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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.BZ
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[slow suspenseful music]
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[music mellows]
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[Arthur]
It seems
absolutely inconceivable.
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And I think most astronomers
today will go along with me,
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that in this gigantic universe,
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we are the only living things
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and the only intelligent things.
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It's far more probable that
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there are more races ahead of us
than behind us,
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and that we may be
very low indeed
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in the hierarchy
of cosmic intelligence.
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Ultimately, one of
the most important results
of space flight
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is, I think,
going to be the contact
with superior civilizations.
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-[music fades]
-[birds chirping]
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[insects trilling]
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[slow mysterious music]
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[Gentry] I am one
of the most fortunate people
who ever lived.
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You're looking at someone
who believes
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he has the best job
in the world.
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And it is ideally suited for me.
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I cannot imagine a better place
for Gentry Lee to work than
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
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trying to build spacecraft to
explore the planets robotically.
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I have maybe 18 to 20 projects
under my jurisdiction,
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ranging from ideas
for things we're gonna do
ten years from now
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to spacecraft that
have been flying for 15 years
and, and have a problem.
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[indistinct radio chatter]
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And I would like
to continue to do that
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with the productive years
that I have left.
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[slow atmospheric music]
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One of the biggest
philosophical questions
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that human beings
have ever faced...
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is the question,
"Are we alone in the universe?"
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Why is it important
whether or not there is
life on Mars or ever was?
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[suspenseful music]
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If we discover
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life of any kind anywhere other
than on the planet Earth...
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it will be the greatest
scientific discovery in history.
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[tense music]
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This search
is among the most profound...
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of anything that human beings
have ever done.
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[tense music fades]
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[vehicles rumbling]
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[indistinct chatter]
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[commentator]
...Joe DiMaggio coming to bat...
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[Gentry]
I was born in New York City...
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...and I was fascinated
by baseball.
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Somewhere between
four and five, I became
a Brooklyn Dodger fan.
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[commentator]
Robinson swings...
[continues indistinctly]
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[Gentry]
And I enjoyed
computing the batting averages
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for all of my favorite Dodgers
every day.
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-[boy] Is that
a real Major League ball?
-That sure is.
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That's the best one we have.
And here's a real
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Major League bat
just to go with it.
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[Gentry]
And so,
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in the middle of the summer,
I was out in the street...
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and a man walked by
and he said...
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"Excuse me.
Uh, are, are you
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reciting the batting averages
of the Brooklyn Dodgers?"
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I said yes.
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He says,
"Well, they're not posted
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until the afternoon papers."
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And I said... Matter of fact,
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you know,
I was a five-year-old kid.
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I said, "I computed it myself."
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He said, "What?"
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He said,
"How did you do that?"
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And I said,
"Well, you just have to
take the number of bats
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and the number of hits,
and then you do the division
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and you can compute
the batting average."
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Well, he was freaked out.
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I didn't know it at the time,
but he was a professor
at Columbia.
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He went to my parents
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and said, "Five-year-olds
don't compute batting averages.
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Do you mind if I take your son
for some tests?"
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When I was in the fifth grade
and they gave aptitude tests...
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my reading level
was 11th grade
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and my math level
was freshman in college.
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When I was in the fifth grade.
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The, the teachers
and the schools
had no idea what to do with me.
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[gentle music]
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I caused a lot of trouble,
uh, in, in, in my youth.
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I can look back now and say
it was because I was bored,
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but that's just an excuse.
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I was a discipline problem.
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School was painful.
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Home was painful.
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My only escape were books.
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Until junior high school.
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And I go into...
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...an eighth grade class with,
with a woman, Bertha Casey.
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[voice quavering]
I really loved that lady.
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And I kept in touch with her
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until after
my first novel was written.
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I kept in touch with her
all the way through college...
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and... I told her
that she changed my life...
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because she opened the door
to it being okay...
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to be not like
everybody else.
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[audience clapping]
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[Gentry]
I remember, when Carl
was on Johnny Carson
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and he talked about
when he was age 12,
he looked up at the skies
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and he knew
exactly what he wanted to do.
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That wasn't me at all.
Do you know what
at age 12 I wanted to be?
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Anything that could
possibly be happy.
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Because I wasn't.
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It was baseball.
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Playing baseball
and following baseball.
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That stabilized me
with respect to my peers.
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Now I got emotional.
I have to blow my nose.
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[music fades]
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[slow suspenseful music]
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[Gentry]
I finished my undergraduate work
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at the University of Texas
in Austin.
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I decided to get
a master's degree in physics,
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mathematics
and aerospace engineering
at MIT.
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Kennedy had made the statement
about landing on the moon,
and Apollo was underway.
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It was clear to me
from what I was reading
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that what was about to happen
was the same thing with respect
to the solar system.
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[crowd cheering]
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Many years ago,
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the great British explorer
George Mallory,
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who was to die on Mount Everest,
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was asked
why did he want to climb it.
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He said, "Because it is there."
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Well, space is there,
and we're going to climb it.
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And the moon
and the planets are there.
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[Gentry]
My 23-year-old mind
already grasped
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that I could be part
of the only generation
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that would ever explore
the solar system
for the first time.
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[man]
You sense
the spirit of adventure
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that stimulates
hundreds of scientists,
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most of them young,
all of them bold,
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as they set forth
on the great intellectual
exploration of our century...
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Search for life
beyond the Earth.
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[muted]
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[Carl] On these other planets,
the physical conditions
are different.
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The organisms that live there
will also be different.
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They will,
from our point of view,
be strange,
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and exotic, and bizarre.
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We will search them out.
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To seek
the beings of other worlds
is a rare adventure.
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All mankind shares the quest.
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[slow ominous music]
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[slow rumbling]
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[Gentry]
Once upon a time...
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maybe six million
years ago...
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there started
being the development
on this planet...
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of a species that all of us
would say had some intelligence.
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And maybe 600,000 years ago...
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some early
species of humanity...
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looked up at the stars...
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and wondered
what they were...
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and perhaps
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thought they were
campfires in the sky.
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[intriguing music]
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But I believe...
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the moment that
human beings understood...
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that the Earth was a planet
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and that there were
other planets...
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the idea...
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of the sphere of influence
of the human species
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eventually extending
beyond the boundaries
of the planet Earth
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began to develop.
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Evolution...
has preserved in us
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a thirst.
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Perhaps it's even stronger
than that. A lust
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to understand
through exploration.
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Do you anticipate
that we're going to have
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any discovery
of intelligent life
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within the planets
in our solar system?
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No. I think it's unlikely that,
as of now,
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there's anything
even comparable to us
in this solar system,
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in this little group of planets
around our sun.
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And because,
uh, it takes even light
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four years
to get to the nearest star.
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We've obviously got to travel
at an appreciable fraction
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of the speed of light to make
interstellar travel possible.
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The curious thing is this,
that at the very moment,
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when we've acquired the ability
to go out to the near planets,
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we have also,
as a result of the same
technological development...
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acquired the ability
to communicate with anybody
on the stars,
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if there's anybody there
to listen to our signals
and to send anything back.
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[slow suspenseful music]
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[Frank]
This telescope you see here
is by far
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the largest radio telescope
in the world.
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In the near future,
when this telescope is improved
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and others like it built,
we may start serious searches
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for other civilizations
in space.
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[Gentry]
In 1960,
an astronomer named Frank Drake
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wrote down an equation
for the likely number
of intelligent civilizations
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in our galaxy today.
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There's a whole bunch
of variables in the equation.
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But the one
that's the most important
is a philosophical one.
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Perhaps there is something
about an advanced civilization
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that limits
how long it survives.
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[Frank]
We're seeking
the answers of those questions
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every human being asks himself
at one time.
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"Why am I here?
Why is there a world?"
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We will never understand
these things
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until we have understood
the birth and death
of the stars,
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where life comes from,
what forms it can take,
what is its eventual destiny.
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[mysterious music]
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[thump, crackling]
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[Gentry]
The universe we now know
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was created in a big bang
13.81 billion years ago.
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In our galaxy alone,
there are 150 billion stars.
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00:16:30,422 --> 00:16:34,561
It can be well assumed
that there may be
close to a trillion planets.
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That number staggers people.
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If the average lifetime
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of an advanced extraterrestrial
civilization is short,
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then it would explain why
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00:16:54,313 --> 00:16:57,449
we have not been contacted
in any way.
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[insects trilling]
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00:17:05,190 --> 00:17:10,262
That was the question
Enrico Fermi asked,
the famous Fermi Paradox.
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00:17:11,163 --> 00:17:14,133
Enrico Fermi
was a very famous physicist,
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00:17:14,133 --> 00:17:17,102
and he once asked
the following question...
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"If there are so many stars
and so many planets,
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and a likelihood
that life is going to emerge,
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surely whatever it was
that created us
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has happened
over and over and over again.
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00:17:31,216 --> 00:17:33,218
[ominous music]
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Where are they?"
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Imagine that you're sitting
in a very large auditorium,
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00:18:08,855 --> 00:18:13,525
and down on the floor,
there are a million light bulbs.
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And we're gonna start
winding the clock
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beginning when
the universe was created.
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And we're gonna run it forward.
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And whenever
an extraterrestrial civilization
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that is advanced emerges,
a light bulb will come on.
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[crackling]
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But then it dies. The light dies
in a very short period of time
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compared to this
long 13.81 billion years.
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Lights would come on over here.
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Then a light
would come on over there.
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00:18:51,865 --> 00:18:56,502
But there would
never be two lights
close enough to each other
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that endured long enough
that they would be
able to interact.
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00:19:07,847 --> 00:19:13,786
But imagine...
if just one civilization
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00:19:14,687 --> 00:19:17,757
figured out how to survive
for a long period of time.
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Let's just say
as long as the dinosaurs,
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which was about
100 million years.
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In that case,
you would imagine another light
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00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:33,172
eventually coming on
close to that light...
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00:19:34,741 --> 00:19:37,777
and perhaps,
after a certain period of time,
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there would be a group of lights
in the same region,
246
00:19:43,716 --> 00:19:45,752
all of which
were able to survive.
247
00:19:50,823 --> 00:19:53,592
And I don't think
it's gonna happen,
248
00:19:53,592 --> 00:19:58,197
but, oh, my goodness,
I would jump with jubilation
249
00:19:58,197 --> 00:20:00,833
and I would weep with joy
250
00:20:00,833 --> 00:20:05,304
if there was
an unambiguous signal
251
00:20:05,304 --> 00:20:11,476
received from a clearly advanced
extraterrestrial species.
252
00:20:11,476 --> 00:20:13,478
[suspenseful music]
253
00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:29,461
Is life everywhere?
254
00:20:29,461 --> 00:20:31,898
Does it have to be
the same as us?
255
00:20:31,898 --> 00:20:36,535
Or are we just one example
of a vast array
256
00:20:36,535 --> 00:20:38,704
of possible kinds
of biochemistries?
257
00:20:38,704 --> 00:20:40,840
Well, there's no way for us ever
to answer that question.
258
00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:46,012
No way for us to determine
the generality of life on Earth,
259
00:20:46,012 --> 00:20:48,014
except by, uh,
by looking for life elsewhere.
260
00:20:48,014 --> 00:20:51,650
And the nearest
candidate planet is surely Mars.
261
00:20:51,650 --> 00:20:53,652
[suspenseful music]
262
00:21:01,693 --> 00:21:05,297
[Gentry]
When it was decided
in the late '60s
263
00:21:06,265 --> 00:21:12,437
that we were going to send
a spacecraft to Mars and try
to land on the planet...
264
00:21:13,639 --> 00:21:15,975
a man walked into my office
and said,
265
00:21:15,975 --> 00:21:18,510
"Gentry, somebody told me
that you knew something
266
00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:20,679
about interplanetary navigation.
267
00:21:20,679 --> 00:21:22,347
Could you help us
with this proposal?"
268
00:21:24,349 --> 00:21:28,620
Twenty-five years old,
and I got to write
part of a proposal
269
00:21:28,620 --> 00:21:34,559
that would land
the first spacecraft ever
on another planet.
270
00:21:36,762 --> 00:21:40,766
For the next seven years
of my life,
271
00:21:40,766 --> 00:21:44,603
I lived and breathed
that mission.
272
00:21:46,672 --> 00:21:48,674
[gentle music]
273
00:21:56,748 --> 00:22:01,520
[Gentry]
Somewhere near 2000 people
at one time or another
274
00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:05,058
worked on some major thing
associated with Viking.
275
00:22:05,058 --> 00:22:07,492
[indistinct chatter]
276
00:22:07,492 --> 00:22:10,096
One of those people, of course,
was Carl Sagan.
277
00:22:10,096 --> 00:22:12,731
And he and I
developed a friendship.
278
00:22:14,067 --> 00:22:19,072
This is one of hundreds
of little channels.
279
00:22:19,072 --> 00:22:22,541
Channels which look
for all the world as if they've
been cut by running water.
280
00:22:24,944 --> 00:22:27,080
[Gentry]
Hundred and fifty years ago,
281
00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:32,384
an Italian named
Giovanni Schiaparelli
looked at Mars
282
00:22:32,384 --> 00:22:36,055
and he announced that he saw
canalion Mars.
283
00:22:37,422 --> 00:22:41,094
Now,canaliis an Italian word
that means channels.
284
00:22:42,028 --> 00:22:45,630
But when the word
came to the United States
and was translated,
285
00:22:46,365 --> 00:22:49,601
The New York Times
andThe Washington Post
both said,
286
00:22:49,601 --> 00:22:53,672
"An Italian astronomer
has found canals on Mars."
287
00:22:55,841 --> 00:22:58,978
And, of course, immediately,
people started thinking that,
288
00:22:58,978 --> 00:23:03,415
"Wow, there must be
advanced life on Mars
if they're building canals."
289
00:23:04,683 --> 00:23:07,719
[RJ 1 on radio]
We take you now
to Grovers Mill, New Jersey.
290
00:23:08,420 --> 00:23:11,090
[RJ 2]Ladies and gentlemen,
I have a grave announcement
to make.
291
00:23:11,090 --> 00:23:14,659
Those strange beings who landed
in the Jersey farmlands tonight
292
00:23:14,659 --> 00:23:17,496
are the vanguard
of an invading army
from the planet Mars.
293
00:23:17,496 --> 00:23:20,032
Ladies and gentlemen,
due to circumstances
beyond our control,
294
00:23:20,032 --> 00:23:22,567
we are unable
to continue the broadcast
from Grover's Mill...
295
00:23:22,567 --> 00:23:26,072
[Gentry]
Many people developed fear
of possible life on Mars.
296
00:23:26,072 --> 00:23:28,074
And that can all be ascribed
297
00:23:28,074 --> 00:23:31,576
to a magnificent
science fiction work
by H.G. Wells
298
00:23:31,576 --> 00:23:33,946
-calledThe War of the Worlds.
-[Phillips]Good Lord,
they're turning into flame!
299
00:23:33,946 --> 00:23:35,747
-[man screaming]
-[Phillips]Now the whole
field's caught fire!
300
00:23:35,747 --> 00:23:38,151
The woods, the barns,
the gas tanks,
301
00:23:38,151 --> 00:23:40,552
tanks of the automobiles!
It's spreading everywhere!
302
00:23:40,552 --> 00:23:42,421
[tense music]
303
00:23:42,421 --> 00:23:47,893
[Gentry]
That basic idea
that aliens might be hostile
304
00:23:47,893 --> 00:23:50,929
has permeated
many science fiction films,
305
00:23:51,730 --> 00:23:56,868
where the Earth
was invaded by Martians,
306
00:23:56,868 --> 00:24:00,605
and they summarily began
to wipe us out.
307
00:24:00,605 --> 00:24:02,975
[warbling, screeching]
308
00:24:03,675 --> 00:24:05,011
[screaming]
309
00:24:05,011 --> 00:24:07,013
[suspenseful music]
310
00:24:10,949 --> 00:24:12,851
[indistinct chatter]
311
00:24:15,188 --> 00:24:18,857
[Gentry]
In 1964,
a spacecraft called Mariner
312
00:24:18,857 --> 00:24:23,962
flew by Mars
with a primitive camera
and took photographs.
313
00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:28,867
People believed at that time
314
00:24:28,867 --> 00:24:33,072
that there was
not only life on Mars,
but intelligent life on Mars.
315
00:24:34,906 --> 00:24:40,545
But what they saw looked
almost exactly like the moon.
316
00:24:41,113 --> 00:24:43,115
[indistinct chatter]
317
00:24:45,151 --> 00:24:46,518
Well, I'll be damned.
318
00:24:48,653 --> 00:24:52,258
And all of a sudden,
that probability plummeted.
319
00:24:55,894 --> 00:24:59,865
[man]
Nine, eight, seven, six...
320
00:24:59,865 --> 00:25:03,735
[Gentry]
On the Mariner 9 spacecraft
in 1971,
321
00:25:03,735 --> 00:25:07,173
the first pictures
that came back
astonished the world.
322
00:25:09,641 --> 00:25:14,946
Why? Because there was clearly
water in the atmosphere of Mars
323
00:25:14,946 --> 00:25:18,251
and water in the ice caps
at the North Pole.
324
00:25:22,054 --> 00:25:27,126
The presence of water
stimulated the idea
that perhaps life evolved there.
325
00:25:28,527 --> 00:25:32,898
[Carl] In the Mariner 9 mission,
we were able to look at Mars
for the first time close enough.
326
00:25:32,898 --> 00:25:36,535
If there were a civilization
on Mars like ours,
we would have detected it.
327
00:25:36,535 --> 00:25:37,636
-It isn't there.
-[man] Right.
328
00:25:37,636 --> 00:25:38,937
But that doesn't exclude,
329
00:25:38,937 --> 00:25:41,740
uh, uh, plants and animals,
330
00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:44,042
and even big animals, on Mars.
There's no evidence for them.
331
00:25:44,042 --> 00:25:45,911
-Right.
-But there's nothing
to exclude them. And that's
332
00:25:45,911 --> 00:25:48,813
the, the great thing about
the Viking mission to Mars,
333
00:25:48,813 --> 00:25:52,851
which goes to Mars in 1976.
It's for the first time
we'll be able to find out.
334
00:25:52,851 --> 00:25:56,655
We'll have cameras, look around,
see if anybody interesting
walks by.
335
00:25:56,655 --> 00:25:57,856
[whirring]
336
00:25:58,657 --> 00:26:00,659
[mysterious music]
337
00:26:07,866 --> 00:26:12,104
[Gentry]
In 1974, when we were
planning to do this,
338
00:26:12,771 --> 00:26:17,008
nobody had ever demonstrated
they could land on a planet
with an atmosphere.
339
00:26:19,010 --> 00:26:22,781
We had no idea what
the terrain was like at all.
340
00:26:25,050 --> 00:26:27,686
All we could see
from the Mariner pictures
341
00:26:27,686 --> 00:26:30,855
were pieces
roughly the size of LA.
342
00:26:34,726 --> 00:26:36,928
Everyone told us
that what we should do
343
00:26:36,928 --> 00:26:39,365
if we were gonna
try to land on Mars
344
00:26:39,365 --> 00:26:41,267
was just build a little sphere
345
00:26:41,267 --> 00:26:43,935
that would survive with a window
and a camera.
346
00:26:45,171 --> 00:26:48,240
We said, "Nope,
we are going to go to Mars,
347
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:50,108
and we are going
to try to figure out
348
00:26:50,108 --> 00:26:51,943
whether or not
there is life there."
349
00:26:54,380 --> 00:26:58,717
And so
the Viking mission to Mars,
which included two landers
350
00:26:58,717 --> 00:27:03,021
and two orbiters,
was designed to try to determine
351
00:27:03,021 --> 00:27:05,924
whether or not
there was life on Mars.
352
00:27:08,727 --> 00:27:13,898
But we did not have any idea
how to look for
any kind of life,
353
00:27:13,898 --> 00:27:18,136
except that kind of life
that exists on Earth.
354
00:27:18,803 --> 00:27:21,940
And that was
what drove the design
of our instrumentation.
355
00:27:24,109 --> 00:27:26,978
We were Earth chauvinists.
356
00:27:26,978 --> 00:27:28,980
[slow ominous music]
357
00:27:39,858 --> 00:27:41,726
I saw the Viking launches.
358
00:27:43,094 --> 00:27:44,929
Viking was my first launch.
359
00:27:47,098 --> 00:27:52,037
In 1975, we launched
two Viking spacecraft.
360
00:27:52,937 --> 00:27:56,975
We were all so worried
about the possibility
of a failure.
361
00:27:56,975 --> 00:28:01,913
So, there were two
for the very first launch
362
00:28:01,913 --> 00:28:04,250
and landing on the planet Mars.
363
00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,352
[men talking indistinctly]
364
00:28:06,352 --> 00:28:13,091
[man]
...six, five,
four, three, two, one, zero.
365
00:28:13,091 --> 00:28:15,093
[whooshing]
366
00:28:37,916 --> 00:28:42,321
[Gentry]
In my mind,
I was inside the spacecraft,
367
00:28:42,321 --> 00:28:45,090
going through step by step
what the sequence was.
368
00:28:47,293 --> 00:28:49,295
[slow pensive music]
369
00:28:53,031 --> 00:28:56,201
Flying to Mars
was going to take nine months.
370
00:29:03,875 --> 00:29:08,847
We managed to go into orbit
and look at the surface of Mars
371
00:29:08,847 --> 00:29:11,216
with these fantastic new cameras
that we had,
372
00:29:11,216 --> 00:29:13,419
which were 20 times better
than the ones
373
00:29:13,419 --> 00:29:17,490
that had flown
on the Mariner 9 spacecraft
in 1971...
374
00:29:18,790 --> 00:29:21,192
to determine
the right place to land.
375
00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:28,233
I was responsible
for something called
Landing Site Certification.
376
00:29:30,935 --> 00:29:33,037
Our pre-selected site
377
00:29:33,037 --> 00:29:37,376
turned out to be filled
with gigantic boulders,
and is a mess.
378
00:29:38,843 --> 00:29:40,245
Nobody knew the answer.
379
00:29:41,313 --> 00:29:45,384
The best way to solve a problem
that nobody's ever solved before
380
00:29:45,384 --> 00:29:50,322
is to get a half a dozen
of the smartest people
you can possibly find in a room,
381
00:29:50,322 --> 00:29:53,057
and you say,
"What should we do now?"
382
00:29:53,057 --> 00:29:55,494
And every one of them
is energized
383
00:29:55,494 --> 00:29:59,197
to put his or her
best ideas forward.
384
00:29:59,197 --> 00:30:04,102
And if someone in the room says,
"This is what I think
should be done,"
385
00:30:04,102 --> 00:30:07,406
somebody else might say,
"That's ridiculous.
It won't work."
386
00:30:07,406 --> 00:30:09,107
And we didn't pull any punches.
387
00:30:09,107 --> 00:30:11,009
Are you gonna commit
to a place
388
00:30:11,009 --> 00:30:12,977
in order to land there?
You have to fly over...
389
00:30:12,977 --> 00:30:15,079
-Okay, Gerry, a valley.
-[man] No, let me get rid
390
00:30:15,079 --> 00:30:17,081
-of the emotional argument.
-Okay.
391
00:30:17,081 --> 00:30:20,452
[Gentry]
This culture
of intellectual confrontation,
392
00:30:20,452 --> 00:30:22,588
and we would go
on and on, you know.
393
00:30:24,289 --> 00:30:26,825
At that time,
telling somebody else
394
00:30:26,825 --> 00:30:29,160
you didn't think
their idea was good...
395
00:30:30,829 --> 00:30:32,230
didn't cause any problems.
396
00:30:33,064 --> 00:30:35,166
All we know is
there's an area right here.
397
00:30:35,166 --> 00:30:37,936
Forget the whole
emotional argument
about canyons...
398
00:30:37,936 --> 00:30:40,305
[Gentry]
I remember working
17 hours a day.
399
00:30:40,305 --> 00:30:43,274
I had a cot in my office.
And I wasn't the only one.
400
00:30:44,008 --> 00:30:46,945
We would look at a site
every two or three days.
401
00:30:49,113 --> 00:30:53,385
Seventeen days later,
everybody was
completely exhausted.
402
00:30:54,052 --> 00:30:57,556
And I'll never forget a meeting.
It was two o'clock
in the morning,
403
00:30:57,556 --> 00:31:02,861
and we had found a site
that looked better
than any of the other sites,
404
00:31:02,861 --> 00:31:04,095
but still not perfect.
405
00:31:04,929 --> 00:31:07,866
And Carl Sagan,
and Hal Masursky,
406
00:31:07,866 --> 00:31:10,536
and Jim Martin,
and Tom Young and I were,
407
00:31:10,536 --> 00:31:13,071
2:00 a.m. in the morning,
looking at the pictures
408
00:31:13,071 --> 00:31:15,139
that had come down
and spread them out.
409
00:31:15,139 --> 00:31:18,176
And Hal Masursky
plopped his head down
on the table, said,
410
00:31:18,176 --> 00:31:21,279
"I can't do this anymore.
Let's go here."
411
00:31:22,113 --> 00:31:23,248
And that was it.
412
00:31:23,248 --> 00:31:25,651
[tense music]
413
00:31:25,651 --> 00:31:29,622
From then on, it was a piece
of artificial intelligence.
414
00:31:29,622 --> 00:31:32,524
[man on radio]
59,000 feet, coming up.
Onboard require pretty soon.
415
00:31:32,524 --> 00:31:34,926
[Gentry]
You hit the top
of the Martian atmosphere
416
00:31:34,926 --> 00:31:38,530
going 12 to 13,000 miles
an hour.
417
00:31:38,530 --> 00:31:41,533
[man talking indistinctly
on radio]
418
00:31:41,533 --> 00:31:43,435
[Gentry]
It had to
burn off a heat shield
419
00:31:43,435 --> 00:31:47,171
to remove the kinetic energy,
then pop a parachute.
420
00:31:48,306 --> 00:31:50,241
Then, fire thrusters...
421
00:31:51,409 --> 00:31:54,178
...and land softly
on the surface.
422
00:31:54,178 --> 00:31:56,080
[man 1 on radio]
...177 feet per second.
423
00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:58,450
[man 2 speaking indistinctly]
424
00:31:58,450 --> 00:32:01,252
[man 1]
Parachute separation. Roger.
425
00:32:01,252 --> 00:32:03,622
[man 2]
Minus 105, 23 g's.
426
00:32:03,622 --> 00:32:05,691
[man 1]
2600 feet, 188 feet per second.
427
00:32:06,925 --> 00:32:09,662
Twenty-six hundred feet!
Twenty-six hundred feet!
428
00:32:10,562 --> 00:32:13,364
[Gentry]
It's become known as
"the seven minutes of terror."
429
00:32:13,364 --> 00:32:16,067
Three sixty-six feet,
73 feet per second.
430
00:32:16,067 --> 00:32:18,504
-Come on.
-[man 2 on radio]
ACS is close to vertical.
431
00:32:19,304 --> 00:32:21,640
-[man 1 on radio]
I have us green for touchdown.
-[man 2 on radio]ACS is green,
432
00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:23,408
1.5 degrees per second max.
433
00:32:23,408 --> 00:32:25,276
0.2 g's, eight feet per second.
434
00:32:25,276 --> 00:32:27,078
[man 4 on radio]
Touchdown. We have touchdown.
435
00:32:27,078 --> 00:32:29,715
[all cheering]
436
00:32:29,715 --> 00:32:31,717
[suspenseful music]
437
00:32:35,453 --> 00:32:39,991
[man 3 on radio]
Yes, we have a touchdown time
of 12 hours, 12 minutes...
438
00:32:39,991 --> 00:32:43,227
[Gentry]
We're standing there,
looking at a screen
439
00:32:43,227 --> 00:32:47,633
of the first photograph
ever to be taken
440
00:32:47,633 --> 00:32:50,335
from the surface
of another planet.
441
00:32:50,969 --> 00:32:53,071
[narrator]
Mars, from the surface.
442
00:32:53,071 --> 00:32:55,239
Man's age-old dream
of a close-up look
443
00:32:55,239 --> 00:32:56,742
at what it's like
on another planet,
444
00:32:56,742 --> 00:33:00,144
and of searching for life there,
today became a reality.
445
00:33:00,612 --> 00:33:03,649
[man]This is
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
in Pasadena, California,
446
00:33:03,649 --> 00:33:06,384
where scientists are jubilant
over the successful landing
447
00:33:06,384 --> 00:33:09,555
of the Viking 1 spaceship
on the planet Mars this morning.
448
00:33:09,555 --> 00:33:13,659
They are starting to get
a picture from Mars,
212 million miles away,
449
00:33:13,659 --> 00:33:17,495
and we are seeing now
the first close-up view
of the Red Planet.
450
00:33:17,495 --> 00:33:19,497
[gentle music]
451
00:33:21,399 --> 00:33:24,268
[Gerald Ford]
My very best wishes
for a great job.
452
00:33:24,268 --> 00:33:26,104
We're all very proud of you.
453
00:33:26,104 --> 00:33:27,271
-Good luck.
-Thank you, Mr. President.
454
00:33:28,574 --> 00:33:29,608
Thank you.
455
00:33:30,642 --> 00:33:31,577
[muted]
456
00:33:33,712 --> 00:33:37,181
[Gentry]
Joy. It's indescribable.
457
00:33:38,550 --> 00:33:40,753
[excited chatter]
458
00:33:40,753 --> 00:33:45,390
There was party after party,
after the Viking landings,
459
00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:50,495
and such science fiction
luminaries as Robert Heinlein,
460
00:33:50,495 --> 00:33:54,399
Gene Roddenberry,
Ray Bradbury, Nichelle Nichols,
461
00:33:54,399 --> 00:33:57,068
these people understood
462
00:33:57,669 --> 00:34:03,776
that there is a connection
between science fiction...
463
00:34:05,376 --> 00:34:06,612
...and engineering.
464
00:34:12,316 --> 00:34:14,686
From this moment on,
life is on Mars.
465
00:34:14,686 --> 00:34:19,190
An extension
of our sensibilities,
of our eyeballs,
466
00:34:19,190 --> 00:34:23,494
of our sense of touch,
of our scientific intuition.
467
00:34:23,494 --> 00:34:26,765
That, to me,
is the important thing
about the last few minutes,
468
00:34:26,765 --> 00:34:28,667
that man has reached out
across space
469
00:34:28,667 --> 00:34:30,702
and is really
touching this planet.
470
00:34:30,702 --> 00:34:33,839
And so our life is on Mars
as of this hour.
471
00:35:02,366 --> 00:35:05,503
[Gentry]
One of the most important
472
00:35:06,337 --> 00:35:10,776
attributes associated
with the human species
473
00:35:10,776 --> 00:35:14,145
is the ability to be amazed,
474
00:35:14,847 --> 00:35:19,550
to feel inside yourself
an incredible rush.
475
00:35:19,550 --> 00:35:21,219
Look at that!
476
00:35:21,219 --> 00:35:23,221
[slow atmospheric music]
477
00:35:35,166 --> 00:35:38,236
[man] What about
the ages-old question
of life on the planet Mars?
478
00:35:38,236 --> 00:35:41,606
From the photograph
that we are now viewing,
is there any indication of it?
479
00:35:42,306 --> 00:35:45,276
Now the boom will azimuth over
and move out of the way.
480
00:35:45,276 --> 00:35:46,778
We will take the final picture.
481
00:35:46,778 --> 00:35:50,348
This is being done at 2:30,
uh, our time here on Mars.
482
00:35:50,348 --> 00:35:54,185
The first information
will be down between
5:30 and 6:30 tonight.
483
00:35:54,185 --> 00:35:56,487
We should have the data analyzed
by around eight o'clock.
484
00:35:57,856 --> 00:36:00,859
We thought we were building
a suite of instruments
485
00:36:00,859 --> 00:36:04,428
that would go there
and would unambiguously
answer the question,
486
00:36:04,428 --> 00:36:05,797
"Is there life on Mars?"
487
00:36:06,732 --> 00:36:10,869
We did not prepare
for ambiguity.
488
00:36:11,770 --> 00:36:14,405
Latest data
from the Viking 2 lander vehicle
489
00:36:14,405 --> 00:36:17,375
still shows no signs of life
on Mars,
490
00:36:17,375 --> 00:36:19,410
but the scientists
haven't given up hope.
491
00:36:21,379 --> 00:36:26,417
[Gentry]
Today, the sense that
Viking found no life on Mars
492
00:36:26,417 --> 00:36:28,286
is very much in question.
493
00:36:29,253 --> 00:36:34,358
Gil Levin, who was
the principal investigator
494
00:36:34,358 --> 00:36:37,829
or the lead scientist,
if you prefer, has contended...
495
00:36:38,931 --> 00:36:42,935
for the rest of his life...
He died last year
at the age of 97.
496
00:36:42,935 --> 00:36:47,739
That what his instrument saw
could only be interpreted
497
00:36:48,472 --> 00:36:49,741
as a sign of life.
498
00:36:51,609 --> 00:36:54,478
[Gentry]
We have two competing ideas,
499
00:36:54,478 --> 00:36:56,581
one of which suggests
that we found biology
500
00:36:56,581 --> 00:36:58,249
and the other one
of which suggests
501
00:36:58,249 --> 00:37:00,518
that everything we have seen
is chemistry.
502
00:37:00,518 --> 00:37:01,652
I think it's fair to say...
503
00:37:01,652 --> 00:37:03,487
[Gentry]
When it was all over...
504
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:11,662
we discovered
that the American press in 1976
505
00:37:12,563 --> 00:37:18,436
did not fully understand
the significance of landing
on Mars.
506
00:37:19,303 --> 00:37:22,908
If you find any organisms,
will they be brought back
to the Earth?
507
00:37:22,908 --> 00:37:25,877
No. All the equipment
we send to Mars
will stay at Mars.
508
00:37:25,877 --> 00:37:29,247
So, then there won't be
any little green monsters
attacking our cities?
509
00:37:30,348 --> 00:37:32,383
No. All the tests we make
will be made...
510
00:37:32,383 --> 00:37:34,252
[Gentry]
It was apparent
511
00:37:34,252 --> 00:37:36,554
both in what was written
in the newspapers...
512
00:37:37,688 --> 00:37:42,760
...and also from the questions
that they asked us
at the press conference.
513
00:37:48,532 --> 00:37:50,768
I would like to start
explaining now.
Is that all right?
514
00:37:50,768 --> 00:37:53,537
-[man] Yeah.
-Okay. First of all...
515
00:37:53,537 --> 00:37:56,407
[Gentry]
They struggled
to even comprehend
516
00:37:56,407 --> 00:37:58,576
what it is we're trying to do,
517
00:37:59,044 --> 00:38:01,646
much less why it's important.
518
00:38:01,646 --> 00:38:03,714
The study of climatic change
on Mars
519
00:38:03,714 --> 00:38:06,717
should illuminate
our understanding
of climatic change on Earth.
520
00:38:06,717 --> 00:38:10,922
Let me now show what we found
with the mass spectrometer
on the lander.
521
00:38:10,922 --> 00:38:14,960
[Gentry]
Most scientists and engineers
522
00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:17,695
cannot easily explain,
523
00:38:18,496 --> 00:38:24,903
and don't even want to,
the emotions associated
with what they have done.
524
00:38:25,503 --> 00:38:27,072
Mike, do you wanna add to that?
525
00:38:27,072 --> 00:38:29,041
[Gentry]
And they're
much more comfortable
526
00:38:29,041 --> 00:38:33,577
working inside the technology
that they understand...
527
00:38:33,577 --> 00:38:38,083
Because the escape process
let's me... let's us, I believe,
extrapolate backwards...
528
00:38:38,083 --> 00:38:41,552
[Gentry]
...which is incomprehensible
to the person on the street.
529
00:38:41,552 --> 00:38:44,923
[Mike]
Uh, I'm still confused.
Where exactly do we stand
530
00:38:44,923 --> 00:38:47,458
on whether there could be life
in this region?
531
00:38:47,458 --> 00:38:51,762
There is nothing
in this analysis that says
there is life on Mars.
532
00:38:51,762 --> 00:38:53,899
[indistinct chatter]
533
00:38:53,899 --> 00:38:58,003
[Gentry]
After a couple of weeks,
the interest in the media
534
00:38:58,003 --> 00:39:00,771
-was starting to wane
a little bit.
-[indistinct]
535
00:39:02,807 --> 00:39:06,344
[Gentry]
And then, one morning,
my executive assistant
536
00:39:06,344 --> 00:39:08,713
came into my office
and said, "Gentry,
537
00:39:09,613 --> 00:39:11,382
ABC's on line 1.
538
00:39:11,950 --> 00:39:13,651
NBC's on line 2.
539
00:39:14,352 --> 00:39:16,487
CBS is on line 3.
540
00:39:16,487 --> 00:39:19,457
And theNational Enquirer
is on line 4."
541
00:39:19,457 --> 00:39:20,825
I said, "What for?"
542
00:39:20,825 --> 00:39:23,861
"Because of the writing
on the rocks on Mars."
543
00:39:23,861 --> 00:39:27,732
Those remarkably vivid pictures
that we've been receiving
from Mars
544
00:39:27,732 --> 00:39:30,936
created a flurry of excitement
across the country last night,
545
00:39:30,936 --> 00:39:36,007
when one of them seemed to form
the letters B and G on rocks.
546
00:39:36,007 --> 00:39:38,442
Is there any meaning at all
to this?
547
00:39:38,442 --> 00:39:41,046
[man 1]
This picture, with a letter B
apparently written on a rock,
548
00:39:41,046 --> 00:39:43,014
produced a brief flurry
of excitement.
549
00:39:43,014 --> 00:39:44,849
[man 2]
For a while, it looked
like there was graffiti
550
00:39:44,849 --> 00:39:47,685
left by someone
or something on Mars.
551
00:39:47,685 --> 00:39:49,054
[Gentry]
So I went
to the press conference.
552
00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:51,089
There were
a hundred people there,
553
00:39:51,089 --> 00:39:53,158
including all the reporters
554
00:39:53,158 --> 00:39:55,626
from the local Los Angeles
television stations.
555
00:39:56,427 --> 00:39:57,728
So we went through.
556
00:39:58,496 --> 00:40:01,565
"My name is Bert Gentry Lee,
557
00:40:01,565 --> 00:40:05,469
and my initials are BGL."
558
00:40:05,469 --> 00:40:09,007
And what someone
thought they saw
559
00:40:09,007 --> 00:40:12,610
on the rocks on Mars
was a B and a G.
560
00:40:13,145 --> 00:40:17,848
And so everybody thought
it was my initials
on a rock on Mars.
561
00:40:20,451 --> 00:40:24,156
So I said, "It is conceivable
562
00:40:24,822 --> 00:40:29,027
that at some time
in the dim, dark, distant past,
563
00:40:29,027 --> 00:40:32,463
there was life on Mars.
And there may even be
life today.
564
00:40:33,131 --> 00:40:38,602
And it is remotely possible,
with a very, very
low probability
565
00:40:38,602 --> 00:40:41,173
that intelligence
might have emerged.
566
00:40:41,173 --> 00:40:46,111
And that intelligence
might desire to communicate
567
00:40:46,111 --> 00:40:48,512
with intelligence
somewhere else.
568
00:40:49,181 --> 00:40:55,953
But there is no number
small enough to define
the probability
569
00:40:55,953 --> 00:41:00,125
that any intelligent life
that ever lived on Mars
570
00:41:00,125 --> 00:41:04,728
would choose to communicate
with the rest of the universe
571
00:41:04,728 --> 00:41:07,531
using Latin letters!"
572
00:41:11,169 --> 00:41:13,671
[slow suspenseful music]
573
00:41:16,707 --> 00:41:19,710
Why were more people
574
00:41:19,710 --> 00:41:24,249
not astonished
by Apollo and Viking?
575
00:41:25,116 --> 00:41:29,887
Why did the scale
of those accomplishments
576
00:41:30,588 --> 00:41:37,162
not reverberate
throughout the entire country,
or maybe the entire species...
577
00:41:38,562 --> 00:41:41,565
as gigantic events?
578
00:41:46,837 --> 00:41:53,010
This bothered me a great deal,
and it also bothered Carl Sagan.
579
00:41:53,010 --> 00:41:55,213
But we have to understand
what we're talking about
when we say...
580
00:41:55,213 --> 00:41:56,780
[Gentry]
So Carl said to me...
581
00:41:57,982 --> 00:42:00,985
"Somebody ought to do
something about it."
582
00:42:01,652 --> 00:42:05,990
And I said,
"That somebody could be us."
583
00:42:06,924 --> 00:42:09,560
And he said,
"How do we do that?"
584
00:42:10,761 --> 00:42:12,997
"We make a television series."
585
00:42:13,797 --> 00:42:17,102
He said, "We don't know
a thing about making
a television series."
586
00:42:17,768 --> 00:42:20,571
And I looked at him
straight in the eye, I said,
587
00:42:20,571 --> 00:42:23,908
"Ten years ago,
I didn't know anything
about landing on Mars."
588
00:42:26,311 --> 00:42:31,082
And that was the beginning
ofCosmos.
589
00:42:31,082 --> 00:42:32,317
-[indistinct chatter]
-[clapper claps]
590
00:42:33,285 --> 00:42:35,120
[suspenseful music]
591
00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:37,155
[Gentry]
Carl, at that point,
592
00:42:37,155 --> 00:42:41,625
was the preeminent expositor
of everything in space.
593
00:42:41,625 --> 00:42:46,131
He had just begun
his regular times
on Johnny Carson.
594
00:42:46,131 --> 00:42:47,798
[Johnny]
Would you welcome
Dr. Carl Sagan?
595
00:42:47,798 --> 00:42:49,066
-[audience applauding]
-[Gentry]So he was known.
596
00:42:51,969 --> 00:42:55,739
Carl was a magnificent
science writer.
597
00:42:57,074 --> 00:43:00,844
When Carl would write pieces,
598
00:43:00,844 --> 00:43:03,714
oh, my gosh,
I would get tears in my eyes.
599
00:43:03,714 --> 00:43:05,583
They were beautiful.
600
00:43:05,583 --> 00:43:07,618
We're made of star stuff.
601
00:43:07,618 --> 00:43:11,589
We are a way for the cosmos
to know itself.
602
00:43:11,989 --> 00:43:15,260
[man]Cosmos takes you
on an epic journey
through space and time.
603
00:43:15,260 --> 00:43:21,299
[Gentry]
Cosmos was successful
beyond our wildest belief.
604
00:43:24,336 --> 00:43:28,139
We were bringing
the sense of excitement
and wonder
605
00:43:28,939 --> 00:43:32,610
that makes people
of a scientific bent
606
00:43:33,345 --> 00:43:36,880
believe that what they're doing
is so important.
607
00:43:37,881 --> 00:43:39,750
Magical, almost.
608
00:43:41,219 --> 00:43:43,654
[indistinct chatter]
609
00:43:47,091 --> 00:43:49,260
[indistinct conversation]
610
00:43:54,131 --> 00:43:58,736
[Gentry]
One of the most
wonderful attributes
611
00:43:58,736 --> 00:44:03,807
about some of the really clever
and innovative engineers
that I have known in my life
612
00:44:04,342 --> 00:44:10,981
is that they become
genuinely excited
when confronted by a problem
613
00:44:10,981 --> 00:44:14,319
that appears to be impossible
to solve.
614
00:44:14,952 --> 00:44:16,954
[suspenseful music]
615
00:44:28,433 --> 00:44:30,201
[Gentry]
In 1964,
616
00:44:31,135 --> 00:44:34,838
a professor of astronomy
visiting Jet Propulsion
Laboratory,
617
00:44:35,306 --> 00:44:42,247
a man named Gary Flandreau,
discovered that the planets
in our solar system
618
00:44:42,946 --> 00:44:47,318
would be aligned in such a way
for a short period of time
619
00:44:47,318 --> 00:44:52,856
that a spacecraft
leaving the Earth
could fly by Jupiter,
620
00:44:52,856 --> 00:44:56,694
get a gravity assist
from Jupiter, fly by Saturn,
621
00:44:56,694 --> 00:45:01,266
get a gravity assist
from Saturn,
and go on to Uranus and Neptune.
622
00:45:01,932 --> 00:45:05,270
Four bodies
that all we knew about
623
00:45:05,270 --> 00:45:08,772
were little tiny pictures
on cameras
624
00:45:08,772 --> 00:45:12,243
that had been taken
from telescopes
on the planet Earth.
625
00:45:18,483 --> 00:45:21,419
And I remember, at the time,
as a young man...
626
00:45:21,419 --> 00:45:22,920
Remember,
I started my background
627
00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:25,222
in celestial mechanics
and navigation.
628
00:45:25,222 --> 00:45:27,791
I was thrilled with the idea.
629
00:45:27,791 --> 00:45:33,197
Could we possibly
build a spacecraft
that could do that?
630
00:45:40,237 --> 00:45:44,108
My role on Voyager
was to be a member
of the review board
631
00:45:44,108 --> 00:45:47,845
to determine whether or not
what the project is doing
makes sense.
632
00:45:50,381 --> 00:45:53,451
[man]
Three, two, one...
633
00:45:54,251 --> 00:45:57,888
We have ignition
and we have lift-off.
634
00:45:58,856 --> 00:46:01,225
We have lift-off
of the Titan Centaur
635
00:46:01,225 --> 00:46:03,528
carrying the first
of two Voyager spacecraft
636
00:46:03,528 --> 00:46:07,865
to extend man's senses
farther into the solar system
than ever before.
637
00:46:07,865 --> 00:46:09,867
[somber music]
638
00:46:11,201 --> 00:46:13,203
[somber vocalizing]
639
00:46:16,374 --> 00:46:21,111
[Gentry]
As the first Voyager spacecraft
sped toward Jupiter...
640
00:46:22,347 --> 00:46:26,384
...the four large moons
were still just blips.
641
00:46:26,384 --> 00:46:28,886
We knew virtually nothing
about them.
642
00:46:37,795 --> 00:46:41,566
And little by little,
these moons began to bloom.
643
00:46:46,003 --> 00:46:47,971
And I will never forget,
644
00:46:48,540 --> 00:46:51,376
this young woman
in her twenties
645
00:46:51,376 --> 00:46:55,312
was part of the navigation team
and was looking
at the photographs
646
00:46:55,312 --> 00:46:57,281
as they came in
for the first time,
647
00:46:57,281 --> 00:47:01,452
and she saw this flare
on the moon, Io.
648
00:47:01,452 --> 00:47:03,454
[vocalizing continues]
649
00:47:08,992 --> 00:47:12,329
Linda Morabito discovered
650
00:47:13,096 --> 00:47:19,903
that Io was indeed
exploding with volcanoes
all over its surface.
651
00:47:27,612 --> 00:47:30,113
The next one was Europa,
652
00:47:30,113 --> 00:47:34,985
a moon of Jupiter,
which we are almost certain
653
00:47:34,985 --> 00:47:40,558
contains a vast
liquid water ocean
underneath its ice shell.
654
00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:45,563
So much water.
Maybe ten to 100 times
655
00:47:45,563 --> 00:47:47,965
as much water
as there is on the planet Earth.
656
00:47:48,866 --> 00:47:51,101
And life could have formed.
657
00:47:52,637 --> 00:47:55,573
Such a thing
had never even been imagined.
658
00:48:04,348 --> 00:48:06,350
[vocalizing continues]
659
00:48:12,022 --> 00:48:15,959
There is a moon of Saturn
called Enceladus.
660
00:48:17,294 --> 00:48:23,400
Material spewing out
of what appears to be
661
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:30,340
a liquid water ocean
underneath the ice
that covers Enceladus.
662
00:48:32,142 --> 00:48:34,545
Thirty years later,
Cassini would discover
663
00:48:34,545 --> 00:48:39,550
that Enceladus had valleys
cut into the surface,
664
00:48:39,550 --> 00:48:42,687
out of which
geysers are pouring.
665
00:48:51,462 --> 00:48:56,133
And then, Titan,
the largest moon
in the solar system,
666
00:48:56,133 --> 00:49:00,070
another moon of Saturn,
it's larger than our moon,
has an atmosphere.
667
00:49:00,505 --> 00:49:03,040
And that atmosphere
is mostly nitrogen
668
00:49:03,040 --> 00:49:08,011
and is rich in organic material.
669
00:49:08,011 --> 00:49:11,482
I mean, there are
all the amino acids
that make up our DNA.
670
00:49:11,482 --> 00:49:13,718
You can find them
in the atmosphere of Titan.
671
00:49:16,420 --> 00:49:18,088
And so Voyager went on.
672
00:49:26,731 --> 00:49:29,734
New world after new world.
673
00:49:38,008 --> 00:49:39,544
These are real places.
674
00:49:40,310 --> 00:49:43,347
They don't look like anything
we've ever seen before.
675
00:49:59,396 --> 00:50:04,334
What does that say
about the place where we live?
676
00:50:08,438 --> 00:50:10,440
[vocalizing continues]
677
00:50:18,348 --> 00:50:23,654
From the very beginning,
it was understood
that the Grand Tour
678
00:50:24,321 --> 00:50:29,426
would eventually accelerate
the two Voyager spacecraft
679
00:50:29,426 --> 00:50:34,064
so that they would leave
the solar system altogether.
680
00:50:37,401 --> 00:50:39,403
[vocalizing fades]
681
00:50:40,404 --> 00:50:42,406
[slow atmospheric music]
682
00:50:50,047 --> 00:50:54,484
This piqued the interests
of many of the broadest minds
on the planet.
683
00:50:55,118 --> 00:50:59,523
And, of course, Carl Sagan
was fascinated by this.
684
00:50:59,523 --> 00:51:03,226
-[muted conversation]
-[Gentry]So, Carl went to work
with a team of people,
685
00:51:03,226 --> 00:51:09,132
including Frank Drake,
to design something
called the Voyager Record...
686
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:17,107
with the imaginative idea
that suppose some
intelligent extraterrestrial
687
00:51:17,107 --> 00:51:22,379
somewhere out in space,
somewhere hundreds of thousands
of years from now, perhaps,
688
00:51:22,379 --> 00:51:28,786
would grab
the Voyager spacecraft
and would see this record.
689
00:51:31,588 --> 00:51:34,859
It is a record,
and there's information
on the side of it
690
00:51:35,726 --> 00:51:37,461
that tells you how to play it.
691
00:51:45,302 --> 00:51:48,505
[boy]
Hello from the children
of planet Earth.
692
00:51:48,505 --> 00:51:51,108
[flute music]
693
00:51:51,108 --> 00:51:54,311
[Kurt]
As the Secretary General
of the United Nations,
694
00:51:54,311 --> 00:51:58,115
I send greetings
on behalf of the people
of our planet.
695
00:52:00,617 --> 00:52:03,721
-[David]Shalom.
-[Erik speaks Spanish]
696
00:52:04,789 --> 00:52:09,192
[Stella speaks Cantonese]
697
00:52:10,460 --> 00:52:12,462
[Salma speaks Arabic]
698
00:52:12,462 --> 00:52:15,132
[Saul speaks Nyanja]
699
00:52:15,833 --> 00:52:19,469
[Frederick speaks Greek]
700
00:52:19,469 --> 00:52:22,239
[jungle sounds]
701
00:52:22,239 --> 00:52:24,675
[thunder rumbling]
702
00:52:25,710 --> 00:52:27,210
[woman vocalizing]
703
00:52:27,210 --> 00:52:28,746
[Gentry]
The exercise
704
00:52:29,914 --> 00:52:36,153
of defining what sounds of Earth
to put on that record
705
00:52:36,153 --> 00:52:41,525
was a fascinating
Rorschach test
of the human species.
706
00:52:41,525 --> 00:52:43,527
[whimsical music]
707
00:52:44,294 --> 00:52:50,367
What is on that record
is a digest of some
of the broadest and best
708
00:52:50,935 --> 00:52:55,205
sounds that human beings
have ever produced in music.
709
00:52:55,205 --> 00:52:58,308
["Symphony No. 5 in C Minor,
Op. 67" by Beethoven]
710
00:52:58,308 --> 00:53:00,811
There is an absolutely
widespread set of music
711
00:53:00,811 --> 00:53:03,580
from all the different cultures
on the planet.
712
00:53:03,580 --> 00:53:05,850
[string instrument playing]
713
00:53:05,850 --> 00:53:09,854
So it is possible
that there are extraterrestrials
out there somewhere.
714
00:53:09,854 --> 00:53:12,489
-And it is possible...
-[music playing on record]
715
00:53:12,489 --> 00:53:15,225
that they will understand
how to play that record.
716
00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:20,597
And if they have any limbs,
they will move in rhythm
717
00:53:20,597 --> 00:53:23,700
when they listen to Chuck Berry
singing "Johnny B. Goode."
718
00:53:23,700 --> 00:53:26,403
["Johnny B. Goode"
by Chuck Berry]
719
00:53:34,812 --> 00:53:37,214
[song fades]
720
00:53:37,214 --> 00:53:39,649
[indistinct chatter]
721
00:53:46,690 --> 00:53:51,428
[Gentry]
I get asked often, "Would you
like to go into space?"
722
00:53:51,963 --> 00:53:55,866
And my answer is,
"I already have.
723
00:53:56,767 --> 00:53:58,301
Many times."
724
00:54:02,272 --> 00:54:05,709
The part of me
that is uniquely human
725
00:54:06,643 --> 00:54:08,012
was there.
726
00:54:10,647 --> 00:54:12,549
The best part of me.
727
00:54:13,383 --> 00:54:16,620
Not my body, but my mind.
728
00:54:16,620 --> 00:54:18,622
[dull, droning music]
729
00:54:25,528 --> 00:54:31,768
[Gentry]
If what we are trying to do
in exploring space
730
00:54:31,768 --> 00:54:35,940
is to add to the knowledge
of the human species,
731
00:54:35,940 --> 00:54:39,542
a much more effective way
to do it
732
00:54:39,542 --> 00:54:43,380
is to do it with robots
instead of people.
733
00:54:49,486 --> 00:54:50,553
Why?
734
00:54:50,955 --> 00:54:52,489
It's very simple.
735
00:54:53,590 --> 00:54:56,559
We have to make sure
the humans stay alive,
736
00:54:56,559 --> 00:55:00,064
which means that
wherever we send them,
we have to bring them back.
737
00:55:11,308 --> 00:55:12,342
Now...
738
00:55:13,610 --> 00:55:17,814
someone might say,
"Gentry Lee, I thought
you were imaginative,
739
00:55:17,814 --> 00:55:20,951
and it's clear that you have
a failure of the imagination."
740
00:55:20,951 --> 00:55:22,953
[slow atmospheric music]
741
00:55:31,394 --> 00:55:37,935
No good scientist,
engineer or futurist
742
00:55:37,935 --> 00:55:43,707
ever makes
a categorical statement
that something is impossible.
743
00:55:45,542 --> 00:55:46,543
However...
744
00:55:48,045 --> 00:55:50,680
our technology today
745
00:55:51,481 --> 00:55:53,783
does not allow us to mount
746
00:55:54,651 --> 00:55:56,954
an instrumented expedition
to a planet
747
00:55:56,954 --> 00:56:01,591
around another star
with a flight time less than,
748
00:56:01,591 --> 00:56:05,896
listen carefully, 10,000 years.
749
00:56:05,896 --> 00:56:07,898
[slow warbling]
750
00:56:12,402 --> 00:56:14,404
[mysterious music]
751
00:56:27,952 --> 00:56:31,021
[gentry]
When I first started thinking
about the exploration of space,
752
00:56:31,021 --> 00:56:34,058
I said,
"Well, what's the end point
of all this?
753
00:56:34,058 --> 00:56:36,026
Are we gonna meet some aliens?"
754
00:56:37,527 --> 00:56:42,465
So I did a lot of work.
Research, study,
reading and so forth.
755
00:56:42,465 --> 00:56:46,736
And I first realized
that, that all alien discussions
756
00:56:46,736 --> 00:56:51,175
fall into these three categories
that are well known in...
within that genre,
757
00:56:51,175 --> 00:56:53,676
which is,
there's close encounters
of the first kind,
758
00:56:53,676 --> 00:56:55,745
which is,
"Wow, did you see that?"
759
00:56:55,745 --> 00:57:00,184
[narrator]
This is a UFO,
Unidentified Flying Object,
760
00:57:00,184 --> 00:57:03,486
-popularly called
a flying saucer.
-[camera clicking]
761
00:57:03,486 --> 00:57:07,091
[Gentry]When I was very young,
I was fascinated by this
entire subject.
762
00:57:07,891 --> 00:57:10,560
[Donald]
We are being observed
763
00:57:11,694 --> 00:57:15,865
by some type of device
which is ahead of us,
764
00:57:16,833 --> 00:57:18,935
far ahead of us,
and is probably controlled
765
00:57:18,935 --> 00:57:22,472
by a highly-advanced,
superior civilization.
766
00:57:22,472 --> 00:57:26,943
I saw two red lights
and I saw what looked
to be shaped like a pie.
767
00:57:26,943 --> 00:57:32,816
I saw a flying object
that was not manufactured,
in my opinion, on this Earth,
768
00:57:32,816 --> 00:57:34,851
that was metallic,
and it was an aircraft.
769
00:57:34,851 --> 00:57:37,087
I was not that interested
in either
770
00:57:37,087 --> 00:57:39,489
close encounters
of the first kind or the second.
771
00:57:39,489 --> 00:57:41,992
But the ones
that were close encounters
of the third kind,
772
00:57:41,992 --> 00:57:45,095
those definitely piqued
my imagination.
773
00:57:45,095 --> 00:57:48,165
And, of course, at that time,
the Betty and Barney Hill story
774
00:57:48,165 --> 00:57:50,967
about being abducted
was big news,
775
00:57:50,967 --> 00:57:52,669
and everybody
was talking about it.
776
00:57:53,803 --> 00:57:55,705
[interviewer]
What language
did you speak to them?
777
00:57:56,506 --> 00:57:59,043
[Betty]
I spoke in English,
and I don't know
778
00:57:59,043 --> 00:58:03,546
what language they spoke in,
but I understood them
in English.
779
00:58:03,546 --> 00:58:05,648
[interviewer]
Well, how tall were these men?
780
00:58:05,648 --> 00:58:08,185
[Barney]
I estimate about
four and a half to five feet.
781
00:58:08,185 --> 00:58:10,221
-[Betty]I'm five feet.
-[Barney]Five feet. Yes.
782
00:58:10,221 --> 00:58:12,223
I have talked face to face...
783
00:58:13,523 --> 00:58:17,094
to people who say they have
been abducted by aliens.
784
00:58:21,265 --> 00:58:24,000
There were a couple of brothers
from Louisiana
785
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:28,105
who said that they regularly
had contact with aliens.
786
00:58:28,105 --> 00:58:31,075
They just carried me
right up to the craft
and, and we just
787
00:58:31,075 --> 00:58:33,776
seemed, seemed to glide
right through the door.
788
00:58:33,776 --> 00:58:36,280
Well, they took him in first,
and I was right behind.
789
00:58:36,913 --> 00:58:39,883
You know,
when I got to the door,
when I passed out, and...
790
00:58:41,017 --> 00:58:42,585
That's how scared I was.
791
00:58:43,019 --> 00:58:44,888
[man]
I didn't see any neck.
It looked like
792
00:58:44,888 --> 00:58:47,023
it just sit down
on a, on a body,
793
00:58:47,023 --> 00:58:48,225
if you call it a body.
794
00:58:49,093 --> 00:58:50,593
And they had arms,
795
00:58:51,561 --> 00:58:53,796
and they didn't have hands
as we have.
796
00:58:53,796 --> 00:58:56,866
They, they had more or less
like pinchers or, or claws
797
00:58:56,866 --> 00:58:57,967
or something like that.
798
00:58:58,701 --> 00:59:00,637
[Gentry]
It does not matter
799
00:59:00,637 --> 00:59:03,073
whether or not
they have any physical proof...
800
00:59:04,108 --> 00:59:08,878
because to them,
the experience is real.
801
00:59:08,878 --> 00:59:10,880
[slow suspenseful music]
802
00:59:13,284 --> 00:59:17,587
There is nothing
in Air Force files,
in either the classified files
803
00:59:17,587 --> 00:59:21,292
or the unclassified files,
that come to a conclusion
804
00:59:21,292 --> 00:59:24,661
that spaceships
have visited the Earth.
805
00:59:26,729 --> 00:59:30,301
[Gentry]
Do I believe that there are
unidentified flying objects?
806
00:59:30,301 --> 00:59:31,235
Absolutely.
807
00:59:32,936 --> 00:59:37,807
Do I believe
that they are being piloted
by aliens from another world?
808
00:59:37,807 --> 00:59:40,043
Well, not exactly.
809
00:59:40,910 --> 00:59:42,912
[tense music]
810
00:59:45,715 --> 00:59:49,085
-[indistinct radio chatter]
-[man]Oh, got it!
811
00:59:49,085 --> 00:59:53,756
[Gentry]
If you cannot explain
what you have found,
812
00:59:53,756 --> 00:59:58,861
invoke the least unlikely
hypothesis to explain it.
813
00:59:59,662 --> 01:00:01,931
It's called Occam's Razor.
814
01:00:01,931 --> 01:00:04,100
[indistinct radio chatter]
815
01:00:05,101 --> 01:00:07,237
[Gentry]
It is a giant step
816
01:00:08,339 --> 01:00:13,344
from those photographs, videos,
whatever you want to call them,
817
01:00:13,344 --> 01:00:16,313
to there are aliens
that are here.
818
01:00:16,313 --> 01:00:21,285
Do you believe our government
has made contact with
intelligent extraterrestrials?
819
01:00:21,285 --> 01:00:25,255
You said that
the government has
alien bodies or alien species.
820
01:00:25,922 --> 01:00:29,360
Have you seen, have you,
have you seen the spacecraft?
821
01:00:29,360 --> 01:00:31,661
The American people largely
believe that the government
822
01:00:31,661 --> 01:00:34,298
has actively covered up
the truth about UAPs.
823
01:00:34,298 --> 01:00:38,735
[Gentry]
This general lack
of scientific literacy
824
01:00:38,735 --> 01:00:44,040
hurts us in
a very significant way
as a society.
825
01:00:44,040 --> 01:00:50,347
The image was of something
that I am not able to attach
to any human capability.
826
01:00:51,047 --> 01:00:53,883
Were they, I guess,
human or non-human biologics?
827
01:00:53,883 --> 01:00:55,885
[somber music]
828
01:00:59,756 --> 01:01:03,793
[Gentry]
The probability
that any alien creature
829
01:01:03,793 --> 01:01:08,765
would look anything at all
like us is so close to zero,
830
01:01:08,765 --> 01:01:10,367
you can't possibly calculate it.
831
01:01:11,934 --> 01:01:14,671
-Go back to your station.
-[Gentry] Even with some of
832
01:01:14,671 --> 01:01:17,408
the very best
science fiction movies.
833
01:01:17,408 --> 01:01:22,779
And I thinkArrival
is one of them,
representing extraterrestrials
834
01:01:22,779 --> 01:01:26,949
as being dramatically
different from us.
835
01:01:28,951 --> 01:01:31,154
Whenever we talk
about communication
836
01:01:31,154 --> 01:01:36,293
with an extraterrestrial
intelligence,
we have to ask ourselves
837
01:01:36,293 --> 01:01:40,697
what common ground
would we have with them?
838
01:01:40,697 --> 01:01:42,699
[pensive music]
839
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:47,136
On the planet Earth,
we have recognized
840
01:01:47,804 --> 01:01:52,008
how difficult it is
to communicate
841
01:01:52,008 --> 01:01:55,312
with even an obviously
intelligent species
842
01:01:55,312 --> 01:02:00,983
when the whole framework
of their existence
is foreign to us.
843
01:02:04,854 --> 01:02:11,194
Octopuses are
the most interesting,
because their connection to us
844
01:02:11,194 --> 01:02:15,798
is 600 million years
of evolution away.
845
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:24,774
That means that the intelligence
that has developed in octopuses
846
01:02:24,774 --> 01:02:29,145
is altogether different
than anything we can imagine.
847
01:02:37,820 --> 01:02:40,790
Now, I am asked often,
848
01:02:40,790 --> 01:02:46,763
"Do you believe
that intelligence exists
beyond the planet Earth?"
849
01:02:47,230 --> 01:02:51,401
And I always say,
"Yes, I do believe that."
850
01:02:54,771 --> 01:02:58,207
There could be, right now,
alien machines
all over the Earth.
851
01:02:58,207 --> 01:03:03,514
They could be
hidden inside atoms,
inside protons or electrons.
852
01:03:03,514 --> 01:03:05,915
"What? How would that happen?"
853
01:03:07,417 --> 01:03:10,086
My colleague,
Arthur C. Clarke...
[clears throat]
854
01:03:10,554 --> 01:03:12,322
once made
the following statement...
855
01:03:13,055 --> 01:03:17,827
"The technology of
an extraterrestrial civilization
856
01:03:18,395 --> 01:03:21,931
will be indistinguishable
from magic."
857
01:03:21,931 --> 01:03:23,933
[slow dramatic music]
858
01:03:26,403 --> 01:03:29,138
[Arthur]
The idea of contact
with extraterrestrial beings
859
01:03:29,138 --> 01:03:30,940
is something
that's always fascinated me,
860
01:03:30,940 --> 01:03:33,242
and has been
a main theme of my stories.
861
01:03:33,943 --> 01:03:36,913
I'm sure it will happen one day.
I think it's possible
862
01:03:36,913 --> 01:03:39,115
it may have happened
in the remote past.
863
01:03:39,115 --> 01:03:41,050
If we are exploring space now,
864
01:03:41,050 --> 01:03:42,985
then obviously,
superior intelligences
865
01:03:42,985 --> 01:03:44,987
must have been doing this
for millions of years.
866
01:03:46,490 --> 01:03:52,161
[Gentry]
I was an Arthur C. Clarke fan
from very early in my life.
867
01:03:52,161 --> 01:03:54,197
When I readChildhood's End,
868
01:03:54,897 --> 01:03:58,100
which is a truly amazing book
about alien contact,
869
01:03:58,502 --> 01:04:03,574
I said, "This man's mind
is absolutely fantastic."
870
01:04:05,341 --> 01:04:07,243
[indistinct chatter]
871
01:04:07,243 --> 01:04:10,079
[Gentry]
Arthur C. Clarke
is widely regarded
872
01:04:10,079 --> 01:04:13,417
as one of the most
873
01:04:13,417 --> 01:04:16,486
complete and imaginative minds
that existed
874
01:04:16,486 --> 01:04:18,354
in the second part
of the 20th century.
875
01:04:18,354 --> 01:04:20,189
[Arthur]
I wish I could sign
with both hands.
876
01:04:20,189 --> 01:04:23,993
-[laughter]
-[Gentry]He rose to fame early
877
01:04:23,993 --> 01:04:26,229
on two different fronts...
878
01:04:26,229 --> 01:04:30,366
A science fiction front,
and at virtually
the same time in his life,
879
01:04:30,366 --> 01:04:36,072
he wrote a paper
for the British
Interplanetary Society in 1948
880
01:04:36,072 --> 01:04:40,109
that would lead
to the ability to have
satellite communications.
881
01:04:40,109 --> 01:04:42,613
You've been honored
for your pioneer work
882
01:04:42,613 --> 01:04:46,650
in suggesting
the communications satellite,
which was purely your idea.
883
01:04:46,650 --> 01:04:48,317
[Arthur]
In the very near future,
884
01:04:48,317 --> 01:04:52,054
communication satellites
are, are going to multiply
885
01:04:52,054 --> 01:04:55,659
the channels of communication,
uh, to the man in the street.
886
01:04:56,359 --> 01:04:59,362
[Gentry]
Nobody had ever
conceived of that before.
887
01:05:00,464 --> 01:05:02,999
So, here is a British person
888
01:05:02,999 --> 01:05:08,505
who had
a tremendous scientific mind
and a tremendous imagination.
889
01:05:08,505 --> 01:05:12,341
[man]
Our next speaker really needs
no introduction at all.
890
01:05:12,341 --> 01:05:13,376
Arthur C. Clarke.
891
01:05:15,344 --> 01:05:19,015
[Gentry]
Arthur's name
became much wider spread
892
01:05:19,015 --> 01:05:21,518
throughout the media
and the popular vernacular...
893
01:05:21,518 --> 01:05:23,119
Mr. Arthur C. Clarke.
894
01:05:23,119 --> 01:05:25,054
[Gentry]
...because of2001.
895
01:05:25,054 --> 01:05:27,557
["The Blue Danube"
by Johann Strauss]
896
01:05:32,562 --> 01:05:37,099
Directed by Stanley Kubrick,
produced in 1968.
897
01:05:37,099 --> 01:05:40,069
All of a sudden,
Arthur became famous.
898
01:05:40,069 --> 01:05:43,072
[Arthur]
The success of2001
was a great surprise to me,
899
01:05:43,072 --> 01:05:45,141
and I suspect,
to Stanley Kubrick.
900
01:05:45,141 --> 01:05:47,276
Of course, we thought it...
we hoped it would be successful,
901
01:05:47,276 --> 01:05:50,046
but we never imagined it would
become a, a cult movie
902
01:05:50,046 --> 01:05:52,616
and have such tremendous
sustaining power.
903
01:05:55,318 --> 01:05:59,322
[Gentry]
I know of no person
who went to that movie
904
01:05:59,322 --> 01:06:03,660
that didn't come out
absolutely flabbergasted.
905
01:06:04,360 --> 01:06:06,128
Open the pod bay doors, Hal.
906
01:06:07,631 --> 01:06:11,535
[Hal]
I'm sorry, Dave,
I'm afraid I can't do that.
907
01:06:11,535 --> 01:06:15,505
[Gentry]
So, as I was growing up,
he was revered.
908
01:06:15,505 --> 01:06:17,574
[interviewer] Is it correct
to refer to you as a scientist?
Because, really,
909
01:06:17,574 --> 01:06:19,041
you decided to be a writer,
didn't you,
910
01:06:19,041 --> 01:06:20,644
even though
you're qualified in science?
911
01:06:20,644 --> 01:06:22,646
I have a science degree,
but it's more accurate
912
01:06:22,646 --> 01:06:24,447
to call me a science writer.
913
01:06:28,384 --> 01:06:30,052
[song fades]
914
01:06:30,052 --> 01:06:32,054
[slow suspenseful music]
915
01:06:34,490 --> 01:06:36,492
[birds chirping]
916
01:06:37,527 --> 01:06:40,664
[Gentry]
Arthur came to
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
917
01:06:40,664 --> 01:06:42,098
This was around 1980.
918
01:06:43,065 --> 01:06:47,169
I made certain that
I was going to be his guide.
919
01:06:48,304 --> 01:06:51,140
I just went crazy
talking aboutSpace Odyssey,
920
01:06:51,140 --> 01:06:53,643
and about his discovery
of communication satellites,
921
01:06:53,643 --> 01:06:56,212
and aboutChildhood's End
and all that sort of stuff.
922
01:06:56,212 --> 01:06:59,215
And he was gracious,
and he smiled,
and that was that.
923
01:07:00,116 --> 01:07:02,218
So, years went by,
924
01:07:03,085 --> 01:07:05,521
and he and I
developed a partnership.
925
01:07:05,521 --> 01:07:07,523
[birds chirping]
926
01:07:10,359 --> 01:07:13,162
Arthur lived
in the capital city
of Sri Lanka,
927
01:07:13,162 --> 01:07:16,633
which is called Colombo,
in this wonderful house.
928
01:07:16,633 --> 01:07:19,035
[chattering]
929
01:07:19,035 --> 01:07:22,304
Oh, no, don't. Come on, love.
Come on. Come on. Come on.
930
01:07:22,304 --> 01:07:25,508
[Gentry]
I will never forget,
Arthur and I went to dinner
931
01:07:25,508 --> 01:07:30,046
and Arthur said to me,
"I like the way you think.
932
01:07:30,546 --> 01:07:33,149
Have you ever thought
about doing any writing?"
933
01:07:33,784 --> 01:07:38,120
And I said,
"Yes, sir. I have thought
about writing all my life."
934
01:07:38,588 --> 01:07:42,191
And he said,
"Have you ever thought about
writing any science fiction?"
935
01:07:42,191 --> 01:07:43,192
Oh, boy.
936
01:07:43,794 --> 01:07:48,632
The science fiction grand master
of the world is asking me,
937
01:07:49,365 --> 01:07:52,669
an engineer,
if I've ever thought about
writing any science fiction?
938
01:07:52,669 --> 01:07:56,807
I said, "Yes, sir."
He says, "I don't want
to promise you anything,
939
01:07:56,807 --> 01:08:02,078
but I would like
to offer you a chance
to write a novel with me.
940
01:08:02,078 --> 01:08:07,083
The book is going to be by
Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee.
941
01:08:07,083 --> 01:08:09,786
But you're going to write it,
I'm going to edit it."
942
01:08:11,153 --> 01:08:13,222
TheRamabooks are very simple.
943
01:08:14,356 --> 01:08:16,626
Sometime in the future,
944
01:08:16,626 --> 01:08:20,463
a gigantic cylindrical spaceship
945
01:08:20,463 --> 01:08:24,333
suddenly appears
in our solar system,
946
01:08:24,333 --> 01:08:27,570
obviously having come
from another star.
947
01:08:27,570 --> 01:08:29,572
[slow suspenseful music]
948
01:08:31,708 --> 01:08:35,311
The greatest value
of science fiction
949
01:08:35,311 --> 01:08:38,882
is the way it opens your mind
to possibilities.
950
01:08:40,817 --> 01:08:44,587
[man]
Captain's log, stardate 1513.4.
951
01:08:44,587 --> 01:08:49,325
[Gentry]When Arthur C. Clarke
and I were talking about
writing together,
952
01:08:49,325 --> 01:08:53,229
we spent a lot of time
talking aboutStar Trek
953
01:08:53,229 --> 01:08:56,499
before we concluded that to us,
954
01:08:56,499 --> 01:09:01,604
the difference between
fantasy and real science fiction
955
01:09:01,604 --> 01:09:06,242
is that in fantasy,
it doesn't have to be plausible.
956
01:09:06,242 --> 01:09:08,511
It doesn't have to obey
the laws of physics.
957
01:09:08,511 --> 01:09:09,645
Message, Captain.
958
01:09:10,379 --> 01:09:12,314
Starship based on Current Four
959
01:09:12,314 --> 01:09:14,416
requesting explanation
of our delay here, sir.
960
01:09:15,151 --> 01:09:16,820
[Gentry]
For Arthur and for me,
961
01:09:17,754 --> 01:09:24,426
science fiction writing,
to be good,
must be not implausible.
962
01:09:25,494 --> 01:09:26,796
Doesn't have to be plausible.
963
01:09:26,796 --> 01:09:29,699
It has to be not implausible.
964
01:09:31,868 --> 01:09:33,669
[Arthur]
One of the important roles
of science fiction
965
01:09:33,669 --> 01:09:35,404
is to develop flexibility
966
01:09:35,404 --> 01:09:38,407
and to make people realize
that these possibilities exist,
967
01:09:38,407 --> 01:09:41,610
and to construct
in their own minds
sort of, scenarios,
968
01:09:41,610 --> 01:09:44,246
say, "Well, wouldn't it be nice
if we can do so-and-so?"
969
01:09:44,246 --> 01:09:45,882
And then, "Well, can we?
What are the problems?
970
01:09:45,882 --> 01:09:48,752
What should we do to aim
towards this particular future
971
01:09:48,752 --> 01:09:50,519
which seems an attractive one?"
972
01:09:50,519 --> 01:09:52,521
[intriguing music]
973
01:09:56,760 --> 01:09:58,862
Technology is what's
made us human.
974
01:09:59,863 --> 01:10:02,766
Uh, from the, uh, ape-man
who picked up the first bone
975
01:10:02,766 --> 01:10:05,601
as we tried to show in2001.
976
01:10:05,601 --> 01:10:09,906
Everything that distinguishes us
from the animals
is our technology.
977
01:10:19,415 --> 01:10:23,720
Spirituality will always remain
because the universe
will always be full of mystery.
978
01:10:24,453 --> 01:10:26,355
There will always be things
we don't know.
979
01:10:26,355 --> 01:10:28,825
And one of
the most important reasons
for going into space
980
01:10:28,825 --> 01:10:32,796
is to encounter other races
that's perhaps been thinking
about this sort of thing for
981
01:10:32,796 --> 01:10:36,365
not a few thousand years,
as we have,
but for millions of years.
982
01:10:36,365 --> 01:10:38,367
[music continues]
983
01:10:43,974 --> 01:10:46,408
[Gentry]
We know today
984
01:10:47,309 --> 01:10:50,914
there are close
to a trillion planets.
985
01:10:52,849 --> 01:10:54,583
From the beginning,
986
01:10:55,417 --> 01:10:58,420
we have postulated
those planets existed.
987
01:10:59,622 --> 01:11:02,558
Now we know they are there.
988
01:11:05,795 --> 01:11:10,766
This discovery has kicked off
989
01:11:10,766 --> 01:11:15,504
many, many other missions
to try to understand...
990
01:11:16,806 --> 01:11:18,942
if out there somewhere
991
01:11:19,809 --> 01:11:22,879
there might be another place
992
01:11:23,679 --> 01:11:24,747
like the Earth
993
01:11:25,681 --> 01:11:29,953
in orbit,
in a region around a stable star
994
01:11:29,953 --> 01:11:35,025
where water can be liquid,
where life could have evolved.
995
01:11:41,530 --> 01:11:47,303
We can't say today
what technological advances
will occur
996
01:11:47,770 --> 01:11:49,939
that will someday allow
997
01:11:50,806 --> 01:11:52,775
a human imprint.
998
01:11:53,409 --> 01:11:59,548
Not physical, necessarily,
but at least mental
or spiritual,
999
01:12:00,382 --> 01:12:02,551
on another star system.
1000
01:12:02,551 --> 01:12:04,553
[music continues]
1001
01:12:10,559 --> 01:12:11,794
[music fades]
1002
01:12:11,794 --> 01:12:12,795
However...
1003
01:12:13,930 --> 01:12:16,498
our desires for exploration
1004
01:12:16,933 --> 01:12:19,601
must always be balanced
1005
01:12:20,402 --> 01:12:22,872
by the need to make certain
1006
01:12:22,872 --> 01:12:26,910
that what is happening
in the already explored world
1007
01:12:27,743 --> 01:12:29,678
is not unstable.
1008
01:12:32,082 --> 01:12:34,084
[whooshes]
1009
01:12:34,884 --> 01:12:38,520
If our future world
will be unstable,
1010
01:12:38,988 --> 01:12:43,059
there will be no exploration
of interstellar space.
1011
01:12:47,663 --> 01:12:49,698
What kind of damage are we...
1012
01:12:49,698 --> 01:12:50,766
[Dan]
Damage?
1013
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:52,801
Total, sir.
1014
01:12:53,769 --> 01:12:55,738
It's what we call
a global killer.
1015
01:12:56,405 --> 01:12:57,806
The end of mankind.
1016
01:12:58,640 --> 01:13:03,412
-Doesn't matter...
-[Gentry]There are many themes
in science fiction...
1017
01:13:03,412 --> 01:13:04,613
My God.
1018
01:13:05,714 --> 01:13:06,782
What do we do?
1019
01:13:06,782 --> 01:13:08,985
in which the Earth becomes
1020
01:13:08,985 --> 01:13:10,652
essentially unlivable.
1021
01:13:10,652 --> 01:13:12,654
[dramatic music]
1022
01:13:16,960 --> 01:13:19,395
[man]
High on a mountaintop,
an army of scientists
1023
01:13:19,395 --> 01:13:21,797
work desperately
to build this giant rocket
1024
01:13:21,797 --> 01:13:25,567
to carry a few picked survivors
of our doomed civilization
1025
01:13:25,567 --> 01:13:27,170
to a new life on another world.
1026
01:13:27,971 --> 01:13:31,440
[Gentry]
And there is a yearning
to go somewhere else,
1027
01:13:32,142 --> 01:13:35,145
to start anew.
1028
01:13:35,145 --> 01:13:37,147
[tense music]
1029
01:13:38,781 --> 01:13:41,750
The idea that we can escape
1030
01:13:42,684 --> 01:13:45,088
the problems
we create on this planet
1031
01:13:45,088 --> 01:13:48,091
without understanding
how we created them,
1032
01:13:48,791 --> 01:13:52,128
and go to someplace else
and not make the same mistakes,
1033
01:13:52,128 --> 01:13:55,031
in my opinion,
is a logical fallacy.
1034
01:13:55,631 --> 01:13:58,034
[man]
Mr. Musk, kind of talk us
through your thought process.
1035
01:13:58,034 --> 01:14:00,869
[Gentry]
I've actually had this
conversation with Elon Musk.
1036
01:14:02,172 --> 01:14:07,843
The idea of human beings
living on Mars.
1037
01:14:10,013 --> 01:14:12,581
It's easy to imagine.
1038
01:14:14,583 --> 01:14:17,653
But I would not put that as high
1039
01:14:18,620 --> 01:14:22,491
in my goal of things
for the human species
to think about,
1040
01:14:22,491 --> 01:14:26,562
as I put doing something
about climate change.
1041
01:14:26,562 --> 01:14:28,564
[humming]
1042
01:14:35,971 --> 01:14:37,773
[Carl]
Every planet with an atmosphere
1043
01:14:37,773 --> 01:14:39,942
has some degree
of a greenhouse effect.
1044
01:14:40,642 --> 01:14:45,048
The most spectacular case by far
is the greenhouse effect
of Venus.
1045
01:14:45,048 --> 01:14:49,952
The surface temperature
is about 470 degrees centigrade,
900 Fahrenheit.
1046
01:14:57,193 --> 01:15:00,996
[Gentry]
Studying the climate
on Venus and Mars
1047
01:15:01,763 --> 01:15:03,599
makes it very clear
1048
01:15:04,167 --> 01:15:07,903
that climate is not
a stable thing.
1049
01:15:12,708 --> 01:15:14,710
[birds chirping]
1050
01:15:17,546 --> 01:15:21,583
Did Venus go from being
Earth-like at one time
1051
01:15:21,583 --> 01:15:25,921
to a runaway greenhouse effect
because of climate change?
1052
01:15:29,825 --> 01:15:32,161
That's a terrifying idea.
1053
01:15:34,530 --> 01:15:37,666
At the beginning
of the evolution
of the solar system...
1054
01:15:38,734 --> 01:15:40,836
Mars had liquid water.
1055
01:15:40,836 --> 01:15:43,839
It was wet and warm at a time
1056
01:15:43,839 --> 01:15:46,808
when the Earth
was inhospitable to life.
1057
01:15:49,178 --> 01:15:55,951
Our scientific investigations
on the planet Earth
have allowed us to construct
1058
01:15:56,685 --> 01:16:02,158
a fairly accurate
historical representation
of the atmosphere of the Earth,
1059
01:16:02,158 --> 01:16:05,761
all the way back to
two or three billion years ago.
1060
01:16:10,300 --> 01:16:13,936
There was a time
when the entire surface
of the Earth
1061
01:16:13,936 --> 01:16:15,704
was covered with snow.
1062
01:16:17,307 --> 01:16:19,641
There have been times
in our history
1063
01:16:19,641 --> 01:16:24,213
when there was not a smidgen
of ice or snow anywhere
on the planet.
1064
01:16:27,250 --> 01:16:29,252
[humming continues]
1065
01:16:32,355 --> 01:16:37,759
We now have predictions
on what the climate
on the planet Earth
1066
01:16:37,759 --> 01:16:40,129
will be like in the future...
1067
01:16:41,863 --> 01:16:44,866
as a function of what we do.
1068
01:16:45,634 --> 01:16:48,003
-[tense music]
-[crackling]
1069
01:16:56,845 --> 01:16:59,948
We are here today
after an incredible
1070
01:16:59,948 --> 01:17:04,287
and fantastic multiple
billion years of evolution,
1071
01:17:04,287 --> 01:17:07,156
during which time
there have been
five different events
1072
01:17:07,156 --> 01:17:10,959
that have wiped out almost all
of the species on the planet.
1073
01:17:13,862 --> 01:17:16,366
[growling, sniffing]
1074
01:17:16,366 --> 01:17:19,635
[Gentry]
If that particular
set of events...
1075
01:17:19,635 --> 01:17:21,837
-[growling]
-...did not happen,
1076
01:17:21,837 --> 01:17:24,173
the Earth would still be
populated by dinosaurs.
1077
01:17:25,341 --> 01:17:31,647
And what motivation
would the dinosaurs ever have
to develop radio,
1078
01:17:31,647 --> 01:17:34,016
to understand
the electromagnetic spectrum?
1079
01:17:34,716 --> 01:17:36,652
Possibly none.
1080
01:17:42,124 --> 01:17:44,126
What we have concluded...
1081
01:17:45,294 --> 01:17:50,400
is that the emergence of life
might not be that difficult,
1082
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:55,338
but the emergence
of intelligence
will not happen
1083
01:17:56,071 --> 01:17:59,841
unless the life
is threatened in some way,
1084
01:17:59,841 --> 01:18:04,813
and there becomes a premium
on developing those skills
1085
01:18:04,813 --> 01:18:06,948
-that are necessary to survive.
-[crackling]
1086
01:18:06,948 --> 01:18:08,950
[pensive music]
1087
01:18:30,373 --> 01:18:37,380
One of the by-products
of my lifelong engagement
in the exploration of space
1088
01:18:38,080 --> 01:18:45,153
has been a deep realization
of how wonderful this Earth is,
1089
01:18:45,153 --> 01:18:49,091
and what marvels
there are here that
1090
01:18:49,091 --> 01:18:52,928
we can enjoy
and derive pleasure from.
1091
01:18:54,062 --> 01:18:56,064
[somber vocalizing]
1092
01:19:00,869 --> 01:19:04,172
I am a passionate
environmentalist.
1093
01:19:04,172 --> 01:19:06,509
[birds chirping]
1094
01:19:06,509 --> 01:19:10,513
If I have free time,
I'm out in nature.
1095
01:19:16,319 --> 01:19:20,122
I go to Park City every year.
1096
01:19:21,223 --> 01:19:26,828
As soon as I am
15 minutes into the hike,
1097
01:19:26,828 --> 01:19:29,831
I am alone with the trees,
1098
01:19:30,832 --> 01:19:33,835
with the occasional moose
who goes across the path.
1099
01:19:37,406 --> 01:19:42,144
And this last trip,
I broke into tears
1100
01:19:43,111 --> 01:19:45,481
because all
I could think about is...
1101
01:19:46,815 --> 01:19:48,317
how is it possible...
1102
01:19:49,418 --> 01:19:52,388
that something so natural,
1103
01:19:52,388 --> 01:19:56,291
with which we didn't have
anything to do with,
1104
01:19:56,291 --> 01:19:58,394
can be so beautiful?
1105
01:20:01,029 --> 01:20:03,332
[rustling]
1106
01:20:03,332 --> 01:20:05,267
[birds chirping]
1107
01:20:12,207 --> 01:20:15,043
[woman]
Make sure to have
your tickets ready to go.
1108
01:20:15,043 --> 01:20:17,045
[gentle music]
1109
01:20:18,113 --> 01:20:20,115
[indistinct chatter]
1110
01:20:33,261 --> 01:20:35,864
[Gentry]
When you start to think...
1111
01:20:35,864 --> 01:20:37,032
[yells indistinctly]
1112
01:20:37,032 --> 01:20:38,434
[Gentry]
...that perhaps...
1113
01:20:39,602 --> 01:20:42,405
...we are a singularity,
1114
01:20:43,338 --> 01:20:44,873
a rarity...
1115
01:20:46,274 --> 01:20:50,245
...it makes you
suddenly become aware
1116
01:20:51,246 --> 01:20:54,249
of things that you never
thought about before.
1117
01:20:55,116 --> 01:20:59,054
Like making certain
that we survive.
1118
01:21:00,523 --> 01:21:03,925
Making sure that we understand
1119
01:21:03,925 --> 01:21:08,397
what are the characteristics
that we have that will
1120
01:21:09,532 --> 01:21:10,533
lift us up...
1121
01:21:11,900 --> 01:21:14,269
...and those
that will cause us...
1122
01:21:15,471 --> 01:21:17,138
...to wipe ourselves out.
1123
01:21:18,940 --> 01:21:20,643
This struggle...
1124
01:21:21,977 --> 01:21:26,449
...between what I consider
to be the good in human beings
1125
01:21:27,315 --> 01:21:29,217
and the bad in human beings...
1126
01:21:30,352 --> 01:21:34,557
...was a subject that
Arthur C. Clarke and I
discussed at great detail.
1127
01:21:39,361 --> 01:21:41,062
[Klaatu]
Your choice is simple.
1128
01:21:41,963 --> 01:21:44,099
Join us and live in peace,
1129
01:21:44,933 --> 01:21:48,403
or pursue your present course
and face obliteration.
1130
01:21:50,272 --> 01:21:52,207
We shall be waiting
for your answer.
1131
01:21:53,308 --> 01:21:56,344
The decision rests with you.
1132
01:21:59,548 --> 01:22:04,085
[Gentry]
Before the first planetary
explorations took place...
1133
01:22:05,287 --> 01:22:07,456
I never thought
1134
01:22:08,189 --> 01:22:12,360
that each one of these worlds
we would explore
1135
01:22:12,360 --> 01:22:16,599
would be so vastly different
than the planet Earth.
1136
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:23,171
And what happened
as I matured in my life
1137
01:22:23,972 --> 01:22:25,608
and I realized...
1138
01:22:26,975 --> 01:22:28,343
how different...
1139
01:22:29,411 --> 01:22:33,516
and inhospitable
all these places were...
1140
01:22:37,185 --> 01:22:40,422
I came to say, "Oh, my gosh...
1141
01:22:41,657 --> 01:22:45,594
we live in paradise
1142
01:22:46,328 --> 01:22:49,197
and we don't even know it."
1143
01:22:49,197 --> 01:22:51,333
["Starman" by David Bowie]
1144
01:23:00,075 --> 01:23:01,577
♪ Hey, now, now ♪
1145
01:23:05,013 --> 01:23:06,515
♪ Goodbye, love ♪
1146
01:23:10,151 --> 01:23:12,053
♪ Didn't know what time it was ♪
1147
01:23:12,053 --> 01:23:15,023
♪ The lights were low-o-o ♪
1148
01:23:15,023 --> 01:23:19,662
♪ I leaned back
On my radio-o-o ♪
1149
01:23:19,662 --> 01:23:23,365
♪ Some cat was laying down
Some rock and roll ♪
1150
01:23:23,365 --> 01:23:24,567
♪ "Lotta soul," he said ♪
1151
01:23:27,202 --> 01:23:31,607
♪ Then the loud sound
It seemed to fade ♪
1152
01:23:31,607 --> 01:23:33,241
♪ Came back
Like a slow voice ♪
1153
01:23:33,241 --> 01:23:36,444
♪ On a wave of phase ♪
1154
01:23:36,444 --> 01:23:37,780
♪ That was no deejay ♪
1155
01:23:37,780 --> 01:23:41,316
♪ That was hazy cosmic jive ♪
1156
01:23:45,053 --> 01:23:50,191
♪ There's a starman
Waiting in the sky ♪
1157
01:23:50,191 --> 01:23:52,360
♪ He'd like to come
And meet us ♪
1158
01:23:52,360 --> 01:23:54,630
♪ But he thinks
He'd blow our minds ♪
1159
01:23:54,630 --> 01:23:59,635
♪ There's a starman
Waiting in the sky ♪
1160
01:23:59,635 --> 01:24:01,771
♪ He's told us not to blow it ♪
1161
01:24:01,771 --> 01:24:04,105
♪ 'Cause he knows
It's all worthwhile ♪
1162
01:24:04,105 --> 01:24:05,440
♪ He told me ♪
1163
01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:07,710
♪ Let the children lose it ♪
1164
01:24:07,710 --> 01:24:10,178
♪ Let the children use it ♪
1165
01:24:10,178 --> 01:24:12,815
♪ Let all the children boogie ♪
1166
01:24:21,456 --> 01:24:24,660
♪ La, la, la, la, la ♪
1167
01:24:24,660 --> 01:24:27,128
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1168
01:24:27,128 --> 01:24:29,364
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1169
01:24:29,364 --> 01:24:31,600
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1170
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,069
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1171
01:24:34,069 --> 01:24:36,271
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1172
01:24:36,271 --> 01:24:38,573
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1173
01:24:38,573 --> 01:24:40,843
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1174
01:24:40,843 --> 01:24:43,244
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1175
01:24:43,244 --> 01:24:45,547
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1176
01:24:45,547 --> 01:24:47,616
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1177
01:24:47,616 --> 01:24:50,118
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1178
01:24:50,118 --> 01:24:52,287
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1179
01:24:52,287 --> 01:24:54,589
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1180
01:24:54,589 --> 01:24:57,092
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1181
01:24:57,092 --> 01:24:59,294
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1182
01:24:59,294 --> 01:25:01,463
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1183
01:25:01,463 --> 01:25:03,699
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1184
01:25:03,699 --> 01:25:06,167
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1185
01:25:06,167 --> 01:25:08,369
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1186
01:25:08,369 --> 01:25:10,572
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1187
01:25:10,572 --> 01:25:12,842
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1188
01:25:12,842 --> 01:25:14,877
♪ La, la, la, la ♪
1189
01:25:14,877 --> 01:25:15,878
[song fades]