1 00:00:05,357 --> 00:00:07,223 - [dan] warning, what you are about to see 2 00:00:07,225 --> 00:00:08,958 Could be disturbing to some viewers. 3 00:00:08,960 --> 00:00:11,178 Viewer discretion is advised. 4 00:00:12,372 --> 00:00:14,765 (suspenseful music) 5 00:00:18,144 --> 00:00:22,405 Imagine military superpowers around the world 6 00:00:22,407 --> 00:00:27,110 Enlisting beloved sea creatures to search and destroy. 7 00:00:27,112 --> 00:00:29,279 (dolphin squeaking) - they're very loving, 8 00:00:29,281 --> 00:00:30,721 They're very friendly. 9 00:00:30,723 --> 00:00:32,240 - But then, pop. 10 00:00:32,242 --> 00:00:36,702 - The dolphins would ram any suspected enemy. 11 00:00:36,704 --> 00:00:40,140 - How about building a swarm of robot assassins? 12 00:00:40,142 --> 00:00:42,626 - We've armed these robots, we've taught them to think. 13 00:00:42,628 --> 00:00:44,077 We've taught them to work together. 14 00:00:44,079 --> 00:00:45,670 - It's not that hard to imagine 15 00:00:45,672 --> 00:00:48,757 Having your own private drone swarm army. 16 00:00:49,734 --> 00:00:52,410 - Or turning corpses into killers. 17 00:00:52,412 --> 00:00:56,789 - Men in the mongol army are dying in droves. 18 00:00:56,791 --> 00:00:57,949 - They're bloated bodies. 19 00:00:57,951 --> 00:00:59,292 When they hit, 20 00:00:59,294 --> 00:01:01,161 (choir singing) 21 00:01:01,163 --> 00:01:03,513 They're exploding on impact. 22 00:01:03,515 --> 00:01:05,899 - These are the weapons so surprising, 23 00:01:05,901 --> 00:01:08,609 They are truly unbelievable. 24 00:01:08,611 --> 00:01:10,862 (dramatic music) 25 00:01:20,623 --> 00:01:25,484 It's 1941 and britain is getting hammered by nazi germany. 26 00:01:25,486 --> 00:01:27,420 The luftwaffe is reigning bombs down 27 00:01:27,422 --> 00:01:28,872 On london and other cities, 28 00:01:28,874 --> 00:01:32,058 As u-boats wreak havoc along allied shipping routes. 29 00:01:32,060 --> 00:01:35,262 Desperate for something that can turn the tide of war, 30 00:01:35,264 --> 00:01:37,681 British special ops come up with 31 00:01:37,683 --> 00:01:41,726 Something we can only call unusual. 32 00:01:41,728 --> 00:01:44,688 (intense music) (flames raging) 33 00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:47,974 - They procure rats with the idea 34 00:01:47,976 --> 00:01:51,862 That they can use these rodents, that will usually go unnoticed, 35 00:01:51,864 --> 00:01:54,338 As weapons of mass destruction. 36 00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:58,517 - They take the bodies of recently departed rats, 37 00:01:58,519 --> 00:01:59,903 They fill them with explosives, 38 00:01:59,905 --> 00:02:02,998 And then stitch their little bodies back together. 39 00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:05,791 - They would make sure that these explosive rats 40 00:02:05,793 --> 00:02:09,078 Would end up in the coal piles of a steam train, of a ship, 41 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:12,598 Of a factory, and then when the shovel full of coal 42 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:13,933 Would be thrown into the furnace, 43 00:02:13,935 --> 00:02:18,104 The explosives would ignite, causing death, causing damage, 44 00:02:18,106 --> 00:02:20,831 Causing problems for the german war machine. 45 00:02:20,833 --> 00:02:22,166 - So the plan is launched. 46 00:02:22,168 --> 00:02:25,562 They have the rat bombs, they have the supply ready to go, 47 00:02:25,564 --> 00:02:27,430 And they just need to ship them into germany 48 00:02:27,432 --> 00:02:30,783 Where they have an agent on the inside who's to ensure 49 00:02:30,785 --> 00:02:32,552 That they're distributed in ways 50 00:02:32,554 --> 00:02:35,588 That'll cause the maximum amount of damage. 51 00:02:35,590 --> 00:02:38,182 - [dan] off goes the shipment of rigged rats. 52 00:02:38,184 --> 00:02:40,493 Everything seems to be going to plan. 53 00:02:40,495 --> 00:02:43,980 That is, until the germans smell a rat. 54 00:02:43,982 --> 00:02:46,649 - The nazis intercept the rat bombs, 55 00:02:46,651 --> 00:02:48,727 But it's not a total loss. 56 00:02:48,729 --> 00:02:52,063 - The german army is now paranoid and every possible rat, 57 00:02:52,065 --> 00:02:55,216 Every possible rat haven environment, 58 00:02:55,218 --> 00:02:58,452 Becomes a potential explosive threat. 59 00:02:58,454 --> 00:03:00,613 - The fear of this threat is so extensive that 60 00:03:00,615 --> 00:03:03,874 They even display what one of these rat bombs looks like 61 00:03:03,876 --> 00:03:05,894 At german military schools. 62 00:03:05,896 --> 00:03:07,912 Ultimately, british special ops determined 63 00:03:07,914 --> 00:03:09,730 That this is a far better consequence 64 00:03:09,732 --> 00:03:12,992 Than they had ever intended with the rat bombs themselves. 65 00:03:12,994 --> 00:03:15,828 - An inordinate and disproportionate 66 00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:18,198 Amount of attention is now directed 67 00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:21,134 Toward the cadavers of rats, 68 00:03:21,136 --> 00:03:23,511 When maybe what the enemy should be doing 69 00:03:23,513 --> 00:03:25,455 Is looking out for something else. 70 00:03:26,641 --> 00:03:28,290 - Not to be outdone by britain, 71 00:03:28,292 --> 00:03:32,629 The us deploys their own exploding mammal to end the war. 72 00:03:32,631 --> 00:03:35,840 Oddly enough, this one flies. 73 00:03:35,842 --> 00:03:38,510 (explosion booming) (tense music) 74 00:03:39,470 --> 00:03:41,388 - The japanese bomb pearl harbor, 75 00:03:41,390 --> 00:03:44,181 The united states enters world war ii, 76 00:03:44,183 --> 00:03:49,287 And we're trying to come up with any, any clever idea 77 00:03:49,289 --> 00:03:52,832 To end the war as quickly as possible. 78 00:03:52,834 --> 00:03:56,069 - In pennsylvania, this dental surgeon by the name 79 00:03:56,071 --> 00:03:59,939 Of dr. Lytle adams thinks that he has the ideal remedy, 80 00:03:59,941 --> 00:04:02,409 The ideal weapon for the united states. 81 00:04:04,279 --> 00:04:05,953 - Adams is a part-time inventor 82 00:04:05,955 --> 00:04:08,939 And he is also a man who enjoys exploring caves. 83 00:04:08,941 --> 00:04:11,793 And one day he's touring around caves in new mexico 84 00:04:11,795 --> 00:04:15,547 And he sees bats hanging everywhere, and he thinks, 85 00:04:16,391 --> 00:04:18,507 "what if we weaponize them?" 86 00:04:18,509 --> 00:04:22,345 - His idea? Strap explosives to bats 87 00:04:22,347 --> 00:04:25,265 And release them into enemy territory. 88 00:04:26,159 --> 00:04:29,477 - This is absolutely a stroke of genius. 89 00:04:29,479 --> 00:04:32,405 Dr. Adams knows that bats can carry more 90 00:04:32,407 --> 00:04:34,565 Of their body weight than birds. 91 00:04:34,567 --> 00:04:36,750 They fly faster than birds. 92 00:04:36,752 --> 00:04:40,913 - The way this can work is that you can chill the bats down 93 00:04:40,915 --> 00:04:45,585 To around 40 degrees and they enter a hibernation state. 94 00:04:45,587 --> 00:04:47,119 - Each hibernating bat is fitted 95 00:04:47,121 --> 00:04:50,123 With a little incendiary device of napalm. 96 00:04:51,317 --> 00:04:53,759 These hibernating, bomb laden bats 97 00:04:53,761 --> 00:04:56,671 Can then be loaded into a canister 98 00:04:56,673 --> 00:05:00,199 And that could be carried up aloft in a b-25. 99 00:05:00,201 --> 00:05:02,944 Once released, the bats would naturally wake up 100 00:05:02,946 --> 00:05:05,162 When they hit warmer air. 101 00:05:05,164 --> 00:05:06,473 - They will then flutter off 102 00:05:06,475 --> 00:05:10,268 And find whatever building they possibly can and roost. 103 00:05:10,270 --> 00:05:13,079 - So these bats make their way into the eaves of buildings, 104 00:05:13,081 --> 00:05:14,230 Into attics, into crawl spaces, 105 00:05:14,232 --> 00:05:17,067 And then when the timer goes off, the napalm is ignited 106 00:05:17,069 --> 00:05:20,603 And then kabam, (explopsion booming) they explode. 107 00:05:20,605 --> 00:05:23,506 - How did this plan even get greenlit? 108 00:05:23,508 --> 00:05:27,327 Dr. Adams has friends in very high places. 109 00:05:28,388 --> 00:05:31,631 - Adams knows the first lady, eleanor roosevelt. 110 00:05:31,633 --> 00:05:35,877 He writes her a letter describing what he wants to do. 111 00:05:37,305 --> 00:05:39,838 She then shows that letter to her husband, 112 00:05:39,840 --> 00:05:41,031 The president of the united states, 113 00:05:41,033 --> 00:05:43,659 The commander-in-chief of the american military. 114 00:05:43,661 --> 00:05:47,680 - Fdr hands the idea over to the us army air force, 115 00:05:47,682 --> 00:05:50,391 Along with the $2 million check and says, 116 00:05:50,393 --> 00:05:52,501 "go develop bat bombs." 117 00:05:52,503 --> 00:05:55,020 - There have to be those who think if the president, 118 00:05:55,022 --> 00:05:56,581 President roosevelt wants this, 119 00:05:56,583 --> 00:05:57,974 Then there's gotta be some science here, 120 00:05:57,976 --> 00:05:59,943 This there's gotta be something here that's worth pursuing. 121 00:05:59,945 --> 00:06:02,645 There also has to be those folks who are thinking to themselves, 122 00:06:02,647 --> 00:06:05,965 "this is literally bat (beep) crazy, how can this work?" 123 00:06:05,967 --> 00:06:09,761 - [dan] to pull this off, dr. Adams needs bats, 124 00:06:09,763 --> 00:06:11,495 A whole lot of them. 125 00:06:11,497 --> 00:06:12,989 - Adams chooses the carlsbad air base 126 00:06:12,991 --> 00:06:15,007 Because it's right near a system of caves 127 00:06:15,009 --> 00:06:18,344 That have a population of roughly nine million bats. 128 00:06:18,346 --> 00:06:19,612 So it's perfect, they'll be able 129 00:06:19,614 --> 00:06:21,071 To have an unlimited supply of bats 130 00:06:21,073 --> 00:06:24,592 And be able to test them using air force airplanes. 131 00:06:25,336 --> 00:06:27,003 - [dan] there's just one question now. 132 00:06:27,005 --> 00:06:30,606 Do these flying mammals have what it takes to win a war? 133 00:06:30,608 --> 00:06:32,525 - The day arrives to do the first test 134 00:06:32,527 --> 00:06:34,327 Without incendiary devices. 135 00:06:34,329 --> 00:06:35,811 So they take thousands of bats 136 00:06:35,813 --> 00:06:38,247 And then drop them over a farm. 137 00:06:38,249 --> 00:06:41,234 They fly down to the ground and they fly into the barn, 138 00:06:41,236 --> 00:06:43,953 They fly into hay bales, fly into the house. 139 00:06:43,955 --> 00:06:46,464 They're doing exactly what they hoped that they would do. 140 00:06:46,466 --> 00:06:48,992 - After the successful test with the unarmed bats, 141 00:06:48,994 --> 00:06:51,043 The army gets a little bit ambitious 142 00:06:51,045 --> 00:06:54,280 And that same day, decides to do a mini test 143 00:06:54,282 --> 00:06:56,207 With six armed bats. 144 00:06:57,002 --> 00:06:58,201 - [dan] six unlucky bats 145 00:06:58,203 --> 00:07:00,720 Strapped with timer-rigged napalm capsules. 146 00:07:00,722 --> 00:07:03,590 Again, what could possibly go wrong? 147 00:07:03,592 --> 00:07:05,692 - They're getting ready to put them into the casing 148 00:07:05,694 --> 00:07:07,284 When suddenly the bats wake up, 149 00:07:07,286 --> 00:07:09,637 They come out of hibernation mode and they fly away. 150 00:07:09,639 --> 00:07:11,288 These bats fly all over the air force base. 151 00:07:11,290 --> 00:07:14,400 They get into a control tower, they get into a hangar, 152 00:07:14,402 --> 00:07:15,384 They go under a fuel tank. 153 00:07:15,386 --> 00:07:17,328 Some of them fly into an automobile nearby. 154 00:07:17,330 --> 00:07:19,605 Turns out it's the general's automobile. 155 00:07:19,607 --> 00:07:20,523 And they detonate. 156 00:07:20,525 --> 00:07:23,559 - The test of the bat bomb is such a success, 157 00:07:23,561 --> 00:07:25,545 It demolishes the military base, 158 00:07:25,547 --> 00:07:28,497 But it means it works, it works perfectly. 159 00:07:28,499 --> 00:07:31,067 - [dan] unsurprisingly, there is one person 160 00:07:31,069 --> 00:07:33,886 Who is not very happy with the outcome. 161 00:07:33,888 --> 00:07:37,406 - Our army air corps general is pretty much fed up 162 00:07:37,408 --> 00:07:40,259 With this project because it blows up his car. 163 00:07:40,261 --> 00:07:42,045 It sort of puts a blemish on his record. 164 00:07:42,047 --> 00:07:44,506 So it's handed off to the united states navy. 165 00:07:44,508 --> 00:07:47,583 - But the us navy has other priorities. 166 00:07:47,585 --> 00:07:49,252 And the navy, uninterested 167 00:07:49,254 --> 00:07:51,237 In developing this program further, 168 00:07:51,239 --> 00:07:53,998 Turns it over to the united states marine corps. 169 00:07:54,876 --> 00:07:56,576 - When the marines take over this project, 170 00:07:56,578 --> 00:07:58,778 They move the operation eventually to utah, 171 00:07:58,780 --> 00:08:01,605 Where they build a model japanese village, 172 00:08:01,607 --> 00:08:04,000 And they're able to destroy this model village 173 00:08:04,002 --> 00:08:06,443 Using these incendiary bats. 174 00:08:06,445 --> 00:08:08,454 - [dan] despite this initial success, 175 00:08:08,456 --> 00:08:12,366 The marines quickly learn bats aren't always cooperative. 176 00:08:12,368 --> 00:08:15,352 - Sometimes they don't wake up from hibernation, 177 00:08:15,354 --> 00:08:17,639 So when they're dropped out of a plane, 178 00:08:17,641 --> 00:08:20,908 They just kind of fall and land wherever. 179 00:08:20,910 --> 00:08:23,377 - They find that when females are pregnant 180 00:08:23,379 --> 00:08:25,538 And males are in the vicinity of the pregnant females, 181 00:08:25,540 --> 00:08:28,908 That the males become agitated to such a degree 182 00:08:28,910 --> 00:08:31,368 That they're no longer predictably capable 183 00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:33,871 Of delivering the explosives as intended. 184 00:08:33,873 --> 00:08:36,933 And there's really only about a five month period 185 00:08:36,935 --> 00:08:39,043 In the calendar year during which 186 00:08:39,045 --> 00:08:42,546 The bat can be reliably used for the delivery of explosives. 187 00:08:42,548 --> 00:08:43,823 And the big problem there 188 00:08:43,825 --> 00:08:46,276 Is that the war goes on 12 months a year. 189 00:08:46,278 --> 00:08:49,720 - As the team is working through all these difficulties, 190 00:08:49,722 --> 00:08:52,648 In parallel, there's another effort underway 191 00:08:52,650 --> 00:08:56,410 To shorten the war, and that is the atomic bomb project. 192 00:08:56,412 --> 00:09:01,006 So eventually the bat bomb is simply discarded. 193 00:09:01,008 --> 00:09:02,250 (stamp thumping) 194 00:09:03,745 --> 00:09:05,177 - [dan] more than a decade later, 195 00:09:05,179 --> 00:09:08,080 France dreams up a different type of aerial weapon. 196 00:09:08,082 --> 00:09:09,757 - The year is 1954. 197 00:09:09,759 --> 00:09:12,685 France has just lost the first indo-china war 198 00:09:12,687 --> 00:09:16,538 And they're trying to figure out what can we do in future 199 00:09:16,540 --> 00:09:20,776 To mobilize our troops so that they are transported 200 00:09:20,778 --> 00:09:23,754 To places faster, while at the same time, 201 00:09:23,756 --> 00:09:25,105 Having some type of weaponry 202 00:09:25,107 --> 00:09:28,868 That can take out heavy ordinance on the opposing side. 203 00:09:29,504 --> 00:09:31,321 - So what they come up with is this idea 204 00:09:31,323 --> 00:09:36,792 Of mounting an anti-tank gun, a massive gun onto a scooter, 205 00:09:36,794 --> 00:09:40,471 But not just any scooter, an iconic scooter. 206 00:09:40,473 --> 00:09:43,282 - [dan] the very word vespa evokes visions of scooting 207 00:09:43,284 --> 00:09:46,084 Through sun-kissed italian hills, 208 00:09:46,086 --> 00:09:49,038 Not these two wheeled killing machines. 209 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:51,390 - In 1956, the french debuted 210 00:09:51,392 --> 00:09:54,710 Their heavily militarized vespa complete with the bazooka 211 00:09:54,712 --> 00:09:56,553 That is able to take out a tank. 212 00:09:56,555 --> 00:09:59,866 Here's the thing, it only costs about $500 to make, 213 00:09:59,868 --> 00:10:02,785 Whereas a tank costs around $200,000 to make. 214 00:10:02,787 --> 00:10:07,690 So if your $500 weapon can take out a $200,000 weapon, 215 00:10:07,692 --> 00:10:11,227 I'd say it pays for itself after one usage. 216 00:10:11,229 --> 00:10:13,137 - [dan] cost effective for sure, 217 00:10:13,139 --> 00:10:16,165 But does it actually work on the battlefield? 218 00:10:16,167 --> 00:10:18,084 - The french actually used the bazooka 219 00:10:18,086 --> 00:10:19,902 In the french algerian war. 220 00:10:20,497 --> 00:10:23,739 What they do is they parachute the scooter out 221 00:10:23,741 --> 00:10:26,242 Of a plane along with two soldiers. 222 00:10:26,244 --> 00:10:28,010 - Suddenly, you have french paratroopers 223 00:10:28,012 --> 00:10:31,180 Who, once they land on a drop zone with their vespas 224 00:10:31,182 --> 00:10:33,633 And their m-20 anti-tank recoilless rifles, 225 00:10:33,635 --> 00:10:36,577 They can move from place to place very rapidly 226 00:10:36,579 --> 00:10:39,429 And they constitute a significant threat 227 00:10:39,431 --> 00:10:40,932 On the battlefield. 228 00:10:42,376 --> 00:10:45,094 - Even though the bazooka vespa looks awesome, 229 00:10:45,096 --> 00:10:48,231 It still isn't really much of a match for the guerilla warfare 230 00:10:48,233 --> 00:10:50,340 That's happening on the streets of algeria. 231 00:10:50,342 --> 00:10:53,436 - In the end, the bazooka vespa puts up a pretty good fight, 232 00:10:53,438 --> 00:10:55,988 But the algerians put up a better one and win the war. 233 00:10:55,990 --> 00:10:57,089 But the algerians put up a better one and win the war. 234 00:10:57,275 --> 00:10:58,932 But I still want a bazooka vespa. 235 00:10:59,560 --> 00:11:02,361 - The bazooka vespa is honorably discharged 236 00:11:02,363 --> 00:11:04,872 After a production run of just over 600. 237 00:11:08,061 --> 00:11:10,052 - It's 1942, deep into world war ii, 238 00:11:10,054 --> 00:11:12,855 The nazi u-boats are blowing winston churchill's ships 239 00:11:12,857 --> 00:11:13,756 Out of the water. 240 00:11:13,758 --> 00:11:18,385 It's time for an unconventional plan of attack, 241 00:11:18,387 --> 00:11:20,137 Ice the nazis. 242 00:11:20,139 --> 00:11:22,432 (tense music) 243 00:11:23,968 --> 00:11:26,886 - The most effective way to destroy all of these u-boats 244 00:11:26,888 --> 00:11:28,688 Is through air cover. 245 00:11:29,774 --> 00:11:31,958 Unfortunately, it's world war ii. 246 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,627 We don't have planes that can really fly very far 247 00:11:34,629 --> 00:11:38,481 And those that can fly far, can't carry much armament. 248 00:11:38,483 --> 00:11:41,366 Well, we could build aircraft carriers. 249 00:11:41,368 --> 00:11:43,219 - The problem is there is a scarcity 250 00:11:43,221 --> 00:11:46,572 Or shortage of metals like steel and aluminum. 251 00:11:46,574 --> 00:11:48,657 These are the structural materials that you would use 252 00:11:48,659 --> 00:11:51,176 To build a traditional aircraft carrier. 253 00:11:51,178 --> 00:11:54,130 - [dan] then, scientist and inventor geoffrey pyke 254 00:11:54,132 --> 00:11:56,757 Has an unusual proposal. 255 00:11:56,759 --> 00:11:58,851 - As crazy as it sounds, 256 00:11:58,853 --> 00:12:01,804 Geoffrey pyke ultimately develops this idea 257 00:12:01,806 --> 00:12:06,509 That we could introduce the unsinkable aircraft carrier 258 00:12:06,511 --> 00:12:09,086 And that it could be an iceberg. 259 00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:12,439 - [dan] how can a floating iceberg possibly function 260 00:12:12,441 --> 00:12:13,682 As an aircraft carrier? 261 00:12:13,684 --> 00:12:18,011 Incredibly, inspiration comes from the titanic disaster. 262 00:12:18,013 --> 00:12:20,882 - The titanic was supposed to be an unsinkable ship 263 00:12:20,884 --> 00:12:23,709 And an iceberg took it down in minutes. 264 00:12:23,711 --> 00:12:27,713 So everyone, the navy, passenger ship liners, 265 00:12:27,715 --> 00:12:30,866 Every maritime entity is terrified of icebergs. 266 00:12:30,868 --> 00:12:32,701 The international ice patrol is born 267 00:12:32,703 --> 00:12:34,878 And their job is basically 268 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:37,281 To just torpedo the hell outta icebergs. 269 00:12:37,283 --> 00:12:38,557 (explosion booming) 270 00:12:38,559 --> 00:12:40,301 - What they find is that ships 271 00:12:40,303 --> 00:12:42,828 Are really not good at sinking icebergs. 272 00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,014 You can direct the biggest guns 273 00:12:45,016 --> 00:12:47,350 That a navy has toward an iceberg 274 00:12:47,352 --> 00:12:51,295 And you're barely going to chip a little chunk off of it. 275 00:12:51,297 --> 00:12:53,280 - [dan] thinking outside the box, 276 00:12:53,282 --> 00:12:56,442 Pyke creates a plan to convert icebergs 277 00:12:56,444 --> 00:12:58,494 To aircraft carriers. 278 00:12:58,496 --> 00:13:01,730 Somehow. The project is green lit by churchill. 279 00:13:01,732 --> 00:13:05,000 - Of course, this idea has to have a really good code name 280 00:13:05,002 --> 00:13:07,319 And pyke calls it the hms habakkuk, 281 00:13:07,321 --> 00:13:09,080 Which is a play on the prophet habakkuk 282 00:13:09,082 --> 00:13:13,543 From the old testament, who was able to do the impossible. 283 00:13:14,629 --> 00:13:17,671 - [dan] and just what does the impossible look like? 284 00:13:17,673 --> 00:13:20,758 - Pyke draws up the blueprints for his aircraft carrier, 285 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,660 Which is made almost entirely of ice. 286 00:13:23,662 --> 00:13:26,389 He flattens out the top of it to use as a runway 287 00:13:26,391 --> 00:13:27,490 And hollows it out 288 00:13:27,492 --> 00:13:29,666 So there's a big cavern in the middle to serve 289 00:13:29,668 --> 00:13:31,427 As a shelter for the planes. 290 00:13:31,429 --> 00:13:34,513 - [dan] more than four times the size of the titanic, 291 00:13:34,515 --> 00:13:37,600 It will be the largest warship ever built. 292 00:13:37,602 --> 00:13:39,293 - It's not going anywhere fast, 293 00:13:39,295 --> 00:13:41,687 We're talking about eight miles an hour, 294 00:13:41,689 --> 00:13:43,372 But it's torpedo proof, 295 00:13:43,374 --> 00:13:45,624 And it's got anti-aircraft guns on it, 296 00:13:45,626 --> 00:13:47,784 And you can launch fighters off of it. 297 00:13:47,786 --> 00:13:49,294 So how cool is that? 298 00:13:49,931 --> 00:13:52,881 - [dan] building a huge warship from ice is one thing. 299 00:13:52,883 --> 00:13:55,801 Keeping it from melting is another challenge. 300 00:13:56,437 --> 00:13:58,879 - Pyke creates this kind of indestructible material. 301 00:13:58,881 --> 00:14:03,275 It's 14% wood pulp, 86% ice, he calls it pykrete. 302 00:14:03,277 --> 00:14:06,888 And this is going to reinforce the hull of what he believes 303 00:14:06,890 --> 00:14:11,316 Is going to be an indestructible floating airstrip 304 00:14:11,318 --> 00:14:14,270 For the allied forces to retake u-boat alley 305 00:14:14,272 --> 00:14:16,639 From the german war machine. 306 00:14:17,558 --> 00:14:20,334 - If the allies can pull this off, churchill will have 307 00:14:20,336 --> 00:14:23,571 The most incredible secret weapon in the war. 308 00:14:24,832 --> 00:14:26,723 - They decide that they're gonna build a prototype 309 00:14:26,725 --> 00:14:29,285 Of the habakkuk on lake patricia in canada. 310 00:14:29,287 --> 00:14:32,113 They have kind of an endless supply of ice. 311 00:14:32,115 --> 00:14:35,541 Ultimately, it's about 60 feet in length. 312 00:14:35,543 --> 00:14:38,169 It's not the most attractive thing. 313 00:14:38,962 --> 00:14:42,732 It is described as sort of a floating, frozen shoebox. 314 00:14:42,734 --> 00:14:46,510 However, when they shoot a ton of torpedoes at it, 315 00:14:47,672 --> 00:14:50,914 It stays afloat and is relatively unscathed, 316 00:14:51,934 --> 00:14:55,752 Further proving this could potentially be a game changer 317 00:14:55,754 --> 00:14:57,362 In the allied war effort. 318 00:14:57,364 --> 00:14:59,081 - [dan] after the successful test, 319 00:14:59,083 --> 00:15:03,185 Churchill decides it's time to build the mile-long habakkuk, 320 00:15:03,187 --> 00:15:06,205 But that's much easier said than done. 321 00:15:06,207 --> 00:15:09,050 - The entire operation demands more 322 00:15:09,052 --> 00:15:11,327 In the way of raw materials and resources 323 00:15:11,329 --> 00:15:12,695 Than ever dreamed of. 324 00:15:12,697 --> 00:15:16,581 It requires steel, steel as a part of this cooling system 325 00:15:16,583 --> 00:15:17,774 That will make it possible 326 00:15:17,776 --> 00:15:19,685 For the iceberg to survive longer. 327 00:15:19,687 --> 00:15:21,778 And steel is a valued commodity 328 00:15:21,780 --> 00:15:24,389 At this stage during the second world war. 329 00:15:24,391 --> 00:15:28,393 - The cost of building the full habakkuk ship 330 00:15:28,395 --> 00:15:32,198 Will be two and a half million pounds. 331 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:34,867 - That's where churchill just says it's not worth it. 332 00:15:34,869 --> 00:15:38,287 He cancels development of the hms habakkuk 333 00:15:38,289 --> 00:15:41,165 And stops all testing in canada. 334 00:15:41,167 --> 00:15:43,809 - [dan] think water-based weapons can't get more weird 335 00:15:43,811 --> 00:15:46,237 Than an iceberg aircraft carrier? 336 00:15:47,048 --> 00:15:49,565 How about weaponizing flipper? 337 00:15:50,234 --> 00:15:52,827 - Dolphins are kind of the hippies of the sea. 338 00:15:52,829 --> 00:15:56,138 They're very loving, they're very friendly. 339 00:15:56,140 --> 00:15:59,007 We don't think of them as helping a war effort. 340 00:15:59,009 --> 00:16:01,176 - [dan] but from the cuban missile crisis onwards, 341 00:16:01,178 --> 00:16:04,004 Trained dolphins are successfully deployed in vietnam 342 00:16:04,006 --> 00:16:09,110 And iraq to complete missions no human would dare take on. 343 00:16:09,112 --> 00:16:11,737 - Dolphins show an incredible acuity 344 00:16:11,739 --> 00:16:15,165 In terms of spotting mines below the surface of the water. 345 00:16:15,167 --> 00:16:18,244 Essentially, they use their echo location 346 00:16:18,246 --> 00:16:20,312 To determine where the mine is. 347 00:16:20,314 --> 00:16:21,564 - If the dolphin finds a mine, 348 00:16:21,566 --> 00:16:25,509 The dolphin will ascend to the surface and tap a buoy, 349 00:16:25,511 --> 00:16:28,595 At which point the animal will be given a reward. 350 00:16:29,390 --> 00:16:33,442 - [dan] next, the navy tries using dolphins as assassins. 351 00:16:33,444 --> 00:16:34,943 - So in vietnam, these dolphins 352 00:16:34,945 --> 00:16:38,021 Have a hypodermic needle attached to their snout. 353 00:16:38,023 --> 00:16:39,414 Gas is inside of it. 354 00:16:39,416 --> 00:16:42,601 The diver who gets poked by the gas, they don't die. 355 00:16:42,603 --> 00:16:44,044 They just float to the surface. 356 00:16:44,046 --> 00:16:45,454 - It might seem like the dolphin is being friendly, 357 00:16:45,456 --> 00:16:48,457 But then pop, you get stabbed with this hypodermic needle 358 00:16:48,459 --> 00:16:49,975 And you're rocketing to the surface 359 00:16:49,977 --> 00:16:51,794 Where they can be apprehended. 360 00:16:52,630 --> 00:16:54,947 - [dan] incredibly, dolphins are still being used 361 00:16:54,949 --> 00:16:56,432 As secret weapons today 362 00:16:56,434 --> 00:16:59,885 And the us isn't the only superpower relying on them. 363 00:17:00,587 --> 00:17:02,712 - The russian navy has two dolphin pens 364 00:17:02,714 --> 00:17:07,150 Near the sevastopol harbor in the entrance to the black sea. 365 00:17:07,152 --> 00:17:09,795 - Famously, the russians move these dolphins 366 00:17:09,797 --> 00:17:13,723 To patrol this key tactical harbor in sevastopol 367 00:17:13,725 --> 00:17:18,179 To protect the ships that are incredibly high value 368 00:17:18,181 --> 00:17:20,730 To the russian war effort. 369 00:17:20,732 --> 00:17:22,257 - The ukrainians are using divers 370 00:17:22,259 --> 00:17:25,335 That can conduct attacks against russian naval bases. 371 00:17:25,337 --> 00:17:26,903 And in response to that, the russians 372 00:17:26,905 --> 00:17:29,514 Have introduced weaponized dolphins. 373 00:17:29,516 --> 00:17:33,268 - They are tasked with anti-diver operations 374 00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:36,037 To stop any potential sabotage. 375 00:17:36,039 --> 00:17:39,116 The belief is that the dolphins 376 00:17:39,118 --> 00:17:43,587 Would ram any potential human being below the water, 377 00:17:43,589 --> 00:17:46,265 Thinking they were a suspected enemy. 378 00:17:46,959 --> 00:17:48,508 - [dan] and it's not just dolphins 379 00:17:48,510 --> 00:17:49,668 Serving their countries. 380 00:17:49,670 --> 00:17:53,430 Can you imagine a whale in the role of 007? 381 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:59,161 - The russian navy has spy whales patrolling the arctic, 382 00:17:59,163 --> 00:18:01,955 Running surveillance, protecting its ports, 383 00:18:01,957 --> 00:18:02,956 Protecting its ships, 384 00:18:02,958 --> 00:18:05,784 And letting it know where the enemy is. 385 00:18:06,453 --> 00:18:07,786 - [dan] this russian secret weapon 386 00:18:07,788 --> 00:18:13,225 Is about to become not so secret and you won't believe how. 387 00:18:13,227 --> 00:18:15,076 (mysterious music) 388 00:18:15,078 --> 00:18:17,546 - A bunch of norwegian fishermen are out 389 00:18:17,548 --> 00:18:19,715 And a friendly beluga whale just kind of swims up 390 00:18:19,717 --> 00:18:22,125 To their boat and they realize it's wearing some kind 391 00:18:22,127 --> 00:18:27,497 Of a strappy harness thing, sort of like a gopro rig. 392 00:18:27,499 --> 00:18:29,633 - And when they look closer at it, 393 00:18:29,635 --> 00:18:31,877 They find that in cyrillic characters, 394 00:18:31,879 --> 00:18:33,970 It says, "property of st. Petersburg." 395 00:18:33,972 --> 00:18:37,824 It provides evidence that the animal has been equipped 396 00:18:37,826 --> 00:18:40,068 With this package of equipment that was made 397 00:18:40,070 --> 00:18:42,054 By the russian federation. 398 00:18:42,056 --> 00:18:44,373 - [dan] as for the fate of the beluga whale spy 399 00:18:44,375 --> 00:18:46,709 That the norwegian fishermen found. 400 00:18:46,711 --> 00:18:50,245 - The funny thing is, that whale essentially defects 401 00:18:50,247 --> 00:18:54,566 And goes to norway where it is renamed hvaldimir, 402 00:18:54,568 --> 00:18:58,512 As an homage and maybe poking fun at vladimir putin. 403 00:18:59,331 --> 00:19:00,605 - This beluga james bond 404 00:19:00,607 --> 00:19:03,367 Is certainly living his best life in norway. 405 00:19:03,369 --> 00:19:05,093 If the idea of whales 406 00:19:05,095 --> 00:19:05,418 If the idea of whales 407 00:19:06,096 --> 00:19:08,247 As a weapon strikes you as truly strange, 408 00:19:08,249 --> 00:19:11,609 Wait 'til you see our next unbelievable weapon. 409 00:19:14,288 --> 00:19:17,072 - In the late 1950s, the us is looking for a way 410 00:19:17,074 --> 00:19:18,431 To take down communism. 411 00:19:18,433 --> 00:19:19,491 Their solution? 412 00:19:19,493 --> 00:19:23,703 A weird weapon that might be too explosive. 413 00:19:23,705 --> 00:19:25,914 (tense music) 414 00:19:25,916 --> 00:19:28,500 - At one of the peaks of the cold war, 415 00:19:28,502 --> 00:19:30,502 The us navy and the us air force 416 00:19:30,504 --> 00:19:32,688 Are the two services leading the way 417 00:19:32,690 --> 00:19:34,815 In america's nuclear arsenal. 418 00:19:34,817 --> 00:19:36,124 (explosion booming) 419 00:19:36,126 --> 00:19:37,843 But the army wants to find some way 420 00:19:37,845 --> 00:19:40,846 To use nuclear devices in its own activities, 421 00:19:40,848 --> 00:19:42,798 Notably in the field. 422 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:44,783 - What if, on the battlefield, 423 00:19:44,785 --> 00:19:47,302 A confrontation with soviet russia, 424 00:19:47,304 --> 00:19:49,896 We have a portable nuclear weapon, 425 00:19:49,898 --> 00:19:54,485 A nuclear bomb attached to the end of a bazooka? 426 00:19:55,196 --> 00:19:58,647 That is a battle winning idea. 427 00:19:58,649 --> 00:20:00,174 (tense music) 428 00:20:00,176 --> 00:20:02,259 - [dan] they call it the davy crockett 429 00:20:02,261 --> 00:20:04,078 And it packs a potent punch. 430 00:20:04,080 --> 00:20:05,971 - The davy crockett weapon system 431 00:20:05,973 --> 00:20:08,657 Fires a 20-ton nuclear warhead. 432 00:20:08,659 --> 00:20:10,476 Anything in its immediate vicinity 433 00:20:10,478 --> 00:20:13,753 Is gonna be reduced to ash, rubble. 434 00:20:13,755 --> 00:20:16,131 (explosion booming) 435 00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:19,592 - It's great at eradicating your enemies. 436 00:20:19,594 --> 00:20:24,139 It's also great at eradicating your allies. 437 00:20:24,141 --> 00:20:25,507 - [dan] therein lies the king 438 00:20:25,509 --> 00:20:28,693 Of the wild frontier's little problem. 439 00:20:28,695 --> 00:20:31,254 - It uses radioactive material, 440 00:20:31,256 --> 00:20:34,199 And the men who are deploying this device 441 00:20:34,201 --> 00:20:35,484 Are going to be very close to it, 442 00:20:35,486 --> 00:20:38,854 So they're at risk of radiation poisoning. 443 00:20:38,856 --> 00:20:40,372 - What they actually tell them to do 444 00:20:40,374 --> 00:20:44,192 Is safely fire the weapon, hide behind cover. 445 00:20:44,194 --> 00:20:47,763 Don't look at the bright flash, get away as quickly as possible. 446 00:20:47,765 --> 00:20:50,957 That way you don't suffer from nuclear fallout. 447 00:20:50,959 --> 00:20:52,250 - [dan] believe it or not, 448 00:20:52,252 --> 00:20:55,887 Friendly fire radiation isn't the only issue. 449 00:20:55,889 --> 00:21:00,633 - Deploying nuclear weapons on a battlefront 450 00:21:00,635 --> 00:21:04,471 Is a guaranteed way to start an escalation 451 00:21:04,473 --> 00:21:05,830 To global nuclear war. 452 00:21:05,832 --> 00:21:09,125 It won't just stop with the davy crockett. 453 00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:12,545 - The army starts recalling the weapon. 454 00:21:12,547 --> 00:21:13,872 The official reason 455 00:21:13,874 --> 00:21:17,501 Is that they are not accurate enough for combat. 456 00:21:17,503 --> 00:21:19,611 (explosion booming) 457 00:21:20,989 --> 00:21:24,066 - Well, I think the threat of possibly ending civilization 458 00:21:24,068 --> 00:21:26,994 As we know it merits a change of pace 459 00:21:26,996 --> 00:21:30,814 To a weird weapon of less destruction. 460 00:21:30,816 --> 00:21:32,690 (pensive music) 461 00:21:32,692 --> 00:21:36,178 - The year's 1991, we are in the somali civil war. 462 00:21:36,180 --> 00:21:39,672 At the time, the united nations is sent there solely 463 00:21:39,674 --> 00:21:40,899 As a peacekeeping force. 464 00:21:40,901 --> 00:21:44,445 They don't have any weapons, nor do they want any weapons 465 00:21:44,447 --> 00:21:46,889 That are going to lead to a lethal end. 466 00:21:46,891 --> 00:21:50,108 - There are very few less-than-lethal weapons 467 00:21:50,110 --> 00:21:53,679 Out there that aren't truly less than lethal. 468 00:21:53,681 --> 00:21:55,355 Rubber bullets will kill people. 469 00:21:55,357 --> 00:21:57,775 You can use a taser, that can kill people. 470 00:21:58,652 --> 00:22:00,952 - [dan] un forces need a new kind of weapon 471 00:22:00,954 --> 00:22:04,180 They can be 100% sure is non-lethal. 472 00:22:04,182 --> 00:22:07,325 - The un decides that their non-lethal approach 473 00:22:07,327 --> 00:22:10,612 Is going to be a sticky foam gun. 474 00:22:10,614 --> 00:22:14,950 It's kinda like the proton pack from "the ghostbusters." 475 00:22:14,952 --> 00:22:16,151 (foam whooshing) 476 00:22:16,153 --> 00:22:18,103 - [dan] but what this weapon discharges 477 00:22:18,105 --> 00:22:21,322 Is far different from subatomic particles. 478 00:22:21,324 --> 00:22:22,924 - You have a backpack on your back 479 00:22:22,926 --> 00:22:24,885 With a hose that goes over your shoulder 480 00:22:24,887 --> 00:22:27,479 And you spray your victim with a foam 481 00:22:27,481 --> 00:22:29,615 That once it hits air, it hardens up 482 00:22:29,617 --> 00:22:31,291 And expands onto your victim. 483 00:22:31,293 --> 00:22:32,384 (foam squirting) 484 00:22:32,386 --> 00:22:34,970 - The gelatinous sludge hits them, it overwhelms them 485 00:22:34,972 --> 00:22:38,832 To where the person, covered in this foam, loses the ability 486 00:22:38,834 --> 00:22:40,692 To manipulate their arms and legs 487 00:22:40,694 --> 00:22:43,178 Because they can't struggle against it any longer. 488 00:22:43,180 --> 00:22:46,148 - [dan] in theory, it sounds like the perfect weapon. 489 00:22:46,150 --> 00:22:48,316 In practice, not so much. 490 00:22:48,318 --> 00:22:51,578 - When the sticky foam gun is fired at someone, 491 00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:55,173 It does take several seconds for the chemical to harden 492 00:22:55,175 --> 00:22:56,900 Before it finally holds someone in place. 493 00:22:56,902 --> 00:22:58,827 - So that person, if they're dangerous 494 00:22:58,829 --> 00:23:00,312 And you hit 'em with the foam, 495 00:23:00,314 --> 00:23:02,071 They're gonna remain dangerous for a few moments 496 00:23:02,073 --> 00:23:04,650 Before the foam incapacitates them. 497 00:23:04,652 --> 00:23:06,844 - [dan] but the biggest issue of all? 498 00:23:07,638 --> 00:23:09,671 - If you don't aim exactly right, 499 00:23:09,673 --> 00:23:12,783 You can get it in someone's mouth or nose 500 00:23:12,785 --> 00:23:14,493 And you can suffocate them. 501 00:23:14,495 --> 00:23:15,644 Eventually, the plan is scrapped 502 00:23:15,646 --> 00:23:19,481 And they shut down this program for this sticky foam gun, 503 00:23:19,483 --> 00:23:23,943 Mostly because it does have the potential for lethality. 504 00:23:23,945 --> 00:23:25,020 (foam whooshing) 505 00:23:25,022 --> 00:23:28,023 - [dan] what could be weirder than a weapon spewing foam? 506 00:23:28,692 --> 00:23:31,276 How about one that makes you spew? 507 00:23:31,278 --> 00:23:33,911 - America is trying to figure out all sorts of ways 508 00:23:33,913 --> 00:23:37,524 To take out anyone that might want to harm the security 509 00:23:37,526 --> 00:23:40,686 Of these united states, foreign or domestic. 510 00:23:40,688 --> 00:23:42,671 One of these weapons is created 511 00:23:42,673 --> 00:23:44,506 By the department of homeland security 512 00:23:44,508 --> 00:23:47,359 And it costs $1 million to produce, 513 00:23:47,361 --> 00:23:52,514 And it is known officially as an led incapacitator. 514 00:23:53,834 --> 00:23:55,050 - It looks like a flashlight, 515 00:23:55,052 --> 00:23:58,220 But instead of having one big light bulb, it has a series 516 00:23:58,222 --> 00:24:01,906 Of small led light bulbs that flash at different colors 517 00:24:01,908 --> 00:24:04,610 And different intensities in a waving pattern. 518 00:24:04,612 --> 00:24:06,394 - Let's say you have somebody coming at you, 519 00:24:06,396 --> 00:24:10,032 An unarmed attacker, so you can't use lethal force, 520 00:24:10,034 --> 00:24:11,616 But you wanna stop them. 521 00:24:11,618 --> 00:24:15,454 You could hit them in the face with this led incapacitator. 522 00:24:16,456 --> 00:24:19,241 They'll stop and then you have to worry 523 00:24:19,243 --> 00:24:22,835 About cleaning them up after you get them in handcuffs. 524 00:24:22,837 --> 00:24:24,922 - [dan] that's because of the led incapacitator's 525 00:24:24,924 --> 00:24:28,925 Unpleasant side effect, giving it a rather fitting nickname. 526 00:24:28,927 --> 00:24:31,177 - The puke ray gun. 527 00:24:31,179 --> 00:24:32,346 (man vomiting) 528 00:24:32,348 --> 00:24:34,589 - If your stomach is not up to par, 529 00:24:34,591 --> 00:24:36,775 You'll vomit on yourself. 530 00:24:36,777 --> 00:24:39,335 - With these bright led lights that are 531 00:24:39,337 --> 00:24:42,021 Being targeted at an individual or a group of people, 532 00:24:42,023 --> 00:24:43,606 They're also changing colors very rapidly 533 00:24:43,608 --> 00:24:46,526 And can lead an individual to experience a bout 534 00:24:46,528 --> 00:24:49,029 Of dizziness, vertigo, if you will, 535 00:24:49,031 --> 00:24:52,473 Which could then lead to someone puking. 536 00:24:52,475 --> 00:24:55,369 - [dan] in 2008, the la county sheriff's department 537 00:24:55,371 --> 00:24:58,247 Funds testing of the puke ray gun. 538 00:24:58,249 --> 00:25:00,098 Can it possibly work? 539 00:25:00,784 --> 00:25:03,952 - While the led incapacitator does get the job done, 540 00:25:03,954 --> 00:25:06,438 The la county sheriff's department also thinks about, 541 00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:09,724 Well, what happens if the nefarious people 542 00:25:09,726 --> 00:25:11,376 Get their own puke ray gun 543 00:25:11,378 --> 00:25:14,796 And then they in turn use it on us? 544 00:25:15,432 --> 00:25:18,149 - [dan] ultimately, the government shelves the project, 545 00:25:18,151 --> 00:25:21,477 But it's not the last we hear of the puke ray. 546 00:25:21,479 --> 00:25:25,457 - A few years later, a hacker by the name of limor fried, 547 00:25:25,459 --> 00:25:27,568 Who goes by the name ladyada, 548 00:25:27,570 --> 00:25:30,295 Is able to recreate the puke gun. 549 00:25:30,297 --> 00:25:32,639 All it takes is a quick trip to sears 550 00:25:32,641 --> 00:25:34,983 Where she buys some cheap led lights 551 00:25:34,985 --> 00:25:36,784 And she hooks them up to a battery 552 00:25:36,786 --> 00:25:39,579 And a fan she ripped out of her pc. 553 00:25:39,581 --> 00:25:40,739 - And it works. 554 00:25:40,741 --> 00:25:42,023 (lights whooshing) 555 00:25:42,025 --> 00:25:44,960 Her homemade puke ray gun actually works 556 00:25:44,962 --> 00:25:47,546 And it only cost $250. 557 00:25:48,524 --> 00:25:51,933 And somehow, it cost the homeland security department 558 00:25:51,935 --> 00:25:54,936 Almost a million to build the same thing. 559 00:25:54,938 --> 00:25:56,972 (light whooshing) 560 00:26:00,043 --> 00:26:01,393 - It's 184 bce 561 00:26:01,395 --> 00:26:04,871 And hannibal is an naval battle with king eumenes ii. 562 00:26:04,873 --> 00:26:08,107 At stake, control of what is now turkey. 563 00:26:08,109 --> 00:26:11,035 Luckily, hannibal has a genius plan 564 00:26:11,037 --> 00:26:14,597 That will go on to inspire a long lineage of weapons 565 00:26:14,599 --> 00:26:18,101 Designed to launch weird things at the enemy. 566 00:26:18,103 --> 00:26:20,412 (tense music) 567 00:26:21,956 --> 00:26:24,199 - Hannibal has one ship. 568 00:26:24,201 --> 00:26:26,609 Eumenes, 425 ships. 569 00:26:26,611 --> 00:26:28,378 425 versus one? 570 00:26:29,189 --> 00:26:31,214 Eumenes is gonna crush him. 571 00:26:31,216 --> 00:26:33,050 - Hannibal has an idea. 572 00:26:33,052 --> 00:26:38,805 He tells his men to create what are essentially snake bombs. 573 00:26:39,908 --> 00:26:41,132 - Hannibal and his crew, 574 00:26:41,134 --> 00:26:43,401 They take these very, very venomous snakes 575 00:26:43,403 --> 00:26:45,378 And they put these snakes in clay pots, 576 00:26:45,380 --> 00:26:47,064 Then put these clay pots on catapults 577 00:26:47,066 --> 00:26:51,409 And fling these clay pots into the air at the enemy ships. 578 00:26:51,411 --> 00:26:54,579 The snakes come exploding out of these clay pots 579 00:26:54,581 --> 00:26:55,997 And immediately they're agitated, 580 00:26:55,999 --> 00:26:57,399 Which means they're gonna start attacking anything 581 00:26:57,401 --> 00:27:01,653 That's near them, which happens to be eumenes ii's sailors. 582 00:27:02,313 --> 00:27:06,090 - In a naval military conflict, the last thing you expect 583 00:27:06,092 --> 00:27:08,960 To be launched at you are snakes. 584 00:27:08,962 --> 00:27:11,579 (soldiers yelling) (snakes hissing) 585 00:27:11,581 --> 00:27:14,907 - Hannibal wins the day and ends up ruling 586 00:27:14,909 --> 00:27:18,345 That stretch of the sea, at least for now. 587 00:27:19,198 --> 00:27:21,138 - Snakes on a boat? 588 00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:23,174 Sounds like a pretty good movie idea. 589 00:27:23,176 --> 00:27:25,610 But hannibal's catapult tactic has nothing 590 00:27:25,612 --> 00:27:28,021 On one devised by the mongols. 591 00:27:29,082 --> 00:27:32,049 - So it's the early part of the 13th century 592 00:27:32,051 --> 00:27:36,588 And the golden hoard, a mighty massive military force 593 00:27:36,590 --> 00:27:40,525 Led by genghis khan, overtakes most of asia, 594 00:27:40,527 --> 00:27:42,193 Is on their way to europe, 595 00:27:42,195 --> 00:27:45,497 And takes over the crimean peninsula. 596 00:27:49,044 --> 00:27:53,696 - The genoese, italian traitors from genoa, 597 00:27:53,698 --> 00:27:56,674 They'd love to have power 598 00:27:56,676 --> 00:28:01,896 And a trading post in crimea from the city of caffa. 599 00:28:01,898 --> 00:28:03,222 - The mongols strike a deal 600 00:28:03,224 --> 00:28:05,984 Where the genoese can stay in the walled city of caffa 601 00:28:05,986 --> 00:28:08,686 And they can trade from that city. 602 00:28:08,688 --> 00:28:11,214 - All goes really well for some time 603 00:28:11,216 --> 00:28:15,527 Until we have a new khan, jani beg. 604 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:20,948 Jani beg khan wants caffa back. 605 00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:22,984 The genoese refuse. 606 00:28:22,986 --> 00:28:27,079 So, what are they to do but besiege caffa 607 00:28:27,081 --> 00:28:29,491 To get rid of the genoese traders? 608 00:28:29,493 --> 00:28:32,002 (suspenseful music) 609 00:28:32,821 --> 00:28:33,995 - [dan] two years in, 610 00:28:33,997 --> 00:28:36,431 The mongols develop a serious problem. 611 00:28:37,342 --> 00:28:42,411 - Suddenly, men in the mongol army are dying in droves. 612 00:28:42,413 --> 00:28:45,081 - Jani beg is seeing his soldiers fall left and right. 613 00:28:45,083 --> 00:28:49,027 He's thinking, how are we gonna continue a siege like this? 614 00:28:49,029 --> 00:28:51,705 - At the same time, the genoese look over this wall 615 00:28:51,707 --> 00:28:54,607 And they're starting to see this powerful mongol army 616 00:28:54,609 --> 00:28:59,337 Writhing in pain on the fields, vomiting, just bleeding. 617 00:28:59,339 --> 00:29:01,989 And they think to themselves, we've won. 618 00:29:01,991 --> 00:29:03,116 They're too sick to fight. 619 00:29:03,118 --> 00:29:04,792 There's no way that they're gonna be able 620 00:29:04,794 --> 00:29:06,144 To take over the city from us. 621 00:29:06,146 --> 00:29:09,881 We get to keep it, the day is ours, hurrah. 622 00:29:09,883 --> 00:29:11,449 - [dan] that's when the golden hoard 623 00:29:11,451 --> 00:29:13,643 Of mongols' fearless leader devises a plan 624 00:29:13,645 --> 00:29:18,189 That is both unbelievable and, well, disgusting. 625 00:29:19,059 --> 00:29:24,012 - They filled a trebuchet with their most foul smelling, 626 00:29:24,014 --> 00:29:27,015 Worst looking, rotting, bloated corpses 627 00:29:27,017 --> 00:29:29,233 And launched them into the city in the hopes 628 00:29:29,235 --> 00:29:33,396 That the smell alone will drive the residents out. 629 00:29:35,842 --> 00:29:38,050 - They're bloated bodies, they're corpses. 630 00:29:38,052 --> 00:29:43,398 So when they hit, they're exploding on impact. 631 00:29:44,134 --> 00:29:48,403 Just stuff is just oozing from all sorts of gaps 632 00:29:48,405 --> 00:29:49,830 And crevices in these bodies. 633 00:29:49,832 --> 00:29:52,907 - The genoese are inside going, man, 634 00:29:52,909 --> 00:29:56,327 We know we have to do something with all these dead bodies. 635 00:29:56,329 --> 00:30:00,239 So they start loading them into wagons 636 00:30:00,241 --> 00:30:04,219 And carrying them to the river and dumping them in. 637 00:30:05,138 --> 00:30:06,495 (water splashing) 638 00:30:06,497 --> 00:30:08,431 - Problem solved, right? 639 00:30:08,433 --> 00:30:10,599 Nope, turns out the genoese 640 00:30:10,601 --> 00:30:13,311 Are victims of a new form of warfare. 641 00:30:14,514 --> 00:30:15,981 - As they're collecting these bodies 642 00:30:15,983 --> 00:30:17,606 And starting to dump them, they're noticing 643 00:30:17,608 --> 00:30:19,525 That they're also starting to get sick, 644 00:30:19,527 --> 00:30:22,345 And they're also starting to have the same symptoms 645 00:30:22,347 --> 00:30:24,847 That the mongols did outside of the city. 646 00:30:24,849 --> 00:30:29,427 They are now writhing in pain and they realize, oh my god, 647 00:30:29,429 --> 00:30:32,122 We've got the same thing that they got. 648 00:30:33,266 --> 00:30:34,949 - [dan] what the genoese got 649 00:30:34,951 --> 00:30:38,169 Is none other than one of the most infectious diseases. 650 00:30:39,047 --> 00:30:41,030 - The disease that jani beg 651 00:30:41,032 --> 00:30:44,066 And the mongols have hit the genoese with 652 00:30:44,068 --> 00:30:45,451 Is the bubonic plague. 653 00:30:45,453 --> 00:30:47,879 (tense music) 654 00:30:48,539 --> 00:30:49,948 - So jani beg khan's original idea 655 00:30:49,950 --> 00:30:51,390 Was to just stink these people out. 656 00:30:51,392 --> 00:30:53,100 But now he's realizing, oh my god, 657 00:30:53,102 --> 00:30:55,745 I can get them just as sick as my men. 658 00:30:55,747 --> 00:30:57,472 So the bodies keep coming over the wall. 659 00:30:57,474 --> 00:31:00,158 He has no shame in throwing these men, 660 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:01,425 Flinging them over the walls, 661 00:31:01,427 --> 00:31:03,319 Just watching them explode on impact 662 00:31:03,321 --> 00:31:05,363 And getting these genoese people sick. 663 00:31:07,233 --> 00:31:09,083 - [dan] the black plague trebuchet 664 00:31:09,085 --> 00:31:10,726 Is easily the weirdest example 665 00:31:10,728 --> 00:31:13,370 Of biological weaponry in human history 666 00:31:13,372 --> 00:31:17,042 And its impact will reach far beyond the walls of caffa. 667 00:31:17,853 --> 00:31:20,695 - The mongols retreat south of caffa 668 00:31:20,697 --> 00:31:23,965 And all the genoese abandoned the city, 669 00:31:23,967 --> 00:31:26,993 Board boats towards europe. 670 00:31:26,995 --> 00:31:31,156 And what they begin to do in their retreat 671 00:31:31,158 --> 00:31:34,267 Is spread the black plague through europe. 672 00:31:36,204 --> 00:31:39,781 - Is jani beg kahn responsible for infecting most of europe 673 00:31:39,783 --> 00:31:40,798 And killing 25 million people? 674 00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:42,033 And killing 25 million people? 675 00:31:42,035 --> 00:31:43,426 Hard to say. 676 00:31:43,428 --> 00:31:45,036 One thing's for certain, 677 00:31:45,038 --> 00:31:48,022 By flinging diseased bodies over a wall, 678 00:31:48,024 --> 00:31:51,618 He devised an impressive weapon of mass destruction. 679 00:31:54,605 --> 00:31:57,348 - Inflatable tanks, dummy military camps, 680 00:31:57,350 --> 00:31:59,708 It's all part of a bold operation aimed 681 00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:01,953 At defeating hitler during world war ii. 682 00:32:02,889 --> 00:32:05,398 - During the buildup that precedes the d-day invasion 683 00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,860 In June 1944, allied forces engage 684 00:32:08,862 --> 00:32:11,513 In a significant psychological operation, 685 00:32:11,515 --> 00:32:13,031 We create a ghost army, 686 00:32:13,033 --> 00:32:15,933 An army that does not actually exist. 687 00:32:15,935 --> 00:32:19,020 - The us army wants to lead the nazis to believe 688 00:32:19,022 --> 00:32:22,982 That their numbers are far greater than they actually are. 689 00:32:22,984 --> 00:32:25,326 Make it look one way to provide cover 690 00:32:25,328 --> 00:32:27,545 For the real troop movements that are taking place 691 00:32:27,547 --> 00:32:29,897 In other spaces, more critical spaces. 692 00:32:29,899 --> 00:32:33,702 - We create encampments that are populated by no one. 693 00:32:34,754 --> 00:32:38,373 We play recordings of the sound that would be a part 694 00:32:38,375 --> 00:32:40,424 Of a regular military camp. 695 00:32:40,426 --> 00:32:43,753 We famously create inflatable tanks, 696 00:32:43,755 --> 00:32:44,938 Tanks that on the ground, 697 00:32:44,940 --> 00:32:46,397 If you looked at them from 10 feet away, 698 00:32:46,399 --> 00:32:49,584 You'd realize that's an inflatable tank, what is that? 699 00:32:49,586 --> 00:32:52,328 But to a german photo reconnaissance aircraft 700 00:32:52,330 --> 00:32:55,956 At 25,000 feet above, looking down and taking photos, 701 00:32:55,958 --> 00:32:57,934 It's gonna look like a real tank. 702 00:32:57,936 --> 00:33:00,477 (tense music) 703 00:33:00,479 --> 00:33:03,672 - And so, they are a masterful deception unit, 704 00:33:03,674 --> 00:33:05,850 Which actually does in fact, fool the nazis 705 00:33:05,852 --> 00:33:08,519 And gets the nazis to divert resources away 706 00:33:08,521 --> 00:33:10,588 From the real operations. 707 00:33:10,590 --> 00:33:12,749 - [dan] but the most unconventional use 708 00:33:12,751 --> 00:33:16,894 Of ghost warfare happens much later, during the vietnam war. 709 00:33:16,896 --> 00:33:18,538 It's perhaps the us military's 710 00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:21,249 Weirdest psychological weapon ever. 711 00:33:22,060 --> 00:33:24,919 (tape squealing) 712 00:33:26,531 --> 00:33:30,883 - The war in vietnam in the early 1970s is guerilla warfare 713 00:33:30,885 --> 00:33:33,878 And you can't always fight fire with fire. 714 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:38,707 - Bullets and bombs are not demoralizing your enemy enough. 715 00:33:38,709 --> 00:33:39,984 You need something more. 716 00:33:39,986 --> 00:33:42,437 So you call up your psychological warfare friends 717 00:33:42,439 --> 00:33:45,065 In that battalion and they give you a few ideas. 718 00:33:45,067 --> 00:33:48,993 In this case, recordings of souls. 719 00:33:49,629 --> 00:33:53,314 - [dan] could an enemy, unfazed by superior firepower, 720 00:33:53,316 --> 00:33:57,177 Be vulnerable to something more supernatural? 721 00:33:58,037 --> 00:33:59,754 - American military officials believed 722 00:33:59,756 --> 00:34:02,290 That they can capitalize on some of the superstitions 723 00:34:02,292 --> 00:34:05,251 Of the vietnamese people, particularly around death, 724 00:34:05,253 --> 00:34:07,796 And this idea that if a person dies in a space 725 00:34:07,798 --> 00:34:10,589 That's not their homeland, that they'll be condemned 726 00:34:10,591 --> 00:34:12,533 To wander for all eternity. 727 00:34:12,535 --> 00:34:15,670 What if they were to come up with a psychological operation 728 00:34:15,672 --> 00:34:17,855 That would play on those fears? 729 00:34:17,857 --> 00:34:20,916 - Well, a bunch of naval sound engineers gather in saigon 730 00:34:20,918 --> 00:34:23,511 And they hire south vietnamese voice actors 731 00:34:23,513 --> 00:34:26,147 And they create these very eerie, 732 00:34:26,149 --> 00:34:30,017 Spooky sounding recordings that will trigger these fears 733 00:34:30,019 --> 00:34:32,003 Among north vietnamese soldiers. 734 00:34:32,531 --> 00:34:34,689 - What they do, is put these little speakers 735 00:34:34,691 --> 00:34:38,326 Throughout the jungle, up in trees, all camouflaged, 736 00:34:38,328 --> 00:34:40,829 And run the wires back to base. 737 00:34:40,831 --> 00:34:43,647 - [dan] on the night of February 10th, 1970, 738 00:34:43,649 --> 00:34:47,518 Just after dark, the us forces hit the play button 739 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:51,505 On what they call, operation wandering soul. 740 00:34:51,507 --> 00:34:53,007 (recording in vietnamese) 741 00:34:56,546 --> 00:34:58,621 - In the first tape, a young girl is heard 742 00:34:58,623 --> 00:35:01,415 Calling to her father and a man answers, 743 00:35:01,417 --> 00:35:03,768 "who is that, who's calling me?" 744 00:35:09,909 --> 00:35:13,528 - [dan] it's like "good morning, vietnam," only haunted. 745 00:35:13,530 --> 00:35:16,214 Another recording features the crying, screaming, 746 00:35:16,216 --> 00:35:18,032 And laughing of women and children. 747 00:35:18,034 --> 00:35:21,068 It's designed to be impossible to sleep through. 748 00:35:21,070 --> 00:35:25,239 The aptly named tape, "no doze." 749 00:35:25,241 --> 00:35:27,725 (crying on recording) 750 00:35:28,319 --> 00:35:31,579 - The north vietnamese soldiers know that they're speakers 751 00:35:31,581 --> 00:35:34,673 And they start using 'em for target practice, 752 00:35:35,268 --> 00:35:37,468 Not 'cause they're scared by them, that they feel 753 00:35:37,470 --> 00:35:40,405 That their ancestors are calling them back home 754 00:35:40,407 --> 00:35:42,681 To not die far afield. 755 00:35:42,683 --> 00:35:45,809 They're firing at them 'cause they're annoyed by them. 756 00:35:46,396 --> 00:35:48,671 - As the program seems to be found not really working 757 00:35:48,673 --> 00:35:50,781 As intended, they double down and they say, 758 00:35:50,783 --> 00:35:52,417 You know what we really need to do? 759 00:35:52,419 --> 00:35:54,026 We need to broadcast these sounds 760 00:35:54,028 --> 00:35:56,546 And spooky things from helicopters. 761 00:35:56,548 --> 00:35:58,406 Helicopters that are simultaneously dropping 762 00:35:58,408 --> 00:36:01,033 Leaflets urging people to surrender, 763 00:36:01,035 --> 00:36:02,693 Urging people to give up. 764 00:36:02,695 --> 00:36:04,862 - [dan] screeching cries of vietnamese women 765 00:36:04,864 --> 00:36:07,465 And children blasting from armed choppers 766 00:36:07,467 --> 00:36:12,620 Do prove terrifying, just not to the intended targets. 767 00:36:12,622 --> 00:36:15,440 - It doesn't really have an effect on the vietcong. 768 00:36:15,442 --> 00:36:19,877 What it does do is scare and really affect the locals, 769 00:36:19,879 --> 00:36:21,562 And the villagers, and the farmers. 770 00:36:21,564 --> 00:36:25,224 They're hearing these sounds and they're deeply disturbed. 771 00:36:25,226 --> 00:36:27,209 They're scared to leave the house. 772 00:36:27,211 --> 00:36:29,653 It shuts down civilian life. 773 00:36:30,290 --> 00:36:32,473 - [dan] eventually, operation wandering soul 774 00:36:32,475 --> 00:36:36,836 Becomes an invisible footnote of the vietnam war, 775 00:36:36,838 --> 00:36:39,071 But all is not lost. 776 00:36:39,073 --> 00:36:40,514 - Cool fact, operation wandering soul 777 00:36:40,516 --> 00:36:43,559 Inspires the famous scene in "apocalypse now" 778 00:36:43,561 --> 00:36:45,753 Where the helicopters are moving in on a position 779 00:36:45,755 --> 00:36:47,563 And they've got speakers on the outside of them 780 00:36:47,565 --> 00:36:49,290 And they're broadcasting for everyone 781 00:36:49,292 --> 00:36:50,250 To hear, the famous wagner piece, "ride of the valkyries." 782 00:36:50,918 --> 00:36:52,760 To hear, the famous wagner piece, "ride of the valkyries." 783 00:36:52,762 --> 00:36:54,753 So if nothing else, operation wandering soul 784 00:36:54,755 --> 00:36:56,881 Inspired a famous piece of filmmaking. 785 00:37:00,619 --> 00:37:01,585 - We've long known 786 00:37:01,587 --> 00:37:02,837 That artificial intelligence is the future. 787 00:37:02,839 --> 00:37:05,073 There's ai that can write you a shopping list, 788 00:37:05,075 --> 00:37:07,475 Park your car, or even detect illnesses. 789 00:37:07,477 --> 00:37:11,896 But did you know that soon, there will even be robots 790 00:37:11,898 --> 00:37:16,275 That can seek and destroy by their own free will? 791 00:37:16,277 --> 00:37:18,528 (tense music) 792 00:37:19,522 --> 00:37:22,056 - The current state of robotic weapons 793 00:37:22,058 --> 00:37:25,743 Has a human in the decision loop when it comes 794 00:37:25,745 --> 00:37:29,122 To pressing the button to kill someone. 795 00:37:30,683 --> 00:37:34,718 In the future, that human will be removed through some sort 796 00:37:34,720 --> 00:37:37,563 Of ai enabled technology. 797 00:37:37,565 --> 00:37:39,090 (explosion booming) 798 00:37:39,092 --> 00:37:41,459 - Artificial intelligence, machine learning, 799 00:37:41,461 --> 00:37:43,619 Computer vision, facial recognition, 800 00:37:43,621 --> 00:37:45,696 All the new technology that's out there 801 00:37:45,698 --> 00:37:48,065 Could be embedded into our weaponry 802 00:37:48,067 --> 00:37:49,700 So that it could be autonomous. 803 00:37:49,702 --> 00:37:53,704 A drone no longer needs a controller, an operator to say, 804 00:37:53,706 --> 00:37:56,316 "kill this person, drop this bomb." 805 00:37:57,818 --> 00:37:59,585 It's gonna figure it out on its own. 806 00:37:59,587 --> 00:38:01,512 - What we're going to begin seeing more and more 807 00:38:01,514 --> 00:38:03,531 Are the autonomous drone attacks. 808 00:38:04,250 --> 00:38:06,259 The drone is pre-programmed. 809 00:38:06,261 --> 00:38:08,402 So you release the drone 810 00:38:08,404 --> 00:38:10,246 And the drone flies toward its target, 811 00:38:10,248 --> 00:38:12,707 Attacks and neutralizes that target, 812 00:38:12,709 --> 00:38:16,369 And then makes its escape from the scene of crime. 813 00:38:16,371 --> 00:38:17,920 - [dan] if one killer drone capable 814 00:38:17,922 --> 00:38:21,649 Of independent thought doesn't scare you, how about a swarm 815 00:38:21,651 --> 00:38:25,553 That can coordinate without humans? 816 00:38:25,555 --> 00:38:28,573 - So in the same way that a school of fish 817 00:38:28,575 --> 00:38:31,659 Or a flock of birds can move around in space 818 00:38:31,661 --> 00:38:32,676 And coordinate with each other 819 00:38:32,678 --> 00:38:34,645 Without a lot of explicit communication, 820 00:38:34,647 --> 00:38:37,773 A decentralized drone swarm can move around in space 821 00:38:37,775 --> 00:38:40,109 And coordinate its behavior with its neighbors. 822 00:38:40,111 --> 00:38:44,405 - That ability to share information at electronic speed 823 00:38:44,407 --> 00:38:48,375 Is what makes them so ridiculously powerful. 824 00:38:48,377 --> 00:38:49,910 - [dan] strange as it may seem, 825 00:38:49,912 --> 00:38:54,189 There's already a race underway to build drones capable of this. 826 00:38:54,191 --> 00:38:56,200 - The united states, china, russia, 827 00:38:56,202 --> 00:38:59,637 They're all developing different incarnations 828 00:38:59,639 --> 00:39:01,422 Of drone swarms. 829 00:39:02,442 --> 00:39:04,066 So the pentagon has conducted tests 830 00:39:04,068 --> 00:39:05,960 Where they dropped hundreds of micro drones 831 00:39:05,962 --> 00:39:09,146 Out of a fighter jet, equipped with explosives 832 00:39:09,148 --> 00:39:10,765 To carry out kamikaze attacks. 833 00:39:10,767 --> 00:39:14,068 In real life, the military is testing this. 834 00:39:14,070 --> 00:39:16,019 - [dan] even more frightening, 835 00:39:16,021 --> 00:39:19,557 These drones can be programmed to have a mind of their own. 836 00:39:19,559 --> 00:39:22,526 - Scientists in china have developed a swarm of drones 837 00:39:22,528 --> 00:39:25,571 That can very quickly navigate through a bamboo forest. 838 00:39:26,966 --> 00:39:28,832 - The ability of the drones to communicate 839 00:39:28,834 --> 00:39:32,411 With each other allows them to track a human target 840 00:39:32,413 --> 00:39:33,804 That's walking in the bamboo forest. 841 00:39:33,806 --> 00:39:36,565 Even if the view of an individual drone is blocked, 842 00:39:36,567 --> 00:39:39,660 It is aware of the view of the other drones at the same time. 843 00:39:39,662 --> 00:39:42,179 So it is impossible for that human 844 00:39:42,181 --> 00:39:45,425 To escape the view of a swarm. 845 00:39:46,218 --> 00:39:48,185 - Now, imagine we take the same drones 846 00:39:48,187 --> 00:39:49,353 And we're looking for someone. 847 00:39:49,355 --> 00:39:51,405 So we give the data of what someone looks like. 848 00:39:51,407 --> 00:39:52,515 Through facial recognition, 849 00:39:52,517 --> 00:39:54,041 They could then search for this person, 850 00:39:54,043 --> 00:39:57,562 And if we arm them, we can make them search and destroy. 851 00:39:57,564 --> 00:40:00,589 - So you could have a drone swarm of 5, 10, 50, 852 00:40:00,591 --> 00:40:02,090 100 drones, maybe 1,000, 853 00:40:02,092 --> 00:40:05,786 And the drones will develop a strategy for attacking 854 00:40:05,788 --> 00:40:09,373 And they can improvise within that overall strategy. 855 00:40:09,375 --> 00:40:12,660 All of this not being guided by human hands, 856 00:40:12,662 --> 00:40:15,121 But by artificial intelligence. 857 00:40:15,948 --> 00:40:17,865 - I don't know about you, but this sounds 858 00:40:17,867 --> 00:40:19,867 A lot like "the terminator" to me, 859 00:40:19,869 --> 00:40:24,172 Or the kind of science fiction you hope never becomes fact. 860 00:40:25,675 --> 00:40:27,216 - It's not that hard to imagine 861 00:40:27,218 --> 00:40:30,060 Having your own private drone swarm army. 862 00:40:30,062 --> 00:40:31,970 If you've just had the technological means, 863 00:40:31,972 --> 00:40:35,032 You can use this powerful technology 864 00:40:35,034 --> 00:40:36,884 To do whatever you want. 865 00:40:36,886 --> 00:40:38,402 - [dan] it leaves us wondering, 866 00:40:38,404 --> 00:40:41,747 Is it possible to create something so powerful, 867 00:40:41,749 --> 00:40:46,560 So autonomous that we are no longer in control? 868 00:40:46,562 --> 00:40:49,496 - There will be a point where a drone swarm 869 00:40:49,498 --> 00:40:51,232 That has artificial intelligence 870 00:40:51,234 --> 00:40:53,134 Will become smarter than we are. 871 00:40:53,136 --> 00:40:55,703 - We've armed these robots, we've taught them to think, 872 00:40:55,705 --> 00:40:57,145 We've taught them to work together. 873 00:40:57,147 --> 00:41:00,482 What happens if they turn around and bite the hand that feeds it? 874 00:41:00,484 --> 00:41:03,594 - We might be releasing this artificial intelligence 875 00:41:03,596 --> 00:41:06,430 That will eventually turn on us, not as a result 876 00:41:06,432 --> 00:41:09,257 Of some science fiction script or screenplay. 877 00:41:09,259 --> 00:41:11,518 It will kill whoever encounters it 878 00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:16,840 And we might be releasing, on ourselves, our own undoing. 879 00:41:16,842 --> 00:41:19,352 (suspenseful music) 880 00:41:24,192 --> 00:41:26,583 - We've seen weapons that can stop the enemy 881 00:41:26,585 --> 00:41:30,404 Through absolute destruction, freeze them in place, 882 00:41:30,406 --> 00:41:34,892 Disable them with fear, even defect to a new home. 883 00:41:34,894 --> 00:41:37,861 If history repeats itself, as we know it often does, 884 00:41:37,863 --> 00:41:41,306 Weapons of the future will be more than weird, 885 00:41:41,308 --> 00:41:42,875 They'll be unbelievable.