37,502
♪

431
00:23:38,938 --> 00:23:42,159
Cornelia's death is a blow
to Caesar's ambitions,

432
00:23:42,289 --> 00:23:45,118
he loses her connections
to a powerful family.

433
00:23:47,686 --> 00:23:49,949
But Caesar also turns
his personal tragedy

434
00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:51,473
into a political opportunity.

435
00:23:55,651 --> 00:23:59,089
Upon dying,
Romans would have a mask

436
00:23:59,219 --> 00:24:00,656
made of their remains.

437
00:24:01,787 --> 00:24:03,354
During a funeral,

438
00:24:03,485 --> 00:24:06,183
those masks
would be worn by performers.

439
00:24:07,097 --> 00:24:10,404
Caesar displays masks
of his ancestors,

440
00:24:10,535 --> 00:24:13,495
his uncle, Marius,
and his father-in-law, Cinna.

441
00:24:14,452 --> 00:24:16,715
And even though Sulla is dead,

442
00:24:16,846 --> 00:24:19,501
displaying the masks
of his opponents

443
00:24:19,631 --> 00:24:21,328
is still illegal.

444
00:24:23,548 --> 00:24:25,507
So, this is
a political statement,

445
00:24:25,637 --> 00:24:27,204
Caesar is saying,

446
00:24:27,334 --> 00:24:30,033
"It's okay to be
a <i>populare</i> again."

447
00:24:30,860 --> 00:24:33,297
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar's actions are
an affront to the</i> optimates...

448
00:24:34,516 --> 00:24:36,648
<i>the faction
that still holds power in Rome.</i>

449
00:24:37,954 --> 00:24:40,870
This man holds up
his ancestors to be heroes.

450
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:44,656
They were outlaws and rebels...

451
00:24:45,744 --> 00:24:47,224
enemies to the Republic.

452
00:24:49,443 --> 00:24:52,795
Cato will become
Caesar's greatest enemy.

453
00:24:52,925 --> 00:24:56,538
He's a key leader
of the political conservatives,

454
00:24:56,668 --> 00:24:58,714
a member of the <i>optimates.</i>

455
00:25:02,544 --> 00:25:03,849
You should hang
your head in shame...

456
00:25:06,504 --> 00:25:08,550
your uncle
and father-in-law lost the war.

457
00:25:09,942 --> 00:25:12,205
ADRIAN: Cato loathes
Julius Caesar.

458
00:25:12,336 --> 00:25:13,685
It's even stronger than hate,

459
00:25:13,816 --> 00:25:16,558
he bitterly detests this man.

460
00:25:17,733 --> 00:25:20,170
They are both
highly ambitious men,

461
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:22,651
who wish to rise
to the top of Roman society.

462
00:25:22,781 --> 00:25:27,743
♪

463
00:25:40,843 --> 00:25:42,932
My name is Gaius Julius Caesar.

464
00:25:45,325 --> 00:25:46,588
I've come here...

465
00:25:48,198 --> 00:25:49,591
to honor my wife.

466
00:25:50,809 --> 00:25:52,115
I've also come here...

467
00:25:53,899 --> 00:25:56,554
to make a promise to you all.

468
00:25:57,424 --> 00:26:00,950
For Caesar, this funeral oration
is a political awakening.

469
00:26:02,255 --> 00:26:05,345
CAESAR: My family
has the sanctity of kings.

470
00:26:06,129 --> 00:26:08,914
He's asserting,
that his family, the Julii,

471
00:26:09,045 --> 00:26:12,135
an old and noble family,
deserve to be treated

472
00:26:12,265 --> 00:26:15,094
with the same respect as
all of Rome's leading families.

473
00:26:15,965 --> 00:26:19,185
But more than this,
I am one of you.

474
00:26:19,316 --> 00:26:21,144
[crowd cheering]

475
00:26:21,274 --> 00:26:22,972
- A Roman.
- ALL: Yes!

476
00:26:24,277 --> 00:26:27,977
There are too many men
running this city

477
00:26:28,107 --> 00:26:30,066
who are only out for themselves.

478
00:26:30,588 --> 00:26:32,372
He announces that

479
00:26:32,503 --> 00:26:35,462
he is going to try
to move forward,

480
00:26:35,593 --> 00:26:38,335
to make things better
for the ordinary people of Rome.

481
00:26:38,465 --> 00:26:40,642
- Join me...
- ALL: Yes!

482
00:26:40,772 --> 00:26:42,165
...and I will show you...

483
00:26:43,688 --> 00:26:45,559
what we can do together.

484
00:26:45,690 --> 00:26:47,649
[crowd cheering]

485
00:26:48,954 --> 00:26:50,782
And he doesn't care
who stands in his way,

486
00:26:50,913 --> 00:26:53,089
his political aspirations
have never become clearer.

487
00:26:53,219 --> 00:26:55,744
[fire crackling]

488
00:26:55,874 --> 00:27:00,836
♪

489
00:27:09,714 --> 00:27:12,848
g]

490
00:27:12,978 --> 00:27:15,807
[overlapping conversation]

491
00:27:15,938 --> 00:27:18,636
Within months of his wife,
Cornelia's death,

492
00:27:18,767 --> 00:27:21,247
Caesar has raised
enough political support

493
00:27:21,378 --> 00:27:22,814
to become a senator.

494
00:27:28,211 --> 00:27:30,996
ADAM: One of the ways one
becomes a senator in Rome,

495
00:27:31,127 --> 00:27:33,346
is by being elected
to one of the junior positions

496
00:27:33,477 --> 00:27:34,913
on the <i>cursus honorum.</i>

497
00:27:35,044 --> 00:27:37,568
This is how Caesar
becomes a senator.

498
00:27:37,699 --> 00:27:40,832
In Caesar's day,
there are about 600 senators.

499
00:27:40,963 --> 00:27:43,269
Now the word "senate"
comes from the word <i>"senex,"</i>

500
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:45,271
which means old or wise man

501
00:27:45,402 --> 00:27:47,186
and this fits
the Senate to the "T".

502
00:27:48,492 --> 00:27:51,234
They are the oldest, wisest,
but really what they are,

503
00:27:51,364 --> 00:27:53,236
is the most
powerful men in Rome.

504
00:27:54,890 --> 00:27:56,413
Julius Caesar.

505
00:27:57,893 --> 00:27:59,329
Senators.

506
00:27:59,459 --> 00:28:01,984
I think that Caesar,
in many ways,

507
00:28:02,114 --> 00:28:04,334
was very idealistic.

508
00:28:05,204 --> 00:28:07,380
He really wants
to bring about change to Rome,

509
00:28:07,511 --> 00:28:09,426
to lift up the poor people,

510
00:28:09,556 --> 00:28:11,863
I think he really
does want to do good

511
00:28:11,994 --> 00:28:13,560
for the Roman Republic.

512
00:28:14,344 --> 00:28:16,912
Young Caesar
often backs idealistic,

513
00:28:17,042 --> 00:28:19,305
popular causes and this seems

514
00:28:19,436 --> 00:28:22,874
like a dashing rebellion
against the establishment

515
00:28:23,005 --> 00:28:24,702
but in fact, popular causes

516
00:28:24,833 --> 00:28:26,922
are a well-known route to power.

517
00:28:28,314 --> 00:28:30,926
Every decision he makes
as a young man,

518
00:28:31,056 --> 00:28:35,147
is designed to cement his image
as a supporter of the people.

519
00:28:35,974 --> 00:28:37,889
Once you're elected
into the Senate,

520
00:28:38,020 --> 00:28:40,805
you're there for life, like
the US Supreme Court Justices.

521
00:28:40,936 --> 00:28:43,025
However,
you could lose your seat.

522
00:28:44,026 --> 00:28:46,115
One of the ways is if you
have to declare bankruptcy.

523
00:28:46,245 --> 00:28:48,204
Politicians were not paid,

524
00:28:48,334 --> 00:28:51,076
not only would they be spending
on their campaign funds

525
00:28:51,207 --> 00:28:52,643
but they would be expected

526
00:28:52,774 --> 00:28:54,732
to cover civic
infrastructure projects.

527
00:28:54,863 --> 00:28:56,952
So, they might have to
repair bridges or roads.

528
00:29:00,042 --> 00:29:02,000
PHILIP FREEMAN: Caesar
is not a wealthy man

529
00:29:02,131 --> 00:29:04,611
when he begins
his career in politics,

530
00:29:04,742 --> 00:29:06,613
he runs up tremendous debts.

531
00:29:06,744 --> 00:29:10,922
By 64 BC,
Caesar is in so much debt

532
00:29:11,053 --> 00:29:12,532
that two of his fellow politicians

533
00:29:12,663 --> 00:29:14,099
have actually gone bankrupt,

534
00:29:14,230 --> 00:29:16,101
just trying
to keep pace with him.

535
00:29:17,363 --> 00:29:18,669
<i>NARRATOR: As Caesar's
debt balloons...</i>

536
00:29:19,931 --> 00:29:23,021
<i>five years into
his career as a senator,</i>

537
00:29:23,152 --> 00:29:25,502
<i>he decides to stage
gladiatorial games for the city.</i>

538
00:29:27,330 --> 00:29:28,810
This is
an incredible opportunity

539
00:29:28,940 --> 00:29:30,724
to display his generosity.

540
00:29:30,855 --> 00:29:32,770
[swords clanking]

541
00:29:32,901 --> 00:29:34,685
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar scours
gladiator schools across Italy.</i>

542
00:29:35,686 --> 00:29:36,774
<i>Their best fighters.</i>

543
00:29:36,905 --> 00:29:38,994
[swords clanking]

544
00:29:39,124 --> 00:29:40,386
ROBERT CARGILL: Caesar
wants to put on

545
00:29:40,517 --> 00:29:42,301
the biggest show
in Rome's history

546
00:29:42,432 --> 00:29:44,260
but gladiators don't come cheap

547
00:29:44,390 --> 00:29:46,523
and Caesar needs
some extra financial help.

548
00:29:48,612 --> 00:29:50,614
PATRICK: At this point,
Caesar owes somewhere

549
00:29:50,744 --> 00:29:53,530
in the range
of 31 million sesterces.

550
00:29:53,660 --> 00:29:55,837
That's over $100 million
in today's money.

551
00:29:57,839 --> 00:30:00,711
It means every Roman creditor
is on the lookout for Caesar.

552
00:30:02,234 --> 00:30:04,019
They know his name,
they know what he owes.

553
00:30:06,108 --> 00:30:08,588
As Caesar's debts
continue to rise,

554
00:30:08,719 --> 00:30:11,156
his creditors become
more and more impatient

555
00:30:11,287 --> 00:30:14,551
and there's only one man
in Rome who can bail him out.

556
00:30:15,595 --> 00:30:18,860
- Caesar, you wanted to see me?
- Crassus, thank you for coming.

557
00:30:20,731 --> 00:30:22,646
One of my creditors,

558
00:30:22,776 --> 00:30:24,169
they're threatening me
with court.

559
00:30:26,606 --> 00:30:27,694
What's your plan?

560
00:30:29,566 --> 00:30:31,481
I've been thinking,

561
00:30:31,611 --> 00:30:33,570
perhaps you can help.

562
00:30:35,311 --> 00:30:36,573
I've never lost an election...

563
00:30:38,053 --> 00:30:40,664
if I was in your debt
instead of theirs,

564
00:30:40,794 --> 00:30:42,361
think of what you'd get back
on your investment.

565
00:30:45,538 --> 00:30:48,890
If I do this, I own you.

566
00:30:49,803 --> 00:30:51,196
You do know what that means.

567
00:30:51,327 --> 00:30:53,329
For you,
it means influence, favor--

568
00:30:53,459 --> 00:30:57,550
For you, it means
every single decision you face,

569
00:30:57,681 --> 00:31:00,597
your first thought will not be,
"How does this benefit Caesar?"

570
00:31:01,511 --> 00:31:03,600
But, "How does this
benefit Crassus?"

571
00:31:04,296 --> 00:31:07,038
You lose an election,
even once...

572
00:31:08,605 --> 00:31:10,737
I will gut you
for everything you own.

573
00:31:12,478 --> 00:31:13,566
I know the risks.

574
00:31:15,220 --> 00:31:17,657
Caesar asks for Crassus
to essentially be

575
00:31:17,788 --> 00:31:21,009
the guarantor on his loans,

576
00:31:21,139 --> 00:31:24,099
but in return,
Caesar will become Crassus' man.

577
00:31:29,887 --> 00:31:32,498
AMANDA: This is an extremely
risky move from Caesar.

578
00:31:32,629 --> 00:31:34,500
He's gambling here
that he will get high enough

579
00:31:34,631 --> 00:31:36,154
on Rome's political ladder

580
00:31:36,285 --> 00:31:37,939
that he will be able
to pay Crassus back.

581
00:31:39,853 --> 00:31:41,899
If he loses the next election,

582
00:31:42,030 --> 00:31:43,814
he could be looking
at making an enemy

583
00:31:43,945 --> 00:31:46,077
of one of Rome's
most powerful men

584
00:31:46,208 --> 00:31:48,253
and an effective end
to his political career.

585
00:31:53,041 --> 00:31:54,956
CAESAR: The time has come
for us to choose.

586
00:31:55,086 --> 00:31:56,174
ADAM: For the next
several years,

587
00:31:56,305 --> 00:31:58,133
Caesar and Crassus are both

588
00:31:58,263 --> 00:32:01,266
political allies
and economic partners.

589
00:32:01,397 --> 00:32:04,095
Caesar has to rise
for Crassus to be paid back,

590
00:32:04,226 --> 00:32:07,881
and now, only one office remains
for Caesar to take,

591
00:32:08,012 --> 00:32:09,144
the consulship.

592
00:32:09,971 --> 00:32:12,147
When the Romans
got rid of their kings,

593
00:32:12,277 --> 00:32:15,237
they replaced them
with the consuls.

594
00:32:15,367 --> 00:32:18,588
So the consuls acted
as the commander-in-chief

595
00:32:18,718 --> 00:32:20,807
of the Roman military.

596
00:32:20,938 --> 00:32:23,810
They were proposing
all bills to the Senate,

597
00:32:23,941 --> 00:32:27,162
the consuls also acted
as the chief judicial officer.

598
00:32:27,292 --> 00:32:29,468
They were the ones
who passed judgement

599
00:32:29,599 --> 00:32:31,340
and who executed punishments.

600
00:32:32,254 --> 00:32:34,343
Caesar is now 40 years old,

601
00:32:34,473 --> 00:32:37,520
which is the youngest anyone can
get elected to the consulship.

602
00:32:37,650 --> 00:32:40,088
The consulship is the high point

603
00:32:40,218 --> 00:32:42,090
of any Roman's career.

604
00:32:42,220 --> 00:32:44,396
This is the position
that Caesar has been

605
00:32:44,527 --> 00:32:47,878
preparing to take
his entire life.

606
00:32:49,358 --> 00:32:52,622
<i>NARRATOR: But Caesar's route
to the consulship is not easy.</i>

607
00:32:54,102 --> 00:32:55,799
NICOLA DENZEY LEWIS: Rome's
two most powerful men,

608
00:32:55,929 --> 00:32:58,454
Crassus and Pompey,
hate each other

609
00:32:58,584 --> 00:33:00,717
and they've spent years
fighting each other.

610
00:33:07,767 --> 00:33:08,942
AARON: Running
for the consulship,

611
00:33:09,073 --> 00:33:11,336
Caesar is now part

612
00:33:11,467 --> 00:33:13,773
of Crassus' faction.

613
00:33:13,904 --> 00:33:16,298
Which means, Pompey's supporters

614
00:33:16,428 --> 00:33:18,169
will be gunning for him.

615
00:33:19,257 --> 00:33:21,129
He has to find
some sort of middle ground

616
00:33:21,259 --> 00:33:22,956
that will allow him
to be elected.

617
00:33:23,087 --> 00:33:28,223
♪

618
00:33:36,883 --> 00:33:38,146
PATRICK: But Caesar
is an incredibly savvy

619
00:33:38,276 --> 00:33:39,408
political operator.

620
00:33:41,845 --> 00:33:43,890
Roman politics is a snake pit

621
00:33:44,021 --> 00:33:46,806
and Caesar navigates it
with incredible dexterity.

622
00:33:46,937 --> 00:33:48,678
[thunder rumbling]

623
00:33:48,808 --> 00:33:51,072
[footsteps approaching]

624
00:33:58,296 --> 00:34:00,255
- Pompey, thank you for coming.
- Why the secrecy?

625
00:34:04,607 --> 00:34:06,304
I'm not interested
in playing games.

626
00:34:06,435 --> 00:34:08,915
Stop, please,

627
00:34:09,046 --> 00:34:10,613
just hear what I have to say.

628
00:34:13,181 --> 00:34:15,705
You two should be
the most powerful men in Rome,

629
00:34:15,835 --> 00:34:18,969
but you put all of your energy
into fighting each other.

630
00:34:20,884 --> 00:34:22,799
What if, instead,

631
00:34:22,929 --> 00:34:26,629
you worked for each other?

632
00:34:28,109 --> 00:34:29,153
Why would we?

633
00:34:29,719 --> 00:34:31,677
Back me to become consul

634
00:34:31,808 --> 00:34:34,811
and I'll make sure
the Senate works for you.

635
00:34:36,943 --> 00:34:38,119
The three of us.

636
00:34:39,642 --> 00:34:42,123
[chuckles] We'd be invincible.

637
00:34:43,428 --> 00:34:45,126
Why should I trust you?

638
00:34:47,911 --> 00:34:49,391
I have one child, my daughter,

639
00:34:49,521 --> 00:34:52,002
she's everything to me.

640
00:34:53,917 --> 00:34:56,485
I offer her to you...

641
00:34:57,355 --> 00:34:59,009
as your wife.

642
00:35:00,271 --> 00:35:01,664
We'd be bonded in blood...

643
00:35:03,361 --> 00:35:04,319
family.

644
00:35:08,845 --> 00:35:11,413
Pompey wants land
for his ex-soldiers,

645
00:35:11,543 --> 00:35:13,763
he hasn't been able
to get that through the Senate.

646
00:35:13,893 --> 00:35:16,722
Crassus wants financial support
for his tax-collectors,

647
00:35:16,853 --> 00:35:18,942
he hasn't been able
to get that through,

648
00:35:19,072 --> 00:35:21,031
and Caesar, of course,
wants to be consul.

649
00:35:22,946 --> 00:35:25,035
[thunder rumbling]

650
00:35:28,734 --> 00:35:30,345
Caesar is basically
gambling here,

651
00:35:30,475 --> 00:35:32,825
that all three men
are self-interested enough

652
00:35:32,956 --> 00:35:35,350
to put aside their personal beef
and work together.

653
00:35:39,832 --> 00:35:42,357
[thunder rumbling]

654
00:35:44,185 --> 00:35:46,143
The secret deal
that Caesar persuades

655
00:35:46,274 --> 00:35:49,538
Pompey and Crassus to agree to,
is called the Triumvirate.

656
00:35:51,279 --> 00:35:53,672
It literally means
"rule of three."

657
00:35:58,547 --> 00:36:01,158
Individually,
they've all been able to get

658
00:36:01,289 --> 00:36:03,900
some of what they want,
but never all of it.

659
00:36:05,510 --> 00:36:08,905
Together, they can dominate
Roman politics...

660
00:36:10,689 --> 00:36:12,082
for years to come.

661
00:36:12,213 --> 00:36:19,829
♪

662
00:36:19,959 --> 00:36:23,354
Caesar immediately
leans on his deal,

663
00:36:23,485 --> 00:36:26,009
with his fellow members
of the Triumvirate,

664
00:36:26,139 --> 00:36:27,924
Crassus and Pompey,

665
00:36:28,054 --> 00:36:31,188
to make sure
he's elected consul.

666
00:36:31,319 --> 00:36:34,017
The Triumvirate
is an ideal arrangement.

667
00:36:34,147 --> 00:36:36,106
Caesar brings
the political skill

668
00:36:36,237 --> 00:36:37,760
and dexterity,

669
00:36:37,890 --> 00:36:39,718
Pompey brings the muscle.

670
00:36:39,849 --> 00:36:43,156
Friends,
the elections are coming

671
00:36:43,287 --> 00:36:46,986
and we are here to ensure
that you vote for the right man.

672
00:36:47,944 --> 00:36:50,512
And Crassus?
He brings the cold, hard cash.

673
00:36:51,426 --> 00:36:53,428
I was just glad I could
offer help when you needed it.

674
00:36:54,124 --> 00:36:56,561
Now, it's my turn.

675
00:36:56,692 --> 00:37:00,130
PHILIP: Bribery was rampant
in ancient Roman elections.

676
00:37:00,261 --> 00:37:02,132
CRASSUS: Cast your vote
for Julius Caesar.

677
00:37:02,872 --> 00:37:04,482
You could buy votes

678
00:37:04,613 --> 00:37:06,702
and it was not even considered

679
00:37:06,832 --> 00:37:08,356
bad manners to do this.

680
00:37:09,748 --> 00:37:11,663
Caesar.

681
00:37:11,794 --> 00:37:13,970
Twenty-four votes and counting.

682
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:15,885
Keep it up.

683
00:37:17,756 --> 00:37:18,888
<i>NARRATOR: Voting
is only for men...</i>

684
00:37:21,499 --> 00:37:23,458
<i>but this doesn't mean
women carry no influence.</i>

685
00:37:25,373 --> 00:37:27,853
After Cornelia's death,
Caesar does remarry,

686
00:37:27,984 --> 00:37:31,204
but he is also known
as a bit of womanizer.

687
00:37:31,335 --> 00:37:33,163
Servilia, Silanus,

688
00:37:33,294 --> 00:37:35,557
how lovely to see you both.

689
00:37:35,687 --> 00:37:37,689
CAITLIN: Servilia
is Cato's sister,

690
00:37:37,820 --> 00:37:40,257
she also happens to be
Caesar's mistress.

691
00:37:40,388 --> 00:37:42,607
They've been together for years,

692
00:37:42,738 --> 00:37:44,870
even though both of them
are married.

693
00:37:45,001 --> 00:37:46,524
AMANDA: In addition to being
Caesar's mistress,

694
00:37:46,655 --> 00:37:48,918
Servilia plays
a very important role here,

695
00:37:49,048 --> 00:37:52,225
as a kind of back-channel
negotiator of the ancient world.

696
00:37:52,356 --> 00:37:54,619
Senator,
can I count on your support?

697
00:37:56,752 --> 00:37:58,014
Silanus will back you up.

698
00:37:59,624 --> 00:38:01,452
My brother's politics
aren't ours.

699
00:38:04,499 --> 00:38:09,808
♪

700
00:38:13,943 --> 00:38:16,598
Candidates in Roman elections
wore special togas,

701
00:38:16,728 --> 00:38:19,731
the toga <i>candida,</i>
which means "bright white."

702
00:38:20,515 --> 00:38:22,908
A Roman who is wearing
the toga candida

703
00:38:23,039 --> 00:38:26,172
was a <i>candidatus,</i>
"one dressed in bright white."

704
00:38:26,303 --> 00:38:29,001
This is where we get
our modern word "candidate."

705
00:38:30,263 --> 00:38:32,570
SIMON: Caesar is an extremely
charismatic politician.

706
00:38:32,701 --> 00:38:35,094
He's attractive, he's witty.

707
00:38:35,225 --> 00:38:38,533
In fact, one could say
that he has all the talents.

708
00:38:40,665 --> 00:38:43,929
There's a lot riding on this
election day for you, Caesar,

709
00:38:44,060 --> 00:38:45,322
for all of us.

710
00:38:47,455 --> 00:38:49,544
We will see you later,
at the victory party.

711
00:38:53,461 --> 00:38:56,812
And it had better be
a victory party.

712
00:38:58,117 --> 00:39:00,293
The stakes
could not be higher for Caesar,

713
00:39:00,424 --> 00:39:03,122
he literally cannot afford
to lose this election.

714
00:39:03,253 --> 00:39:07,562
[applause]

715
00:39:09,781 --> 00:39:11,740
<i>NARRATOR: But Caesar
had no need to worry.</i>

716
00:39:14,090 --> 00:39:16,179
The election day
proves to be everything

717
00:39:16,309 --> 00:39:18,834
that Caesar could've wished for
because he tops the ballot

718
00:39:18,964 --> 00:39:21,402
by a landslide,
so he is elected consul.

719
00:39:23,926 --> 00:39:25,928
A consul's term
is only one year,

720
00:39:26,058 --> 00:39:28,060
so if they want to
get things done,

721
00:39:28,191 --> 00:39:30,889
they have to push them through,
from the first day in office.

722
00:39:33,109 --> 00:39:35,894
Caesar now has to pay back
his allies.

723
00:39:36,025 --> 00:39:38,941
The first law
Caesar has to pass as consul,

724
00:39:39,071 --> 00:39:41,422
is a land bill that gives land

725
00:39:41,552 --> 00:39:43,293
to Pompey's veterans.

726
00:39:44,294 --> 00:39:47,428
The land is there to be farmed.

727
00:39:47,558 --> 00:39:49,517
The former soldiers of Pompey

728
00:39:49,647 --> 00:39:51,127
risked their lives
for the Roman Republic

729
00:39:51,257 --> 00:39:53,216
but are now reduced to poverty.

730
00:39:53,346 --> 00:39:55,610
Pompey wants to give them
farms as a reward.

731
00:39:56,524 --> 00:39:58,395
CAESAR: Should it not be given

732
00:39:58,526 --> 00:40:00,397
to destitute men

733
00:40:00,528 --> 00:40:03,748
who once fought for us all?

734
00:40:03,879 --> 00:40:05,054
[indistinct chatter]

735
00:40:08,274 --> 00:40:09,406
[clears throat]

736
00:40:10,755 --> 00:40:13,149
Cato, you wish
to support my bill?

737
00:40:15,107 --> 00:40:18,459
PHILIP: Cato
is one of the leading members

738
00:40:18,589 --> 00:40:21,026
of the <i>optimates,</i>
"The Conservative."

739
00:40:21,157 --> 00:40:24,987
He is perhaps the most
conservative man in Rome.

740
00:40:25,117 --> 00:40:28,207
Cato has a kind of
personality cult going on.

741
00:40:28,338 --> 00:40:31,036
He has a very distinctive
way of dress,

742
00:40:31,167 --> 00:40:34,866
what he imagines was the attire

743
00:40:34,997 --> 00:40:36,868
of the earliest leaders of Rome.

744
00:40:36,999 --> 00:40:40,002
He goes barefoot
and even commando

745
00:40:40,132 --> 00:40:42,657
and he does this
style himself as a man

746
00:40:42,787 --> 00:40:45,137
who is returning to simpler days

747
00:40:45,268 --> 00:40:47,531
but really what he's doing
is representing the aims

748
00:40:47,662 --> 00:40:50,186
of a very small group
of aristocrats.

749
00:40:50,316 --> 00:40:51,361
Consul.

750
00:40:52,754 --> 00:40:56,322
There is much to admire
in this land bill.

751
00:40:56,758 --> 00:40:59,412
The hand is elegant,

752
00:40:59,543 --> 00:41:02,198
the papyrus
is of the finest quality...

753
00:41:05,157 --> 00:41:08,334
but it would be
a very grave mistake

754
00:41:08,465 --> 00:41:11,903
to set such a precedent
at this point in time.

755
00:41:12,034 --> 00:41:14,602
Like senators
in the United States today,

756
00:41:14,732 --> 00:41:17,996
Roman senators could
effectively stop legislation

757
00:41:18,127 --> 00:41:19,476
simply by talking...

758
00:41:19,998 --> 00:41:22,305
And we are to obey.

759
00:41:22,435 --> 00:41:23,741
...and talking...

760
00:41:23,872 --> 00:41:25,351
CATO: There are points aplenty

761
00:41:25,482 --> 00:41:26,962
that are wrong with this text.

762
00:41:27,092 --> 00:41:28,267
...and talking.

763
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:31,444
Cato is a master
at the filibuster.

764
00:41:31,575 --> 00:41:35,492
How very,
very tedious of Caesar...

765
00:41:35,623 --> 00:41:39,452
Cato's an obstructionist
and he's trying to make sure

766
00:41:39,583 --> 00:41:42,804
that nothing that represents
the aims of Caesar,

767
00:41:42,934 --> 00:41:45,763
Pompey and Crassus
gets turned into law.

768
00:41:45,894 --> 00:41:48,157
Cato's opposition
to Caesar's land bill

769
00:41:48,287 --> 00:41:50,942
isn't just political,
it's also personal.

770
00:41:51,073 --> 00:41:54,816
These two guys
really do not get on

771
00:41:54,946 --> 00:41:56,687
and that's made worse
by the fact that Caesar

772
00:41:56,818 --> 00:41:59,255
is having this affair
with Cato's sister.

773
00:41:59,385 --> 00:42:01,083
...a waste
of our time, senators.

774
00:42:01,213 --> 00:42:03,651
That's enough Cato.

775
00:42:08,525 --> 00:42:09,570
CATO: Maybe one-- what is this?

776
00:42:10,396 --> 00:42:11,484
What is this?

777
00:42:11,615 --> 00:42:13,704
[indistinct shouting]

778
00:42:13,835 --> 00:42:16,794
Let us give
the honorable Senator

779
00:42:16,925 --> 00:42:20,189
some time alone
to think about the land bill.

780
00:42:20,319 --> 00:42:23,845
Caesar sends attendants
to manhandle Cato

781
00:42:23,975 --> 00:42:25,281
and lead him off
towards the prison...

782
00:42:28,284 --> 00:42:30,634
hoping this will simply
stop Cato in his tracks.

783
00:42:31,635 --> 00:42:34,290
Before I was
so rudely interrupted.

784
00:42:38,207 --> 00:42:40,557
NICOLA: Caesar doesn't have
the power to keep Cato there

785
00:42:40,688 --> 00:42:42,777
for very long,
but he's broadcasting a message.

786
00:42:46,128 --> 00:42:49,740
He is not above using violence
to get what it is that he wants,

787
00:42:49,871 --> 00:42:51,655
so he wields a very heavy stick

788
00:42:51,786 --> 00:42:54,310
and the <i>optimates</i>
hate him for it.

789
00:42:58,531 --> 00:43:01,926
<i>NARRATOR: Over the next year,
Caesar, Pompey and Crassus</i>

790
00:43:02,057 --> 00:43:04,320
<i>resort to any means necessary,</i>

791
00:43:04,450 --> 00:43:06,801
<i>- legal and illegal...</i>
- [shouting]

792
00:43:06,931 --> 00:43:08,890
<i>to push through their agenda.</i>

793
00:43:10,282 --> 00:43:12,633
As it becomes less secret
and more openly violent,

794
00:43:12,763 --> 00:43:14,983
the Triumvirate acquires
a nickname,

795
00:43:15,113 --> 00:43:16,506
"The three-headed monster."

796
00:43:17,463 --> 00:43:20,075
Consuls can only serve
one year in office,

797
00:43:20,205 --> 00:43:22,077
it's possible
to serve another year

798
00:43:22,207 --> 00:43:23,426
but not consecutively.

799
00:43:24,688 --> 00:43:26,821
And so Caesar knows
that his time

800
00:43:26,951 --> 00:43:28,866
is coming to an end
and he needs a plan.

801
00:43:30,302 --> 00:43:33,001
With Caesar out of office,
he will no longer have

802
00:43:33,131 --> 00:43:35,394
political immunity
from prosecution.

803
00:43:35,525 --> 00:43:37,745
What Caesar's enemies
really want to do

804
00:43:37,875 --> 00:43:40,356
is prosecute him
for all of the crimes

805
00:43:40,486 --> 00:43:42,314
that he has committed
in the last year.

806
00:43:43,098 --> 00:43:45,404
Caesar needs a way

807
00:43:45,535 --> 00:43:48,059
to extend his immunity,

808
00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,845
so that Cato and the <i>optimates</i>
cannot charge him.

809
00:43:54,022 --> 00:43:55,414
CRASSUS: We don't have
much more time

810
00:43:55,545 --> 00:43:57,373
with you as consul.

811
00:43:57,503 --> 00:43:59,070
What comes next?

812
00:43:59,201 --> 00:44:00,463
CAESAR: I've been
working on something.

813
00:44:02,117 --> 00:44:05,686
I need [indistinct],
one with a military command.

814
00:44:05,816 --> 00:44:07,688
How does that benefit us?

815
00:44:07,818 --> 00:44:10,516
It benefits us all.
Slaves, gladiators, wealth.

816
00:44:11,169 --> 00:44:14,129
Everyone in Rome will know

817
00:44:14,259 --> 00:44:17,306
everything that's sent back
is from the three of us.

818
00:44:17,436 --> 00:44:18,960
The people will love us.

819
00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:21,223
DOUG: Caesar's plan
is to get a governorship

820
00:44:21,353 --> 00:44:22,964
with military responsibilities.

821
00:44:23,094 --> 00:44:25,096
He would be
immune from prosecution,

822
00:44:25,227 --> 00:44:26,924
perhaps more importantly
for Caesar is,

823
00:44:27,055 --> 00:44:30,406
he doesn't have military glory
at a larger scale

824
00:44:30,536 --> 00:44:32,451
and that's what he would get
if he became the governor

825
00:44:32,582 --> 00:44:34,758
and on top of that,
he's terribly broke.

826
00:44:34,889 --> 00:44:37,065
It would be an opportunity
to get himself out of debt.

827
00:44:37,761 --> 00:44:39,458
Where do you propose?

828
00:44:39,589 --> 00:44:44,028
♪

829
00:44:47,771 --> 00:44:50,034
<i>NARRATOR: With help
from Pompey and Crassus,</i>

830
00:44:50,165 --> 00:44:53,342
<i>Caesar secures the position
as governor of Italian Gaul.</i>

831
00:44:55,387 --> 00:44:58,086
Italian Gaul
is the northern-most part

832
00:44:58,216 --> 00:45:00,349
of the Roman Republic.

833
00:45:00,479 --> 00:45:04,048
On the border between
modern-day France and Italy.

834
00:45:04,179 --> 00:45:07,312
So while Italian Gaul
is under Roman control,

835
00:45:07,443 --> 00:45:09,532
the rest of Gaul
is a kind of wild,

836
00:45:09,662 --> 00:45:12,100
independent area
that covers France,

837
00:45:12,230 --> 00:45:13,928
Belgium, the Netherlands,

838
00:45:14,058 --> 00:45:16,060
even up to the Rhine river
in Germany.

839
00:45:16,191 --> 00:45:18,889
The Gauls don't have
a single government like Rome.

840
00:45:19,020 --> 00:45:20,804
According to the Roman
historian, Plutarch,

841
00:45:20,935 --> 00:45:22,937
there are actually
about 300 tribes

842
00:45:23,067 --> 00:45:24,765
who are constantly
at war with each other.

843
00:45:25,853 --> 00:45:28,203
Some are allies of Rome,
some fight Rome,

844
00:45:28,333 --> 00:45:29,465
but they're not united.

845
00:45:31,641 --> 00:45:33,817
AMANDA: For Caesar,
Gaul is not only a vast,

846
00:45:33,948 --> 00:45:35,601
untapped reserve of wealth,

847
00:45:35,732 --> 00:45:37,995
it's a powder-keg
of warring tribes

848
00:45:38,126 --> 00:45:39,301
ready to explode.

849
00:45:40,041 --> 00:45:41,956
If he's able
to conquer this territory,

850
00:45:42,086 --> 00:45:45,133
he could become the wealthiest,
most powerful man in Rome.

851
00:45:46,917 --> 00:45:50,138
<i>NARRATOR: but Caesar can't get
involved militarily in Gaul</i>

852
00:45:50,268 --> 00:45:51,139
<i>without a pretext.</i>

853
00:45:53,445 --> 00:45:54,707
CAESAR: So?

854
00:45:55,360 --> 00:45:57,580
Caesar's most important
commander in Gaul

855
00:45:57,710 --> 00:46:00,583
is a talented general
named Titus Labienus.

856
00:46:00,713 --> 00:46:03,020
Earlier in his career,
he'd been associated with Pompey

857
00:46:03,151 --> 00:46:04,543
and now
he's working with Caesar.

858
00:46:04,674 --> 00:46:06,763
An envoy from the Aedui,

859
00:46:06,894 --> 00:46:09,157
a border tribe
and allies with Rome

860
00:46:09,287 --> 00:46:10,811
is begging
for a meeting with you.

861
00:46:11,942 --> 00:46:13,509
Shall I send him away?

862
00:46:13,639 --> 00:46:14,640
Bring him in.

863
00:46:21,299 --> 00:46:22,344
Speak.

864
00:46:23,301 --> 00:46:25,477
We need Rome's protection.

865
00:46:26,522 --> 00:46:29,220
<i>NARRATOR: Weeks after taking up
his position as Governor,</i>

866
00:46:29,351 --> 00:46:31,919
<i>Caesar is approached
by Gaul's ally to Rome,</i>

867
00:46:32,049 --> 00:46:34,922
<i>asking for help
against another tribe,</i>

868
00:46:35,052 --> 00:46:36,401
<i>the Helvetii.</i>

869
00:46:37,315 --> 00:46:40,318
The Helvetii are a tribe
living in modern-day Switzerland

870
00:46:40,449 --> 00:46:42,103
but they're looking
for somewhere else to go.

871
00:46:44,279 --> 00:46:45,715
ROBERT: As the Helvetii emigrate,

872
00:46:45,846 --> 00:46:47,238
they clash with other tribes.

873
00:46:47,369 --> 00:46:49,893
There's violence
and there's death.

874
00:46:50,024 --> 00:46:52,069
Some of these tribes
are allied to Rome.

875
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:55,029
Those loyal tribes will come
to Caesar seeking help.

876
00:46:56,204 --> 00:46:57,379
What do you think, Labienus?

877
00:46:58,946 --> 00:47:02,210
Are we not bound
to help our allies?

878
00:47:03,776 --> 00:47:06,518
It becomes an opportunity
for Caesar to engage militarily.

879
00:47:13,961 --> 00:47:16,224
[soldiers screaming]

880
00:47:16,354 --> 00:47:31,195
[swords clinking]

881
00:47:31,326 --> 00:47:34,764
[swords clinking]

882
00:47:36,766 --> 00:47:39,508
As the Helvetii
continue their migration,

883
00:47:39,638 --> 00:47:41,423
Caesar intercepts.

884
00:47:47,472 --> 00:47:48,909
[whistling]

885
00:47:49,039 --> 00:47:50,432
WESLEY: In Gaul,
Caesar is a predator.

886
00:47:52,564 --> 00:47:54,262
There's just
no other way to describe it.

887
00:47:55,263 --> 00:47:56,394
[metal clinking]

888
00:47:57,526 --> 00:47:59,267
AMANDA: You have to think
of the Helvetii

889
00:47:59,397 --> 00:48:02,661
as essentially refugees,
looking for a new place to live.

890
00:48:02,792 --> 00:48:04,185
A great deal of their number

891
00:48:04,315 --> 00:48:05,621
would've been
women and children.

892
00:48:09,712 --> 00:48:11,627
[swords clinking]

893
00:48:12,454 --> 00:48:15,805
[swords slicing]

894
00:48:17,633 --> 00:48:20,201
This really isn't
a great military conquest

895
00:48:20,331 --> 00:48:23,247
on Caesar's part,
so much as it is an atrocity...

896
00:48:25,684 --> 00:48:28,383
but Caesar is able
to turn this into a story

897
00:48:28,513 --> 00:48:29,862
of a military victory,

898
00:48:29,993 --> 00:48:31,299
that helps
make him popular in Rome.

899
00:48:37,392 --> 00:48:39,698
Having suppressed the Helvetii,

900
00:48:39,829 --> 00:48:43,006
one might expect
that Caesar would leave Gaul

901
00:48:43,137 --> 00:48:45,356
and return
to his Governor's province,

902
00:48:45,487 --> 00:48:48,794
in northern Italy,
but Caesar has other ideas.

903
00:48:53,190 --> 00:48:55,279
They'll be impressed
with our horde back in Italy.

904
00:48:55,410 --> 00:48:56,498
It'll have to wait.

905
00:48:58,326 --> 00:48:59,980
We can't stay here without
permission from the Senate.

906
00:49:00,110 --> 00:49:03,244
There's been a new appeal
from another ally,

907
00:49:03,374 --> 00:49:05,681
I think it's our duty
to stay and help...

908
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:10,555
and we don't need
the approval of the Senate

909
00:49:10,686 --> 00:49:11,861
to do our duty.

910
00:49:13,732 --> 00:49:16,126
Just months
after defeating the Helvetii,

911
00:49:16,257 --> 00:49:18,085
Caesar decides to go for broke,

912
00:49:18,215 --> 00:49:20,130
he wants all of Gaul.

913
00:49:22,306 --> 00:49:24,265
NICOLA: It's a huge gamble
for Caesar.

914
00:49:24,395 --> 00:49:26,006
He's miles from home,

915
00:49:26,136 --> 00:49:28,965
the tribes outnumber his troops

916
00:49:29,096 --> 00:49:31,446
and he doesn't have proper
supply lines for his army.

917
00:49:32,577 --> 00:49:35,537
And yet, for him,
it's worth the gamble.

918
00:49:35,667 --> 00:49:37,147
[shouting]

919
00:49:38,496 --> 00:49:40,063
ADAM: Ceasar makes
a Faustian pact.

920
00:49:40,194 --> 00:49:41,891
Stand tall.

921
00:49:42,022 --> 00:49:43,806
ADAM: To conquer Gaul,
he raises troops

922
00:49:43,936 --> 00:49:45,808
from the local provincials
in Italian Gaul.

923
00:49:45,938 --> 00:49:47,810
[indistinct]

924
00:49:47,940 --> 00:49:49,290
ADAM: But he does it
without the Senate's permission.

925
00:49:49,420 --> 00:49:51,161
Eyes forward...

926
00:49:51,857 --> 00:49:53,468
DOUG: When Rome
would raise a legion,

927
00:49:53,598 --> 00:49:55,078
they would swear
allegiance to Rome.

928
00:49:55,209 --> 00:49:56,384
...as one.

929
00:49:56,514 --> 00:49:58,255
When Caesar raises them,

930
00:49:58,386 --> 00:49:59,909
to whom do they swear
allegiance?

931
00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:01,737
One could argue
it's to Julius Caesar.

932
00:50:03,739 --> 00:50:05,480
As he raises these legions,

933
00:50:05,610 --> 00:50:08,657
to pay for them,
he must conquer parts of Gaul.

934
00:50:08,787 --> 00:50:09,745
It forces him forward.

935
00:50:12,965 --> 00:50:14,228
<i>NARRATOR: Over
the next four years...</i>

936
00:50:16,273 --> 00:50:18,580
<i>Caesar conquers
huge parts of Gaul.</i>

937
00:50:22,801 --> 00:50:25,282
Caesar's a divide
and conquer strategist.

938
00:50:25,413 --> 00:50:27,110
He figures out
who the opposition is...

939
00:50:27,241 --> 00:50:29,025
Now!

940
00:50:29,156 --> 00:50:31,419
...he makes alliances
with some tribes...

941
00:50:32,463 --> 00:50:34,552
[soldiers shouting]

942
00:50:35,553 --> 00:50:37,642
...and he calls
other tribes his enemies.

943
00:50:37,773 --> 00:50:39,601
[shouting]

944
00:50:39,731 --> 00:50:41,907
He brings
the friendly tribes to bear

945
00:50:42,038 --> 00:50:43,692
against the enemy tribes,

946
00:50:43,822 --> 00:50:45,215
then he turns
on the friendly tribes.

947
00:50:45,998 --> 00:50:47,435
[shouting]

948
00:50:48,262 --> 00:50:50,960
WESLEY: He's clever,
he's charming and he's ruthless.

949
00:50:52,788 --> 00:50:55,530
Along the way,
he will be careful to manage

950
00:50:55,660 --> 00:50:57,227
the narrative
that gets back to Rome.

951
00:50:58,446 --> 00:51:01,449
CAESAR: Caesar
encouraged the men personally.

952
00:51:02,232 --> 00:51:05,192
Ordering the men to open ranks

953
00:51:05,322 --> 00:51:07,368
so they might use
their swords more easily.

954
00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:12,503
<i>"Omnia Gallia,
in tres partes divida est",</i>

955
00:51:13,243 --> 00:51:15,811
All Gaul
is divided into three parts.

956
00:51:15,941 --> 00:51:19,684
It's the famous opening line
of Caesar's Gallic Commentaries.

957
00:51:20,772 --> 00:51:22,731
CAESAR: His bravery
gave the men fresh hope.

958
00:51:24,211 --> 00:51:27,170
Caesar manages the narrative
of the Gallic War back in Rome

959
00:51:27,301 --> 00:51:29,477
in a way
that's absolutely classic.

960
00:51:29,607 --> 00:51:32,958
Every man was eager to do well

961
00:51:33,089 --> 00:51:36,266
in his commander's sight.

962
00:51:36,397 --> 00:51:39,356
BARRY: He does so
by writing his own history.

963
00:51:39,487 --> 00:51:41,793
CAESAR: Caesar realized
the outcome...

964
00:51:43,099 --> 00:51:44,187
was on a knife-edge.

965
00:51:45,232 --> 00:51:47,103
BARRY: But Caesar
turns it into something new,

966
00:51:47,234 --> 00:51:48,670
exciting, even cinematic.

967
00:51:50,106 --> 00:51:51,803
He snatched a shield...

968
00:51:53,588 --> 00:51:55,851
from a soldier at the rear...

969
00:51:57,548 --> 00:51:59,159
and walked
straight to the front line.

970
00:51:59,898 --> 00:52:01,639
And his reports are read

971
00:52:01,770 --> 00:52:04,425
to the people of Italy
in public, year after year,

972
00:52:04,555 --> 00:52:06,731
glorifying Caesar's
achievements in Gaul.

973
00:52:07,689 --> 00:52:10,039
"So he snatched a shield
from a soldier in the rear,

974
00:52:10,170 --> 00:52:11,693
"made his way
to the front line."

975
00:52:13,260 --> 00:52:14,913
CLIFFORD ANDO: It's almost indescribably

976
00:52:15,044 --> 00:52:17,133
persuasive language.

977
00:52:17,264 --> 00:52:19,570
He was an extraordinary
master of writing.

978
00:52:19,701 --> 00:52:22,269
Modern politicians
would love to email CNN

979
00:52:22,399 --> 00:52:24,749
or Fox News
their version of events

980
00:52:24,880 --> 00:52:26,447
and have those
news media sources

981
00:52:26,577 --> 00:52:28,579
present them
completely uncritically.

982
00:52:29,711 --> 00:52:32,017
For Caesar, this is
what the Commentaries are.

983
00:52:33,193 --> 00:52:36,892
Caesar is also
building up his defense,

984
00:52:37,022 --> 00:52:39,721
he knows
that he has broken Roman law.

985
00:52:41,592 --> 00:52:43,855
And so it is from
Caesar's Commentaries

986
00:52:43,986 --> 00:52:46,293
that we get his excuse

987
00:52:46,423 --> 00:52:49,383
about defending Roman interests
from the Helvetii.

988
00:52:51,080 --> 00:52:53,430
His defense of raising troops

989
00:52:53,561 --> 00:52:55,302
when he did not
have the authority.

990
00:52:56,694 --> 00:52:59,393
Caesar's popularity
with ordinary Romans grows

991
00:52:59,523 --> 00:53:01,525
with every report
that he sends back.

992
00:53:01,656 --> 00:53:04,572
To them, he is the hero,
defending the glory of Rome.

993
00:53:06,051 --> 00:53:07,966
<i>NARRATOR: But amongst
some Senators,</i>

994
00:53:08,097 --> 00:53:10,491
<i>his exploits raise
serious concerns.</i>

995
00:53:11,535 --> 00:53:14,234
Senators,
what he is doing in Gaul

996
00:53:14,364 --> 00:53:16,236
is completely against the law!

997
00:53:17,759 --> 00:53:20,327
Cato is already
making the argument

998
00:53:20,457 --> 00:53:22,894
that Caesar
has violated Roman law.

999
00:53:23,025 --> 00:53:25,375
This is not war, this is crime!

1000
00:53:26,158 --> 00:53:29,510
That Caesar needs to be
stripped of his command,

1001
00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:31,076
brought back to Rome
to stand trial

1002
00:53:31,207 --> 00:53:32,991
to answer for his crimes.

1003
00:53:33,122 --> 00:53:35,429
His men are loyal only to him,

1004
00:53:35,559 --> 00:53:36,908
not to the Senate!

1005
00:53:37,039 --> 00:53:39,389
This is dangerous.

1006
00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:43,654
I move that Caesar
be handed over to the Gauls

1007
00:53:43,785 --> 00:53:45,569
for them to pass judgement.

1008
00:53:45,700 --> 00:53:48,050
CROWD: Oh, no! No!

1009
00:53:48,180 --> 00:53:50,226
ADAM: Cato
can't actually do anything

1010
00:53:50,357 --> 00:53:52,054
as long as Caesar is governor

1011
00:53:52,184 --> 00:53:53,795
and as long as
he has the support

1012
00:53:53,925 --> 00:53:55,623
of Crassus and Pompey.

1013
00:53:55,753 --> 00:53:57,929
But if that situation
should change,

1014
00:53:58,060 --> 00:54:00,149
then Cato can strike.

1015
00:54:00,280 --> 00:54:02,456
[birds chirping]

1016
00:54:06,764 --> 00:54:08,462
In 54 BC,

1017
00:54:08,592 --> 00:54:10,464
a new staff officer is sent out

1018
00:54:10,594 --> 00:54:12,640
to assist Caesar in Gaul.

1019
00:54:14,729 --> 00:54:16,296
He's a contact of Crassus'.

1020
00:54:18,776 --> 00:54:19,995
Mark Antony reporting, sir.

1021
00:54:23,303 --> 00:54:26,175
Mark Antony,
Crassus' man, come in, come in.

1022
00:54:27,002 --> 00:54:29,309
Antony's a man
who has real talent.

1023
00:54:29,439 --> 00:54:32,312
He's a warrior, also very astute

1024
00:54:32,442 --> 00:54:34,836
and he quickly becomes
one of Caesar's key lieutenants.

1025
00:54:37,708 --> 00:54:38,666
Something wrong?

1026
00:54:41,712 --> 00:54:42,670
I have bad news from Rome.

1027
00:54:44,019 --> 00:54:45,020
It's your daughter.

1028
00:54:46,891 --> 00:54:47,979
She's passed.

1029
00:54:53,333 --> 00:54:55,291
Caesar suffers
a personal tragedy

1030
00:54:55,422 --> 00:54:57,380
when news arrives
that his daughter, Julia,

1031
00:54:57,511 --> 00:55:00,340
his only child,
has died in childbirth.

1032
00:55:01,689 --> 00:55:05,127
Caesar is so utterly devastated

1033
00:55:05,257 --> 00:55:07,912
by the loss of his daughter,

1034
00:55:08,043 --> 00:55:11,220
by the loss of his
last connection to Cornelia

1035
00:55:11,351 --> 00:55:14,266
that he will be
haunted by nightmares

1036
00:55:14,397 --> 00:55:17,661
about Julia's death
for the next decade.

1037
00:55:19,271 --> 00:55:21,056
Not only
is this a personal tragedy,

1038
00:55:21,186 --> 00:55:23,363
it's also
politically very dangerous,

1039
00:55:23,493 --> 00:55:25,582
because she had cemented
the alliance with Pompey

1040
00:55:25,713 --> 00:55:27,279
and that was part of the gel

1041
00:55:27,410 --> 00:55:29,499
joining
the Triumvirate together,

1042
00:55:29,630 --> 00:55:31,240
but all that has suddenly gone.

1043
00:55:33,198 --> 00:55:34,722
To make matters
worse for Caesar,

1044
00:55:34,852 --> 00:55:36,898
not long after Julia's death,

1045
00:55:37,028 --> 00:55:39,030
Crassus is killed
on a military expedition

1046
00:55:39,161 --> 00:55:40,249
in modern-day Iran.

1047
00:55:43,731 --> 00:55:45,515
The legend has it,
that he was killed

1048
00:55:45,646 --> 00:55:48,300
by having molten gold
poured down his throat

1049
00:55:48,431 --> 00:55:50,738
by an enemy who had heard
of his love of money.

1050
00:55:52,435 --> 00:55:53,958
BARRY: The collapse
of the Triumvirate

1051
00:55:54,089 --> 00:55:56,787
raises the stakes
for Caesar in Gaul.

1052
00:55:56,918 --> 00:55:58,920
He realizes that
when he comes back to Rome,

1053
00:55:59,050 --> 00:56:01,966
he will no longer have Pompey
and Crassus watching his back.

1054
00:56:02,880 --> 00:56:05,883
He will be at the mercy
of Cato and the <i>optimates.</i>

1055
00:56:07,450 --> 00:56:09,887
But if Caesar can win
total victory in Gaul,

1056
00:56:10,018 --> 00:56:13,543
then maybe he can go home
rich enough, popular enough,

1057
00:56:13,674 --> 00:56:16,285
powerful enough to avoid
the attacks of his enemies.

1058
00:56:23,597 --> 00:56:25,599
<i>NARRATOR: There is
one obstacle to Caesar's plan.</i>

1059
00:56:27,514 --> 00:56:30,038
<i>The Gauls are not ready
to give up just yet.</i>

1060
00:56:30,995 --> 00:56:33,868
In 52 BC, a new threat emerges.

1061
00:56:33,998 --> 00:56:35,565
Vercingetorix.

1062
00:56:35,696 --> 00:56:38,481
Son of a chieftain,
who is very charismatic,

1063
00:56:38,612 --> 00:56:41,353
he is intent
on liberating his people

1064
00:56:41,484 --> 00:56:43,051
from Roman rule.

1065
00:56:43,181 --> 00:56:45,836
He brings together
a number of tribes,

1066
00:56:45,967 --> 00:56:48,273
to include some that had already

1067
00:56:48,404 --> 00:56:50,101
pledged allegiance to Rome.

1068
00:56:50,754 --> 00:56:54,149
Caesar and his army
came here as our allies.

1069
00:56:56,673 --> 00:56:58,632
Now they try and stay
as our conquerors.

1070
00:57:02,113 --> 00:57:03,811
This is our last chance...

1071
00:57:06,161 --> 00:57:07,292
to unite.

1072
00:57:10,252 --> 00:57:12,602
This is our last chance

1073
00:57:12,733 --> 00:57:15,997
to fight for our freedom!

1074
00:57:17,302 --> 00:57:19,783
What this does is it creates
the worst nightmare

1075
00:57:19,914 --> 00:57:22,917
that Julius Caesar can face,
a united enemy.

1076
00:57:23,047 --> 00:57:24,962
[Gauls chanting]

1077
00:57:25,093 --> 00:57:27,269
If Vercingetorix
is able to rally

1078
00:57:27,399 --> 00:57:28,662
all the Gauls together...

1079
00:57:30,620 --> 00:57:32,666
they will outnumber
Caesar's forces

1080
00:57:32,796 --> 00:57:34,363
by about ten to one.

1081
00:57:34,494 --> 00:57:36,191
The entire population of Gaul

1082
00:57:36,321 --> 00:57:38,672
is estimated to be
about five million.

1083
00:57:38,802 --> 00:57:41,022
[rhythmic chanting]

1084
00:57:41,152 --> 00:57:44,721
This is a population
that far outstrips

1085
00:57:44,852 --> 00:57:46,680
the army that Caesar
has deployed,

1086
00:57:46,810 --> 00:57:50,422
and, in fact,
would present a direct threat...

1087
00:57:50,553 --> 00:57:52,642
Who is with me?

1088
00:57:52,773 --> 00:57:55,515
...to the Roman Empire itself.

1089
00:57:58,561 --> 00:58:03,610
]

1090
00:58:03,740 --> 00:58:07,918
[soldiers shouting]

1091
00:58:08,049 --> 00:58:10,399
In the initial phases
of his campaign against Caesar,

1092
00:58:10,530 --> 00:58:12,880
Vercingetorix's strategy
seems to consist

1093
00:58:13,010 --> 00:58:15,099
of denying supplies to Caesar

1094
00:58:15,230 --> 00:58:17,275
through a scorched-earth
strategy

1095
00:58:17,406 --> 00:58:19,277
whilst fighting
an informal guerilla war.

1096
00:58:20,540 --> 00:58:22,193
Using the terrain
and their local knowledge

1097
00:58:22,324 --> 00:58:23,934
to their advantage.

1098
00:58:24,065 --> 00:58:26,458
Vercingetorix fights Caesar
for six months

1099
00:58:26,589 --> 00:58:29,331
until finally,
he brings things to a head

1100
00:58:29,461 --> 00:58:30,898
at a place called Alesia.

1101
00:58:37,644 --> 00:58:39,907
Vercingetorix is aware

1102
00:58:40,037 --> 00:58:42,692
that he needs
to make a stand at Alesia

1103
00:58:42,823 --> 00:58:46,870
because the guerilla warfare
is not enough to defeat Caesar.

1104
00:58:47,001 --> 00:58:49,220
He needs to find a way
to have a decisive battle.

1105
00:58:51,745 --> 00:58:52,702
CAESAR: Well?

1106
00:58:54,356 --> 00:58:56,401
The city walls
are made of stone.

1107
00:58:56,532 --> 00:58:57,968
We can't burn them down.

1108
00:58:59,143 --> 00:59:01,015
And if we try
to break through them,

1109
00:59:01,145 --> 00:59:02,451
it will cost us
thousands of men.

1110
00:59:04,801 --> 00:59:06,368
CAESAR: You weren't with us
when Crassus

1111
00:59:06,498 --> 00:59:08,239
defeated Spartacus, were you?

1112
00:59:09,414 --> 00:59:10,764
Maybe we don't need
to get in at all.

1113
00:59:13,680 --> 00:59:15,116
We just need
to stop them from getting out.

1114
00:59:17,553 --> 00:59:19,207
When Julius Caesar arrives

1115
00:59:19,337 --> 00:59:22,689
outside of Alesia
and sees a fortified town

1116
00:59:22,819 --> 00:59:26,431
on top of high ground
with 80,000 Gauls inside,

1117
00:59:26,562 --> 00:59:28,042
he assesses this as being

1118
00:59:28,172 --> 00:59:30,174
too much of a risk
to attack frontally.

1119
00:59:30,305 --> 00:59:32,568
ADAM: Caesar decides
to wall the Gauls in.

1120
00:59:32,699 --> 00:59:35,745
In many ways, this is a replay
of Crassus' decision

1121
00:59:35,876 --> 00:59:38,139
to wall Spartacus off
into southern Italy.

1122
00:59:39,444 --> 00:59:41,664
DOMINIC: Caesar's strategy
is to use

1123
00:59:41,795 --> 00:59:44,536
Vercingetorix's army
against itself.

1124
00:59:44,667 --> 00:59:46,974
It takes a lot of food
to feed 80,000 men

1125
00:59:47,104 --> 00:59:49,367
so you can starve them
pretty quickly.

1126
00:59:49,498 --> 00:59:54,634
♪

1127
00:59:54,764 --> 00:59:57,158
Caesar's wall
was going to start with a ditch

1128
00:59:57,288 --> 00:59:59,421
that is dug out,
the spoils thrown up

1129
00:59:59,551 --> 01:00:01,249
to create a 15 foot high wall,

1130
01:00:01,379 --> 01:00:04,295
almost ten miles around,

1131
01:00:04,426 --> 01:00:07,516
all in an effort
to trap Vercingetorix's army.

1132
01:00:11,999 --> 01:00:14,392
Caesar's wall around Alesia

1133
01:00:14,523 --> 01:00:17,569
is one of the great
military feats

1134
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:19,136
of the ancient world.

1135
01:00:19,267 --> 01:00:20,703
It takes about a month

1136
01:00:20,834 --> 01:00:23,358
to build out
this wall around the city.

1137
01:00:24,228 --> 01:00:25,316
CAESAR: How much longer?

1138
01:00:25,926 --> 01:00:26,840
This section.

1139
01:00:28,668 --> 01:00:30,017
And up the hills
on the left side.

1140
01:00:30,147 --> 01:00:34,021
♪

1141
01:00:36,327 --> 01:00:37,502
[horse neighing]

1142
01:00:41,506 --> 01:00:43,857
Vercingetorix
sends out messengers

1143
01:00:43,987 --> 01:00:47,164
before the siege is complete,
to all the other tribes of Gaul.

1144
01:00:48,557 --> 01:00:51,038
He wants them
to bring a massive army

1145
01:00:51,168 --> 01:00:53,170
to take Caesar from behind,

1146
01:00:53,301 --> 01:00:55,564
and crush Caesar
by sheer weight of numbers.

1147
01:00:56,913 --> 01:00:57,697
He's sending for help.

1148
01:00:59,437 --> 01:01:00,874
If they attack us from behind,
we're dead.

1149
01:01:01,004 --> 01:01:04,834
[tense instrumental
intensifying]

1150
01:01:21,068 --> 01:01:24,636
We build a second wall
around the first.

1151
01:01:24,767 --> 01:01:25,899
And trap ourselves?

1152
01:01:26,464 --> 01:01:27,552
Just do it.

1153
01:01:31,600 --> 01:01:35,996
Caesar is extraordinarily
cool under pressure.

1154
01:01:36,126 --> 01:01:38,433
He is a decisive leader.

1155
01:01:39,347 --> 01:01:41,871
Once he has made a decision,
he's going to commit to it.

1156
01:01:42,916 --> 01:01:44,831
What Caesar
decides to do is to build

1157
01:01:44,961 --> 01:01:47,137
another set of earthworks,
but this time,

1158
01:01:47,268 --> 01:01:49,139
instead of facing in,
they face out.

1159
01:01:49,270 --> 01:01:52,186
The Roman defenses
are in the shape of a doughnut,

1160
01:01:52,316 --> 01:01:55,189
with Alesia in the center
and Gauls on the outside.

1161
01:01:55,319 --> 01:01:57,017
He is besieging Alesia.

1162
01:01:57,147 --> 01:01:59,062
But when we draw
the entire picture,

1163
01:01:59,193 --> 01:02:00,237
who's besieging who?

1164
01:02:00,977 --> 01:02:02,544
'Cause when
the external forces come,

1165
01:02:02,674 --> 01:02:04,589
they will be surrounded
from the outside

1166
01:02:04,720 --> 01:02:06,330
and from the inside.

1167
01:02:07,114 --> 01:02:09,029
An extraordinarily
vulnerable place.

1168
01:02:09,159 --> 01:02:12,162
♪

1169
01:02:12,293 --> 01:02:16,253
- [horn blasting]
- [war cries]

1170
01:02:21,476 --> 01:02:24,131
One day,
they hear these terrible sounds,

1171
01:02:24,261 --> 01:02:25,828
they hear Gallic war cries.

1172
01:02:25,959 --> 01:02:30,050
♪

1173
01:02:30,180 --> 01:02:32,487
[soldiers shouting]

1174
01:02:32,617 --> 01:02:34,968
Vercingetorix's relief army
has arrived.

1175
01:02:37,274 --> 01:02:39,233
If you're a Roman soldier,
you look at the relief force,

1176
01:02:39,363 --> 01:02:41,670
you see that
you're outnumbered three to one,

1177
01:02:41,801 --> 01:02:43,498
and you wonder if those numbers

1178
01:02:43,628 --> 01:02:45,761
are ultimately,
gonna mean your demise,

1179
01:02:45,892 --> 01:02:48,068
but one thing
that you have is Julius Caesar,

1180
01:02:48,198 --> 01:02:49,939
and those seem
to even the odds by a degree.

1181
01:02:51,071 --> 01:02:53,160
Comrades, this is it.

1182
01:02:53,290 --> 01:02:55,553
DOMINIC: Caesar knows
that this is going to be the end

1183
01:02:55,684 --> 01:02:56,685
of the Gallic campaign.

1184
01:02:57,860 --> 01:03:00,254
Everything
we've been fighting for,

1185
01:03:00,384 --> 01:03:04,562
for the past seven years,
is now on the line.

1186
01:03:05,172 --> 01:03:06,608
DOMINIC: Either they'll win,

1187
01:03:06,738 --> 01:03:07,827
and all of Gaul
will be conquered,

1188
01:03:07,957 --> 01:03:09,350
or they will be annihilated.

1189
01:03:10,351 --> 01:03:13,180
We must fight, and we must win!

1190
01:03:14,137 --> 01:03:16,836
Victory or death,

1191
01:03:16,966 --> 01:03:18,881
which will you choose?

1192
01:03:19,534 --> 01:03:22,145
- For victory!
- For Rome!

1193
01:03:22,276 --> 01:03:25,583
SOLDIERS: For victory!
For Rome! For victory!

1194
01:03:25,714 --> 01:03:28,238
AARON: For Caesar, the stakes
of Alesia are everything.

1195
01:03:28,369 --> 01:03:30,762
He has gambled
his entire existence

1196
01:03:30,893 --> 01:03:33,069
on this single moment.

1197
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:35,985
[war cries]

1198
01:03:36,116 --> 01:03:38,858
[hooks clacking]

1199
01:03:40,860 --> 01:03:43,906
Vercingetorix and his men
have seen the attack

1200
01:03:44,037 --> 01:03:46,387
from the relief force outside,

1201
01:03:46,517 --> 01:03:48,606
and now, they can launch
an attack

1202
01:03:48,737 --> 01:03:51,087
from inside of Alesia.

1203
01:03:51,218 --> 01:03:57,920
[war cries]

1204
01:03:58,051 --> 01:04:00,967
He's got 8,000 Gauls
on the inside,

1205
01:04:01,097 --> 01:04:02,533
250,000 on the outside.

1206
01:04:04,361 --> 01:04:07,408
It looks like Caesar
is in deep trouble.

1207
01:04:07,538 --> 01:04:09,758
♪

1208
01:04:09,889 --> 01:04:12,369
Caesar is either going to die

1209
01:04:12,500 --> 01:04:15,764
along with the entirety
of his legacy at this moment...

1210
01:04:18,680 --> 01:04:21,683
or somehow, emerge triumphant.

1211
01:04:21,813 --> 01:04:25,817
♪

1212
01:04:25,948 --> 01:04:30,866
[soldiers shouting]

1213
01:04:30,997 --> 01:04:32,476
That area's breached.

1214
01:04:32,607 --> 01:04:36,089
[swords clattering]

1215
01:04:41,572 --> 01:04:43,357
The start
of the battle of Alesia

1216
01:04:43,487 --> 01:04:46,273
looks very bad for Caesar
and very good for the Gauls.

1217
01:04:46,403 --> 01:04:47,927
They look as though
they might win.

1218
01:04:49,450 --> 01:04:51,539
They have managed to tear down
a section of the wall,

1219
01:04:51,669 --> 01:04:53,715
and set to destroy

1220
01:04:53,845 --> 01:04:55,630
the much, much smaller
Roman army.

1221
01:04:58,676 --> 01:05:00,504
Caesar has to take
drastic action,

1222
01:05:00,635 --> 01:05:02,289
or everything will be lost.

1223
01:05:02,419 --> 01:05:06,467
- [war cries]
- [swords clattering]

1224
01:05:08,948 --> 01:05:12,516
Caesar himself leaps
into the frontlines,

1225
01:05:12,647 --> 01:05:15,563
inspiring his men,
encouraging them

1226
01:05:15,693 --> 01:05:16,956
to continue to fight.

1227
01:05:19,523 --> 01:05:23,266
You've beaten
these barbarians before,

1228
01:05:23,397 --> 01:05:24,964
you'll do it again!

1229
01:05:26,791 --> 01:05:30,143
You're the greatest soldiers
in the world!

1230
01:05:31,013 --> 01:05:32,101
For Rome!

1231
01:05:34,364 --> 01:05:37,454
Caesar sees himself

1232
01:05:37,585 --> 01:05:41,502
as lifting his men's morale,
and keeping them together

1233
01:05:41,632 --> 01:05:44,418
in the face
of this terrifying enemy.

1234
01:05:44,548 --> 01:05:48,509
- [war cries]
- [swords clattering]

1235
01:05:49,945 --> 01:05:52,643
Caesar manages to rally
his troops to hold the line,

1236
01:05:52,774 --> 01:05:55,559
and to not allow the Gauls
to penetrate and wreak havoc

1237
01:05:55,690 --> 01:05:56,996
in the back of the Roman lines.

1238
01:05:59,085 --> 01:06:00,782
<i>NARRATOR: But Caesar knows
the Romans can't hold out</i>

1239
01:06:00,912 --> 01:06:02,523
<i>against numbers
like this for long.</i>

1240
01:06:04,307 --> 01:06:05,569
DOUG: Although Julius Caesar
has now gone

1241
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:07,093
to the point
of greatest friction,

1242
01:06:07,223 --> 01:06:08,659
I think he also starts
to recognize

1243
01:06:08,790 --> 01:06:09,965
this might not be enough.

1244
01:06:11,227 --> 01:06:13,099
Now, he starts
to go through his rolodex

1245
01:06:13,229 --> 01:06:14,883
of "What else
might I be able to do?

1246
01:06:15,014 --> 01:06:17,103
"How can I solve the pressure

1247
01:06:17,233 --> 01:06:19,844
"on this direct attack
against the Roman line?"

1248
01:06:19,975 --> 01:06:23,413
Labienus, hold the breach.

1249
01:06:24,023 --> 01:06:25,502
Then ride around the walls.

1250
01:06:25,633 --> 01:06:26,982
Yes, sir!

1251
01:06:27,113 --> 01:06:29,419
Hold the breach, hold the walls!

1252
01:06:29,550 --> 01:06:32,379
Caesar makes this decision
to deploy his cavalry

1253
01:06:32,509 --> 01:06:34,120
outside his perimeter.

1254
01:06:34,903 --> 01:06:37,558
The cavalry
rides 'round the back

1255
01:06:37,688 --> 01:06:39,125
of the Gaulish positions.

1256
01:06:39,255 --> 01:06:40,561
Keep formation!

1257
01:06:41,214 --> 01:06:42,563
Don't lose it!

1258
01:06:43,564 --> 01:06:46,871
[war cry]

1259
01:06:47,872 --> 01:06:50,397
[horse neighing]

1260
01:06:53,226 --> 01:06:55,489
Caesar's cavalry forces slam

1261
01:06:55,619 --> 01:06:57,404
into the rear
of the Gallic army,

1262
01:06:57,534 --> 01:06:59,754
taking them
completely by surprise...

1263
01:07:01,103 --> 01:07:03,062
spreading panic
throughout their entire ranks.

1264
01:07:04,933 --> 01:07:06,630
They think that
they're completely surrounded

1265
01:07:06,761 --> 01:07:08,589
by the Roman army,
and they start fleeing.

1266
01:07:09,677 --> 01:07:10,895
Attack!

1267
01:07:11,026 --> 01:07:14,943
[tense instrumental playing]

1268
01:07:17,250 --> 01:07:18,773
These men start
to run for their lives,

1269
01:07:18,903 --> 01:07:20,340
rather than fight
for their lives.

1270
01:07:20,470 --> 01:07:22,298
Roman cavalry
will ride them down,

1271
01:07:22,429 --> 01:07:23,647
and it becomes a bloodbath.

1272
01:07:23,778 --> 01:07:27,608
[ominous instrumental playing]

1273
01:07:33,266 --> 01:07:37,226
[horns blasting]

1274
01:07:42,405 --> 01:07:45,060
<i>NARRATOR: After
seven years of war,</i>

1275
01:07:45,191 --> 01:07:47,541
<i>Caesar has crushed
Gallic resistance</i>

1276
01:07:47,671 --> 01:07:48,629
<i>once and for all.</i>

1277
01:07:51,632 --> 01:07:53,808
AARON: Caesar's conquest
of Gaul stands

1278
01:07:53,938 --> 01:07:56,854
as one of the most
impressive achievements

1279
01:07:56,985 --> 01:07:58,595
in human history.

1280
01:07:59,553 --> 01:08:02,686
The fact that he has, really,
a minimal amount of manpower

1281
01:08:02,817 --> 01:08:05,298
to pull off this huge campaign.

1282
01:08:08,823 --> 01:08:13,132
♪

1283
01:08:17,919 --> 01:08:21,879
Caesar's conquest of Gaul
adds more than 300,000 miles

1284
01:08:22,010 --> 01:08:23,011
to Roman territory.

1285
01:08:24,491 --> 01:08:26,057
Rome now extends

1286
01:08:26,188 --> 01:08:27,972
from the Atlantic ocean
in the west...

1287
01:08:29,017 --> 01:08:30,671
to the river Rhine in the east.

1288
01:08:32,629 --> 01:08:34,849
Caesar's conquest of Gaul
in seven years

1289
01:08:34,979 --> 01:08:37,765
is an impressive
military achievement,

1290
01:08:37,895 --> 01:08:40,289
but it would be strange
to not acknowledge

1291
01:08:40,420 --> 01:08:44,598
that Caesar basically,
engages in genocide.

1292
01:08:45,816 --> 01:08:50,081
He himself claimed to kill
one million people

1293
01:08:50,212 --> 01:08:51,431
in the conquest of Gaul.

1294
01:08:52,171 --> 01:08:56,000
And to have enslaved
1.1 million people.

1295
01:08:56,131 --> 01:08:58,089
He killed or enslaved, what,

1296
01:08:58,220 --> 01:09:00,788
20% of the entire population
of northern Europe?

1297
01:09:00,918 --> 01:09:02,137
And we have to be
reminded of that,

1298
01:09:02,268 --> 01:09:04,661
because we're so pre-conditioned

1299
01:09:04,792 --> 01:09:06,272
by the shape of history,

1300
01:09:06,402 --> 01:09:08,143
to think of Caesar
as a remarkable figure.

1301
01:09:08,274 --> 01:09:10,276
It's absolutely incredible.

1302
01:09:10,406 --> 01:09:13,583
PABLO: Alesia would remain
as a national trauma

1303
01:09:13,714 --> 01:09:16,412
for Gaulish peoples
for hundreds of years.

1304
01:09:16,543 --> 01:09:18,458
As the Gauls' back
had been broken,

1305
01:09:18,588 --> 01:09:21,504
never again would a large
federation ally like this

1306
01:09:21,635 --> 01:09:23,376
against the Romans.

1307
01:09:23,506 --> 01:09:26,901
Our great Caesar,
hurried to join into the fight.

1308
01:09:27,031 --> 01:09:29,077
After his total victory in Gaul,

1309
01:09:29,208 --> 01:09:31,210
Caesar's popularity
with ordinary Romans

1310
01:09:31,340 --> 01:09:32,994
goes higher and higher.

1311
01:09:33,124 --> 01:09:35,866
They regard him now,
as the very definition

1312
01:09:35,997 --> 01:09:38,521
of a successful Roman warlord.

1313
01:09:38,652 --> 01:09:40,131
SPEAKER: The conspicuous color

1314
01:09:40,262 --> 01:09:42,308
of the cloak
he always wore into battle,

1315
01:09:42,438 --> 01:09:43,918
proclaimed his arrival.

1316
01:09:44,048 --> 01:09:45,398
[crowd cheering]

1317
01:09:45,528 --> 01:09:47,487
The Gauls turned tail,

1318
01:09:47,617 --> 01:09:49,924
and the cavalry charged them
as they fled!

1319
01:09:50,403 --> 01:09:52,405
A massive slaughter followed.

1320
01:09:53,057 --> 01:09:55,582
Caesar wants to return
to Rome in triumph.

1321
01:09:55,712 --> 01:09:58,106
He wants to win
a second term as consul,

1322
01:09:58,237 --> 01:10:00,543
and be Rome's
undisputed first man.

1323
01:10:01,675 --> 01:10:03,198
But Caesar has a problem.

1324
01:10:04,373 --> 01:10:08,116
[suspenseful drums
instrumental playing]

1325
01:10:10,466 --> 01:10:12,251
Cato has different plans

1326
01:10:12,381 --> 01:10:14,557
for how Caesar's life
will turn out.

1327
01:10:15,471 --> 01:10:19,475
Caesar has indeed
won great victories

1328
01:10:19,606 --> 01:10:21,260
for our republic,

1329
01:10:21,390 --> 01:10:25,046
but these victories
come at a price.

1330
01:10:25,176 --> 01:10:26,830
[senators shout in agreement]

1331
01:10:26,961 --> 01:10:30,617
One that we will pay for
with our republic itself.

1332
01:10:31,705 --> 01:10:34,969
Caesar recruited an army
that answers only to himself.

1333
01:10:36,927 --> 01:10:40,627
Cato and the optimates have
tremendous distrust of Caesar,

1334
01:10:40,757 --> 01:10:44,848
based on his previous consulship
and his growth of power in Gaul.

1335
01:10:44,979 --> 01:10:48,765
Some senators fear
that he may seize power in Rome,

1336
01:10:48,896 --> 01:10:51,681
and this fear
is becoming self-fulfilling.

1337
01:10:51,812 --> 01:10:55,250
This is too much power
for any man,

1338
01:10:55,381 --> 01:10:57,208
let alone Caesar.

1339
01:10:58,645 --> 01:11:02,736
Can we forget how he behaved
when he was consul?

1340
01:11:02,866 --> 01:11:05,304
ADAM: I think Cato was able
to rally a group of senators

1341
01:11:05,434 --> 01:11:07,393
against Caesar,
partially out of jealousy.

1342
01:11:07,523 --> 01:11:09,264
These senators resent

1343
01:11:09,395 --> 01:11:11,353
that Caesar's
the most popular man in Rome

1344
01:11:11,484 --> 01:11:12,920
and that they're not the ones

1345
01:11:13,050 --> 01:11:14,748
who are having
all of these victories.

1346
01:11:14,878 --> 01:11:17,838
I move that Caesar

1347
01:11:17,968 --> 01:11:20,623
- be stripped of his command.
- SENATORS: Yes!

1348
01:11:20,754 --> 01:11:23,191
For them, it's both
a political calculation,

1349
01:11:23,322 --> 01:11:24,497
but it's also a personal one.

1350
01:11:25,280 --> 01:11:27,108
PATRICK: Crassus is dead,

1351
01:11:27,238 --> 01:11:29,937
Pompey is no longer
politically aligned with Caesar.

1352
01:11:30,067 --> 01:11:31,634
The optimates see this
as the moment

1353
01:11:31,765 --> 01:11:34,071
where they can end
Caesar's career for good.

1354
01:11:34,202 --> 01:11:35,943
Caesar is vulnerable.

1355
01:11:36,073 --> 01:11:38,641
We must [indistinct]
back to Rome,

1356
01:11:38,772 --> 01:11:40,251
and prosecute him!

1357
01:11:40,382 --> 01:11:45,909
[senators cheering]

1358
01:11:46,040 --> 01:11:49,217
g]

1359
01:11:51,741 --> 01:11:55,484
Cato is resolved to destroy
his old foe, Caesar,

1360
01:11:55,615 --> 01:11:57,704
but he can't do it without help.

1361
01:11:58,966 --> 01:12:00,707
ADAM: The optimates are impotent

1362
01:12:00,837 --> 01:12:02,839
to bring Caesar to heel
without an army.

1363
01:12:02,970 --> 01:12:05,189
And the only person capable
of raising an army

1364
01:12:05,320 --> 01:12:07,496
besides Caesar, is Pompey.

1365
01:12:08,323 --> 01:12:10,456
CATO: The Republic
needs you again, Pompey.

1366
01:12:10,586 --> 01:12:11,544
I've retired.

1367
01:12:15,025 --> 01:12:16,375
[Pompey sighs]

1368
01:12:18,420 --> 01:12:20,466
How many families
will be sacrificed

1369
01:12:20,596 --> 01:12:23,207
if Caesar is allowed
to march on Rome.

1370
01:12:23,338 --> 01:12:26,689
They will only be sacrificed
if we go to war with him.

1371
01:12:27,560 --> 01:12:31,215
His army is loyal only to him,

1372
01:12:31,346 --> 01:12:32,391
not Rome.

1373
01:12:33,174 --> 01:12:35,785
Loyalty is a virtue, Cato.

1374
01:12:35,916 --> 01:12:39,049
Caesar is a danger
to the Republic.

1375
01:12:40,311 --> 01:12:42,401
He's more powerful
than any Roman before him.

1376
01:12:43,489 --> 01:12:44,403
More than Sulla.

1377
01:12:46,100 --> 01:12:47,667
More even than you.

1378
01:12:47,797 --> 01:12:51,584
♪

1379
01:13:05,815 --> 01:13:07,774
PABLO: Pompey ends up
siding with Cato

1380
01:13:07,904 --> 01:13:09,863
and the optimates.

1381
01:13:09,993 --> 01:13:12,518
I think he was jealous
of Caesar's popularity.

1382
01:13:12,648 --> 01:13:16,043
Caesar was essentially
and unequivocally replacing him

1383
01:13:16,173 --> 01:13:18,785
as the military darling
of the Roman population.

1384
01:13:20,526 --> 01:13:22,049
SIMON: As the temperature
rises in Rome,

1385
01:13:22,179 --> 01:13:24,443
Caesar sends back Antony

1386
01:13:24,573 --> 01:13:26,445
to represent him
in the Roman Senate.

1387
01:13:28,621 --> 01:13:30,013
ANTONY: Caesar
reminds the Senate

1388
01:13:30,144 --> 01:13:32,189
of all
that he has done for Rome.

1389
01:13:33,016 --> 01:13:36,106
How he served
dutifully as consul,

1390
01:13:36,237 --> 01:13:38,892
how he pacified Gaul,

1391
01:13:39,022 --> 01:13:42,896
and he vows
that he will lay down his arms,

1392
01:13:43,026 --> 01:13:45,159
if Pompey does the same.

1393
01:13:47,640 --> 01:13:49,816
But if the Senate
will not see sense,

1394
01:13:49,946 --> 01:13:52,775
Caesar will uphold
his personal honor

1395
01:13:52,906 --> 01:13:54,777
by any means necessary.

1396
01:13:54,908 --> 01:13:56,692
Senators,

1397
01:13:56,823 --> 01:13:59,521
this is nothing
but a declaration of war.

1398
01:14:00,957 --> 01:14:04,352
I move that the house
declare Caesar a public enemy.

1399
01:14:04,483 --> 01:14:06,354
- SENATORS: Yes!
- Who's in favor?

1400
01:14:06,485 --> 01:14:08,356
[senators shouting in agreement]

1401
01:14:10,619 --> 01:14:13,013
CATO: The house
has spoken, Antony.

1402
01:14:17,931 --> 01:14:20,063
Veto, the vote is set aside.

1403
01:14:20,716 --> 01:14:22,718
I call upon the gods
as witnesses,

1404
01:14:22,849 --> 01:14:25,112
it is you
who are against the Republic!

1405
01:14:25,765 --> 01:14:28,332
You are the one
leading us to war!

1406
01:14:29,029 --> 01:14:30,813
<i>NARRATOR: Fearing
Caesar's growing power,</i>

1407
01:14:30,944 --> 01:14:33,686
<i>the Roman Senate
declares him a public enemy.</i>

1408
01:14:38,299 --> 01:14:41,868
<i>And now, he faces the biggest
decision of his life.</i>

1409
01:14:43,957 --> 01:14:45,828
AMANDA: The Rubicon was a river,

1410
01:14:45,959 --> 01:14:48,396
so small, at the time
it was more like a stream,

1411
01:14:48,527 --> 01:14:51,094
about 200 miles north of Rome.

1412
01:14:51,225 --> 01:14:53,749
And the reason this stream
was so important

1413
01:14:53,880 --> 01:14:56,970
was it marked the boundary
between Italian Gaul

1414
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:00,887
and territory directly
controlled by Rome itself.

1415
01:15:02,758 --> 01:15:05,108
AARON: Crossing the Rubicon
with an army

1416
01:15:05,239 --> 01:15:08,503
means that
not only has a governor

1417
01:15:08,634 --> 01:15:11,506
left his territory behind,
which is a violation of law,

1418
01:15:11,637 --> 01:15:14,596
but now, he is moving
against Rome.

1419
01:15:14,727 --> 01:15:16,946
It is an outright act
of treason,

1420
01:15:17,077 --> 01:15:20,733
it is a declaration of war
against the Roman State.

1421
01:15:22,952 --> 01:15:24,867
BARRY: Caesar
doesn't have great options.

1422
01:15:24,998 --> 01:15:27,783
If he crosses the Rubicon,
he's begun a civil war.

1423
01:15:27,914 --> 01:15:29,655
But if he obeys the Senate,

1424
01:15:29,785 --> 01:15:31,831
he has to give up his command
of his armies

1425
01:15:31,961 --> 01:15:34,355
and face the fact
that he's going to be hauled

1426
01:15:34,485 --> 01:15:36,313
into court in Rome,
put on trial,

1427
01:15:36,444 --> 01:15:38,446
probably be convicted,
and face execution.

1428
01:15:42,929 --> 01:15:46,585
The offer
I sent back with Antony

1429
01:15:46,715 --> 01:15:47,934
has been rejected.

1430
01:15:51,067 --> 01:15:52,939
I must return
to the Senate in person.

1431
01:15:54,288 --> 01:15:55,811
I will have to take
at least a legion

1432
01:15:55,942 --> 01:15:57,596
across the river with me
for my own protection.

1433
01:15:59,162 --> 01:16:00,294
Across the Rubicon?

1434
01:16:01,861 --> 01:16:03,297
You know
this is against the law.

1435
01:16:06,866 --> 01:16:08,824
If there's a war,

1436
01:16:08,955 --> 01:16:10,609
you will be fighting
your own people.

1437
01:16:12,436 --> 01:16:14,482
Then let's hope
it doesn't come to that.

1438
01:16:20,227 --> 01:16:21,141
Let's hope not.

1439
01:16:22,664 --> 01:16:24,318
Pompey has
twice as many men as us.

1440
01:16:27,713 --> 01:16:29,279
But we have
something he doesn't.

1441
01:16:35,764 --> 01:16:37,287
Me.

1442
01:16:38,332 --> 01:16:39,812
And you, Labienus.

1443
01:16:42,162 --> 01:16:43,163
Do I have you?

1444
01:16:44,991 --> 01:16:48,995
♪

1445
01:16:53,173 --> 01:16:54,696
When Caesar arrives
at the Rubicon,

1446
01:16:54,827 --> 01:16:56,567
he's in this
difficult situation.

1447
01:16:56,698 --> 01:16:59,570
He knows that
if he crosses with his legions,

1448
01:16:59,701 --> 01:17:02,356
he plays into the hands
of his opponents,

1449
01:17:02,486 --> 01:17:05,359
because he has violated
Rome's law,

1450
01:17:05,489 --> 01:17:08,579
by bringing his military forces
into the political game.

1451
01:17:09,493 --> 01:17:12,496
I think he believes
that if he doesn't do that,

1452
01:17:12,627 --> 01:17:15,586
Pompey and others will have
maneuvered against him,

1453
01:17:15,717 --> 01:17:17,676
and so he believes
he's gotta act.

1454
01:17:18,764 --> 01:17:20,679
It isn't too late.

1455
01:17:20,809 --> 01:17:23,986
Any man who wishes to turn back,

1456
01:17:24,117 --> 01:17:26,336
go now, with no dishonor.

1457
01:17:29,078 --> 01:17:31,037
But cross this stream...

1458
01:17:33,517 --> 01:17:35,563
and we are fighting
all the way to Rome.

1459
01:17:36,869 --> 01:17:37,826
Are you with me?

1460
01:17:38,435 --> 01:17:40,307
Long live Caesar!

1461
01:17:40,437 --> 01:17:42,222
According to one source,

1462
01:17:42,352 --> 01:17:45,878
Caesar quotes a line
from Greek drama,

1463
01:17:46,008 --> 01:17:47,706
as he prepares
to cross the Rubicon.

1464
01:17:48,663 --> 01:17:51,492
Let the dice fly high!

1465
01:17:51,622 --> 01:17:55,801
[soldiers cheering]

1466
01:17:55,931 --> 01:17:57,672
"Let the dice fly high."

1467
01:17:57,803 --> 01:17:59,500
In other words,
"Let's take a risk,

1468
01:17:59,630 --> 01:18:00,936
"and come what may."

1469
01:18:01,067 --> 01:18:05,419
[war cries]

1470
01:18:05,549 --> 01:18:07,290
WESLEY: Caesar knew
he was in trouble.

1471
01:18:07,421 --> 01:18:09,336
He had a choice,
he could surrender,

1472
01:18:09,466 --> 01:18:13,383
and go peacefully to Rome,
or he could bring his legion,

1473
01:18:13,514 --> 01:18:15,472
rely on his popularity,

1474
01:18:15,603 --> 01:18:18,084
and seize power in Rome.

1475
01:18:18,214 --> 01:18:21,609
Caesar chose for himself,
rather than for his country.

1476
01:18:23,176 --> 01:18:25,874
Crossing the Rubicon
is a critical moment in history.

1477
01:18:26,005 --> 01:18:28,921
Caesar will always be someone
who, when confronted

1478
01:18:29,051 --> 01:18:31,227
with other people
raising the stakes,

1479
01:18:31,358 --> 01:18:33,708
he'll raise the stakes again,
he'll take up the challenge,

1480
01:18:33,839 --> 01:18:35,666
he will gamble,
he will trust that he will win.

1481
01:18:35,797 --> 01:18:43,370
♪

1482
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,025
PABLO: Crossing the Rubicon
is a terrible gamble for Caesar.

1483
01:18:46,155 --> 01:18:48,854
It means there is
only one way out of this.

1484
01:18:48,984 --> 01:18:50,769
Defeating the Senate,

1485
01:18:50,899 --> 01:18:53,859
and making himself
the central power in Rome.

1486
01:18:53,989 --> 01:18:56,600
Any other outcome ends
in his death and destruction.

1487
01:18:57,558 --> 01:18:58,733
DOMINIC: He wants the glory

1488
01:18:58,864 --> 01:19:00,126
that he believes
that he deserves

1489
01:19:00,256 --> 01:19:02,041
for his conquest of Gaul,

1490
01:19:02,171 --> 01:19:04,347
the glory
that he was denied by Cato.

1491
01:19:04,478 --> 01:19:06,741
But he frames what he's doing

1492
01:19:06,872 --> 01:19:10,527
as an act of protecting
the democratic ideals

1493
01:19:10,658 --> 01:19:11,615
of the Roman State.

1494
01:19:13,269 --> 01:19:14,531
ADRIAN: Caesar has
marched into Italy

1495
01:19:14,662 --> 01:19:16,620
with very few soldiers
behind him.

1496
01:19:16,751 --> 01:19:18,535
More will be coming,
but it will take a long time

1497
01:19:18,666 --> 01:19:20,363
before he has a major army.

1498
01:19:20,494 --> 01:19:23,540
News will take time
to reach his opponents.

1499
01:19:24,672 --> 01:19:27,153
Pompey has boasted,
"I have only to stamp my feet,

1500
01:19:27,283 --> 01:19:29,503
"and legions will spring up
out of the soil of Italy."

1501
01:19:29,633 --> 01:19:31,070
But they're not ready yet.

1502
01:19:31,200 --> 01:19:33,550
Caesar rushes on,
he overruns settlements,

1503
01:19:33,681 --> 01:19:35,509
and many people welcome him,

1504
01:19:35,639 --> 01:19:36,902
that means
he's gaining momentum.

1505
01:19:37,032 --> 01:19:41,123
♪

1506
01:19:41,254 --> 01:19:45,171
[marching footsteps thumping]

1507
01:19:50,654 --> 01:19:52,178
[horse neighs]

1508
01:19:53,744 --> 01:19:55,485
- [bird quacking]
- SOLDIER: [indistinct]

1509
01:19:55,616 --> 01:19:59,359
[ominous instrumental playing]

1510
01:20:01,317 --> 01:20:03,232
ROBERT: Caesar
is riding on the road south

1511
01:20:03,363 --> 01:20:05,104
when a figure in slave's clothes

1512
01:20:05,234 --> 01:20:06,192
comes into view.

1513
01:20:08,368 --> 01:20:09,369
It's Antony.

1514
01:20:11,023 --> 01:20:13,590
He's dressed as a slave
to escape the city.

1515
01:20:14,113 --> 01:20:16,376
What happened? Cato? The Senate?

1516
01:20:19,901 --> 01:20:20,859
Men, come close.

1517
01:20:22,686 --> 01:20:25,211
It is our friend and comrade...

1518
01:20:26,386 --> 01:20:27,387
Mark Antony.

1519
01:20:28,040 --> 01:20:29,041
A war-hero...

1520
01:20:30,651 --> 01:20:33,393
driven from Rome
in defiance of all that is just.

1521
01:20:35,612 --> 01:20:37,397
Will you let this stand?

1522
01:20:38,485 --> 01:20:40,835
Caesar is declaring war
on his own people

1523
01:20:40,966 --> 01:20:44,534
to serve the interests
of the Roman population

1524
01:20:44,665 --> 01:20:46,362
as his basic political case.

1525
01:20:46,493 --> 01:20:49,061
However, it is obviously
about his own dignity

1526
01:20:49,191 --> 01:20:51,802
and his own
growing thirst for power.

1527
01:20:51,933 --> 01:20:56,416
It is also, because Caesar
never, ever backs down.

1528
01:20:56,546 --> 01:20:59,419
Will you let these senators,

1529
01:20:59,549 --> 01:21:02,117
who care nothing for Rome,

1530
01:21:02,248 --> 01:21:03,423
destroy it?

1531
01:21:04,032 --> 01:21:07,775
Will you let Pompey and Cato

1532
01:21:07,906 --> 01:21:09,559
attack my honor?

1533
01:21:09,690 --> 01:21:11,910
[soldiers chanting indistinctly]

1534
01:21:12,040 --> 01:21:13,868
NICOLA: After
eight years of war,

1535
01:21:13,999 --> 01:21:17,089
the soldiers
are completely loyal to Caesar.

1536
01:21:17,219 --> 01:21:18,699
He's doubled their pay,

1537
01:21:18,829 --> 01:21:21,049
and he's given each man
his own slave.

1538
01:21:22,659 --> 01:21:25,880
It's the sort of
personal loyalty from the army

1539
01:21:26,011 --> 01:21:28,404
that makes Caesar so powerful,

1540
01:21:28,535 --> 01:21:31,755
and also, uniquely dangerous
in the eyes of the Senate.

1541
01:21:31,886 --> 01:21:33,844
[soldiers shouting]

1542
01:21:33,975 --> 01:21:37,936
♪

1543
01:21:44,681 --> 01:21:46,857
With war now inevitable,

1544
01:21:46,988 --> 01:21:49,643
Caesar suffers a real,
serious defection.

1545
01:21:51,036 --> 01:21:52,951
Labienus goes over
to Pompey's side.

1546
01:21:54,039 --> 01:21:56,519
It's possible that Labienus
turned against Caesar,

1547
01:21:56,650 --> 01:21:58,782
because he was offended
by Caesar's actions.

1548
01:21:59,914 --> 01:22:02,003
On the other hand,
we know that Labienus

1549
01:22:02,134 --> 01:22:04,310
started his career
as a Pompey guy,

1550
01:22:04,440 --> 01:22:06,921
and so perhaps,
he's just going back

1551
01:22:07,052 --> 01:22:08,270
to his original patron.

1552
01:22:09,097 --> 01:22:11,143
What we see in this civil war,

1553
01:22:11,273 --> 01:22:13,493
is that everybody
has to choose sides,

1554
01:22:13,623 --> 01:22:16,061
and rarely is it about policy,

1555
01:22:16,191 --> 01:22:17,976
or belief, or ideals,

1556
01:22:18,106 --> 01:22:19,542
it's about personal loyalty.

1557
01:22:19,673 --> 01:22:22,893
♪

1558
01:22:23,024 --> 01:22:25,157
<i>NARRATOR: As Caesar
continues towards Rome...</i>

1559
01:22:28,029 --> 01:22:30,162
<i>his former ally, Pompey,</i>

1560
01:22:30,292 --> 01:22:32,512
<i>tries to negotiate
one last time.</i>

1561
01:22:34,296 --> 01:22:37,038
Even though
Caesar has crossed the Rubicon,

1562
01:22:37,169 --> 01:22:39,084
lines of communication
are still open

1563
01:22:39,214 --> 01:22:40,694
between him and Pompey.

1564
01:22:42,348 --> 01:22:44,480
I regret
it has come to this, Gaius.

1565
01:22:45,264 --> 01:22:48,528
My country called me to duty,
and I could not refuse.

1566
01:22:48,658 --> 01:22:51,618
I know you feel
you've been let down,

1567
01:22:51,748 --> 01:22:54,621
but can you not put Rome
before your pride?

1568
01:22:54,751 --> 01:22:57,015
You've raised an army
against me!

1569
01:22:57,145 --> 01:22:59,017
You've raised an army
against the Republic!

1570
01:23:01,497 --> 01:23:04,544
You know I can't just simply
surrender myself to Cato.

1571
01:23:05,458 --> 01:23:06,502
So...

1572
01:23:07,590 --> 01:23:09,940
your bruised ego means war,
does it?

1573
01:23:10,724 --> 01:23:13,988
Mark Antony's offer,
that we both lay down our arms,

1574
01:23:14,119 --> 01:23:15,033
was rejected.

1575
01:23:15,903 --> 01:23:18,210
So, a new offer.

1576
01:23:19,733 --> 01:23:21,604
Caesar makes
one final offer to Pompey.

1577
01:23:21,735 --> 01:23:23,867
They'll both leave Italy,
and they'll leave things

1578
01:23:23,998 --> 01:23:25,652
for the Senate
and the other bodies

1579
01:23:25,782 --> 01:23:27,958
of Roman political society
to figure out.

1580
01:23:28,089 --> 01:23:29,351
We don't know
how Pompey reacts to this,

1581
01:23:29,482 --> 01:23:31,092
but we know how the Senate does.

1582
01:23:31,701 --> 01:23:35,053
No, his offer
will not be accepted.

1583
01:23:35,183 --> 01:23:36,793
Caesar needs to face punishment,

1584
01:23:36,924 --> 01:23:39,883
and that means
you crushing him in battle.

1585
01:23:40,536 --> 01:23:42,190
Then we need to leave the city.

1586
01:23:42,321 --> 01:23:43,235
CATO: I will not run.

1587
01:23:44,932 --> 01:23:48,240
He is approaching right now
with his entire army.

1588
01:23:48,370 --> 01:23:50,503
We don't have
enough loyal soldiers in Italy

1589
01:23:50,633 --> 01:23:52,200
to defend Rome.

1590
01:23:52,331 --> 01:23:54,333
I thought Pompey
only has to stamp his feet,

1591
01:23:54,463 --> 01:23:55,638
and troops will appear.

1592
01:23:56,683 --> 01:23:59,338
My men are spread
through the Mediterranean.

1593
01:23:59,468 --> 01:24:00,817
We need time.

1594
01:24:00,948 --> 01:24:02,254
[marching footsteps thumping]

1595
01:24:02,384 --> 01:24:04,473
We must leave the city.

1596
01:24:04,604 --> 01:24:06,954
Anyone who stays
to welcome Caesar

1597
01:24:07,085 --> 01:24:09,087
is a traitor to the Republic.

1598
01:24:09,217 --> 01:24:10,523
[marching footsteps thumping]

1599
01:24:10,653 --> 01:24:14,440
[tense instrumental
intensifying]

1600
01:24:18,966 --> 01:24:23,144
g]

1601
01:24:23,275 --> 01:24:26,278
[marching footsteps thumping]

1602
01:24:28,541 --> 01:24:30,804
<i>NARRATOR: After Pompey
and the Senate fled Rome...</i>

1603
01:24:32,545 --> 01:24:34,242
<i>Caesar gave chase.</i>

1604
01:24:34,373 --> 01:24:36,853
<i>He pursued them first,
to southern Italy,</i>

1605
01:24:36,984 --> 01:24:37,985
<i>and then, to Greece.</i>

1606
01:24:39,943 --> 01:24:41,728
Greece is one
of Pompey's power bases,

1607
01:24:41,858 --> 01:24:44,122
it's a place where he can gather
soldiers to resist Caesar.

1608
01:24:46,689 --> 01:24:49,214
The two armies
find each other camped,

1609
01:24:49,344 --> 01:24:51,085
at Pharsalus in Greece,

1610
01:24:51,216 --> 01:24:53,783
and at this point,
Pompey has the upper hand.

1611
01:24:54,697 --> 01:24:57,309
Caesar's army is very far

1612
01:24:57,439 --> 01:24:59,224
from their supply lines
and from reinforcements,

1613
01:24:59,354 --> 01:25:00,616
they're hungry.

1614
01:25:00,747 --> 01:25:02,575
[marching footsteps thumping]

1615
01:25:02,705 --> 01:25:04,881
Pompey has
numerical superiority,

1616
01:25:05,012 --> 01:25:07,014
greater equipment
and greater supply lines.

1617
01:25:08,276 --> 01:25:11,540
Caesar is completely outgunned.

1618
01:25:11,671 --> 01:25:15,501
He is in a win-or-die situation,

1619
01:25:15,631 --> 01:25:17,807
and time is not on his side.

1620
01:25:23,857 --> 01:25:26,294
We have him pinned down, here.

1621
01:25:27,817 --> 01:25:30,385
All we need to do
is starve him out.

1622
01:25:31,299 --> 01:25:32,518
- CATO: How long?
- Perhaps a month.

1623
01:25:33,519 --> 01:25:35,260
A month?

1624
01:25:35,390 --> 01:25:37,000
How much money
will that cost the Republic?

1625
01:25:38,176 --> 01:25:40,439
Cato, this is our best option.

1626
01:25:41,527 --> 01:25:44,921
He will surrender.
Fewer lives will be lost.

1627
01:25:45,052 --> 01:25:47,881
I think
you're losing your nerve...

1628
01:25:48,925 --> 01:25:50,013
old man.

1629
01:25:51,450 --> 01:25:52,668
Pompey doesn't want to fight,

1630
01:25:52,799 --> 01:25:53,930
but Pompey is under pressure

1631
01:25:54,061 --> 01:25:55,497
from his fellow nobles.

1632
01:25:55,628 --> 01:25:57,151
They do want to fight a battle,

1633
01:25:57,282 --> 01:25:59,066
they believe
that they can defeat Caesar.

1634
01:26:02,983 --> 01:26:03,897
You want a battle?

1635
01:26:06,508 --> 01:26:07,509
Have it your way.

1636
01:26:12,906 --> 01:26:14,386
[sighs]
Pompey's taking the field.

1637
01:26:16,779 --> 01:26:18,390
Have the centurions
ready the men.

1638
01:26:18,520 --> 01:26:19,739
The men haven't eaten in days.

1639
01:26:21,741 --> 01:26:24,744
Hunger makes a man fight harder,
Pompey's men have grown fat.

1640
01:26:27,834 --> 01:26:29,575
Let's face it, my friend...

1641
01:26:31,403 --> 01:26:32,752
the odds
aren't going to get any better.

1642
01:26:33,796 --> 01:26:35,102
[horse neighing]

1643
01:26:44,633 --> 01:26:46,548
AARON: At Pharsalus,

1644
01:26:46,679 --> 01:26:50,596
Pompey has managed
to put together a massive force

1645
01:26:50,726 --> 01:26:52,119
from throughout
all of the territories

1646
01:26:52,250 --> 01:26:54,034
that Pompey
has conquered previously.

1647
01:26:54,164 --> 01:26:56,863
[soldiers chanting]
Pompey! Pompey! Pompey!

1648
01:26:56,993 --> 01:27:00,910
AARON: Jewish mercenaries,
Egyptians, Syrians and Greeks.

1649
01:27:01,737 --> 01:27:05,524
You fight for a just cause.

1650
01:27:06,394 --> 01:27:10,703
For liberty,
for our laws and the Senate,

1651
01:27:10,833 --> 01:27:12,966
against one man,

1652
01:27:13,096 --> 01:27:15,795
who is seizing supreme power.

1653
01:27:15,925 --> 01:27:19,364
[war cries]

1654
01:27:19,494 --> 01:27:21,104
Pompey is up in years.

1655
01:27:21,235 --> 01:27:23,193
It has been quite some time

1656
01:27:23,324 --> 01:27:26,719
since he actually engaged
in a battle and won one.

1657
01:27:26,849 --> 01:27:28,590
Top that with the fact
that he has

1658
01:27:28,721 --> 01:27:30,244
an inexperienced military force

1659
01:27:30,375 --> 01:27:32,420
that he's trying to work with.

1660
01:27:32,551 --> 01:27:35,597
[soldiers chanting]
Caesar! Caesar! Caesar!

1661
01:27:35,728 --> 01:27:37,512
Caesar has the veteran force,

1662
01:27:37,643 --> 01:27:40,080
Caesar's infantry
are more experienced in battle

1663
01:27:40,210 --> 01:27:41,777
than Pompey's,
and Pompey knows it.

1664
01:27:41,908 --> 01:27:43,170
SOLDIERS: Caesar!

1665
01:27:43,301 --> 01:27:45,999
CAESAR: Today, we face only men.

1666
01:27:47,740 --> 01:27:49,785
The same men,

1667
01:27:49,916 --> 01:27:52,571
who wanted to disband us,

1668
01:27:52,701 --> 01:27:54,224
without honors.

1669
01:27:54,355 --> 01:27:55,835
Remember,

1670
01:27:55,965 --> 01:27:59,273
they wanted this, not us.

1671
01:27:59,404 --> 01:28:00,883
[soldiers cheering]

1672
01:28:01,014 --> 01:28:03,146
Caesar has asked
his soldiers to do

1673
01:28:03,277 --> 01:28:05,671
many things in the last decade,

1674
01:28:05,801 --> 01:28:07,673
but one thing
that has kept them going,

1675
01:28:07,803 --> 01:28:10,719
is his intense confidence
in himself.

1676
01:28:11,285 --> 01:28:15,158
This day will decide everything.

1677
01:28:15,768 --> 01:28:18,597
I order you now, advance!

1678
01:28:18,727 --> 01:28:22,644
[soldiers cheering]

1679
01:28:25,168 --> 01:28:27,519
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar's soldiers
are more battle-hardened</i>

1680
01:28:27,649 --> 01:28:29,172
<i>than their opponents,</i>

1681
01:28:29,303 --> 01:28:31,566
<i>but Pompey has a secret weapon.</i>

1682
01:28:31,697 --> 01:28:35,614
<i>Caesar's former lieutenant,
Titus Labienus.</i>

1683
01:28:35,744 --> 01:28:38,486
Labienus is now in command
of Pompey's cavalry.

1684
01:28:39,835 --> 01:28:42,316
Caesar is now facing
one of his deputies

1685
01:28:42,447 --> 01:28:44,362
who is familiar
with how Caesar operates.

1686
01:28:48,931 --> 01:28:51,586
Pompey wants to push
his infantry out into the center

1687
01:28:51,717 --> 01:28:54,415
and hold the line,
and allow Labienus' cavalry

1688
01:28:54,546 --> 01:28:56,417
to move around,
and outflank Caesar's.

1689
01:28:58,027 --> 01:29:01,901
Pompey's got about seven times
as many horsemen as Caesar has,

1690
01:29:02,031 --> 01:29:05,339
and he's concentrated them
on the one flank on the left.

1691
01:29:05,470 --> 01:29:08,255
Julius Caesar recognizes
his cavalry is outnumbered,

1692
01:29:08,386 --> 01:29:10,257
so he adapts incredibly quickly.

1693
01:29:11,127 --> 01:29:12,085
Javelin.

1694
01:29:13,782 --> 01:29:15,175
Listen carefully.

1695
01:29:15,305 --> 01:29:17,873
[marching footsteps thumping]

1696
01:29:18,004 --> 01:29:20,746
He hides infantrymen
in amongst his cavalry.

1697
01:29:20,876 --> 01:29:23,923
[shouting]

1698
01:29:27,709 --> 01:29:29,929
[swords clattering]

1699
01:29:32,235 --> 01:29:34,586
Caesar's infantrymen
use their javelins

1700
01:29:34,716 --> 01:29:37,284
to thrust
at the enemy cavalrymen.

1701
01:29:38,677 --> 01:29:40,026
[horse neighs]

1702
01:29:40,156 --> 01:29:42,420
[swords clanging]

1703
01:29:46,989 --> 01:29:49,035
This is a new strategy

1704
01:29:49,165 --> 01:29:51,907
that Caesar concocts
for this particular battle.

1705
01:29:54,214 --> 01:29:55,955
Javelins were usually used

1706
01:29:56,085 --> 01:29:58,566
as throwing weapons
in ancient warfare.

1707
01:29:59,785 --> 01:30:01,830
DOUG: Labienus' men,
they are stunned,

1708
01:30:01,961 --> 01:30:03,571
taken by surprise,
he starts to suffer losses.

1709
01:30:03,702 --> 01:30:05,312
Do not retreat!

1710
01:30:07,140 --> 01:30:08,620
Keep formation!

1711
01:30:09,751 --> 01:30:10,926
[Labienus groans]

1712
01:30:11,057 --> 01:30:13,189
Labienus is forced to retreat

1713
01:30:13,320 --> 01:30:15,104
and now Caesar has
the initiative in the battle.

1714
01:30:17,455 --> 01:30:18,456
CAESAR: Push!

1715
01:30:19,152 --> 01:30:20,893
Come on!

1716
01:30:21,023 --> 01:30:23,722
Caesar will now send
his infantry forward,

1717
01:30:23,852 --> 01:30:25,593
including
his most experienced men.

1718
01:30:26,246 --> 01:30:28,074
CAESAR: Harder!

1719
01:30:28,204 --> 01:30:31,033
PABLO: Pompey's men
have not fought together before,

1720
01:30:31,164 --> 01:30:33,253
whereas Caesar's men
have tasted victory before,

1721
01:30:33,383 --> 01:30:34,733
they have greater confidence,

1722
01:30:34,863 --> 01:30:36,822
they smash
through Pompey's line.

1723
01:30:39,128 --> 01:30:41,827
[shouting]

1724
01:30:45,352 --> 01:30:47,485
BARRY: Realizing
that he has lost the battle,

1725
01:30:47,615 --> 01:30:49,922
Pompey decides to flee.

1726
01:30:50,052 --> 01:30:52,272
It's his only chance to live
and fight again another day.

1727
01:30:52,402 --> 01:30:58,104
♪

1728
01:30:58,234 --> 01:31:01,411
ADAM: I think Pharsalus
shows Caesar at his finest.

1729
01:31:01,542 --> 01:31:03,936
The ploy that he uses
against Labienus' cavalry

1730
01:31:04,066 --> 01:31:05,764
is sheer genius.

1731
01:31:05,894 --> 01:31:08,984
Caesar may be a gambler
but he's a smart gambler

1732
01:31:09,115 --> 01:31:11,378
and smart gamblers often win.

1733
01:31:14,033 --> 01:31:16,818
Pompey heads east
through Greece and Turkey

1734
01:31:16,949 --> 01:31:20,039
and then south through Cyprus
and on to Egypt.

1735
01:31:20,996 --> 01:31:23,433
BARRY: Officially,
Egypt is an independent country.

1736
01:31:23,564 --> 01:31:26,524
Unofficially,
it's almost a vassal of Rome.

1737
01:31:28,003 --> 01:31:30,092
Pompey thinks
he can get help in Egypt,

1738
01:31:30,223 --> 01:31:32,007
because the Egyptians owe him.

1739
01:31:32,138 --> 01:31:34,662
Pompey was the patron
of the king's father,

1740
01:31:34,793 --> 01:31:36,055
Ptolemy the 12th.

1741
01:31:37,404 --> 01:31:39,537
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar stays
on Pompey's heels,</i>

1742
01:31:39,667 --> 01:31:41,147
<i>following him to North Africa.</i>

1743
01:31:41,277 --> 01:31:42,714
NICOLA: Caesar knows

1744
01:31:42,844 --> 01:31:45,020
that as long as Pompey
is out there,

1745
01:31:45,151 --> 01:31:47,022
he hasn't won the war.

1746
01:31:47,153 --> 01:31:51,026
He needs to stop Pompey
before he can rally a new army.

1747
01:31:56,858 --> 01:31:58,512
When Caesar arrives in Egypt,

1748
01:31:58,643 --> 01:32:01,080
the country
is tearing itself apart.

1749
01:32:01,210 --> 01:32:03,996
The boy-king,
Ptolemy Theos, is at war

1750
01:32:04,126 --> 01:32:06,085
with his older sister, Cleopatra.

1751
01:32:07,390 --> 01:32:09,871
With the help of his regent,
the eunuch Pathinas,

1752
01:32:10,002 --> 01:32:12,831
Theos manages
to oust Cleopatra from power,

1753
01:32:12,961 --> 01:32:14,049
for now.

1754
01:32:21,143 --> 01:32:23,015
CAESAR: Majesty,

1755
01:32:23,145 --> 01:32:26,540
I understand my countryman,
Pompey, is here in Egypt,

1756
01:32:26,671 --> 01:32:28,586
I only wish to speak with him.

1757
01:32:29,804 --> 01:32:32,241
Caesar, please, join us.

1758
01:32:33,373 --> 01:32:34,504
We have a gift for you.

1759
01:32:34,635 --> 01:32:39,901
♪

1760
01:33:01,053 --> 01:33:03,925
DOMINIC: Pompey is stabbed
to death and beheaded.

1761
01:33:04,622 --> 01:33:05,927
The Egyptian rulers at the time

1762
01:33:06,058 --> 01:33:07,276
saw the Battle of Pharsalus

1763
01:33:07,407 --> 01:33:09,191
as decisive in the civil war

1764
01:33:09,322 --> 01:33:11,237
and they wanted to curry favor

1765
01:33:11,367 --> 01:33:13,500
with the new overlord
of the Roman world.

1766
01:33:16,155 --> 01:33:18,026
AMANDA: Caesar is distraught

1767
01:33:18,157 --> 01:33:20,942
when he finds out about
what's happened to Pompey,

1768
01:33:21,073 --> 01:33:23,815
he does not think that the man
deserved such a cruel death.

1769
01:33:30,822 --> 01:33:32,040
NICOLA: After Pompey's death,

1770
01:33:32,171 --> 01:33:34,434
Caesar spends nine months
in Egypt

1771
01:33:34,564 --> 01:33:36,523
with a new ally and lover.

1772
01:33:37,872 --> 01:33:39,439
Caesar.

1773
01:33:39,569 --> 01:33:42,355
NICOLA: The Egyptian queen, Cleopatra,

1774
01:33:42,485 --> 01:33:44,357
the older sister
of Ptolemy Theos.

1775
01:33:45,445 --> 01:33:46,533
CAESAR: Leave us.

1776
01:33:51,886 --> 01:33:54,541
They even have a child together, Caesarion.

1777
01:33:55,890 --> 01:33:58,023
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar
eventually leaves Egypt</i>

1778
01:33:58,153 --> 01:34:00,329
<i>in the summer of 47 BC,</i>

1779
01:34:00,460 --> 01:34:02,549
<i>nearly a year after he arrived.</i>

1780
01:34:04,594 --> 01:34:07,510
KATHRYN: Caesar then continues
fighting his enemies,

1781
01:34:07,641 --> 01:34:09,382
the remaining allies of Pompey,

1782
01:34:09,512 --> 01:34:11,166
who have regrouped under Cato

1783
01:34:11,297 --> 01:34:12,907
and are fighting
in North Africa.

1784
01:34:13,821 --> 01:34:15,605
BARRY: Cato is defending
the city of Utica,

1785
01:34:15,736 --> 01:34:17,129
which is a seaport.

1786
01:34:17,259 --> 01:34:20,045
The city
is about to fall to Caesar

1787
01:34:20,175 --> 01:34:22,700
and Caesar offers Cato his life.

1788
01:34:22,830 --> 01:34:25,137
He says, "Ask me for pardon

1789
01:34:25,267 --> 01:34:26,791
"and I will spare you."

1790
01:34:26,921 --> 01:34:28,314
Cato refuses.

1791
01:34:28,923 --> 01:34:31,012
ADAM: Rather than submit
to Caesar's will,

1792
01:34:31,143 --> 01:34:33,972
he decides that a good Roman
would rather commit suicide.

1793
01:34:34,886 --> 01:34:38,280
Cato's death
is exactly how he lived,

1794
01:34:38,411 --> 01:34:40,456
overly dramatic.

1795
01:34:40,587 --> 01:34:43,416
BARRY: For some people,
he's gone down in history

1796
01:34:43,546 --> 01:34:45,461
as an example
of a freedom fighter,

1797
01:34:45,592 --> 01:34:48,247
who would rather die
than accept a dictatorship.

1798
01:34:51,424 --> 01:34:54,775
<i>NARRATOR: Finally, more than
a decade after he left for Gaul,</i>

1799
01:34:54,906 --> 01:34:56,603
<i>Caesar returns to Rome...</i>

1800
01:34:58,823 --> 01:35:01,260
<i>not as a rebel,
but as its ruler.</i>

1801
01:35:02,827 --> 01:35:05,612
AARON: When Caesar returns
to Rome in 46 BC,

1802
01:35:05,743 --> 01:35:08,833
he is the unquestionable master
of Rome.

1803
01:35:08,963 --> 01:35:10,748
Nobody even competes

1804
01:35:10,878 --> 01:35:14,099
when it comes to the power
at Caesar's disposal.

1805
01:35:15,753 --> 01:35:17,450
<i>NARRATOR: Rome's Empire
under Caesar</i>

1806
01:35:17,580 --> 01:35:20,583
<i>now stretches
more than 2,500 miles.</i>

1807
01:35:20,714 --> 01:35:23,238
<i>From the French Atlantic coast,</i>

1808
01:35:23,369 --> 01:35:25,110
<i>to the river Euphrates in Syria.</i>

1809
01:35:27,373 --> 01:35:29,679
NICOLA: Julius Caesar is
bestowed with the highest honor

1810
01:35:29,810 --> 01:35:32,682
that a Roman official
could receive, a triumph.

1811
01:35:32,813 --> 01:35:35,468
It's an extensive
military parade

1812
01:35:35,598 --> 01:35:37,644
that welcomes him back
into the city.

1813
01:35:38,340 --> 01:35:40,560
PABLO: Caesar has
his face painted red,

1814
01:35:40,690 --> 01:35:42,867
because for one of [indistinct],

1815
01:35:42,997 --> 01:35:45,783
the triumph symbolizes
that this one man

1816
01:35:45,913 --> 01:35:48,655
is being given
the privilege of becoming a god.

1817
01:35:48,786 --> 01:35:51,397
[all cheering]

1818
01:35:51,527 --> 01:35:53,051
PATRICK: All the while

1819
01:35:53,181 --> 01:35:54,443
that Caesar's going
through this triumph,

1820
01:35:54,574 --> 01:35:55,705
there's a slave with him,

1821
01:35:55,836 --> 01:35:57,316
whispering in his ear,

1822
01:35:57,446 --> 01:35:58,970
"Remember you are mortal.

1823
01:35:59,100 --> 01:36:00,536
"Remember you are mortal."

1824
01:36:00,667 --> 01:36:02,321
"Remember, you are not a god."

1825
01:36:02,451 --> 01:36:05,063
Even at the peak
of his accomplishments,

1826
01:36:05,193 --> 01:36:06,629
there is still somebody there
to remind Caesar

1827
01:36:06,760 --> 01:36:07,805
to keep his feet on the ground.

1828
01:36:11,634 --> 01:36:13,071
NICOLA: As part of the triumph,

1829
01:36:13,201 --> 01:36:15,160
high-profile prisoners
are executed

1830
01:36:15,290 --> 01:36:17,205
in front of the crowds.

1831
01:36:17,336 --> 01:36:19,947
PABLO: Poor Vercingetorix
has been waiting for six years

1832
01:36:20,078 --> 01:36:23,516
since his defeat at Alesia,
to be executed in Rome.

1833
01:36:29,217 --> 01:36:31,611
This triumph
is establishing the narrative

1834
01:36:31,741 --> 01:36:34,179
"Caesar is the hero
that conquered Gaul for Rome.

1835
01:36:34,309 --> 01:36:36,834
"Here is the leader of the Gauls
being executed for us.

1836
01:36:38,183 --> 01:36:40,446
[gargling]

1837
01:36:40,576 --> 01:36:42,274
This is our moment to gloat,

1838
01:36:42,404 --> 01:36:44,667
on our victory
and our conquest of Gaul.

1839
01:36:53,546 --> 01:36:56,723
Caesar's big challenge
is to try to unite Rome

1840
01:36:56,854 --> 01:36:58,377
behind his unparalleled power.

1841
01:36:58,507 --> 01:37:00,248
But the problem with that

1842
01:37:00,379 --> 01:37:03,034
is Rome is supposed to be
a republican democracy.

1843
01:37:04,949 --> 01:37:07,038
Caesar's dominance
is completely abnormal

1844
01:37:07,168 --> 01:37:08,561
in Rome's recent history.

1845
01:37:08,691 --> 01:37:10,215
It only happened once before

1846
01:37:10,345 --> 01:37:12,347
within in Caesar's lifetime,
with Sulla.

1847
01:37:17,265 --> 01:37:19,615
PATRICK: Caesar has
the Senate declare him dictator.

1848
01:37:19,746 --> 01:37:21,791
At this point, the Senate
has no fight left in it,

1849
01:37:21,922 --> 01:37:23,054
Caesar has won.

1850
01:37:24,925 --> 01:37:27,754
PABLO: Dictator
is a form of exceptional power

1851
01:37:27,885 --> 01:37:29,974
that was supposed
to be temporary.

1852
01:37:30,626 --> 01:37:33,325
Caesar is using this
as a fig leaf

1853
01:37:33,455 --> 01:37:35,240
to hide the fact
there are no limits

1854
01:37:35,370 --> 01:37:36,589
to his influence and power.

1855
01:37:42,073 --> 01:37:44,989
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar now uses
his unprecedented power</i>

1856
01:37:45,119 --> 01:37:46,991
<i>to pass reforms
he thinks are needed</i>

1857
01:37:47,121 --> 01:37:48,906
<i>to transform
a crumbling republic.</i>

1858
01:37:52,039 --> 01:37:53,823
PHILIP: Caesar believes

1859
01:37:53,954 --> 01:37:57,001
that the Roman Republic
cannot function anymore,

1860
01:37:57,131 --> 01:38:00,352
because it was set up
to rule over a small city

1861
01:38:00,482 --> 01:38:03,485
and they're now ruling
over a vast empire.

1862
01:38:03,616 --> 01:38:05,574
The forms of government
in a republic

1863
01:38:05,705 --> 01:38:07,272
simply can't manage this.

1864
01:38:09,143 --> 01:38:11,276
ADAM: Caesar has come
to the conclusion,

1865
01:38:11,406 --> 01:38:13,931
that the only way
to save the Republic,

1866
01:38:14,061 --> 01:38:16,934
is to fundamentally destroy
and rebuild it.

1867
01:38:17,891 --> 01:38:20,024
He needs to create a new system,

1868
01:38:20,154 --> 01:38:21,851
centered around him.

1869
01:38:21,982 --> 01:38:24,202
No longer
will there be open elections,

1870
01:38:24,332 --> 01:38:26,639
optimates and populares,

1871
01:38:26,769 --> 01:38:28,815
now there will
only be Caesar's will.

1872
01:38:30,860 --> 01:38:32,601
As Caesar's power grows,

1873
01:38:32,732 --> 01:38:34,995
he looks for new ways
to display that publicly,

1874
01:38:35,126 --> 01:38:37,258
to legitimate his new role.

1875
01:38:45,832 --> 01:38:47,965
[indistinct talking]

1876
01:38:50,793 --> 01:38:52,926
ROBERT: Caesar wears
a purple robe

1877
01:38:53,057 --> 01:38:54,754
whenever he pleases.

1878
01:38:54,884 --> 01:38:56,321
Now, this is significant,

1879
01:38:56,451 --> 01:38:58,976
because purple
is the color of royalty.

1880
01:39:05,460 --> 01:39:07,071
NICOLA: Caesar has
his dictatorship

1881
01:39:07,201 --> 01:39:08,898
extended in perpetuity.

1882
01:39:09,029 --> 01:39:13,338
He will now rule
as a sole ruler for life.

1883
01:39:22,347 --> 01:39:24,392
PABLO: Caesar now
has greater power

1884
01:39:24,523 --> 01:39:26,568
than the man he hated
and ran away from,

1885
01:39:26,699 --> 01:39:27,874
the dictator Sulla.

1886
01:39:29,310 --> 01:39:32,531
ROBERT: For a guy
who claims to be a populares,

1887
01:39:32,661 --> 01:39:36,143
for someone who stands up
for the little guy,

1888
01:39:36,274 --> 01:39:39,712
now he begins
to lose his mind with hubris.

1889
01:39:39,842 --> 01:39:44,064
This was a man
who used to be a reformer

1890
01:39:44,195 --> 01:39:47,372
and now he just wants
absolute power.

1891
01:39:47,502 --> 01:39:51,767
Caesar has always been
a populares

1892
01:39:51,898 --> 01:39:53,595
in name only.

1893
01:39:53,726 --> 01:39:55,510
He is not interested

1894
01:39:55,641 --> 01:39:58,644
in improving
the lot of the people.

1895
01:39:59,601 --> 01:40:02,648
The people were always
just a means to an end.

1896
01:40:04,084 --> 01:40:05,564
You're sure
this is the right thing to do?

1897
01:40:07,131 --> 01:40:09,176
I'm the most powerful man
Rome has ever seen.

1898
01:40:10,003 --> 01:40:11,918
It's time to make it official.

1899
01:40:12,049 --> 01:40:14,268
ANTONY: Long-serving Senators
might not take well to it,

1900
01:40:14,399 --> 01:40:15,965
even Sulla
was careful with them,

1901
01:40:16,096 --> 01:40:17,750
not to make them
feel disrespected.

1902
01:40:18,533 --> 01:40:19,578
They'll do nothing.

1903
01:40:20,840 --> 01:40:22,407
They owe me their lives.

1904
01:40:22,537 --> 01:40:25,453
- But the Republic--
- I am the Republic.

1905
01:40:26,324 --> 01:40:29,588
With each success,
Caesar's ambitions grow.

1906
01:40:31,329 --> 01:40:32,808
What else is there,

1907
01:40:32,939 --> 01:40:36,464
than Rome
and the power of ruling Rome?

1908
01:40:36,595 --> 01:40:38,988
There hasn't been a king
for 400 years.

1909
01:40:39,119 --> 01:40:42,122
Could he possibly
even become a king?

1910
01:40:42,644 --> 01:40:43,776
It's a gamble.

1911
01:40:45,256 --> 01:40:46,257
Yes.

1912
01:40:47,388 --> 01:40:48,259
But you forget...

1913
01:40:49,825 --> 01:40:50,826
I never lose.

1914
01:40:50,957 --> 01:40:56,832
♪

1915
01:40:56,963 --> 01:40:57,790
]

1916
01:41:00,184 --> 01:41:02,229
SHELLEY: Caesar,
from the beginning,

1917
01:41:02,360 --> 01:41:05,798
from Sulla's demand
to divorce Cornelia...

1918
01:41:07,234 --> 01:41:08,888
he was a gambler.

1919
01:41:09,018 --> 01:41:12,805
He was willing
to throw those dice.

1920
01:41:15,329 --> 01:41:17,940
AARON: Rome had been founded
by kings

1921
01:41:18,071 --> 01:41:22,380
and it was that foundation
that Caesar had invoked,

1922
01:41:22,510 --> 01:41:25,818
all the way back
at Cornelia's funeral.

1923
01:41:26,862 --> 01:41:28,342
For Caesar,

1924
01:41:28,473 --> 01:41:30,649
the only place
he has left to go,

1925
01:41:30,779 --> 01:41:32,825
is to become an outright king

1926
01:41:32,955 --> 01:41:35,175
and fulfill
that political mission

1927
01:41:35,306 --> 01:41:38,439
that he had set for himself
years previously.

1928
01:41:38,570 --> 01:41:40,049
ADAM: At a public festival,

1929
01:41:40,180 --> 01:41:42,530
he has Mark Antony
try to crown him,

1930
01:41:42,661 --> 01:41:44,228
to see how the crowd will react.

1931
01:41:44,358 --> 01:41:46,491
The people ask me,

1932
01:41:46,621 --> 01:41:49,146
to give Caesar this crown.

1933
01:41:50,582 --> 01:41:52,845
<i>NARRATOR: Caesar is gambling</i>

1934
01:41:52,975 --> 01:41:55,064
<i>that the Roman people
will accept their first king</i>

1935
01:41:55,195 --> 01:41:57,154
<i>in 400 years.</i>

1936
01:42:00,722 --> 01:42:03,116
[audience boos]

1937
01:42:03,247 --> 01:42:05,162
<i>It's a wager that backfires.</i>

1938
01:42:08,600 --> 01:42:11,777
Jupiter alone

1939
01:42:11,907 --> 01:42:14,345
is king of the Romans.

1940
01:42:15,389 --> 01:42:16,347
I'm no king...

1941
01:42:18,044 --> 01:42:19,828
but only Caesar.

1942
01:42:19,959 --> 01:42:22,179
[audience applauding]

1943
01:42:23,397 --> 01:42:24,790
BARRY: Senators
could never accept

1944
01:42:24,920 --> 01:42:26,400
the possibility
of a king in Rome,

1945
01:42:26,531 --> 01:42:28,141
that would be
the death of the Republic,

1946
01:42:28,272 --> 01:42:30,404
the death of everything
that they held sacred.

1947
01:42:30,535 --> 01:42:31,971
For them, this would be a line

1948
01:42:32,101 --> 01:42:33,538
that they would never be willing
to cross.

1949
01:42:35,322 --> 01:42:36,671
PABLO: Within the Senate,

1950
01:42:36,802 --> 01:42:38,760
a growing group is now beginning

1951
01:42:38,891 --> 01:42:40,849
to organize opposition
against Caesar.

1952
01:42:40,980 --> 01:42:42,895
Around 60 Senators
are ever less comfortable

1953
01:42:43,025 --> 01:42:44,853
with Caesar's growing power

1954
01:42:44,984 --> 01:42:47,726
and start to accuse him
of becoming a tyrant.

1955
01:42:49,597 --> 01:42:51,512
<i>NARRATOR: One month
after the failed crowning,</i>

1956
01:42:51,643 --> 01:42:53,340
<i>on March 15th...</i>

1957
01:42:54,472 --> 01:42:56,648
<i>the Ides of March,</i>

1958
01:42:56,778 --> 01:42:59,216
<i>Caesar is invited
to meet a group of Senators.</i>

1959
01:43:00,086 --> 01:43:05,047
♪

1960
01:43:07,136 --> 01:43:08,399
AMANDA: One of the leaders

1961
01:43:08,529 --> 01:43:10,052
of the conspiracy
against Caesar,

1962
01:43:10,183 --> 01:43:12,229
is a man named Marcus Brutus.

1963
01:43:14,579 --> 01:43:15,928
Caesar.

1964
01:43:16,668 --> 01:43:17,756
Please, a petition.

1965
01:43:19,018 --> 01:43:20,672
[Caesar groans in pain]

1966
01:43:20,802 --> 01:43:22,413
[all groaning]

1967
01:43:25,938 --> 01:43:27,592
[Caesar screams out]

1968
01:43:40,039 --> 01:43:42,781
Is it you, my son?

1969
01:43:44,652 --> 01:43:46,654
AMANDA: The words that are known
throughout the world

1970
01:43:46,785 --> 01:43:48,613
as being Caesar's
final words are,

1971
01:43:48,743 --> 01:43:51,093
"Et tu, Brutes?"
"And you, Brutus?"

1972
01:43:51,224 --> 01:43:53,792
But these words don't originate
in the ancient sources,

1973
01:43:53,922 --> 01:43:56,403
they actually originate
with Shakespeare.

1974
01:43:57,491 --> 01:43:59,276
BARRY: What he said
to Brutus was,

1975
01:43:59,406 --> 01:44:00,451
"You, too, child?"

1976
01:44:01,669 --> 01:44:03,802
Brutus' mother, Servilia,

1977
01:44:03,932 --> 01:44:06,413
was Caesar's long-time mistress

1978
01:44:06,544 --> 01:44:08,720
and there're even those who say

1979
01:44:08,850 --> 01:44:12,114
that Brutus
was Caesar's natural child.

1980
01:44:15,466 --> 01:44:17,946
PATRICK: Every gambler
will tell you that, eventually,

1981
01:44:18,077 --> 01:44:19,557
their luck is going to run out.

1982
01:44:20,732 --> 01:44:22,516
Caesar gambled and gambled
and gambled

1983
01:44:22,647 --> 01:44:24,562
until, eventually, he lost.

1984
01:44:25,258 --> 01:44:27,129
In the end,
there's a real tragic irony

1985
01:44:27,260 --> 01:44:28,653
in Caesar's life.

1986
01:44:28,783 --> 01:44:32,047
That he ran
from a despot dictator

1987
01:44:32,178 --> 01:44:34,006
and he comes full circle

1988
01:44:34,136 --> 01:44:36,138
to actually end his life as one.

1989
01:44:40,099 --> 01:44:42,406
BARRY: Caesar's assassins
are hoping to kill him

1990
01:44:42,536 --> 01:44:44,582
and to bring
the old Republic back.

1991
01:44:44,712 --> 01:44:46,932
In practice,
the result is a disaster.

1992
01:44:47,062 --> 01:44:50,849
The assassins do not
successfully restore democracy.

1993
01:44:52,807 --> 01:44:54,243
ADAM: When Caesar dies,

1994
01:44:54,374 --> 01:44:56,550
there are just too many

1995
01:44:56,681 --> 01:44:58,509
ambitious,
powerful men around him.

1996
01:44:58,639 --> 01:45:00,249
There's Mark Antony,

1997
01:45:00,380 --> 01:45:03,470
who thinks of himself
as his protégé.

1998
01:45:03,601 --> 01:45:06,865
SIMON: But Mark Antony
is not Caesar's chosen heir.

1999
01:45:06,995 --> 01:45:09,171
Instead, his will nominates

2000
01:45:09,302 --> 01:45:12,218
his cunning great-nephew,
Octavian.

2001
01:45:12,958 --> 01:45:15,264
[soldiers shouting]

2002
01:45:15,395 --> 01:45:17,354
PABLO: The next few years
of Roman history

2003
01:45:17,484 --> 01:45:20,487
are a colossal struggle
over five separate civil wars.

2004
01:45:20,618 --> 01:45:22,707
Particularly between
Mark Antony and Octavian,

2005
01:45:22,837 --> 01:45:24,839
to inherit Caesar's power.

2006
01:45:24,970 --> 01:45:26,798
Octavian comes out on top

2007
01:45:26,928 --> 01:45:29,322
and becomes
the first-ever Emperor of Rome,

2008
01:45:29,453 --> 01:45:32,020
establishing what we now know
as the Roman Empire.

2009
01:45:32,151 --> 01:45:34,545
Crucially, Octavian
never declares himself king.

2010
01:45:35,546 --> 01:45:37,461
PHILIP: The Roman Empire
survived in the west

2011
01:45:37,591 --> 01:45:39,550
for another 500 years,

2012
01:45:39,680 --> 01:45:42,770
and the east,
for another 1,500 years.

2013
01:45:42,901 --> 01:45:45,904
And, really, it all goes back
to Julius Caesar.

2014
01:45:48,515 --> 01:45:49,908
CLIFFORD: Even though
Julius Caesar

2015
01:45:50,038 --> 01:45:52,650
did not himself
become the emperor,

2016
01:45:52,780 --> 01:45:55,870
there's a reason
why later European monarchs

2017
01:45:56,001 --> 01:45:58,046
named themselves after Caesar,

2018
01:45:58,177 --> 01:46:00,005
because he establishes
an example,

2019
01:46:00,135 --> 01:46:01,833
for well or ill,

2020
01:46:01,963 --> 01:46:05,271
of what leadership
and conquest looked like.

2021
01:46:06,533 --> 01:46:08,056
NICOLA: So, during World War I,

2022
01:46:08,187 --> 01:46:10,058
you have in Germany the Kaiser

2023
01:46:10,189 --> 01:46:12,539
and in Russia you have the Czar.

2024
01:46:12,670 --> 01:46:15,934
Both of these words
come from the Roman "Caesar."

2025
01:46:16,064 --> 01:46:18,806
Caesar's legacy
is dictatorship itself.

2026
01:46:18,937 --> 01:46:22,027
The excuse that a democracy,
when it's in trouble,

2027
01:46:22,157 --> 01:46:24,812
can be resolved
by giving all power to one man.

2028
01:46:25,596 --> 01:46:28,381
Every dictator since,
including Napoleon,

2029
01:46:28,512 --> 01:46:30,731
Mussolini, Pinochet,

2030
01:46:30,862 --> 01:46:33,386
is always drawing
on Julius Caesar.

2031
01:46:34,300 --> 01:46:35,910
BARRY: Caesar was a great man,

2032
01:46:36,041 --> 01:46:37,608
he was equally good

2033
01:46:37,738 --> 01:46:40,567
at politics, at war,
and at literature.

2034
01:46:40,698 --> 01:46:43,135
But he's also a murderous man,
a violent man.

2035
01:46:44,615 --> 01:46:47,052
A man who commits genocide.

2036
01:46:47,182 --> 01:46:48,619
[screams triumphantly]

2037
01:46:48,749 --> 01:46:50,447
AARON: It is unfortunate,

2038
01:46:50,577 --> 01:46:54,320
that in people that have
this exceptional genius,

2039
01:46:54,451 --> 01:46:58,150
you also find
an exceptional ambition.

2040
01:47:01,370 --> 01:47:03,068
There was so much

2041
01:47:03,198 --> 01:47:05,897
that Caesar
could have accomplished

2042
01:47:06,027 --> 01:47:08,029
for the Roman state,

2043
01:47:08,160 --> 01:47:11,424
that to see him finally
get wrapped up in his own power,

2044
01:47:11,555 --> 01:47:13,731
is ultimately a tragedy.

2045
01:47:14,645 --> 01:47:16,081
ADAM: I think
what Julius Caesar teaches us,

2046
01:47:16,211 --> 01:47:17,648
more than anything else,

2047
01:47:17,778 --> 01:47:19,693
is that there is a danger

2048
01:47:19,824 --> 01:47:21,913
with unparalleled ambition,

2049
01:47:22,043 --> 01:47:23,915
matched
with unparalleled ability.

2050
01:47:24,045 --> 01:47:25,830
Power corrupts

2051
01:47:25,960 --> 01:47:27,962
and absolute power
corrupts absolutely.

2052
01:47:28,093 --> 01:47:31,357
When you think you are
the smartest person in the room

2053
01:47:31,488 --> 01:47:33,577
and the only one
with all the answers...

2054
01:47:33,707 --> 01:47:36,623
Let the dice fly high!

2055
01:47:36,754 --> 01:47:38,016
...disaster awaits.