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Nightfall…
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reveals our planet's connection
to the universe.
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A shooting star.
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Ancient rock from the depths of space…
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falling to Earth.
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Inside it are the chemical elements
that built our universe.
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For countless generations,
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sea turtles have roamed the oceans,
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00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:20,480
gathering cosmic elements
in the food they eat.
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And as they've done
for hundreds of millions of years…
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every new generation
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recycles this same stardust…
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to produce the next.
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Born in The Big Bang…
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…and forged in the hearts of stars…
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…90 chemical elements
have created everything.
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Endlessly recycled and reconfigured
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throughout the entire history
of the universe.
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And now…
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using the same elements,
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each new turtle begins a life cycle…
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…that mirrors the lives of the stars.
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On Australia's Great Barrier Reef…
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…something magical has happened.
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After 50 days beneath the sand,
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chemical elements
from across the cosmos have created life.
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Combining to form the next generation
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of green sea turtles.
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The eggs have now exhausted their supply
of life-giving elements.
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And today, the baby turtles
will take their first taste of air.
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And as her brothers and sisters
scramble to make it to the water…
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a little female…
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is last to be born.
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In order to grow to adulthood,
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she will need to harvest chemical elements
from across the ocean.
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It's a dangerous journey…
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…with treachery at every turn.
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But for the baby turtles,
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the call of the ocean is irresistible.
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From a nest of 100,
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sometimes only one will survive.
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Sometimes none.
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But despite the risk,
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the little female knows
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she must make it to the water.
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She spots an opening…
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and takes her chance.
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Today…
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she's a lucky one.
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The hatchling won't stop swimming
until she has left the reef far behind.
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Safely past the predators
that gather in the shallow coastal waters,
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she'll disappear into the great void
of the open ocean…
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to spend her childhood feeding on atoms.
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Atoms whose origins go back through
the entire life of the cosmos.
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To the time our universe
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was in its infancy.
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Expanding from nothing
to everything in an instant.
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Our universe was born in The Big Bang.
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At first,
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it was nothing but a hot, dense fog.
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But as it continued to expand…
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the fog began to cool.
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And on the tiniest scale imaginable…
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…something astounding began to occur.
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The first atoms condensed out of the fog.
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Atoms of hydrogen.
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The very first element in the universe.
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And in the ocean,
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juvenile turtles are hunting it down.
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As they emerge from the blue
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to forage in the shallow waters
of the reef.
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This is Stella.
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One of the lucky ones
that made it off the beach
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and into the ocean.
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She's already more than 2,000 times
her hatching weight
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and growing fast.
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Feeding on creatures she's found drifting
in the open ocean,
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she's harvested one element
more than any other.
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Hydrogen.
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It makes up more than half
of all the atoms in the food she eats.
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And is the most abundant element
in all living things.
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From fish
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to invertebrates.
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Anemones and coral.
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Hydrogen atoms formed
at the dawn of the universe
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have been passed on from star to planet,
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planet to animal…
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and from prey to predator.
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Which means, for Stella,
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the waters around the reef
are full of danger.
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Tiger sharks, hungry for the same atoms,
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hunt sea turtles
throughout their adult lives.
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Stella's main defense is her trusty armor.
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Its bone toughened
with calcium and phosphorus.
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Elements that date back
to another pivotal moment…
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in the life of our universe.
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For the first 300 million years
after The Big Bang…
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there are no planets and no stars.
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The dark ages of the universe.
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Concealed in the gloom,
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vast tendrils
of hydrogen gas crisscross the cosmos.
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And then, incredibly,
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as they were drawn together by gravity…
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…the first stars were born.
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This is the cosmic dawn.
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The moment the lights came on.
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And deep within those first stars…
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a remarkable process began.
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Temperatures and pressures
were so extreme…
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…that new elements were created.
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Atoms of hydrogen
were forced together to make helium.
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As they fused, energy was released.
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Creating a chain reaction that produced
increasingly heavier elements.
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Including those essential for life.
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Three helium atoms combined
to make carbon.
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The element on which all life is based.
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Carbon and helium made oxygen.
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The air we breathe.
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Oxygen atoms combined to make phosphorus.
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Then silicon and calcium.
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The elements
that make up every living thing
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were created in the hearts
of the very first stars.
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For Stella,
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some elements are so important…
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…she'll travel great distances
to find them.
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The warm, shallow waters
between Australia and Papua New Guinea
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are a paradise of vibrant seagrass.
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The prairies of the ocean.
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Stella has traveled all the way here
to access their magic ingredients.
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As it grows,
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seagrass absorbs elements from outer space
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that have found their way
to the ocean floor.
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Burgeoning fronds
rich in calcium and phosphorus
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provide Stella
with precisely the minerals she needs
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to build and sustain her protective shell.
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Hardening her armor for the trials ahead.
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Stella will spend her adolescent years
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searching the ocean
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for atoms born in the stars.
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00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:35,080
Her journey toward maturity…
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00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:40,800
paralleled in the story of our universe.
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Because three billion years
after The Big Bang…
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…the universe was also coming of age.
144
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It was entering an incredibly active phase
of star formation.
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As they grew,
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stars were pulled together
into vast galaxies.
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Like our Milky Way.
148
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And within those galaxies,
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00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:30,840
the chemical elements each star produced…
150
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…were transformed into planets and moons.
151
00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:51,480
After billions of years,
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chemical elements have matured
into the Earth we know today.
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Stella is now fully grown herself.
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Over a meter long,
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she has a thick shell
covered in green algae.
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Ideal camouflage for cruising coral reefs.
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She is now at one with the ocean.
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Atoms from the stars
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perfectly adapted to life at sea.
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Just one example of life on Earth…
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exquisitely shaped from the cosmos.
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Stella is now ready
for the next stage of her life.
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Because she's about
to become a mother herself.
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Inside her body…
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00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:56,480
she's carrying a clutch of 100 eggs.
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The first of many
she'll have over her lifetime.
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Her own precious cargo of stardust.
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All across the reef,
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00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,720
atoms are being assembled into new life.
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Creating one of the richest ecosystems
on Earth.
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But our planet…
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…is an outlier.
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In the rest of the solar system,
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the very same elements
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have created worlds
far less suited to life.
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Closest to the sun,
177
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Mercury is a planet rich in carbon.
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But rather than creating life,
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the carbon is baked into its crust.
180
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On a world scorched by starlight.
181
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While in the farthest reaches
of the solar system,
182
00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:28,560
Neptune's freezing temperatures
183
00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:33,520
cause carbon and hydrogen
to form clouds of methane.
184
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The suffocating gas
that gives it its brilliant blue.
185
00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:47,960
And even on Mars,
186
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a planet with all the same ingredients
as Earth…
187
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the lack of an oxygen-rich atmosphere
188
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means complex life couldn't survive here.
189
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Only on Earth are conditions just right.
190
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:19,320
But even here,
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competition for elements is fierce.
192
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And danger…
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00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:29,040
…is never far away.
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00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:48,400
Luckily, Stella has become
an expert at hide-and-seek.
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Safe for now…
196
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:37,320
Stella faces the biggest challenge
of her life.
197
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To return to the Great Barrier Reef
198
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and the island of her birth…
199
00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:51,880
to lay her own eggs in the sand.
200
00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,440
But a lifetime spent wandering the ocean
201
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,600
means she's now 2,000 kilometers away.
202
00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:11,520
How Stella navigates home
203
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is one of the wonders
of the natural world.
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Deep within the Earth,
205
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:26,600
our planet's core generates
a magnetic field…
206
00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:33,880
which gives every place on its surface
a unique magnetic signature.
207
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:39,120
When she hatched,
208
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:43,520
her island's signature
was imprinted in Stella's brain.
209
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:48,200
And to find her way back,
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00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:51,600
she'll rely on
yet another chemical element.
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00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:56,880
One that connects her
to the planet's core.
212
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:05,080
An element that's only created
when stars die.
213
00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:12,720
In a nearby part of the galaxy,
214
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:15,680
two and a half million years ago,
215
00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:20,520
a dramatic change took place
in the core of a giant star.
216
00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:29,360
For all its life,
it had been powered by nuclear fusion.
217
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:37,200
The energy released…
218
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:41,440
…creating heavier and heavier elements.
219
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,120
Until the core became so hot,
220
00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:49,880
it started creating…
221
00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:52,480
…iron.
222
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:58,200
Which caused a fundamental change
to take place.
223
00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:06,360
Because making iron
doesn't release energy.
224
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It consumes it.
225
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:18,360
As more and more
of the metal was produced,
226
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,760
it spread through the core like a disease.
227
00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:29,160
Feeding off the star's heat.
228
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:34,880
Throttling it.
229
00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:48,560
With no heat source to hold it up.
230
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:54,400
From this moment onward…
231
00:29:57,480 --> 00:29:59,680
…the star was doomed.
232
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:16,200
The resulting explosion shone
with the brightness of 10 billion suns.
233
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:27,080
A supernova which propelled
iron-rich dust across the galaxy.
234
00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:38,120
All the way to our planet.
235
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:44,280
And even now,
236
00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:50,280
100 tons of stardust enters
Earth's atmosphere every day.
237
00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:56,800
Some left over
from the formation of the solar system.
238
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,480
Some blown here from distant supernovas.
239
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:13,600
A direct link
between our planet and the stars.
240
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:21,960
And it's the iron in this dust
241
00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,400
that allows Stella to find her way.
242
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:35,200
Because deep in her brain…
243
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:43,600
…specialized cells are thought
to contain crystals of magnetite.
244
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,760
An iron-rich mineral that aligns itself
to the Earth's magnetic field.
245
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A compass,
246
00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:57,680
pointing her in the right direction.
247
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:11,680
Allowing Stella to find
the unique magnetic fingerprint of home.
248
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,680
And so an element forged in a supernova…
249
00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:34,280
…will now guide her across kilometers
of featureless ocean.
250
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:49,920
Back to the island…
251
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:55,480
on which she was born.
252
00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:12,040
But there are other creatures
with magnetic homing abilities.
253
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The tiger sharks have it too.
254
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,280
And it's leading them back
to the same island.
255
00:33:26,560 --> 00:33:28,920
Because for a few months every year,
256
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,600
thousands of female turtles come here
to lay their eggs.
257
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:37,880
It's the largest gathering
of green sea turtles
258
00:33:37,960 --> 00:33:39,960
anywhere on the planet.
259
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:47,320
And as they come to shore,
260
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:50,320
the feeding begins.
261
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,160
Stella must wait for the right moment…
262
00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:10,040
to find an opening…
263
00:34:12,160 --> 00:34:14,080
and avoid the onslaught.
264
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When the danger has passed…
265
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she finally swims ashore.
266
00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:53,880
After an epic journey…
267
00:34:57,080 --> 00:34:59,240
Stella emerges onto the sand
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she last touched as a hatchling.
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00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:30,920
The elements she spent
a lifetime collecting…
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00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:39,160
are now safely delivered into the sand.
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00:35:45,240 --> 00:35:46,960
Stella's mission is complete,
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00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:49,240
and she returns to the ocean…
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00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:56,600
to begin gathering stardust once more.
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00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:01,800
The cycle of her life
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00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:06,520
mirroring the grandest cycle of all.
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The lives and deaths of the stars.
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00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:25,600
Because far away across the galaxy,
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00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,680
the ashes of countless supernovas
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00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:34,480
have come together to form a giant nebula.
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00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:44,480
A cloud of stardust
tens of light-years across.
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00:36:48,120 --> 00:36:52,600
And buried within it are places
where the next generation of stars
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00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:55,280
are beginning to form.
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00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:08,400
Called proplyds.
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00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:12,880
They're like vast cosmic eggs.
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00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,680
Each one bigger than our solar system.
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00:37:23,720 --> 00:37:26,640
Inside their shells of ionized gas,
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00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:31,480
the force of gravity
is pulling stardust together.
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00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:42,400
And the stardust inside Stella's eggs…
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00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:47,560
is also beginning to take shape.
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00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:01,800
As the elements she collected
are being transformed…
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00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,800
into something that's starting
to resemble a tiny creature.
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00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:25,640
And within the proplyd…
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00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:30,240
gases like hydrogen and helium…
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00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:35,680
…are feeding an embryonic star.
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00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:46,680
And what was once an embryo…
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00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:51,080
is now a tiny turtle…
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00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:58,880
with shell, flippers, and beak.
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00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:04,680
Elements reimagined…
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for a life at sea.
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00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:16,120
In the proplyd,
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00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,200
the new star's development
is also nearing completion.
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00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:24,800
Reborn from the ashes
of the previous generation,
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00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:30,000
its light now reveals a family
of growing planets in orbit.
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New worlds.
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00:39:36,240 --> 00:39:40,280
But perhaps, new possibilities for life.
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00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:49,920
And beneath the sand,
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the same stardust,
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00:39:54,080 --> 00:39:58,800
passed down through countless generations
of stars and turtles…
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will start yet another journey.
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00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:09,560
Each new life
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directly connected
to the origin of the universe.
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00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:26,400
Each new story beginning
at the end of the last.
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00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:38,880
And so,
the story of our universe continues…
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00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:43,000
…with Earth's most precious resource…
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00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:47,120
…water.
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00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:52,800
And a family of elephants
on a dangerous mission to find it.
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00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,360
Their journey every bit as extraordinary…
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00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:06,440
…as water's journey across the vastness
of space to our planet.
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00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:13,840
But why is Earth the only world
in the solar system
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00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:17,240
whose surface
is covered with liquid water?
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00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,960
And why is it so essential for life?