1 00:00:08,708 --> 00:00:11,375 (rhythmic music) 2 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:17,542 - Imagine a man who experiments 3 00:00:17,542 --> 00:00:22,042 by sticking monkey heads somewhere they don't belong. 4 00:00:22,042 --> 00:00:24,625 - He starts thinking, can the brain still live 5 00:00:24,625 --> 00:00:26,583 outside of the body? 6 00:00:26,583 --> 00:00:27,708 If so, for how long? 7 00:00:27,708 --> 00:00:29,375 (finger snap) 8 00:00:29,375 --> 00:00:33,833 - Or a CIA plan to use a cat as a spy. 9 00:00:33,833 --> 00:00:39,000 - The CIA pumps $20 million into training and preparing cats. 10 00:00:40,083 --> 00:00:42,042 And they're looking for that perfect cat agent. 11 00:00:42,042 --> 00:00:43,708 - Or how about an experiment that tests 12 00:00:43,708 --> 00:00:46,292 if the average person could be induced to hurt 13 00:00:46,292 --> 00:00:48,125 or kill total strangers? 14 00:00:48,125 --> 00:00:49,042 (machine buzzing) 15 00:00:49,042 --> 00:00:50,042 - [Teacher] Wrong. 16 00:00:50,042 --> 00:00:51,500 (Learner screaming) 17 00:00:51,500 --> 00:00:52,500 - [Learner] You have no right to keep me here! 18 00:00:52,500 --> 00:00:53,708 Let me out! 19 00:00:53,708 --> 00:00:55,792 - These are the experiments so surprising, 20 00:00:55,792 --> 00:00:58,375 they are truly unbelievable. 21 00:01:02,292 --> 00:01:05,708 (suspenseful music) 22 00:01:11,750 --> 00:01:13,125 Humans have been searching 23 00:01:13,125 --> 00:01:16,292 for the key to eternal youth for eons. 24 00:01:16,292 --> 00:01:19,875 And that quest has led to some extremely odd experiments 25 00:01:19,875 --> 00:01:22,125 trying to hold back time. 26 00:01:22,125 --> 00:01:24,042 Perhaps the strangest is one attempted 27 00:01:24,042 --> 00:01:27,333 by a Russian named Serge a century ago. 28 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,458 (rhythmic music) 29 00:01:30,458 --> 00:01:34,125 - Serge Voronoff is a surgeon of Russian descent 30 00:01:34,125 --> 00:01:35,417 living in Paris. 31 00:01:35,417 --> 00:01:38,292 And he sets his sights on the question 32 00:01:38,292 --> 00:01:40,833 of whether there is a way to slow 33 00:01:40,833 --> 00:01:43,208 or reverse the aging process. 34 00:01:44,125 --> 00:01:45,708 - As a young medical professional, 35 00:01:45,708 --> 00:01:47,708 he seeks out guidance from 36 00:01:47,708 --> 00:01:49,625 a famous doctor of the time 37 00:01:49,625 --> 00:01:52,125 known as Alexis Carrel. 38 00:01:52,125 --> 00:01:53,625 - Working under Carrel, 39 00:01:53,625 --> 00:01:56,625 Serge learns a variety of techniques, 40 00:01:56,625 --> 00:01:58,042 including transplant, 41 00:01:58,042 --> 00:02:00,250 which is a very new surgical science 42 00:02:00,250 --> 00:02:02,208 in the early 20th century. 43 00:02:02,208 --> 00:02:07,125 And immediately, Serge begins to ponder possibilities. 44 00:02:07,125 --> 00:02:09,250 - [Dan] Serge also uncovers something surprising 45 00:02:09,250 --> 00:02:12,042 when he studies Egyptian eunuchs, 46 00:02:12,042 --> 00:02:14,208 men who've been castrated. 47 00:02:14,208 --> 00:02:18,667 - He realizes that eunuchs, after castration, 48 00:02:18,667 --> 00:02:22,625 are beset with a host of medical maladies, 49 00:02:22,625 --> 00:02:26,042 a stooping gait, respiratory problems, 50 00:02:26,042 --> 00:02:28,792 skin problems, cognitive problems. 51 00:02:28,792 --> 00:02:29,875 - It almost seems like 52 00:02:29,875 --> 00:02:31,208 they're aging faster 53 00:02:31,208 --> 00:02:33,333 than non-castrated males. 54 00:02:34,542 --> 00:02:37,542 - [Dan] This gives Serge a crazy aha moment. 55 00:02:37,542 --> 00:02:40,875 Is it possible he has just found the fountain of youth? 56 00:02:40,875 --> 00:02:42,375 - So Serge recognizes that 57 00:02:42,375 --> 00:02:44,292 if a lack of testicles 58 00:02:44,292 --> 00:02:46,333 makes you age more quickly, 59 00:02:46,333 --> 00:02:49,333 perhaps if you have new, younger testicles, 60 00:02:49,333 --> 00:02:50,583 you'd age more slowly 61 00:02:50,583 --> 00:02:53,375 or maybe even turn back the clock on aging. 62 00:02:53,375 --> 00:02:56,208 - [Dan] Hoping to unlock the key to virility, 63 00:02:56,208 --> 00:03:00,000 Serge starts to experiment with animals. 64 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,375 - He takes animals that are older and he invigorates them 65 00:03:03,375 --> 00:03:06,667 with the young testicles of other animals. 66 00:03:06,667 --> 00:03:08,958 And it turns out that it's working. 67 00:03:08,958 --> 00:03:10,958 Their coat is glossy and shiny. 68 00:03:10,958 --> 00:03:12,208 They have energy again. 69 00:03:12,208 --> 00:03:13,542 They're running around. 70 00:03:13,542 --> 00:03:16,375 They seem more sexually vigorous as well. 71 00:03:16,375 --> 00:03:19,250 - He knows that there has to be a way 72 00:03:19,250 --> 00:03:23,542 of helping humans experience this same rejuvenation. 73 00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:27,917 The problem is human testicles 74 00:03:27,917 --> 00:03:30,500 really aren't readily available. 75 00:03:30,500 --> 00:03:32,667 - He makes his next natural leap. 76 00:03:32,667 --> 00:03:35,875 And his wish is to essentially transplant 77 00:03:35,875 --> 00:03:39,625 a simian or monkey testicles onto a human subject. 78 00:03:39,625 --> 00:03:40,875 (monkeys howling) 79 00:03:40,875 --> 00:03:42,833 - [Dan] However, realizing no man in his right mind 80 00:03:42,833 --> 00:03:47,042 will consider a full testicle transplant with a monkey, 81 00:03:47,042 --> 00:03:49,167 Serge needs a workaround. 82 00:03:49,167 --> 00:03:52,333 - He intends to take slivers of tissue 83 00:03:53,208 --> 00:03:56,042 from the testicles of monkeys, 84 00:03:56,042 --> 00:03:58,792 just a few millimeters in size, 85 00:03:58,792 --> 00:04:03,042 and interpose these slivers onto the testicles 86 00:04:03,042 --> 00:04:05,375 of human subjects. 87 00:04:05,375 --> 00:04:07,875 - [Dan] Serge is certain his experiment will work. 88 00:04:07,875 --> 00:04:09,500 He just needs to find a subject. 89 00:04:09,500 --> 00:04:14,417 And in 1920, he finally finds his man, his older brother. 90 00:04:15,625 --> 00:04:16,875 And the results? 91 00:04:16,875 --> 00:04:18,833 They surprise even Serge. 92 00:04:18,833 --> 00:04:23,875 - His brother suddenly has this full ruddy face, 93 00:04:24,292 --> 00:04:25,708 is stronger, 94 00:04:25,708 --> 00:04:30,625 is really seeming much younger than his age. 95 00:04:31,833 --> 00:04:34,917 - So Serge moves to monetize his procedure. 96 00:04:34,917 --> 00:04:36,125 And so, he starts approaching 97 00:04:36,125 --> 00:04:39,125 all these rich men and showing them, 98 00:04:39,125 --> 00:04:41,208 here, here is the proof. 99 00:04:41,208 --> 00:04:43,708 I have before and after photographs. 100 00:04:43,708 --> 00:04:46,875 Serge just found the little blue pills of the 1920s. 101 00:04:46,875 --> 00:04:49,208 - [Dan] Wealthy tycoons from around the world 102 00:04:49,208 --> 00:04:51,042 sign up for the surgery, 103 00:04:51,042 --> 00:04:52,333 and monkey glands for 104 00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:54,583 millionaires is born. 105 00:04:56,708 --> 00:04:58,708 (eerie music) 106 00:04:58,708 --> 00:05:00,708 - Now he has a huge customer base, 107 00:05:00,708 --> 00:05:03,333 and he needs a supply of testicles. 108 00:05:03,333 --> 00:05:06,000 He buys a huge estate and park 109 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:10,500 and names it Voronoff Castle, where he can raise monkeys, 110 00:05:10,500 --> 00:05:14,542 specially produced for his monkey gland surgeries. 111 00:05:14,542 --> 00:05:17,083 - [Dan] Two decades and 2,000 surgeries later, 112 00:05:17,083 --> 00:05:20,708 Serge considers his testicle procedure a success. 113 00:05:20,708 --> 00:05:23,875 Has he really unlocked the secret to youth? 114 00:05:23,875 --> 00:05:26,208 - Men believed they were gaining vitality 115 00:05:26,208 --> 00:05:30,042 so they felt like they were more vital and more vigorous, 116 00:05:30,042 --> 00:05:32,167 but it's a placebo effect. 117 00:05:32,167 --> 00:05:34,250 And eventually, people figure out 118 00:05:34,250 --> 00:05:36,208 that his procedure does not work. 119 00:05:36,208 --> 00:05:38,208 Serge's gig is up. 120 00:05:38,208 --> 00:05:39,250 No one's buying it. 121 00:05:39,250 --> 00:05:40,417 He's a laughingstock. 122 00:05:40,417 --> 00:05:42,917 And he falls into obscurity. 123 00:05:42,917 --> 00:05:45,542 - Meanwhile, another doctor takes Serge's work 124 00:05:45,542 --> 00:05:48,708 to the next level, in an unlikely setting, 125 00:05:48,708 --> 00:05:52,708 death row at one of California's most notorious prisons. 126 00:05:54,333 --> 00:05:57,375 - In 1928, Buck Kelly, a 23-year-old, 127 00:05:57,375 --> 00:05:59,708 is executed at San Quentin. 128 00:05:59,708 --> 00:06:02,292 They take him to the gallows, he's hanged. 129 00:06:02,292 --> 00:06:05,125 After that's done, they take down his body 130 00:06:05,125 --> 00:06:07,000 and hand it over to the 131 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:08,917 resident medical expert, 132 00:06:08,917 --> 00:06:10,333 Leo Stanley. 133 00:06:10,333 --> 00:06:12,500 He performs the autopsy as one would expect 134 00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:15,750 and then does one other little thing. 135 00:06:16,583 --> 00:06:18,458 He removes Buck's testicles. 136 00:06:19,583 --> 00:06:21,750 - [Dan] Just who is Leo Stanley 137 00:06:21,750 --> 00:06:24,917 and why is he collecting testicles from a dead inmate? 138 00:06:24,917 --> 00:06:27,542 - Leo Stanley is a guy who goes to college 139 00:06:27,542 --> 00:06:30,292 originally at Stanford, but then he drops out. 140 00:06:30,292 --> 00:06:32,458 And later, he goes to Cooper College 141 00:06:32,458 --> 00:06:34,583 and actually gets a medical degree. 142 00:06:34,583 --> 00:06:37,417 And he is looking forward to being a doctor. 143 00:06:37,417 --> 00:06:38,917 - He thinks he's gonna live a life 144 00:06:38,917 --> 00:06:41,000 of just a town physician somewhere, 145 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:44,375 and then an opening appears at San Quentin. 146 00:06:44,375 --> 00:06:46,917 And he applies for it, and he gets it. 147 00:06:48,875 --> 00:06:52,500 - [Dan] But Stanley's not just there to treat criminals. 148 00:06:52,500 --> 00:06:55,875 He's also determined to curb their bad behavior. 149 00:06:55,875 --> 00:06:59,917 And he has some odd ideas on how to do it. 150 00:06:59,917 --> 00:07:02,375 - He feels that there is a direct link 151 00:07:02,375 --> 00:07:06,792 between the age of a man's glands and gonads 152 00:07:06,792 --> 00:07:11,042 and his tendency to commit horrible and heinous crimes. 153 00:07:11,042 --> 00:07:13,958 He writes a book called "Men at their Worst." 154 00:07:13,958 --> 00:07:18,333 And he even says things like pedophilia only occurs 155 00:07:18,333 --> 00:07:22,292 when outworn glands start looking for relief 156 00:07:22,292 --> 00:07:24,000 in the worst places. 157 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,750 (ominous music) 158 00:07:27,542 --> 00:07:29,042 (gates clanging) 159 00:07:29,042 --> 00:07:31,625 - Just like Serge, Leo comes up with the idea 160 00:07:31,625 --> 00:07:34,167 of doing testicle transplants. 161 00:07:34,167 --> 00:07:37,542 But unlike Serge, he goes straight human to human. 162 00:07:37,542 --> 00:07:40,167 (eerie music) 163 00:07:42,042 --> 00:07:44,625 But Leo doesn't use slivers, 164 00:07:44,625 --> 00:07:48,208 he uses entire whole testicles. 165 00:07:48,208 --> 00:07:50,500 (eerie music) 166 00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:54,083 - Stanley believes that his surgical process 167 00:07:55,542 --> 00:07:59,042 will actually be a floor of social rehabilitation, 168 00:07:59,042 --> 00:08:00,542 that these prisoners who had 169 00:08:00,542 --> 00:08:01,875 been stuck in San Quentin, 170 00:08:01,875 --> 00:08:03,875 once they had a new set of testicles, 171 00:08:03,875 --> 00:08:07,750 could go out, be productive members of society, 172 00:08:07,750 --> 00:08:10,333 and would not return to San Quentin. 173 00:08:10,333 --> 00:08:12,500 - Ranging from voluntary to involuntary, 174 00:08:12,500 --> 00:08:15,250 Dr. Stanley carries out this experiment 175 00:08:15,250 --> 00:08:16,958 at least a thousand times, 176 00:08:16,958 --> 00:08:20,208 taking them off of freshly executed prisoners 177 00:08:20,208 --> 00:08:23,083 and putting them onto those who are still alive and well. 178 00:08:24,250 --> 00:08:26,292 - [Dan] Eventually, the Mad Testicle Transplanter 179 00:08:26,292 --> 00:08:27,125 of San Quentin 180 00:08:28,542 --> 00:08:31,875 runs into a bit of a supply problem. 181 00:08:34,042 --> 00:08:37,542 - He doesn't have enough source of young male testicles. 182 00:08:37,542 --> 00:08:39,500 They're not executing a young inmate 183 00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:41,042 every day or every week even. 184 00:08:41,042 --> 00:08:42,167 So what does he do? 185 00:08:42,167 --> 00:08:44,042 He turns to animals. 186 00:08:44,042 --> 00:08:46,792 Goats, deer, bears, 187 00:08:46,792 --> 00:08:48,708 water buffalo, you name it. 188 00:08:48,708 --> 00:08:51,542 If it has balls, he's putting it in an old dude. 189 00:08:54,042 --> 00:08:57,750 - [Dan] When Stanley's patients don't respond as he hoped, 190 00:08:57,750 --> 00:08:59,750 he comes up with a different approach. 191 00:09:00,958 --> 00:09:03,417 - He does something incredibly bizarre 192 00:09:03,417 --> 00:09:05,750 and, you know, kind of gross. 193 00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:09,042 He takes a bunch of testicles, 194 00:09:09,042 --> 00:09:12,750 and he blends them up into kind of a paste, 195 00:09:15,542 --> 00:09:18,708 and he injects this testicle paste 196 00:09:18,708 --> 00:09:22,208 into the abdomen of prisoners. 197 00:09:22,208 --> 00:09:24,792 (eerie music) 198 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,250 And, no! No! 199 00:09:29,667 --> 00:09:31,167 (eerie music) 200 00:09:31,167 --> 00:09:34,208 - Leo's testicle mash paste injection idea 201 00:09:34,208 --> 00:09:37,625 doesn't work either, so he comes up with a new idea. 202 00:09:37,625 --> 00:09:39,708 Okay, if I can't restore your vitality, 203 00:09:39,708 --> 00:09:42,292 I can at least restore your looks. 204 00:09:42,292 --> 00:09:45,708 - And so, he starts offering plastic surgeries 205 00:09:45,708 --> 00:09:49,125 to the inmates so they can look more handsome, 206 00:09:49,125 --> 00:09:52,458 so that when they get out, they could maybe find a wife, 207 00:09:52,458 --> 00:09:55,333 or get a job, or be somewhat normal. 208 00:09:55,333 --> 00:10:00,042 This guy, his chain of reasoning is not exactly strong. 209 00:10:00,042 --> 00:10:03,708 Why he wasn't fired almost immediately is a mystery. 210 00:10:03,708 --> 00:10:04,917 (eerie music) 211 00:10:05,708 --> 00:10:07,917 (gentle music) 212 00:10:09,083 --> 00:10:12,500 - [Dan] After 40 years, Dr. Leo Stanley's experiments 213 00:10:12,500 --> 00:10:14,667 finally come to an end. 214 00:10:14,667 --> 00:10:17,042 - He's kind of your real Dr. Frankenstein. 215 00:10:17,042 --> 00:10:21,458 He sees inmates as things that he can experiment on, 216 00:10:21,458 --> 00:10:23,333 that he can play with. 217 00:10:23,333 --> 00:10:23,433 He's carving up human beings. 218 00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:25,167 He's carving up human beings. 219 00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:28,875 And he does this 10,000 times across his career. 220 00:10:34,625 --> 00:10:36,625 - Can the average person be talked 221 00:10:36,625 --> 00:10:38,375 into killing a total stranger? 222 00:10:38,375 --> 00:10:41,875 In 1961, a psychologist named Stanley Milgram 223 00:10:41,875 --> 00:10:44,667 goes to unbelievable lengths to find out. 224 00:10:44,667 --> 00:10:47,208 (rhythmic music) 225 00:10:47,208 --> 00:10:50,375 - Dr. Stanley Milgram is born in the 1930s 226 00:10:50,375 --> 00:10:53,625 and grows up in New York City in a Jewish household, 227 00:10:53,625 --> 00:10:54,875 with the specter of 228 00:10:54,875 --> 00:10:56,833 Nazis lingering over him 229 00:10:56,833 --> 00:10:59,417 and really the specter of the Holocaust. 230 00:10:59,417 --> 00:11:00,667 And he devotes his career 231 00:11:00,667 --> 00:11:02,917 to trying to figure out this problem. 232 00:11:02,917 --> 00:11:06,458 What makes people do awful things? 233 00:11:06,667 --> 00:11:09,667 (rhythmic music) 234 00:11:09,667 --> 00:11:13,000 - Milgram puts an ad in the local newspaper 235 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:16,958 looking for subjects, specifically men. 236 00:11:16,958 --> 00:11:20,750 He offers subjects $4 a pop to come in 237 00:11:20,750 --> 00:11:23,375 and participate in an experiment. 238 00:11:24,292 --> 00:11:25,292 - Alright. 239 00:11:25,292 --> 00:11:26,292 Sit right here. 240 00:11:26,292 --> 00:11:27,833 - People answer the ad, 241 00:11:27,833 --> 00:11:30,833 and they're paired with somebody else. 242 00:11:30,833 --> 00:11:33,792 Each is assigned a role, teacher and learner. 243 00:11:33,792 --> 00:11:34,875 - Could you open those and tell me 244 00:11:34,875 --> 00:11:38,083 which of you is which please? 245 00:11:38,083 --> 00:11:38,750 - Teacher. 246 00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:39,792 - Learner. 247 00:11:39,792 --> 00:11:41,000 - [Dan] With roles assigned, 248 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,500 the unconventional experiment begins. 249 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:48,583 - The learner has to memorize words, a pair of words. 250 00:11:48,583 --> 00:11:49,958 And throughout the experiment, 251 00:11:49,958 --> 00:11:51,583 the teacher will give the first word, 252 00:11:51,583 --> 00:11:53,958 and the learner is supposed to reply with the second word. 253 00:11:53,958 --> 00:11:56,958 - Cat, dog, high, low. 254 00:11:56,958 --> 00:11:59,917 It's a very simple word association list. 255 00:12:00,917 --> 00:12:03,167 - The learner is sat down in a chair 256 00:12:03,167 --> 00:12:05,500 that looks a lot like an electric chair. 257 00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:09,083 - The teacher is then brought into another room 258 00:12:09,083 --> 00:12:11,125 alone with just Dr. Milgram 259 00:12:11,125 --> 00:12:15,000 and shown an electrical apparatus. 260 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:16,208 - [Scientist] When you press one of the switches 261 00:12:16,208 --> 00:12:17,458 all the way down, the learner gets a shock. 262 00:12:17,458 --> 00:12:19,542 - [Dan] So just how far will someone go 263 00:12:19,542 --> 00:12:21,708 to obey an authority figure? 264 00:12:21,708 --> 00:12:23,708 - Attention, learner, your teacher 265 00:12:23,708 --> 00:12:25,583 is about to begin the test. 266 00:12:25,583 --> 00:12:28,042 Try and remember the word pairs. 267 00:12:28,042 --> 00:12:29,500 Ready? 268 00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:30,708 Begin. 269 00:12:30,708 --> 00:12:32,000 - Blue girl. 270 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:33,708 - Teacher ask the learner a question. 271 00:12:33,708 --> 00:12:34,625 (machine buzzing) 272 00:12:34,625 --> 00:12:35,500 - [Teacher] Incorrect. 273 00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:36,917 - Learner gets it wrong. 274 00:12:36,917 --> 00:12:41,042 Milgram's in the room and says shock the person. 275 00:12:41,042 --> 00:12:42,250 (machine buzzing) 276 00:12:42,250 --> 00:12:44,417 - Well, now, you'll get a shock of 75 volts. 277 00:12:44,417 --> 00:12:45,333 (machine buzzing) 278 00:12:45,333 --> 00:12:46,208 (man grunts) 279 00:12:46,208 --> 00:12:47,167 Soft air. 280 00:12:47,167 --> 00:12:48,958 - With each successive wrong answer, 281 00:12:48,958 --> 00:12:50,917 the voltage level is increased, 282 00:12:50,917 --> 00:12:54,917 from 15 volts initially all the way up to 450 volts. 283 00:12:55,875 --> 00:12:57,125 - [Dan] To put it in perspective, 284 00:12:57,125 --> 00:12:59,875 450 volts is enough to power 285 00:12:59,875 --> 00:13:03,167 two single family homes in North America. 286 00:13:03,167 --> 00:13:06,750 - As the teacher is administering 287 00:13:06,750 --> 00:13:09,375 increasingly severe shocks, 288 00:13:09,375 --> 00:13:10,458 (zap) (Learner grunts) 289 00:13:10,458 --> 00:13:14,542 he hears via speaker the learner in the next room 290 00:13:14,542 --> 00:13:16,958 emitting screams. 291 00:13:16,958 --> 00:13:18,042 (machine buzzing) 292 00:13:18,042 --> 00:13:19,333 (Learner shrieking) 293 00:13:19,333 --> 00:13:21,875 - The teachers are sweating it out. 294 00:13:21,875 --> 00:13:23,625 They are feeling terrible. 295 00:13:23,625 --> 00:13:26,667 Some of them dig their fingernails into their palms. 296 00:13:26,667 --> 00:13:28,667 They're really, really upset. 297 00:13:28,667 --> 00:13:32,833 - They are inflicting injury on another human being, 298 00:13:32,833 --> 00:13:35,292 but Dr. Milgram is there, assuring them 299 00:13:35,292 --> 00:13:37,208 that, you know, it's okay, this is part of the experiment. 300 00:13:37,208 --> 00:13:39,667 This conflict is tremendous. 301 00:13:39,667 --> 00:13:40,750 - [Learner] Let me out of here. 302 00:13:40,750 --> 00:13:41,500 You have no right to keep me here. 303 00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:42,542 Let me out. 304 00:13:42,542 --> 00:13:44,500 - [Dan] But there's a twist. 305 00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:45,458 - It's all fake. 306 00:13:45,458 --> 00:13:46,292 It's all a setup. 307 00:13:46,292 --> 00:13:47,708 What the teacher doesn't know 308 00:13:47,708 --> 00:13:51,708 is that the learner is an actor hired by Dr. Milgram. 309 00:13:51,708 --> 00:13:53,500 There are no electric shocks. 310 00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:56,375 The learner is simply crying out in pain, 311 00:13:56,375 --> 00:13:57,042 starting with like, 312 00:13:57,042 --> 00:13:58,208 ow, that hurts, 313 00:13:58,208 --> 00:13:59,833 but going all the way up to sobbing 314 00:13:59,833 --> 00:14:01,375 and saying, I don't feel right, 315 00:14:01,375 --> 00:14:02,583 something's wrong with my heart. 316 00:14:02,583 --> 00:14:04,375 Please stop, you have to stop. 317 00:14:04,375 --> 00:14:05,125 (button buzzing) 318 00:14:05,125 --> 00:14:06,375 (learner shrieking) 319 00:14:06,375 --> 00:14:09,375 - Milgram does the experiment up to 40 times. 320 00:14:09,375 --> 00:14:11,375 Some of the teachers clearly hate it, 321 00:14:11,375 --> 00:14:13,500 but some of them actually enjoy it. 322 00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:15,375 - 150 volts. 323 00:14:15,375 --> 00:14:16,000 (machine buzzing) 324 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:18,208 (learner grunts) 325 00:14:18,208 --> 00:14:19,042 - Next one. - [Learner] (indistinct), 326 00:14:19,042 --> 00:14:21,083 I refuse to answer. 327 00:14:21,083 --> 00:14:23,917 - You're gonna keep getting a shock if you don't answer. 328 00:14:23,917 --> 00:14:24,792 (machine buzzing) 329 00:14:24,792 --> 00:14:26,208 (learner screams) 330 00:14:26,208 --> 00:14:28,875 - Over half of the participants in the teacher role 331 00:14:28,875 --> 00:14:31,250 make it up to the 450 volt level, 332 00:14:31,250 --> 00:14:33,625 which is effectively a fatal shock. 333 00:14:33,625 --> 00:14:35,500 - 450 volts. 334 00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:36,958 (button buzzing) 335 00:14:36,958 --> 00:14:38,583 - What Milgram captures 336 00:14:38,583 --> 00:14:43,042 is that ordinary, everyday, law-abiding people 337 00:14:43,042 --> 00:14:46,917 can be induced to acts of brutality 338 00:14:46,917 --> 00:14:50,042 just because they're obeying authority. 339 00:14:50,042 --> 00:14:51,625 - [Scientist] But why didn't you just stop? 340 00:14:51,625 --> 00:14:52,417 - He wouldn't let me. 341 00:14:52,417 --> 00:14:54,167 I wanted to stop. 342 00:14:54,167 --> 00:14:57,125 I kept insisting to stop, but he says no. 343 00:14:57,125 --> 00:14:59,625 - [Scientist] We'll have to discontinue the experiment. 344 00:15:02,917 --> 00:15:04,833 - As the Cold War heats up in the 60s, 345 00:15:04,833 --> 00:15:06,625 experiments get even stranger. 346 00:15:06,625 --> 00:15:08,333 From poisonous umbrellas 347 00:15:08,333 --> 00:15:11,167 to a plan to attack Fidel Castro's beard, 348 00:15:11,167 --> 00:15:15,042 nothing is off limits, not even cats. 349 00:15:15,042 --> 00:15:16,333 (cat meowing) 350 00:15:16,333 --> 00:15:18,875 - Cats are notoriously difficult to train. 351 00:15:18,875 --> 00:15:20,875 They just kind of wanna do their own thing, 352 00:15:20,875 --> 00:15:24,375 but they're also very curious. 353 00:15:24,375 --> 00:15:28,417 And so, in the 1960s, the CIA hatches a plan 354 00:15:28,417 --> 00:15:31,208 to train cats to become spies. 355 00:15:32,958 --> 00:15:35,333 (eerie music) 356 00:15:35,333 --> 00:15:38,208 - The idea behind Project Acoustic Kitty 357 00:15:38,208 --> 00:15:41,333 is that cats are pretty innocuous. 358 00:15:41,333 --> 00:15:44,708 And they can roam around lots of places 359 00:15:44,708 --> 00:15:46,250 without concerning anybody. 360 00:15:46,250 --> 00:15:48,875 So if the cats can get themselves close enough 361 00:15:48,875 --> 00:15:50,667 to private conversations, 362 00:15:50,667 --> 00:15:53,750 they might be able to overhear important information. 363 00:15:53,750 --> 00:15:56,792 - Now, the cat's not gonna just go into a CIA debrief 364 00:15:56,792 --> 00:15:58,208 and say the subject said this. 365 00:15:58,208 --> 00:15:59,542 The cat's not gonna do that. 366 00:15:59,542 --> 00:16:03,500 So the cat is turned into a living listening device. 367 00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:05,708 - [Dan] Fighting communism is the top priority 368 00:16:05,708 --> 00:16:07,708 for US intelligence at the time, 369 00:16:07,708 --> 00:16:11,750 so creating a spy cat that can take down the Iron Curtain 370 00:16:11,750 --> 00:16:13,375 sounds reasonable. 371 00:16:13,375 --> 00:16:18,208 - The CIA pumps $20 million into training 372 00:16:18,208 --> 00:16:21,375 and preparing cats that can be these spies. 373 00:16:21,375 --> 00:16:23,042 And as they do this, they're vetting. 374 00:16:23,042 --> 00:16:25,500 They're looking for that perfect cat agent. 375 00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:28,708 - The CIA ultimately determines 376 00:16:28,708 --> 00:16:30,208 that one particular kitty cat 377 00:16:30,208 --> 00:16:34,208 is ready to conduct its first operation. 378 00:16:34,208 --> 00:16:35,250 (eerie music) 379 00:16:35,250 --> 00:16:36,958 - In order to make this work, 380 00:16:36,958 --> 00:16:38,583 the CIA has to figure out a way 381 00:16:38,583 --> 00:16:41,708 to implant this listening device into the cat. 382 00:16:41,708 --> 00:16:45,375 And what they end up having to do is do surgery. 383 00:16:45,375 --> 00:16:47,625 They put the listening device in the ear, 384 00:16:47,625 --> 00:16:50,542 and put a transmitter at the base of the animal's skull, 385 00:16:50,542 --> 00:16:54,292 and then run the antenna down an incision on the cat's back 386 00:16:54,292 --> 00:16:56,292 so that it's hidden by the fur. 387 00:16:56,292 --> 00:16:58,208 Not really fun for the cat, I'm sure. 388 00:16:59,708 --> 00:17:02,208 - [Dan] With the cat wired up and trained, 389 00:17:02,208 --> 00:17:06,000 it's time for this secret agent's first assignment. 390 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,958 - The goal is for the cat to eavesdrop 391 00:17:08,958 --> 00:17:10,750 on two men sitting on a park bench 392 00:17:10,750 --> 00:17:12,208 outside of the Soviet embassy. 393 00:17:13,583 --> 00:17:16,542 So the CIA agents drive up with the cat in their white van. 394 00:17:17,708 --> 00:17:20,042 - The van pulls up across the street from the park 395 00:17:20,042 --> 00:17:21,708 where the two men are sitting. 396 00:17:21,708 --> 00:17:24,500 - It's time to deploy the acoustic kitty. 397 00:17:25,417 --> 00:17:27,167 They get the cat ready. 398 00:17:27,167 --> 00:17:29,375 They issue the cat the command. 399 00:17:29,375 --> 00:17:30,708 It knows where to go. 400 00:17:30,708 --> 00:17:31,917 They open the van. 401 00:17:31,917 --> 00:17:33,292 The cat jumps out. 402 00:17:33,292 --> 00:17:36,167 - And it immediately gets hit by a taxi. 403 00:17:36,167 --> 00:17:37,417 (wheels screeching) 404 00:17:37,417 --> 00:17:40,208 $20 million out the window. 405 00:17:40,208 --> 00:17:42,708 With all of this research, they never think, 406 00:17:42,708 --> 00:17:44,208 hey, you know what, we should pull over 407 00:17:44,208 --> 00:17:45,750 on the same side of the street 408 00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:47,542 that the cat has to get out. 409 00:17:47,542 --> 00:17:50,583 - [Dan] And just what does the CIA after-action report 410 00:17:50,583 --> 00:17:54,792 identify as the fatal flaw in an otherwise excellent plan? 411 00:17:56,042 --> 00:17:58,083 - Quote, cats are not trainable 412 00:17:58,083 --> 00:18:01,958 and they don't have the same deep-seated desire to please 413 00:18:01,958 --> 00:18:03,958 a human master as a dog does. 414 00:18:03,958 --> 00:18:04,417 a human master as a dog does. 415 00:18:05,917 --> 00:18:09,750 - We spent $20 million to learn that cats don't care. 416 00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:10,667 Great use of money. 417 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,792 - We spent $20 million to two heads are better than one.g 418 00:18:16,792 --> 00:18:21,375 In 1954, a Soviet scientist and organ transplant pioneer 419 00:18:21,375 --> 00:18:24,167 sets out to prove that, literally. 420 00:18:24,958 --> 00:18:27,417 (eerie music) 421 00:18:29,708 --> 00:18:34,167 - It is the height of the Cold War, and a Soviet surgeon 422 00:18:35,625 --> 00:18:38,708 named Vladimir Demikhov begins to probe questions 423 00:18:38,708 --> 00:18:43,458 of how far you can go with organ transplants. 424 00:18:43,458 --> 00:18:44,958 - Vladimir Demikhov is 425 00:18:44,958 --> 00:18:46,875 actually one of the pioneers 426 00:18:46,875 --> 00:18:48,083 of transplant surgery. 427 00:18:48,083 --> 00:18:49,875 He's transplanting hearts 428 00:18:49,875 --> 00:18:51,417 and lungs between dogs. 429 00:18:51,417 --> 00:18:53,250 And he's doing it as a good doctor, 430 00:18:53,250 --> 00:18:55,958 doing really meaningful, good work. 431 00:18:55,958 --> 00:18:57,333 (rhythmic music) 432 00:18:57,333 --> 00:18:59,875 - [Dan] Vladimir Demikhov's next goal? 433 00:18:59,875 --> 00:19:02,792 A full head transplant on a dog. 434 00:19:02,792 --> 00:19:05,083 But since he's never done it before, 435 00:19:05,083 --> 00:19:07,750 he needs to experiment a little first. 436 00:19:07,750 --> 00:19:10,417 - Demikhov and his team essentially do an experiment 437 00:19:10,417 --> 00:19:12,375 of creating a two-headed dog. 438 00:19:12,375 --> 00:19:14,958 - He wants to be able to see 439 00:19:14,958 --> 00:19:17,500 if he is able to take one head 440 00:19:18,542 --> 00:19:20,417 and graft that onto another 441 00:19:20,417 --> 00:19:22,333 and if he can keep that alive. 442 00:19:23,292 --> 00:19:27,583 - He arranges to experiment with this 443 00:19:27,583 --> 00:19:32,708 on two dogs, one smaller 9-year-old dog named Shavka 444 00:19:34,042 --> 00:19:37,708 and one stray larger German Shepherd named Brodyaga. 445 00:19:37,708 --> 00:19:40,167 - Vladimir detaches Shavka's head, 446 00:19:40,167 --> 00:19:43,167 and he attaches Shavka's head 447 00:19:43,167 --> 00:19:45,917 to Brodyaga's vertebrae. 448 00:19:47,417 --> 00:19:49,375 - [Dan] Three and a half hours later, 449 00:19:49,375 --> 00:19:51,917 the two-headed dog experiment is complete. 450 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:54,625 But does it actually work? 451 00:19:55,708 --> 00:19:57,250 - It sounds awful. 452 00:19:57,250 --> 00:19:59,458 She's just a head attached to this body, 453 00:19:59,458 --> 00:20:03,042 but she eats, she drinks, she barks. 454 00:20:03,042 --> 00:20:06,875 - [Dan] Vladimir's two-headed dog only lives for four days, 455 00:20:06,875 --> 00:20:09,500 but that doesn't stop him from trying again, 456 00:20:10,792 --> 00:20:12,208 and again. 457 00:20:12,208 --> 00:20:16,500 - He does these exact kinds of experiments 23 more times 458 00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,417 between 1954 and 1959. 459 00:20:20,667 --> 00:20:23,042 And even though none of them are actually a success, 460 00:20:23,042 --> 00:20:25,875 he firmly believes that he's proving to the world 461 00:20:25,875 --> 00:20:28,458 that head transplants are possible. 462 00:20:28,458 --> 00:20:30,625 - He is not seen as a hero for this. 463 00:20:30,625 --> 00:20:33,667 In fact, it swings hard in the opposite direction. 464 00:20:33,667 --> 00:20:35,750 He is seen as a charlatan, 465 00:20:35,750 --> 00:20:37,792 and it basically ruins his career. 466 00:20:39,708 --> 00:20:42,333 - While Vladimir's two-headed dog experiment 467 00:20:42,333 --> 00:20:44,417 eventually gets shut down, 468 00:20:44,417 --> 00:20:48,042 it inspires another surgeon in Cleveland, Ohio, 469 00:20:48,042 --> 00:20:49,458 Dr. Robert White. 470 00:20:52,917 --> 00:20:55,542 - When he looks at what's happening in the Soviet Union, 471 00:20:55,542 --> 00:20:57,542 with them creating a two-headed dog, 472 00:20:57,542 --> 00:21:00,583 he starts thinking, if the brain is still alive 473 00:21:00,583 --> 00:21:03,458 inside of this broken body, 474 00:21:03,458 --> 00:21:07,208 can the brain still live outside of the human body? 475 00:21:07,208 --> 00:21:08,500 Could he keep a brain alive? 476 00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:10,375 And, if so, for how long? 477 00:21:10,375 --> 00:21:13,625 - [Dan] To find out, he obviously can't use humans, 478 00:21:13,625 --> 00:21:16,708 so he turns to another species. 479 00:21:16,708 --> 00:21:19,542 - What he does is removes the brain 480 00:21:19,542 --> 00:21:22,292 of one rhesus monkey and puts it in a machine 481 00:21:22,292 --> 00:21:24,417 where it's fed oxygenated blood 482 00:21:24,417 --> 00:21:26,583 coming from the body of another one. 483 00:21:26,583 --> 00:21:29,500 - So you have the naked bulb of brain 484 00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:32,000 flushed with blood, pink. 485 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,917 He hooks it up to electrodes, 486 00:21:33,917 --> 00:21:36,708 and those electrodes go peaking along, 487 00:21:36,708 --> 00:21:38,792 and there're peaks and valleys showing you 488 00:21:38,792 --> 00:21:42,208 that that brain, without any body attached at all, 489 00:21:42,208 --> 00:21:43,917 is still thinking. 490 00:21:43,917 --> 00:21:46,042 - [Dan] The reaction from the medical community 491 00:21:46,042 --> 00:21:48,708 is a little disappointing. 492 00:21:48,708 --> 00:21:50,792 - He takes this amazing experiment 493 00:21:50,792 --> 00:21:53,292 and all that it has discovered to a conference, 494 00:21:53,292 --> 00:21:54,708 and he shows them the graphs, 495 00:21:54,708 --> 00:21:56,750 and none of his colleagues believe him. 496 00:21:57,792 --> 00:22:00,708 - So he decides to transplant a full head. 497 00:22:00,708 --> 00:22:02,958 So when you transplant a full head, 498 00:22:02,958 --> 00:22:05,708 you can actually see the new head doing stuff. 499 00:22:05,708 --> 00:22:07,708 So you don't have to question 500 00:22:07,708 --> 00:22:10,167 whether or not there's activity occurring. 501 00:22:10,167 --> 00:22:11,542 It's obvious to see. 502 00:22:13,292 --> 00:22:16,583 - [Dan] On March 14th, 1970, 503 00:22:16,583 --> 00:22:19,292 Dr. Robert White is finally ready to perform 504 00:22:19,292 --> 00:22:22,292 the first ever head transplant. 505 00:22:22,292 --> 00:22:23,583 - It's kind of gruesome. 506 00:22:23,583 --> 00:22:27,250 He takes two monkeys, Monkey A and Monkey B, 507 00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:28,833 and restrains them. 508 00:22:28,833 --> 00:22:33,792 He attaches a tube from Monkey A to the brain of Monkey B, 509 00:22:34,833 --> 00:22:37,208 then he severs the heads of both monkeys, 510 00:22:37,208 --> 00:22:41,750 and attaches Monkey B's head onto the body of Monkey A. 511 00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:45,375 - [Dan] About an hour later, it's time for Dr. White 512 00:22:45,375 --> 00:22:48,750 to wake up his hybrid monkey and find out, 513 00:22:48,750 --> 00:22:50,875 has he accomplished the unbelievable? 514 00:22:51,875 --> 00:22:54,208 - Once he has stimulated this brain 515 00:22:54,208 --> 00:22:58,833 with electrical activity, the eyes do, in fact, open up. 516 00:22:58,833 --> 00:23:02,875 And it appears that there is actually consciousness 517 00:23:02,875 --> 00:23:06,708 and awareness in the monkey's brain. 518 00:23:07,917 --> 00:23:09,958 - Dr. White approaches the monkey 519 00:23:09,958 --> 00:23:13,083 and it immediately tries to hiss and bite him. 520 00:23:13,083 --> 00:23:15,667 So he recognizes Dr. White. 521 00:23:17,042 --> 00:23:20,542 This monkey's head, which is essentially just a head 522 00:23:20,542 --> 00:23:22,625 plumbed into another monkey's body, 523 00:23:22,625 --> 00:23:26,250 is alive and still with us. 524 00:23:28,417 --> 00:23:29,708 - Dr. White is thrilled. 525 00:23:29,708 --> 00:23:32,750 He starts to perform a series of experiments. 526 00:23:32,750 --> 00:23:36,292 He moves a pen, and the monkey is able to follow it. 527 00:23:36,292 --> 00:23:37,542 (finger snap) 528 00:23:37,542 --> 00:23:39,208 He makes sounds, and the monkey reacts to it. 529 00:23:39,208 --> 00:23:40,000 (finger snap) 530 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:41,167 This is it. 531 00:23:41,167 --> 00:23:42,542 He did it. 532 00:23:42,542 --> 00:23:44,750 He successfully transplanted the head of one creature 533 00:23:44,750 --> 00:23:46,708 onto the body of another. 534 00:23:46,708 --> 00:23:49,208 - Because the experiment requires severing 535 00:23:49,208 --> 00:23:50,292 the spinal cord, 536 00:23:50,292 --> 00:23:52,500 the monkey actually can't move, 537 00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:54,792 and it can't feel anything below the neck. 538 00:23:54,792 --> 00:23:59,792 But what it can do is see, smell, hear, and taste. 539 00:24:00,708 --> 00:24:02,292 - [Dan] An immune response causes the monkey 540 00:24:02,292 --> 00:24:03,917 to die nine days later. 541 00:24:05,083 --> 00:24:08,250 But there's still more for Dr. White to learn. 542 00:24:08,250 --> 00:24:12,000 - He does this procedure and others like it 300 times, 543 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,583 severed monkey's heads, trying to keep a monkey head alive, 544 00:24:15,583 --> 00:24:17,958 because he wants to do this on human beings. 545 00:24:17,958 --> 00:24:20,292 And as horrible as that sounds to us, 546 00:24:20,292 --> 00:24:22,458 his reasons are very much tied 547 00:24:22,458 --> 00:24:26,708 to prolonging the life of victims of horrible diseases. 548 00:24:27,792 --> 00:24:29,750 - It's different from the two-headed dog 549 00:24:29,750 --> 00:24:32,250 because in this case, he really is trying to do 550 00:24:32,250 --> 00:24:32,667 a medical service. 551 00:24:45,167 --> 00:24:47,417 - What's stranger than performing testicle transplants 552 00:24:47,417 --> 00:24:49,250 or creating two-headed dogs? 553 00:24:49,250 --> 00:24:53,042 Perhaps it's insisting that you be experimented on 554 00:24:53,042 --> 00:24:54,583 after you're dead. 555 00:24:54,583 --> 00:24:56,167 That's just 556 00:24:56,167 --> 00:25:00,458 what famed English philosopher Jeremy Bentham does in 1832. 557 00:25:00,458 --> 00:25:02,958 (eerie music) 558 00:25:04,583 --> 00:25:06,417 - The year before his death, 559 00:25:06,417 --> 00:25:08,042 Jeremy writes a pamphlet, 560 00:25:08,042 --> 00:25:12,625 "Auto-Icon, Farther Uses of the Dead to the Living." 561 00:25:12,625 --> 00:25:14,750 - An auto-icon is essentially 562 00:25:14,750 --> 00:25:17,208 a taxidermied version of yourself, 563 00:25:17,208 --> 00:25:19,500 where you are dressed in your favorite clothes 564 00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:21,042 and you can still participate 565 00:25:21,042 --> 00:25:23,292 in the daily lives 566 00:25:23,292 --> 00:25:25,042 of those you've left behind. 567 00:25:26,375 --> 00:25:28,958 - [Dan] The point of Jeremy's auto-icon experiment? 568 00:25:28,958 --> 00:25:31,458 To see if it's possible to remain relevant 569 00:25:31,458 --> 00:25:32,875 after you're gone. 570 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,625 - So he leaves very specific details in his will 571 00:25:36,625 --> 00:25:38,375 as to how to treat his body, 572 00:25:38,375 --> 00:25:40,500 how to turn him into an auto-icon. 573 00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:42,708 First step is to send his body 574 00:25:42,708 --> 00:25:43,833 to the anatomy school at the 575 00:25:43,833 --> 00:25:44,875 University College London 576 00:25:44,875 --> 00:25:46,375 and allow it to be dissected. 577 00:25:46,375 --> 00:25:49,292 (eerie music) 578 00:25:49,292 --> 00:25:52,333 - After the dissection, the body is taxidermied, 579 00:25:52,333 --> 00:25:57,333 and dressed in his suit, and seated upright in a glass case. 580 00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:00,958 When they are taxidermying the head, 581 00:26:00,958 --> 00:26:03,167 something goes terribly wrong. 582 00:26:03,167 --> 00:26:04,917 (eerie music) 583 00:26:04,917 --> 00:26:07,083 - It comes out all weird and grotesque. 584 00:26:07,083 --> 00:26:10,125 It's half melted, and most of the hair is gone, 585 00:26:10,125 --> 00:26:12,833 and it doesn't look like Jeremy at all. 586 00:26:12,833 --> 00:26:15,167 It looks like a strange creature. 587 00:26:16,458 --> 00:26:19,042 - So the head is actually removed 588 00:26:19,042 --> 00:26:20,958 and replaced with a wax one. 589 00:26:20,958 --> 00:26:23,833 And so, it's a wax face that still actually looks like him 590 00:26:23,833 --> 00:26:26,667 that's looking out on campus. 591 00:26:26,667 --> 00:26:28,875 - [Dan] So what happens to his real head? 592 00:26:28,875 --> 00:26:31,042 - They realized that they can't toss it 593 00:26:31,042 --> 00:26:33,542 because that goes against Bentham's will. 594 00:26:33,542 --> 00:26:34,583 So what do they do? 595 00:26:34,583 --> 00:26:36,833 They put that hideous looking head 596 00:26:36,833 --> 00:26:39,792 between the philosopher's feet. 597 00:26:41,167 --> 00:26:44,292 - [Dan] In the end, is Jeremy's experiment a success? 598 00:26:44,292 --> 00:26:47,333 Well, he has been sitting in the same spot 599 00:26:47,333 --> 00:26:50,083 for almost 200 years. 600 00:26:50,083 --> 00:26:53,083 - His body is still on display to this day at UCL. 601 00:26:53,083 --> 00:26:55,708 He's seen by people coming and going across campus. 602 00:26:55,708 --> 00:26:58,208 In many ways, him being on display like this 603 00:26:58,208 --> 00:27:01,042 has helped keep him as even more central figure 604 00:27:01,042 --> 00:27:03,083 than he otherwise would have been anyhow. 605 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:09,958 - Clearly, Jeremy is as present in death as he was in life. 606 00:27:11,083 --> 00:27:13,458 Up next, a different kind of experiment 607 00:27:13,458 --> 00:27:17,542 performed by a doctor known as the Lobotomy King. 608 00:27:17,542 --> 00:27:19,750 (melancholy music) 609 00:27:19,750 --> 00:27:22,708 - The US experiences a mental health crisis 610 00:27:22,708 --> 00:27:25,375 during the 1930s and '40s. 611 00:27:26,875 --> 00:27:29,042 Lobotomy is, at the time, 612 00:27:29,042 --> 00:27:31,708 considered a very humane procedure 613 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,125 and a very legitimate treatment of severe mental illness. 614 00:27:36,125 --> 00:27:37,542 (rhythmic music) 615 00:27:37,542 --> 00:27:40,250 - The procedure consists of drilling two holes in the skull 616 00:27:40,250 --> 00:27:41,917 (drilling) 617 00:27:41,917 --> 00:27:44,833 and then inserting implements into those holes 618 00:27:44,833 --> 00:27:48,292 to cut off the frontal lobe of the brain 619 00:27:48,292 --> 00:27:52,958 to disconnect a person from reality, to calm them down. 620 00:27:54,458 --> 00:27:56,708 - [Dan] And there's one man who has just performed 621 00:27:56,708 --> 00:27:58,917 the most famous lobotomy of all time. 622 00:28:00,333 --> 00:28:04,458 - In 1941, Rosemary Kennedy, John Kennedy's oldest sister, 623 00:28:04,458 --> 00:28:05,958 has been battling for years 624 00:28:05,958 --> 00:28:08,708 a whole host of mental health issues. 625 00:28:08,708 --> 00:28:11,875 Joseph Kennedy reaches out to Walter Freeman, 626 00:28:11,875 --> 00:28:15,458 a doctor who had been experimenting with lobotomies. 627 00:28:15,458 --> 00:28:19,750 And Joseph Kennedy submits Rosemary to a lobotomy. 628 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:25,208 - Dr. Freeman's lobotomy doesn't go exactly as planned, 629 00:28:25,208 --> 00:28:29,208 and she is permanently disabled for the rest of her life. 630 00:28:29,208 --> 00:28:33,083 But despite that, the lobotomy is considered a miracle 631 00:28:33,083 --> 00:28:36,125 of modern science and medicine. 632 00:28:36,125 --> 00:28:39,042 - [Dan] Suddenly, Dr. Freeman finds himself in high demand. 633 00:28:39,958 --> 00:28:42,292 But lobotomies are time consuming. 634 00:28:43,792 --> 00:28:45,250 - Walter Freeman keeps thinking 635 00:28:45,250 --> 00:28:48,125 there's gotta be a way to make this more expedient. 636 00:28:48,125 --> 00:28:49,708 And one day, while he's at home, 637 00:28:49,708 --> 00:28:51,250 he opens up a drawer in the kitchen 638 00:28:51,417 --> 00:28:54,542 and he sees something kind of interesting. 639 00:28:54,542 --> 00:28:55,875 It's an ice pick. 640 00:28:55,875 --> 00:28:59,542 And he thinks, what if we were able to do 641 00:28:59,542 --> 00:29:01,542 a quickie lobotomy? 642 00:29:01,542 --> 00:29:03,125 (apprehensive music) 643 00:29:03,125 --> 00:29:05,250 - He is basically gonna put an ice pick 644 00:29:05,250 --> 00:29:07,042 in the back of the eye socket 645 00:29:07,042 --> 00:29:08,958 and swish it around in the front of the brain, 646 00:29:08,958 --> 00:29:11,292 so basically an ice pick to the brain. 647 00:29:13,250 --> 00:29:16,917 - [Dan] Freeman calls it the transorbital lobotomy. 648 00:29:16,917 --> 00:29:19,792 Because it takes just 10 minutes to perform, 649 00:29:19,792 --> 00:29:24,083 he decides to hop in his van and take this show on the road. 650 00:29:25,292 --> 00:29:29,208 - Freeman becomes a kind of surgical troubadour 651 00:29:29,208 --> 00:29:34,292 and travels around to asylums across the country. 652 00:29:35,417 --> 00:29:38,042 - [Dan] First, there was the Planters NUTmobile, 653 00:29:38,042 --> 00:29:41,333 then the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile, and now... 654 00:29:41,333 --> 00:29:43,875 - The vehicle that he uses to drive around 655 00:29:43,875 --> 00:29:47,500 is dubbed by onlookers as the Lobotomobile. 656 00:29:48,500 --> 00:29:50,958 - This is the era of Route 66 657 00:29:50,958 --> 00:29:54,375 and Detroit manufacturing at its peak. 658 00:29:54,375 --> 00:29:57,667 We have fast food, we have drive-in restaurants, 659 00:29:57,667 --> 00:30:01,250 and now we have mobile fast lobotomies. 660 00:30:02,583 --> 00:30:05,208 - Freeman drives his Lobotomobile 661 00:30:05,208 --> 00:30:07,250 across the United States and Canada, 662 00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:11,083 doing as many as 25 lobotomies in a day, 25. 663 00:30:12,083 --> 00:30:15,542 - [Dan] But by 1967, after 21 years, 664 00:30:15,542 --> 00:30:18,500 Dr. Freeman's road trip hits some speed bumps. 665 00:30:19,917 --> 00:30:22,833 - Freeman performs about 4,000 of these lobotomies. 666 00:30:22,833 --> 00:30:25,083 It's partly performance. 667 00:30:25,083 --> 00:30:27,167 It's a little snake oil salesman. 668 00:30:27,167 --> 00:30:30,542 And unfortunately, about a hundred of his patients 669 00:30:30,542 --> 00:30:33,250 die from the treatment. 670 00:30:33,250 --> 00:30:35,083 - He finds himself getting banned 671 00:30:35,083 --> 00:30:38,250 from hospital after hospital after hospital. 672 00:30:38,250 --> 00:30:40,083 And he ends his career as a pariah of the medical community. 673 00:30:40,083 --> 00:30:42,042 And he ends his career as a pariah of the medical community. 674 00:30:43,542 --> 00:30:46,917 - Luckily, the Lobotomobile hits a dead end, 675 00:30:46,917 --> 00:30:49,917 and Walter Freeman's strange road trip is over. 676 00:30:53,917 --> 00:30:55,958 - Do you believe that you have a soul? 677 00:30:55,958 --> 00:30:59,000 And if so, can you scientifically prove it? 678 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,000 In the beginning of the 20th century, 679 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,333 one ambitious physician intends to find out. 680 00:31:04,583 --> 00:31:07,042 (gentle music) 681 00:31:07,042 --> 00:31:09,542 - In 1901, Dr. Duncan MacDougall, 682 00:31:09,542 --> 00:31:11,208 a Massachusetts physician, 683 00:31:11,208 --> 00:31:14,125 decides to test the premise of the soul. 684 00:31:14,125 --> 00:31:16,042 He said, if there's a human soul, 685 00:31:16,042 --> 00:31:19,458 it has to have some kind of physical presence. 686 00:31:19,458 --> 00:31:21,042 It has to have a weight. 687 00:31:21,042 --> 00:31:23,375 - He's so convinced of this that he decides 688 00:31:23,375 --> 00:31:25,000 to conduct some experiments. 689 00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:27,208 He wants to weigh human bodies 690 00:31:27,208 --> 00:31:29,375 just at the moment of death 691 00:31:29,375 --> 00:31:32,000 so that he can see if there's a perceptible shift 692 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:33,083 in their body weight. 693 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,417 - He proceeds to select patients 694 00:31:36,417 --> 00:31:40,083 from among nursing homes or old folks' homes. 695 00:31:41,167 --> 00:31:44,042 - MacDougall gets six volunteers, 696 00:31:44,042 --> 00:31:47,625 people who are dying from tuberculosis and diabetes, 697 00:31:47,625 --> 00:31:49,500 to be his test subjects. 698 00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:51,583 - [Dan] When the test subject seems close to death, 699 00:31:51,583 --> 00:31:55,000 their bed is placed onto a precisely calibrated scale 700 00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,583 built for livestock. 701 00:31:57,583 --> 00:32:00,583 - Dr. MacDougall is at the ready with his stethoscope 702 00:32:00,583 --> 00:32:04,708 and other means of measuring vital bodily functions. 703 00:32:04,708 --> 00:32:06,417 And he takes a measurement 704 00:32:06,417 --> 00:32:09,125 immediately before and after death. 705 00:32:10,042 --> 00:32:13,792 - The results are inconclusive. 706 00:32:13,792 --> 00:32:18,583 Two of the volunteers show no difference in weight 707 00:32:18,583 --> 00:32:20,542 before and after death. 708 00:32:20,542 --> 00:32:24,208 Two others, the results have to be discarded 709 00:32:24,208 --> 00:32:26,125 because of technical difficulties. 710 00:32:26,125 --> 00:32:28,542 - He has one, however, 711 00:32:28,542 --> 00:32:32,333 that drops 21.3 grams 712 00:32:32,333 --> 00:32:33,667 at the moment of death. 713 00:32:35,208 --> 00:32:37,917 He just sets aside all of the data 714 00:32:37,917 --> 00:32:39,792 that doesn't fit his hypothesis 715 00:32:39,792 --> 00:32:42,208 and he latches onto this one death 716 00:32:42,208 --> 00:32:44,208 that does fit his hypothesis. 717 00:32:44,208 --> 00:32:46,208 And this gives him the idea that the soul, 718 00:32:46,208 --> 00:32:49,375 the human soul, weighs 21 grams. 719 00:32:49,375 --> 00:32:52,042 - The experiment is widely regarded as flawed 720 00:32:52,042 --> 00:32:54,375 because of the small sample size, 721 00:32:54,375 --> 00:32:57,875 because of the unscientific results. 722 00:32:57,875 --> 00:32:59,083 - [Dan] Dr. MacDougall is 723 00:32:59,083 --> 00:33:00,792 determined to prove his theory, 724 00:33:00,792 --> 00:33:02,000 but there's a problem. 725 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:03,542 The nursing home where 726 00:33:03,542 --> 00:33:04,833 he's experimenting 727 00:33:04,833 --> 00:33:06,125 is no longer on board 728 00:33:06,125 --> 00:33:07,792 with his shenanigans. 729 00:33:07,792 --> 00:33:10,625 - So he decides to turn to dogs. 730 00:33:10,625 --> 00:33:14,875 And he weighs 15 dogs at the moment of death. 731 00:33:14,875 --> 00:33:19,375 - Now, here, he's not finding any sort of drop in weight. 732 00:33:19,375 --> 00:33:20,875 And so, this leads him to conclude 733 00:33:20,875 --> 00:33:23,458 that dogs do not have souls. 734 00:33:24,542 --> 00:33:25,875 And of course we all know that's ridiculous 735 00:33:25,875 --> 00:33:28,042 'cause we've seen the movie "All Dogs Go to Heaven." 736 00:33:28,042 --> 00:33:31,625 - Scientifically, the whole experiment fails, 737 00:33:31,625 --> 00:33:35,042 but that doesn't mean that people didn't start to believe 738 00:33:35,042 --> 00:33:38,083 that, yes, the human soul weighs 21 grams. 739 00:33:40,333 --> 00:33:42,208 - [Dan] What if I told you that you don't need to die 740 00:33:42,208 --> 00:33:44,375 to lose 21 grams? 741 00:33:44,375 --> 00:33:48,375 Just try a popular experiment from the 19th century. 742 00:33:48,375 --> 00:33:50,000 - In the Victorian period, 743 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:51,208 you have a strange fad 744 00:33:51,208 --> 00:33:52,625 for looking a bit like 745 00:33:52,625 --> 00:33:53,750 a tuberculosis patient, 746 00:33:53,750 --> 00:33:58,750 pale, and fragile, and very, very thin. 747 00:34:00,042 --> 00:34:01,625 - We have all sorts of different ideas 748 00:34:01,625 --> 00:34:03,542 to try and achieve that look, whether it's wearing a corset, 749 00:34:03,542 --> 00:34:06,417 whether it's actually taking poison. 750 00:34:06,417 --> 00:34:08,458 - [Dan] However, there's an even stranger method 751 00:34:08,458 --> 00:34:11,708 used to achieve that tuberculosis look. 752 00:34:11,708 --> 00:34:15,125 And it involves a little help from a friend. 753 00:34:15,125 --> 00:34:17,208 - You just swallow a little pill 754 00:34:17,208 --> 00:34:19,708 that has a tapeworm egg inside of it. 755 00:34:19,708 --> 00:34:23,708 And if all goes right, that tapeworm egg will hatch 756 00:34:23,708 --> 00:34:27,083 and start to grow inside of your intestines 757 00:34:27,083 --> 00:34:30,542 and consume a portion of everything you eat. 758 00:34:30,542 --> 00:34:33,542 - You're not just eating for one, you're eating for two. 759 00:34:33,542 --> 00:34:35,250 - You have no restrictions. 760 00:34:35,250 --> 00:34:37,375 You don't have to watch your calories. 761 00:34:37,375 --> 00:34:40,292 You don't have to avoid any particular type of foods. 762 00:34:40,292 --> 00:34:41,875 You can eat as much, 763 00:34:41,875 --> 00:34:43,375 eat what you want, 764 00:34:43,375 --> 00:34:45,750 and the tapeworm is going 765 00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:48,042 to do all the work for you. 766 00:34:48,042 --> 00:34:49,875 - [Dan] But once you hit your goal weight, 767 00:34:49,875 --> 00:34:50,667 there's a problem. 768 00:34:51,958 --> 00:34:55,292 How do you now get that pesky parasite out of you? 769 00:34:55,292 --> 00:34:59,375 - They recommend patients not eat for a few days 770 00:34:59,375 --> 00:35:01,417 so that the tapeworm is very hungry. 771 00:35:01,417 --> 00:35:05,333 Then they take food and put it in a capsule 772 00:35:05,333 --> 00:35:08,208 that they swallow, with the idea that the capsule 773 00:35:08,208 --> 00:35:10,792 will travel all the way through your system 774 00:35:10,792 --> 00:35:12,042 and out the other side, 775 00:35:12,042 --> 00:35:14,417 and the tapeworm, so hungry, 776 00:35:14,417 --> 00:35:17,375 will follow it right out of your body. 777 00:35:17,375 --> 00:35:20,208 - Another more homespun way to do this 778 00:35:20,208 --> 00:35:23,667 is a belief that tapeworms really like milk. 779 00:35:23,667 --> 00:35:28,417 - So the woman would place a glass of milk 780 00:35:28,417 --> 00:35:31,125 on either side of her body where it opens up, 781 00:35:31,125 --> 00:35:32,792 at those orifices, 782 00:35:32,792 --> 00:35:35,875 and wait for the worm to be attracted, 783 00:35:35,875 --> 00:35:39,958 one way or the other, to then wiggle its way up or down 784 00:35:39,958 --> 00:35:41,750 and out of the body. 785 00:35:42,750 --> 00:35:44,250 - [Dan] Experimenting with tapeworms 786 00:35:44,250 --> 00:35:47,708 is not just a diet fad of Victorian times. 787 00:35:47,708 --> 00:35:50,708 It makes a comeback in the 21st century. 788 00:35:50,708 --> 00:35:54,000 - In 2013, a woman in Iowa purchases 789 00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:57,000 a tapeworm egg off the internet and swallowed it, 790 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,125 but she immediately regrets it. 791 00:35:59,125 --> 00:36:00,875 And she goes to her doctor, 792 00:36:00,875 --> 00:36:04,667 who prescribes antiparasitics to get rid of it. 793 00:36:04,667 --> 00:36:07,625 - At least now there's modern methods 794 00:36:07,625 --> 00:36:09,625 for properly deworming somebody 795 00:36:09,625 --> 00:36:11,792 who has tried to use the tapeworm remedy 796 00:36:11,792 --> 00:36:12,667 who has tried to use the tapeworm remedy 797 00:36:13,375 --> 00:36:15,500 that doesn't involve a glass of milk under your bum. 798 00:36:20,250 --> 00:36:22,292 - It's a hot summer day in 1963 799 00:36:22,292 --> 00:36:24,333 at a bull ring outside of Cordoba, Spain. 800 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:28,125 A battle is about to occur between a giant beast 801 00:36:28,125 --> 00:36:31,333 and Spain's top neurologist. 802 00:36:31,333 --> 00:36:34,000 (eerie music) 803 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,292 (suspenseful music) 804 00:36:36,292 --> 00:36:38,417 - [Commentator] A bull ring in his native Spain 805 00:36:38,417 --> 00:36:39,750 provides the setting 806 00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:42,542 for Delgado's most spectacular demonstration. 807 00:36:42,542 --> 00:36:46,208 - He's this little guy, he's wearing a sweater and a tie, 808 00:36:46,208 --> 00:36:48,250 and he comes out with a traditional cape, 809 00:36:48,250 --> 00:36:50,917 but also holding a radio transmitter. 810 00:36:50,917 --> 00:36:52,875 - [Dan] Certainly, this tiny scientist 811 00:36:52,875 --> 00:36:54,542 is no match for the bull. 812 00:36:54,542 --> 00:36:58,708 Luckily for Dr. Jose Delgado, he has a secret weapon, 813 00:36:58,708 --> 00:37:00,292 mind control. 814 00:37:00,292 --> 00:37:02,542 - The scene is set up to be a bloodbath. 815 00:37:02,542 --> 00:37:05,292 The bull begins to charge at Dr. Delgado. 816 00:37:05,292 --> 00:37:08,958 (suspenseful music) 817 00:37:08,958 --> 00:37:10,250 And he presses a button 818 00:37:10,250 --> 00:37:12,208 on a little transmitter he's holding, 819 00:37:12,208 --> 00:37:15,042 and the bull immediately stops in its tracks, 820 00:37:15,042 --> 00:37:18,292 shakes its head in confusion, and then calmly walks away. 821 00:37:19,792 --> 00:37:22,625 - [Dan] We've all heard of a remote-controlled car, 822 00:37:22,625 --> 00:37:24,500 but a remote-controlled bull? 823 00:37:25,500 --> 00:37:28,000 - He has previously implanted electrodes 824 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,708 in this particular bull's head, in its caudate nucleus, 825 00:37:31,708 --> 00:37:34,583 that are intended to cut the bull's natural aggression. 826 00:37:35,667 --> 00:37:37,500 - [Dan] However, the area of the brain 827 00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,708 that Delgado is targeting has another function. 828 00:37:40,708 --> 00:37:42,708 - The reality here is that the caudate nucleus 829 00:37:42,708 --> 00:37:45,458 is partially responsible for motor control. 830 00:37:45,458 --> 00:37:47,875 And so, what Dr. Delgado is actually doing 831 00:37:47,875 --> 00:37:49,875 is causing the bull to freeze in place. 832 00:37:51,250 --> 00:37:52,875 - When Delgado presses the button, 833 00:37:52,875 --> 00:37:56,083 a signal short circuits that area in the bull's brain, 834 00:37:56,083 --> 00:38:00,042 just momentarily, but just enough to stop the charge. 835 00:38:00,042 --> 00:38:02,750 (bull snorting) 836 00:38:04,833 --> 00:38:07,000 - That freeze button might sound like a dream 837 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:08,667 to some married people. 838 00:38:08,667 --> 00:38:11,375 But for one couple, it's a reality. 839 00:38:11,375 --> 00:38:13,875 (eerie music) 840 00:38:14,917 --> 00:38:17,792 - Kevin Warwick is a professor of cybernetics 841 00:38:17,792 --> 00:38:19,625 at Redding University in England. 842 00:38:19,750 --> 00:38:24,625 And in 1998, he decides to go from lecturing about a subject 843 00:38:26,375 --> 00:38:28,042 to being part of it. 844 00:38:29,375 --> 00:38:31,083 - Dr. Warwick transplants 845 00:38:31,083 --> 00:38:32,292 a hundred electrodes 846 00:38:32,292 --> 00:38:34,417 into his left forearm. 847 00:38:34,417 --> 00:38:37,167 The electrodes are connected to a smart building, 848 00:38:37,167 --> 00:38:40,583 and so his arm can communicate via radio signals 849 00:38:40,583 --> 00:38:42,583 to the technology in the building. 850 00:38:42,583 --> 00:38:46,292 - So when he enters the building, 851 00:38:46,292 --> 00:38:48,875 the doors will open, the lights turn on, 852 00:38:48,875 --> 00:38:51,625 his computer goes to his favorite website. 853 00:38:52,750 --> 00:38:55,792 - [Dan] Remarkable, sure, but in 2002, 854 00:38:55,792 --> 00:38:57,875 Dr. Warwick kicks it up a notch. 855 00:38:59,208 --> 00:39:02,375 - Professor Warwick has a more advanced micro-electrode 856 00:39:02,375 --> 00:39:04,458 surgically implanted into his body, 857 00:39:04,458 --> 00:39:06,542 and this now allows him 858 00:39:06,542 --> 00:39:09,042 to directly communicate with his computer 859 00:39:09,042 --> 00:39:10,833 just by thinking about it. 860 00:39:10,833 --> 00:39:13,042 - So try and think of something. 861 00:39:13,042 --> 00:39:14,542 Think of moving your hand. 862 00:39:16,042 --> 00:39:17,417 That is your brain working. 863 00:39:17,417 --> 00:39:19,250 - The connection is so good 864 00:39:19,250 --> 00:39:22,208 between the human mind and technology 865 00:39:22,208 --> 00:39:24,833 that he is able to send commands 866 00:39:24,833 --> 00:39:29,417 to open and close a robotic hand in New York. 867 00:39:29,417 --> 00:39:34,083 So the power of his mind is jumping the Atlantic 868 00:39:35,375 --> 00:39:38,625 and moving a piece of cybernetic technology. 869 00:39:38,625 --> 00:39:40,542 - This is the beginning. 870 00:39:40,542 --> 00:39:43,208 but he wants this terminal 871 00:39:43,208 --> 00:39:45,000 not to be hooked up to some machine 872 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,458 but to be connected to another human being, 873 00:39:48,542 --> 00:39:50,792 - [Dan] Not just any human being. 874 00:39:50,792 --> 00:39:54,583 Dr. Warwick, or Captain Cyborg, as he's dubbed by his peers, 875 00:39:54,583 --> 00:39:57,208 has the perfect person in mind. 876 00:39:57,208 --> 00:40:01,208 - Captain Cyborg does something that most married men 877 00:40:01,208 --> 00:40:02,708 are reluctant to do. 878 00:40:02,708 --> 00:40:07,250 He has a processor inserted into his wife Irena. 879 00:40:07,250 --> 00:40:10,875 - He and his wife are literally in communication 880 00:40:10,875 --> 00:40:13,708 at the level that you only ever get with your own body. 881 00:40:14,875 --> 00:40:17,542 - The communication that happens is when his wife 882 00:40:17,542 --> 00:40:20,833 thinks about opening or closing her hand, 883 00:40:20,833 --> 00:40:24,583 which then sends a signal back into Warwick's arm, 884 00:40:24,583 --> 00:40:26,750 causing his hand to open and close. 885 00:40:27,833 --> 00:40:31,417 - His wife has control over his body. 886 00:40:31,417 --> 00:40:33,708 I don't like giving anyone that I'm dating 887 00:40:33,708 --> 00:40:35,625 control of the remote control. 888 00:40:36,708 --> 00:40:38,292 - [Dan] Kevin Warwick's experiments 889 00:40:38,292 --> 00:40:41,208 give us a glimpse into a future where cyborg technology, 890 00:40:41,208 --> 00:40:44,750 as strange as it may seem, is part of our everyday lives. 891 00:40:46,042 --> 00:40:49,083 - We are moving toward a cyborg future for humanity, 892 00:40:49,083 --> 00:40:51,542 where we have chips implanted in our bodies 893 00:40:51,542 --> 00:40:53,875 and we communicate with the world around us. 894 00:40:53,875 --> 00:40:56,083 Imagine if you can actually just think 895 00:40:56,083 --> 00:40:59,542 and turn on the lights, run your bath, make your coffee. 896 00:40:59,542 --> 00:41:01,208 We have the old commercial, 897 00:41:01,208 --> 00:41:02,250 help me, I've fallen 898 00:41:02,250 --> 00:41:03,417 and can't get up. 899 00:41:03,417 --> 00:41:05,417 Imagine if you could just think that 900 00:41:05,417 --> 00:41:07,875 and rescuers come for you. 901 00:41:07,875 --> 00:41:10,792 The future of humanity is unlimited 902 00:41:10,792 --> 00:41:14,208 'cause humans are so smart and amazing. 903 00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:17,083 (rhythmic music) 904 00:41:17,083 --> 00:41:20,042 - We've seen experiments that are weird and disturbing, 905 00:41:20,042 --> 00:41:23,833 some that can control minds, some that even do good. 906 00:41:23,833 --> 00:41:26,000 But no matter what their original intent, 907 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:29,208 these experiments all share one thing in common. 908 00:41:29,208 --> 00:41:31,792 They're truly unbelievable.