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The universe…
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…has provided our planet
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with all the ingredients
needed for life to emerge…
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…and flourish.
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The energy flowing through us.
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The daily rhythms we follow.
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The elements we are made of.
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But behind all these wonders…
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…lies a mysterious force…
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…that makes all of this possible.
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Gravity.
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It holds everything in place.
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It builds every star…
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…and shapes every planet.
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And guides every life.
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It's the ultimate force of attraction.
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So profound,
it will bring two young souls together…
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in their search for the perfect mate.
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In the Southern Ocean,
over 2,000 kilometers from Antarctica…
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…lies the windswept island
of South Georgia.
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Home to a colony
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of half a million king penguins.
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And it's a big day for two of them.
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New parents.
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For over 50 days…
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they've been taking turns
keeping their precious cargo safe…
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…and warm.
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And today, it's time
to welcome their baby son into the world.
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Little Rocky…
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meet big world.
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And on the other side of the island,
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another little chick is stepping out.
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A girl.
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Paloma.
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Rocky and Paloma don't know it yet,
but they are destined for each other.
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A force of attraction beyond their control
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will bring them together.
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This force not only hugs
Rocky and Paloma firmly to the ground…
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…it hugs our atmosphere to the planet.
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It keeps Earth orbiting the Sun…
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…the Sun rotating
around the center of our galaxy…
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…and galaxies dancing
and swirling around each other
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on the grandest of scales.
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Gravity holds all the pieces
of our universe together,
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connecting everything…
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…from the most distant star…
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…to the tiniest penguin.
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But Rocky and Paloma aren't thinking
about their place in the cosmos…
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…just their next meal.
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It's taking all the efforts
of their devoted parents…
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to feed their insatiable appetites.
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It's a thankless…
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and never-ending task.
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They're doing everything they can
to fatten their chicks in time for winter.
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Because as Rocky and Paloma
have been growing bigger…
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the days have been growing shorter.
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Food is becoming scarce.
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Their parents must leave the island…
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and travel hundreds of kilometers
out to sea…
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to hunt for food…
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leaving their precious chicks for months
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to fend for themselves.
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Paloma's cries go unanswered…
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as the first, loneliest night sets in.
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The darkest moment
in a penguin chick's life.
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But it's nothing compared
to our universe's darkest moments…
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because long before there was an Earth,
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a Sun,
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or stars…
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there was no light at all.
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The universe was just
a dark, dense web of gas.
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But here, gravity began to work its magic.
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From this gravity came everything.
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Parts of the web were pulled together…
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into clumps of matter…
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…that grew and grew…
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until they got so big,
they collapsed in on themselves…
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…bursting into life…
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…as the very first stars.
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Gravity kept working,
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sculpting the primordial web
into more and more stars…
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pulling them toward each other
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and spinning them into vast galaxies.
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From nothing,
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gravity shaped
an entire universe of possibility…
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that still speckles our night sky.
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But light from distant stars
won't keep penguin chicks warm.
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With their parents at sea,
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Rocky and Paloma are losing weight,
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becoming more and more vulnerable.
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The chicks only refuge from the cold
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is their fluffy down
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and each other.
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Their survival hinges
on a precise, elegant dance
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between one star
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and one planet,
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choreographed by gravity
over four and a half billion years ago.
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Out of the dust and gas left over
from the formation of the Sun…
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…gravity pulled bits and pieces
of rubble together…
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…molding them over time into a planet.
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It was unrecognizable
from the home we know now…
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but it had all the potential for life…
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bathed in the glow of our newborn Sun.
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That same Sun,
billions of years later, is now rising…
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…signaling to Rocky and Paloma's parents,
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it's time to return to South Georgia…
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with their bellies full of fish.
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As the sun warms the beaches,
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the island is transformed
into a haven once again.
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But making it to shore was the easy part.
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Rocky's parents
now have to find their baby
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amongst thousands of others.
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Up the coast, Paloma's parents
lock onto her special call…
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…and quickly find her in the crowd.
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And finally, Rocky's parents also hear
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the unmistakable cry…
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…of their little one.
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His voice has a unique signature
only his parents can identify.
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It's a family reunion.
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And two baby bellies
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are full at last.
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From the first stars
to the birth of our galaxy,
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Sun, and planet,
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gravity set the stage for life.
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But for Earth to become the home we know,
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gravity would need to send
a bit of chaos our way…
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…so evolution could run riot.
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Several months have passed.
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Rocky's now doubled in size…
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and is ready for love.
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But he won't truly be
an eligible bachelor…
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until he's become fit and handsome.
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First, a new outfit.
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Trading in his childish, fluffy feathers…
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for a shiny, waterproof coat…
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he's ready for his first swim.
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On the other end of the beach,
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Paloma is ready to launch as well.
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After only knowing dry land
their whole lives,
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it's an intimidating moment for both.
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Rocky thinks he's swimming…
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but Paloma actually is.
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Rocky finally figures out
he needs to be in the water.
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These young birds will be gone
for the next two years…
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on their own separate journeys.
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There are great riches
awaiting them in the ocean…
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thanks to gravity…
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…and our nearest neighbor.
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Not long after our planet formed…
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it collided with another young world.
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And out of the orbiting debris…
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…gravity formed
Earth's traveling companion…
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the Moon.
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The impact knocked
the young Earth onto its side…
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-…and threw it into turmoil…
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lurching and spinning wildly.
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But over billions of years,
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the gravitational tug
of the Moon tamed the Earth.
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The Moon drifted away.
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Earth's rotation slowed…
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which transformed Earth's story.
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Because slower spin meant longer days…
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and, therefore, more hours
of continuous sunshine
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penetrated the oceans…
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…creating the conditions
for the first life to get a foothold.
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The first step
in an underwater labyrinth of life
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that grew and grew…
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…eventually filling the oceans
with unimaginable wonders.
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Wonders that today provide
a rich ecosystem
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for two very hungry penguins…
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hundreds of kilometers apart
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in the open ocean.
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Paloma has reached the polar front…
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where the Southern Ocean
meets the warmer waters of the Atlantic,
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Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
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Here, nutrients are churned up from below,
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supporting thousands of species…
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including lantern fish,
a favorite of the king penguin.
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They live deep underwater.
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But that's no problem for Paloma.
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She's able to hunt
300 meters below the surface.
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Penguins are uniquely adapted
to dive and hunt at great depth.
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But to understand how
these remarkable adaptations came about,
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you need to know what gravity
had been up to 66 million years ago.
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In the cold outer reaches
of the solar system,
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millions of chunks
of ice and rock orbit the Sun.
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Most of the time,
these asteroids are no trouble.
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But sometimes they are.
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In the outer region of the asteroid belt,
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one particular rock,
ten kilometers across,
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was warmed by the Sun over millennia.
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And bit by bit,
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the warming began to shift this asteroid,
called Chicxulub, out of its orbit…
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until gravity took hold…
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pulling it in toward the Sun…
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sending it on
a collision course with Earth…
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…at 72,000 kilometers an hour.
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The impact triggered
a superheated wave of plasma…
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…causing wildfires and devastation
across the planet…
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blocking out the Sun.
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Three-quarters of Earth's species
were obliterated.
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It was bad news for the dinosaurs…
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but good news for the king penguin.
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Smaller and lighter,
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birds were able to survive the impact.
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They took to the skies and diversified.
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With large predators gone…
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the oceans abounded with fish.
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The penguin's ancestors
became expert divers,
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diving deeper
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and staying down longer
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until, ultimately, they lost
the ability to fly altogether.
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From soaring through the skies…
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to soaring through the oceans.
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Invaluable adaptations
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that Rocky and Paloma
have put to good use.
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Fitter and stronger,
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they are now ready to return
to their home shores
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in search of a mate.
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But their homecoming is interrupted…
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…by orcas,
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the only whale known to eat penguins.
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Paloma shifts into top gear.
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It will be a race to the finish.
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Orcas are fast.
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But king penguins are built for speed.
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Paloma is too quick for her pursuer.
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But Rocky took cover
in the kelp forests near the shore.
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And the hungry orca isn't going anywhere.
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Rocky sees his opening…
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and bolts for the shore.
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-He definitely knows how to swim now.
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Two long years roaming the sea,
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all for a chance
to enter the great lottery.
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The search for love.
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Gravity shaped the Sun, Earth, and Moon…
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creating a stable home
for life on our planet
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and steering evolution in new directions.
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But the ballad of Rocky and Paloma
needs one more part…
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…created by gravity
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in the fiery heart of the Sun.
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Light.
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Our star only shines because,
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at its center,
an intense battle is taking place.
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Gravity pulls inward…
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while intense pressure pushes back.
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This gravitational war….
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…causes atoms to collide and fuse…
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…releasing tiny pockets of energy…
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…in the form of photons…
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…that not only shower the Earth
with life-sustaining energy…
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but also bathe it in light.
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Light that contains
its own hidden wonders.
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Because within every sunbeam
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is a rainbow.
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Each photon has a unique wavelength
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and interacts with the stuff
our world is made of
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in a different way.
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Some wavelengths are absorbed.
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Others are reflected.
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How these light waves hit our eyes
determines what colors we see.
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And this ability to perceive color
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plays a key role
in the penguin dating game.
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Years of feasting at sea
have made Rocky fit and strong.
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Traits he needs to display
to attract a mate.
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Pigments that he synthesized himself
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00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:04,800
color his feathers brilliant yellow…
268
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,480
perfect for showing off his own flair
269
00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:16,800
and attracting the gaze
of the one bird in this crowd…
270
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,600
-…who only has eyes for him.
271
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:30,640
Paloma.
272
00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:48,680
Starlight reflects onto the retina
at the back of Paloma's eye.
273
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:58,280
Here, millions of cone cells get to work
274
00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:00,480
decoding every wavelength…
275
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:12,200
…which allows Paloma
to distinguish one color from another.
276
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:17,840
In the blink of an eye,
277
00:33:18,360 --> 00:33:22,600
these lovebirds
are not only able to see their world
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00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:26,280
but also understand it
279
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,280
and find their soulmate.
280
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:40,840
The courting then turns
to a carefully choreographed dance.
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00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:46,480
Each displaying
their dazzling, yellow feathers…
282
00:33:50,920 --> 00:33:52,280
for the other to admire.
283
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:05,600
Other suitors try their luck
284
00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:07,000
but to no avail.
285
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:14,360
Because Rocky's yellow feathers…
286
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:18,360
aren't his only selling point.
287
00:34:22,240 --> 00:34:23,520
By shaking his head…
288
00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:28,280
he encodes a secret message…
289
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:32,680
in ultraviolet light.
290
00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:37,240
His beak catches the Sun
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00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:40,720
and reflects its rays.
292
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:49,360
And thanks to an extra cone cell…
293
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:56,640
…Rocky and Paloma's eyes
can see colors beyond our own.
294
00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:02,120
These UV signals win Paloma over.
295
00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:05,880
They're the perfect match.
296
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:16,000
Raising a penguin chick is a grueling task
297
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:21,480
that requires both parents
to be in top form.
298
00:35:26,320 --> 00:35:29,760
Impressive yellow feathers
and a flashy beak
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00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,800
are proof of strength and ability,
300
00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:38,040
essential characteristics
when it comes to bringing up a family.
301
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,120
From all the thousands of other birds,
302
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:46,840
Rocky and Paloma…
303
00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:51,280
have found each other.
304
00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:03,480
From the first ripples in the cosmic web…
305
00:36:09,560 --> 00:36:11,240
…to the birth of our Sun…
306
00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:14,560
planet,
307
00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:16,720
and Moon…
308
00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:25,000
…the impacts
that have written Earth's history…
309
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:33,160
…to the force that powers the Sun,
painting our world in color…
310
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:40,280
gravity has had a hand in all of it…
311
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:48,200
guiding these two penguins
to their special moment…
312
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:54,080
…on this special island…
313
00:36:58,240 --> 00:37:02,120
where it's not long
before something extra special
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00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:03,640
is delivered to Earth.
315
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:09,760
Rocky and Paloma are going
to be parents themselves.
316
00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:15,440
Ushering in a new life
317
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,080
and maybe even new romance…
318
00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:25,720
with gravity, as ever,
helping to lead the way.
319
00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:35,440
All across the Earth,
320
00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:38,880
life is dazzling in its variety.
321
00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:07,520
It has taken 13.8 billion years
322
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,880
to reach this one precious moment
323
00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:13,680
in time and space.
324
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:25,720
Every animal made from the stars…
325
00:38:27,720 --> 00:38:29,800
synchronized with the planet,
326
00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,720
and sustained by gifts from the cosmos
327
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:38,400
that only made it here by pure chance.
328
00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:53,920
All held in its place
329
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,120
by the ultimate,
330
00:38:56,040 --> 00:38:58,960
the original force of attraction.
331
00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:09,520
The story of our universe
332
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:14,440
is the story of how life came
to be here on this planet…
333
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:19,400
…we call home.
334
00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:27,120
A story that is still being written.