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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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[Morgan] The night has just begun.

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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You are exactly where you want to be.

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You feel confident, excited and seen.

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Finally,
you are with people who feel like you.

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And for a moment,
you forget that you are different.

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Tonight, everything is possible.

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[Zavier] Berlin is the place
where everything is happening.

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[Morgan] It's the capital of sin.

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[Robert] There were 80 to 120 cafes,
bars, clubs

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that were almost exclusively
targeting LGBTQ people.

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[Morgan] There are queer and trans people
all around.

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[Robert] After the Nazis come to power,

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we see the worst homophobic persecution
in world history.

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There are barely any other
periods of history

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where freedom and oppression

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are as close to each other
as they are in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Even today, you can have these liberties
and they can be taken away from you.

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These people were living the type of
life that I live now.

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But it's only for a moment.

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[Walter] It was a complete calamity
for humankind.

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And I was a member of that humankind.

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[Morgan] You are coming
up the street in Berlin

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and you see a building on the corner

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that has a fantastic sign out front.

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And it says, "Here It Is Right!"

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[cabaret music plays]

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[she whoops]

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[crowd cheer]

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[Zavier] Of all the nightclubs
that we have in the Golden Twenties,

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the Eldorado
is the most spectacular queer venue.

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[Klaus] The Eldorado allows gay men,
lesbian women,

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trans men and trans women in Berlin

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to feel free and experience
self-determination for the first time.

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[Morgan] One of the people you will
meet here is Charlotte Charlaque,

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a Jewish American-German intellectual.

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She's traveled the world, she's lived
in America, in Germany, in France

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and is about to become

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one of the first people

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to undergo sex reassignment surgery
in the world.

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[crowd cheer and applaud]

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[Klaus] In Berlin's nightlife,
we see two new faces:

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Lisa and Gottfried, a newly married couple
in their early twenties,

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like so many Eldorado guests,
they are ready to just drift along,

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to discover new things
and experience new love.

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[she laughs]

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[Klaus] Lisa, full name Lisa von Dobeneck,

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and Gottfried von Cramm
have known each other since childhood.

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They grew up on neighboring estates.

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Lisa was born in to the Dobeneck family.

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They lived 15 kilometers
from one of our estates.

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It was called the "Babylon of Sin"

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because it's where we Cramms
were free to do anything we wanted.

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[Klaus] Lisa and Gottfried
wanted to live the high life.

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And of course, that's not going to happen
in this rural environment.

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So they're drawn instead
to the magnet of wild Berlin.

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[Zavier] There's also quite
a lot of freedom that comes in.

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Rights for women are coming through.

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There's a lifting of censorship

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and press has much more freedom
to print what it likes.

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And that creates a whole flourishing
of queer print media.

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THE GIRLFRIEND
WOMEN LOVE

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[Zavier] You had specific ones
for gay men and for gay women.

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And you even had ones
that were specific to transvestites.

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It's possible to talk now about sex
more openly than it had been before.

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It feels to people

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like there's this complete revolution
of the sexual order happening.

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[Klaus] For the first time,

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Lisa and Gottfried discover a world
previously unknown to them.

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And the Eldorado represents this awakening
for them there.

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[crowd cheer]

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[indistinct chatter]

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[tense music]

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[Ben] So in the middle of this
kind of fabulous glittering nightclub,

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you'd probably be surprised

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to meet someone who's
on a first-name basis with Adolf Hitler.

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This person is named Ernst Röhm,

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has horrifying violent,
anti-Semitic politics

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and is one of the real key strategists
and architects of the Nazi rise to power.

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[Röhm] … with swastika flags
blowing all across the Reich today…

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[Ben] Röhm is a fanatical soldier devoted
to and in love with war and killing.

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And as a pure nationalist,

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he never got over
Germany's loss of the First World War.

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[Röhm continues speech in German]

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Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm

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met around 1919
in the right-wing movement,

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where they became fast friends

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and they maintained a close friendship
for years.

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[Röhm] …to stand strong for all eternity.

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[Ben] They bond over the dream

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of making the Nazis
into a movement capable of taking power.

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Which is far away, for now.

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So Ernst Röhm is gay,

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is rather careless about being gay,

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has many gay lovers and contacts.

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His homosexuality is one open secret
and something that's gossiped about.

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Hitler is likely aware
of the rumors about Röhm.

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But he seems to prioritize
Röhm's potential usefulness to him.

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At one point Hitler
seems to have been quoted as saying,

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"His private life does not interest me

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as long as he maintains
the necessary discretion."

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But as we'll see, the necessary
discretion was not always maintained.

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[cabaret music plays]

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[Robert] This club attracted

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an incredible spectrum of people

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in terms of their politics
or their world views.

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ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!

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What the Eldorado really represents

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is Berlin's window of queer life
to the world.

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[crowd cheer]

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[Zavier] Some of the queer performers
at the Eldorado

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become really mainstream stars
in this period.

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And one of them is Claire Waldoff.

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[sings in German]
Men out of the Reichstag!

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And men out of the Landtag

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And men out of the manor

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We'll make it into a women's house

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[Morgan] If you showed up
to the Eldorado alone,

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you needed to pay for a taxi dancer
to escort you around the floor.

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You can really check out
this gender illusion

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that's so famous about the Eldorado.

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One night,
Charlotte meets someone like her.

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Not only is this person
an intellectual like Charlotte,

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she's also trans.

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And her name is Toni Ebel.

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Unlike Charlotte,
she does not know what to do about this.

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She's just escaped a terrible marriage.

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She's about ten years older.

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But the two become inseparable.

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These kinds of relationships
between trans women

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are actually really common,

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where regardless of
what our sexual orientation may be,

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we develop these deep sisterhoods

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that sometimes cross the line over
into being lovers

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or life partners.

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In part this is because

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we live in a world where there aren't
a lot of people like us.

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And so when we meet someone like us,

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we form deep family commitments
to each other,

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regardless of what shape that takes.

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Toni has been trying for many years
to live her life as a woman,

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but she doesn't know where to go.

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Charlotte Charlaque has the answer.

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She introduces Toni to Magnus Hirschfeld.

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[Klaus] Magnus Hirschfeld
is also a regular at the Eldorado.

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He loves observing queer life.

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[Ben] He is, in his own right,
a celebrity.

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Everyone knows who he is.

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[Morgan] He's a sexologist.

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He's fascinated
by studying human sexuality

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and gender roles.

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He fundamentally believes

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that gay people and trans people

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can achieve liberation and their rights

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through the tools of science.

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[Ben] He publishes, at a maddening rate,

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books, pamphlets, his lectures.

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He founded the world's first
gay rights organization in 1897.

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[Klaus]
On the map of Berlin's queer city life,

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there is one focal point
for progressive thinking:

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Magnus Hirschfeld's
Institute for Sexual Science.

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[Morgan] There's a museum where you can
see things like some frilly panties

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that a German soldier wore in World War I.

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You can find dildos, all kinds of things.

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[Robert] It included space for a range
of services for all people

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who need counseling
about their relationships,

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any kind of STD,
information on abortion and pregnancy,

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the list goes on and on.

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The Institute is also
a social place for people.

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It was a hub for queer people to go,
a kind of a community setting.

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[Robert] Just knowing that
the Institute is there

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is an important piece of information
for many in the Berlin community.

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One of the things that it specializes in

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is trans identity
and trans treatments available for those

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who are struggling with their gender
that was assigned at birth.

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[indistinct conversation]

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[Klaus] For Ernst Röhm,
Magnus Hirschfeld embodies the enemy.

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He is Jewish, a social democrat,

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and he champions the rights
of trans men and women.

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Hirschfeld is the opposite
of the masculine ideology

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that Ernst Röhm publicly supports.

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But both men have something in common,
they are not openly homosexual.

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Magnus Hirschfeld knows that being out

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would jeopardize his reputation
as a scientist.

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And Ernst Röhm knows that
it would expel him from the Nazi Party.

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[Ben] Ernst Röhm seems to have had
an enormous degree of confidence

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that his personal friendship with Hitler

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and his long personal history with Hitler
would protect him.

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Both in terms of the public at large
and in terms of the Nazi movement.

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And this allows him to be quite careless
about his private life.

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[Röhm] "Dear Dr. Heimsoth."

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"Greetings, first of all."

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"I can remember a number
of same-sex feelings and acts

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reaching back to my childhood,

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but I have also associated
with many women."

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"Never, however,
to my particular enjoyment."

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[Ben] There's not much evidence
of Röhm's interior life.

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But we do have one real
sort of treasure trove of that.

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And it's a series of letters
that he wrote to a friend

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named Dr. Karl-Günther Heimsoth.

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[Röhm]
"All women are loathsome to me."

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"I am not at all unhappy
about my disposition,

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even if it has caused me
considerable difficulties at times."

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"Deep down, I may even be proud of it."

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"At least I believe so."

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[Ben] And in these letters,

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Röhm seems to become
more and more confident

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in identifying as homosexual.

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This is a moment
when the idea of sexuality itself,

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heterosexuality, homosexuality, whatever,

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the idea that a sexuality
is a coherent thing that a person has,

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is really quite fresh and being developed.

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[Klaus]
But there is also another reality.

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After all, not all of Germany
consists of big cities.

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A large part of the country is rural.

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For those in German towns and villages,

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what is happening in Berlin
and in other major cities is foreign.

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They feel intimidated
by these rapid changes.

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[Ben] The pace of change

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is a source of frustration
for just about everybody.

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If you're a radical, then change
is happening much too slowly for you.

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On the other side,
if you're a conservative,

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you're watching everything that gives
your life depth and meaning washed away.

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And it's that experience
of being threatened by this change

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that gives fascists fertile ground
in which to spread their poisonous ideas.

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[Hitler in German]
We want to school the Germans

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insofar as that
there is no life without law

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and that there is no law without power

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and there is no power without strength

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and that any strength
has to be rooted in our own nation!

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[Walter] To me, Hitler sounded like
he always sounded when he gave a speech,

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like a madman.

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The yelling and the things he said.

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And of course he talked
about Jewish people, yes.

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It was a horrible thing to listen to.

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I didn't concern myself with it
any further than that.

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I was an innocent young man.

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I had fallen in love, you see.

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[plays piano]

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[transitions into gentle piano music]

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We had a villa in Sauerbrunn

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where we used to spend
all of our summers.

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00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,240
And there was someone else
who also went there on holiday every year.

245
00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:18,160
Lumpi.

246
00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:21,720
That's how I met him.

247
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,960
He lived in Budapest
and I lived in Vienna.

248
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:30,800
Lumpi and I became friends.

249
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:33,760
We did everything together.

250
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:38,640
I loved him. After all, why not?

251
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:41,280
[they laugh]

252
00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:49,040
Sure, we were both Jewish.

253
00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:52,640
But we didn't give it much thought.

254
00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,920
We were pretty removed from it all,
as one might say.

255
00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:12,960
But there was tension in the air.

256
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:19,920
Not just in Berlin or in Germany,
but everywhere in Europe.

257
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,880
[tense music]

258
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:29,839
[indistinct chatter]

259
00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:34,760
So in 1931, Hitler appoints Röhm
to be head of the SA.

260
00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:39,320
The SA is the Nazis' paramilitary.
They do the dirty work.

261
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:42,880
They destabilize democracy,

262
00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:46,840
they fight other people on the street,
they beat people up outside events.

263
00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:54,320
Under Röhm, this force would grow
to three million members.

264
00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,680
That's an enormously important
kind of backbone and insurance

265
00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:00,960
for the Nazi movement.

266
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:07,800
The SA is a really huge part of the Nazis'
plan to take control of Germany

267
00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,280
and to establish a racially pure empire

268
00:18:10,360 --> 00:18:13,400
free of Jews, free of communists,
free of disabled people,

269
00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,800
free of Roma and Sinti people
and free of queers.

270
00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:23,800
[tense music]

271
00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:26,520
[Kathrin]
The SA recruited its members

272
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,440
mostly among lower class
and lower middle-class young men.

273
00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:34,120
Because of its relatively low standards
for admission,

274
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,720
the SA attracted not only
radical nationalists,

275
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:42,520
but also outsiders, eccentrics
and quite a number of criminals.

276
00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,480
[Ben] Karl Ernst is a storm trooper

277
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,320
who Röhm probably meets and recruits

278
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,280
out of this Berlin nightlife world.

279
00:18:57,360 --> 00:18:59,280
And Ernst ends up joining the SA

280
00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:03,680
and becoming a right-hand man of Röhm
in the organization.

281
00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,880
[Kathrin] The storm trooper,
Karl Ernst, worked in Berlin,

282
00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,640
sometimes as a doorman
at gay and lesbian nightclubs,

283
00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:13,560
sometimes as a bellhop.

284
00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:18,000
[Ben] After joining the SA, Ernst begins
to develop his own political ambitions,

285
00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:21,120
even as he's living a gay double life.

286
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,520
So if we think about Röhm's life

287
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,320
in the military,
in these right-wing paramilitaries,

288
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:37,920
he's someone who creates around himself
an entirely single-sex environment.

289
00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,720
You're living together,
you're showering together.

290
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,880
You're going out in the streets and
beating up Jews and communists together.

291
00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,960
And all of this can have

292
00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,800
a kind of erotic or sexual charge.

293
00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,240
There is this hyper-masculinity.

294
00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:57,720
"We are so much men

295
00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,560
that we are actually disgusted by women."

296
00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:02,280
"We don't want to look at them."

297
00:20:02,360 --> 00:20:07,640
"And that doesn't make us effeminate,
that makes us even more like men."

298
00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,320
[Röhm] To the movement!

299
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:16,400
[indistinct chatter and shouting]

300
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,960
[Kathrin] There is one man
in the Nazi movement

301
00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,120
whom Ernst Röhm underestimated
for a long time.

302
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:42,360
That is the Reich Leader of the SS,
Heinrich Himmler.

303
00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,440
As a young person, Heinrich Himmler
was very interested

304
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:51,680
in this kind
of fraternity-based comradery.

305
00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:56,680
But at the same time he always feared
the danger in these male friendships

306
00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:59,200
of giving rise to erotic attraction.

307
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:06,440
At this point in time, Himmler was
the leader of the SS, the Schutzstaffel.

308
00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:12,000
[Ben] The smaller paramilitary SS
is below Röhm's much larger SA.

309
00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,840
So Röhm and Himmler
are competing in some way.

310
00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,920
[Kathrin] To distance himself from the SA,
which is widely seen as homosexual,

311
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,560
Himmler plans to forge the SS
into an elite organization.

312
00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:28,680
For him, this means that its members
should ideally be blond and blue-eyed.

313
00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,640
Therefore, Himmler seems
to consider physical appearance

314
00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:35,600
as ostensible proof
of having "good Aryan blood".

315
00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:40,520
[crowd cheer]

316
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:47,520
[indistinct conversation]

317
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:51,760
[Klaus] Gottfried von Cramm
becomes a star during this time.

318
00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,120
[commentator]
After two extremely close games,

319
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,200
the German champion tears a muscle,

320
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:01,920
and from then on
cannot really beat Ferré.

321
00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:05,920
[Klaus] Gottfried, who started
playing at the age of ten,

322
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,720
decides at age 13 that he wants to become
the best tennis player in the world.

323
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:15,040
The moment he gets to Berlin,

324
00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:19,320
he immediately joins
this very famous tennis club, "Rot-Weiß".

325
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920
And one of its members is Hermann Göring,

326
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,600
the eventual Interior Minister
of the Nazi government.

327
00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:32,880
Gottfried is a handsome man, a tall man.

328
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,240
He has blue eyes and blond hair.

329
00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:37,560
He embodies the Aryan prototype.

330
00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:43,000
And so early on, he is encouraged
to join the ranks of the Nazi Party.

331
00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:47,080
We know that Gottfried refuses,

332
00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,280
and of course over the years
that becomes more and more of a problem.

333
00:22:50,360 --> 00:22:54,480
[indistinct conversation]

334
00:22:54,560 --> 00:23:01,560
[optimistic music]

335
00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:14,440
Of course we don't know the details
of how they initially met.

336
00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:19,920
But what we do know is that Gottfried
meets a young man around his own age.

337
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,880
This young man he meets is Manasse,
Manasse Herbst.

338
00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:33,840
Gottfried and Manasse certainly come
from very different worlds.

339
00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:39,280
Manasse comes from a Jewish family
in Scheunenviertel.

340
00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:42,480
A poor Berlin neighborhood.

341
00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:47,080
He's an actor, but to make ends meet,
he works as a bartender at the Jockey,

342
00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:50,440
a small jazz bar
a few blocks from the Eldorado.

343
00:23:52,120 --> 00:23:55,240
Maybe there was a moment of recognition.

344
00:23:56,600 --> 00:24:01,880
[indistinct chatter]

345
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:06,240
[tense music]

346
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:16,000
But there's also a legal issue that poses
a genuine threat to homosexual men:

347
00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:18,000
Paragraph 175.

348
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,480
FORNICATION BETWEEN PERSONS OF THE
MALE SEX IS PUNISHED WITH IMPRISONMENT

349
00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,800
This paragraph criminalizes
homosexual relations between men.

350
00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,080
But it is tricky in practice

351
00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:31,640
since many courts demand proof
of sexual acts

352
00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:34,120
to actually be able to apply the law.

353
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,440
And gathering that proof
isn't exactly easy for the police.

354
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,640
[Ben] Instead of actually
busting up bars or conducting raids,

355
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,720
what they do is
they maintain "pink lists."

356
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:53,360
And these are lists of people that
they suspect or know to be homosexual.

357
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,600
[Klaus] In many cases, people didn't
even know they were on these lists

358
00:24:57,680 --> 00:24:59,720
because they never ended up
getting charged.

359
00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:03,640
Eventually, these pink lists ended up
including thousands of names.

360
00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,120
FIRST NAME: JOSEF
CRIMINAL CATEGORY: § 175

361
00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:11,760
But Gottfried is this kind of person
who, when he falls in love,

362
00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:12,960
he pursues that love.

363
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:18,200
[gentle jazz music]

364
00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,160
Gottfried and Manasse
start seeing each other regularly.

365
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,120
Lisa, of course, knows all about it.

366
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,800
There is no secrecy,
instead everything is out in the open.

367
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:38,520
[in German] What are you doing?

368
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:40,720
[they laugh]

369
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,920
Come here! Come on!

370
00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:49,080
[Klaus] And now, the three of them start
a new type of relationship,

371
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,200
which apparently works well for them.

372
00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:59,280
[indistinct chatter]

373
00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:06,360
For Lisa, the move to Berlin
is also liberating.

374
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,360
She wants to live independently.

375
00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:11,520
She wants to experience herself and life
in a new way.

376
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:13,360
And she very quickly forms friendships

377
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:16,000
with the modern women
of progressive Berlin.

378
00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:20,640
She socialises with female authors,
female athletes and female photographers.

379
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:24,400
It's important to note
that Lisa is also a photographer herself.

380
00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:29,280
She's an avid jazz dancer,
she's an avid equestrian.

381
00:26:29,360 --> 00:26:31,720
She plays hockey
and even becomes the German champion.

382
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:38,520
And this stems from a broader movement
that began even before the 1920s

383
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,920
where women were freeing themselves
from being confined to the home.

384
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,280
Freeing themselves from the corset.

385
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:49,280
So she also has a tough demeanor
and is very independent.

386
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,400
Relatively quickly, she starts
having affairs with her lesbian friends.

387
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,640
She's curious and has a sexual appetite
for adventure that she pursues freely.

388
00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:05,480
["You Do Something to Me" plays]

389
00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:11,920
♪ You do something to me ♪

390
00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:20,160
♪ Something that simply mystifies me ♪

391
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:27,520
♪ Tell me, why should it be ♪

392
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:35,720
♪ You have the power to hypnotize me ♪

393
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:39,040
[song continues]

394
00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:42,960
[Klaus] The relationship
between Gottfried and Lisa

395
00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:47,440
by this almost endless trust
in each other.

396
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,560
That whatever they do, nothing is taboo.

397
00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:57,120
♪.. so well, oh you…♪

398
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,160
ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN GERMANY

399
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:04,240
[Ben] So it's the spring of 1932.

400
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,520
Hitler's running
in the presidential election.

401
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,280
The Nazis are running
in the Parliamentary election.

402
00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:12,480
[Kathrin] Shortly before they seize power,

403
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,280
the Nazis once again significantly
increase their tactic of street violence.

404
00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,880
There are massive street fights
with fatalities.

405
00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:24,520
The purpose behind all of this

406
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,600
is to demonstrate
the instability of democracy.

407
00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,880
And they present themselves
as the party of law and order

408
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:36,480
that will restore the nation
to security, order and peace,

409
00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:37,880
if they win the election.

410
00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:43,240
TAKE TO THE STREETS!
ADOLF HITLER

411
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,360
[Klaus] It isn't really fear

412
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:50,000
that the German people
associate with the Nazis

413
00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:51,120
but hope.

414
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,520
Hope for a reinvigorated Germany

415
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:57,440
and the promise of a golden future.

416
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:08,720
Hello, good evening.
Can I take your jacket?

417
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:20,320
[Zavier] So Charlotte, Toni
and another woman,

418
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,200
Dorchen Richter,
they have their surgeries now.

419
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,680
And they are only three examples
that we know

420
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:30,640
had gender reassignment surgery
at the Institute

421
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,360
and survived those surgeries initially.

422
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,360
These surgeries
and these different procedures

423
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,280
were incredibly risky,
they were very experimental.

424
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,800
These were some of the first times

425
00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:51,880
when multiple surgeries were being
performed on humans in history.

426
00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:58,760
People would want to come to this place

427
00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,880
precisely because
there was no other alternative.

428
00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:04,760
So its renown was global.

429
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,880
[Morgan] Charlotte and Toni
must feel a huge amount of relief

430
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:18,440
that they were able to access surgeries
while those surgeries were possible.

431
00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:20,240
Now, having had the surgeries,

432
00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,960
they feel much more content
in their gender

433
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,240
and more solidified in their femininity.

434
00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,040
Charlotte frequently proclaims

435
00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,720
that the surgery has made her
the happiest she's ever been.

436
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:38,800
[gentle piano and string music]

437
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:45,800
[Morgan] I can't think
of another piece of film from this time

438
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,440
where you see not just one trans person,

439
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,080
but multiple trans people together,

440
00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:54,600
really quite happy and joyful.

441
00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:10,880
[indistinct chatter]

442
00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,640
[Morgan] In Germany at this time,

443
00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:18,960
if one of the drag acts at the Eldorado

444
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:22,320
walks out the door still in drag,

445
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:25,840
they can be arrested
for causing a public disturbance.

446
00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:31,640
[indistinct chatter]

447
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:36,760
This means that most trans people
aren't able to live as themselves

448
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:39,120
without facing police repression.

449
00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,040
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Institute

450
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,760
come up with a negotiated solution
with the police,

451
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:50,480
which is to provide these people

452
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:53,760
walking papers or the "trans pass."

453
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,840
WORKER, EVA KATTER,
IS KNOWN TO WEAR MEN'S CLOTHING

454
00:31:56,920 --> 00:32:01,480
Basically an ID card
that indicates to police:

455
00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:05,360
You shouldn't arrest this person because
they're under the care of a doctor.

456
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,880
And they are legally entitled
to move through the public

457
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:11,520
dressed as the gender they identify with.

458
00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,440
This is the first time in the world

459
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:27,880
that there's legal recognition
for trans people's genders.

460
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,760
And now people like Charlotte and Toni,

461
00:32:31,840 --> 00:32:34,480
they can walk freely, carrying this pass,

462
00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:37,080
without worrying
that a policeman is going to stop them

463
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,160
and say, "you're doing something illegal."

464
00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:46,720
[Morgan] Queer and trans people
can live in the light, in public.

465
00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,400
And it happens right here in Berlin.

466
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:55,000
[peaceful piano music]

467
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:04,920
[train whistles]

468
00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:12,320
[Walter]
A few years later I went to Budapest

469
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,320
for my Easter holiday break.

470
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:17,800
I stayed with Lumpi,
who lived on Andrássy Street.

471
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:21,640
I don't remember the exact address,
it was near the opera.

472
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:31,360
During that first visit,
we were up to so many shenanigans.

473
00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:40,600
They didn't have a real bathroom.

474
00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,480
They had
what we in Vienna would call a "lavor".

475
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:49,120
His mom would fill it with water

476
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,400
and put us both, naked,
into this makeshift bathtub.

477
00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:02,440
And when Lumpi saw me, he got aroused.

478
00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,000
When he saw me naked. I did notice it.

479
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:12,080
But we didn't touch each other
or do anything sexual.

480
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:16,320
But I was always very flustered.

481
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:18,679
[he laughs]

482
00:34:20,159 --> 00:34:26,600
[peaceful piano and string music]

483
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:34,520
[Kathrin] In the early 30s,

484
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,800
Hitler tries to come to power
through legal means

485
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:41,679
by using as much propaganda as possible
to get people's votes.

486
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:46,040
His goal is to take over parliament
to then destroy it from within.

487
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,480
[Ben] The Nazis' biggest enemies

488
00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:53,360
in some sense are the social democrats
and the communists.

489
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,600
And the social democrats
need to come up with a campaign,

490
00:34:59,679 --> 00:35:04,920
something to do to try to stop the Nazis
from coming to power.

491
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:21,840
[Röhm laughs]

492
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,160
CUPID IN THE BROWN HOUSE

493
00:35:27,240 --> 00:35:29,800
RÖHM APPROVES THE SA PARADE

494
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,920
[Ben] Social democratic journalists
get their hands on copies

495
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,440
of Röhm's letters to Dr. Heimsoth

496
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,720
and publish what they call
"the love letters of Ernst Röhm."

497
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,800
"Revelations about
Hitler's chief mercenary."

498
00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:49,920
"The Welt am Sonntag paper is publishing
a letter by Lieutenant Colonel Röhm…"

499
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,040
[Ben] An enormous scandal is made of this.

500
00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,680
The social democrats really think
that they have their silver bullet here

501
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,040
that's going to help them
win back some elements of this base.

502
00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:09,160
In March of 1932,
as the scandal is breaking,

503
00:36:09,240 --> 00:36:12,400
Hitler gets 30 percent of the vote
in the presidential election,

504
00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:14,120
which is a whole lot.

505
00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:19,760
In July of 1932, after the scandal
has been raging for a few months,

506
00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,360
he gets 37 percent of the vote.

507
00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:24,520
And so you can see,
the scandal didn't work.

508
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,640
It's kind of a failed political tactic.

509
00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:31,240
[he laughs]

510
00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:32,480
Same sex!

511
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:33,720
I think if you're Röhm,

512
00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,680
when this breaks in the newspapers,
you're probably terrified.

513
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,320
When it doesn't have an effect

514
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,880
and the Party still cruises to this
victory in the elections, its first ever,

515
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,160
you feel vindicated.

516
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:52,280
And even more importantly,
you feel really unstoppable.

517
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:59,360
[upbeat jazz music]

518
00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:14,920
[crowd cheer and whoop]

519
00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:47,760
[in German] Germans,

520
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:53,080
fellow members of the German Nation.

521
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,480
On January 30th,

522
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,120
the die has been cast in Germany.

523
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:03,040
And I do not believe

524
00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:09,560
that the enemies who were laughing
back then are still laughing today.

525
00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:14,360
[Hitler] Sieg!

526
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:15,520
Heil!

527
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:17,880
- [Hitler] Sieg!
-Heil!

528
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:23,400
[Kathrin] On January 30th, 1933,
Hitler is appointed chancellor.

529
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:27,080
[brass band plays march]

530
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:30,920
REICH CHANCELLOR HITLER!

531
00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:41,800
[Klaus] Hitler becomes
the Führer of his totalitarian regime.

532
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:48,160
[brass band plays march]

533
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:56,240
[crowd cheers]

534
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:05,400
[ominous music]

535
00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:12,040
[Kathrin] There is no place
in Nazi ideology

536
00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:14,680
for self-determination or individuality.

537
00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:20,320
Instead everything and everyone
is in service of the bigger picture.

538
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,360
Every individual
within this national community

539
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,760
has to defer to a higher purpose.

540
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:33,840
[Ben] The Nazis are enormously invested

541
00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:37,920
in ideas of racial and social
and sexual health and hygiene.

542
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:41,680
And that, of course, means producing
racially pure and healthy babies.

543
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,760
Anything that gets in the way
of growing the population

544
00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:47,000
is bad and a threat to the nation.

545
00:40:00,840 --> 00:40:02,880
[Klaus]
Shortly before the Nazis seize power,

546
00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:04,600
the Eldorado shuts down.

547
00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,120
No farewells, no send-off.

548
00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:15,120
And the queer community loses
one of its most important hubs.

549
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:28,640
[Zavier] A lot of the people
that were employed by the Eldorado

550
00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:31,160
had a lot of their protections
taken away from them

551
00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:32,960
as well as job opportunities.

552
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:40,160
[Klaus] And then, the situation goes
from bad to worse.

553
00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:43,800
The Nazis start using the Eldorado
as an advertising space.

554
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,640
ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!

555
00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:50,640
VOTE FOR HITLER - LIST 1

556
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:53,440
[Morgan] It must have caused
people's blood to run cold

557
00:40:53,520 --> 00:40:57,920
to think that you could go so far
in the extreme opposite direction

558
00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:59,600
in the same building.

559
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:01,520
The Eldorado is closed

560
00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:07,760
and all of the social spaces
that had flourished for ten years before,

561
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,000
disappear almost overnight.

562
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,400
People are still queer but
they haven't got the same kind of venues

563
00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:15,000
where they can meet with each other.

564
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:18,200
They have to do this
in a much more secretive way.

565
00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:25,280
[somber music]

566
00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:38,360
[Klaus] In 1933,

567
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:42,680
the life that Gottfried and Manasse
had been leading changes drastically.

568
00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:50,480
Manasse very quickly loses
all his theater bookings.

569
00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:54,840
Because he is Jewish, he's no longer
allowed to work in the theater.

570
00:41:54,920 --> 00:41:57,680
He realizes right away
that he is no longer safe in Germany.

571
00:42:01,480 --> 00:42:04,760
Everyone is aware of how quickly
the situation is escalating.

572
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:11,600
Now, a question looms
over the relationship:

573
00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:14,040
how they can get Manasse
out of Germany safely?

574
00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:18,720
But Gottfried still wants to play tennis.

575
00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:24,960
And if that means
he has to play tennis for Nazi Germany,

576
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:26,680
then so be it.

577
00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:31,520
The pressure is mounting.

578
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,840
He is in a romantic relationship
with a gay Jewish man,

579
00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:39,000
but at the same time
his popularity is growing both at home,

580
00:42:39,080 --> 00:42:40,240
and abroad.

581
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,920
And maybe he's thinking
that as long as he can keep on winning,

582
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,480
the Nazi regime can't touch him.

583
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:54,320
So Gottfried plays for Germany
because there really is no other option.

584
00:42:54,400 --> 00:43:01,400
[tense music]

585
00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:09,760
[Zavier] Despite the Nazis
having already come into power in '33,

586
00:43:09,840 --> 00:43:13,880
Charlotte and Toni
felt comfortable going outside,

587
00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,040
presenting themselves on the street,

588
00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:17,840
having photographs taken

589
00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:22,080
and even talking to a journalist
really openly about themselves.

590
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,720
[Morgan] Everything seems to be okay.

591
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,040
You could still go to the Institute…

592
00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:37,000
Charlotte is deeply enmeshed
within Hirschfeld and his circle.

593
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:42,880
She provides advice to new trans people

594
00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,560
who don't even know
how to pick out dresses.

595
00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:48,560
She helps people get access to housing.

596
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:53,400
Charlotte and Toni
are finally living lives

597
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:56,640
and not just completing a medical process.

598
00:44:01,720 --> 00:44:05,280
[Klaus] Magnus Hirschfeld meanwhile
is touring the world.

599
00:44:10,240 --> 00:44:13,360
Although he can't make public appearances
in Germany anymore,

600
00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:15,600
he's still being celebrated abroad.

601
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:18,920
[Morgan] He's already notorious

602
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,720
for being the Jew
who's effeminizing Germany

603
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,880
and seducing the youth into homosexuality.

604
00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:29,640
So he's really Nazi enemy number one.

605
00:44:31,760 --> 00:44:34,760
Charlotte and Toni
are starting to feel the heat.

606
00:44:34,840 --> 00:44:38,200
The two of them make a decision
to leave the Institute.

607
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:46,040
They move into a squalid one-room flat
elsewhere in Berlin.

608
00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:56,320
These two women

609
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,080
develop such strong feelings to each other

610
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:02,560
that Toni converts to Judaism.

611
00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:09,080
I find it hard to believe

612
00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:12,520
that anyone would be
converting to Judaism at this time

613
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:16,400
if they didn't really
love the person they were with.

614
00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:26,040
After they've left,
this is when the Institute is attacked.

615
00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:37,600
[Robert] On the morning of May 6th, 1933,

616
00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:41,640
a group of Nazi students
ransack the Institute.

617
00:45:41,720 --> 00:45:47,480
Nazi youths pull down all the shelves,
they throw ink all over the research.

618
00:45:48,080 --> 00:45:50,760
[Zavier] They destroy the library,
they destroy the rooms.

619
00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:53,680
This includes some 20,000 books.

620
00:45:54,560 --> 00:45:57,240
[Morgan] They take pictures of themselves

621
00:45:57,320 --> 00:46:01,800
gleefully destroying
everything Magnus Hirschfeld has built.

622
00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:05,480
[Robert] This must be one of
the most devastating experiences

623
00:46:05,560 --> 00:46:07,000
in Hirschfeld's life.

624
00:46:08,480 --> 00:46:11,800
Hirschfeld is not at the Institute
when it's attacked.

625
00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:13,000
He is in Paris.

626
00:46:15,120 --> 00:46:18,640
There are still employees at the
Institute when the attack happens,

627
00:46:18,720 --> 00:46:20,160
like Dorchen Richter.

628
00:46:20,760 --> 00:46:23,880
The Institute was her home
and place of work and it was destroyed.

629
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:27,080
And from what we know, she might have
been destroyed along with it.

630
00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:32,880
[Nazi] I consign to the flames
the writings of Heinrich Mann,

631
00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:36,080
Ernst Glaeser, Erich Kästner.

632
00:46:36,160 --> 00:46:40,440
I consign to the flames the writings
of the School of Sigmund Freud…

633
00:46:41,080 --> 00:46:44,360
[Robert] Four days later,
at the infamous book burning,

634
00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:48,760
books from the Institute
are burned on the Opernplatz.

635
00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:55,040
[Nazis sing in German]

636
00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:56,800
[Robert] There's even a photograph

637
00:46:56,880 --> 00:47:01,480
of one of Hirschfeld's busts
being carried to the flames.

638
00:47:07,960 --> 00:47:09,240
[Morgan] These photos…

639
00:47:10,320 --> 00:47:14,920
are deeply terrifying to look at to me.

640
00:47:15,720 --> 00:47:18,960
Because they are actively trying

641
00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:21,240
to destroy all evidence

642
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,920
that queer and trans people exist.

643
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:26,600
Once the Nazis are in power,

644
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:31,640
this also dismantles
a lot of the opportunities

645
00:47:31,720 --> 00:47:35,280
that were within Germany
at the time for gender expression,

646
00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:36,960
for playing with gender.

647
00:47:37,640 --> 00:47:41,000
Women are meant to be
in the domestic sphere at home.

648
00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:44,640
They're meant
to bear children for the country.

649
00:47:44,720 --> 00:47:47,880
And men are meant
to kind of embody masculine virility

650
00:47:47,960 --> 00:47:50,760
and be able to go to war.

651
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:55,480
So this experimental,

652
00:47:55,560 --> 00:47:59,040
expressionist,
tolerant period is now over.

653
00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:03,200
And it's been replaced
with very, very rigid gender roles.

654
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,360
[Ben] In September of 1933, Karl Ernst,

655
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:17,800
who's one of Röhm's top deputies

656
00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:20,240
and who he met in gay nightclubs,

657
00:48:20,320 --> 00:48:22,320
very suddenly marries a woman.

658
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:29,600
[military march plays]

659
00:48:29,680 --> 00:48:33,120
[Ben] The two best men at this wedding
are Röhm and Hermann Göring,

660
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:35,240
who's Hitler's Minister of the Interior.

661
00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:38,240
They walk down the aisle
behind the bride and groom,

662
00:48:38,320 --> 00:48:41,120
flanked by rows and rows of SA officers.

663
00:48:46,280 --> 00:48:49,800
You can imagine why it might be
very strategically useful for Röhm

664
00:48:49,880 --> 00:48:51,560
to put on a big public show

665
00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:55,800
and have a major SA officer
like Karl Ernst marrying a woman,

666
00:48:55,880 --> 00:48:58,120
as if to say,
"No, no. These are all just rumors,

667
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:02,800
these paramilitaries have nothing to do
with dirty or impure homosexuality."

668
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:08,160
In January of 1934,

669
00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:12,600
Röhm receives
a very warm personal letter from Hitler.

670
00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:16,000
"I feel compelled to thank you,
my dear Ernst Röhm,

671
00:49:16,080 --> 00:49:18,080
for the imperishable services

672
00:49:18,160 --> 00:49:21,200
and to assure you
how very grateful I am to fate

673
00:49:21,280 --> 00:49:25,560
that I am able to call such men as you
my friends and fellow combatants."

674
00:49:25,640 --> 00:49:29,880
"In true friendship and grateful regard.
Your Adolf Hitler."

675
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:34,000
[tense music]

676
00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:38,400
After getting this letter, Röhm
is confident enough to demand, openly,

677
00:49:38,480 --> 00:49:40,560
that he be made Minister of Defense.

678
00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:44,000
And he be made minister in such a way

679
00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:47,480
that would take
the 100,000 strong German Army

680
00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:51,400
and fold it into the SA
and put all of that under his command.

681
00:49:59,120 --> 00:50:03,000
[Kathrin] By the beginning of 1934,
the SA has reached its highest count

682
00:50:03,080 --> 00:50:05,560
with approximately 4.5 million members.

683
00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:10,960
Now it has become a source
of increasing problems for Hitler.

684
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,320
[Ben] And the idea of Röhm
running the German military

685
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,320
horrifies conservatives in the German Army

686
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,960
who had enabled and gone along
with the Nazis' rise to power,

687
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:26,480
but did not want to go along
with losing their titles,

688
00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:28,560
with losing their roles in this hierarchy.

689
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:30,120
And so this had to be stopped.

690
00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:36,920
[Kathrin] For Heinrich Himmler,
this seems to be the perfect moment

691
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,560
to lead his SS out of the shadow
of Ernst Röhm and his SA

692
00:50:40,640 --> 00:50:43,040
in order to expand
his own position of power.

693
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,360
[Ben] Röhm's opponents
in the Nazi movement,

694
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:50,240
like Himmler,

695
00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:55,000
begin to propagate the idea that Röhm
is planning to actually take over,

696
00:50:55,080 --> 00:50:59,840
depose Hitler
and pursue his own further revolution.

697
00:51:01,920 --> 00:51:03,960
They end up succeeding
in convincing Hitler

698
00:51:04,040 --> 00:51:06,640
that this threat is imminent
and he really has to act.

699
00:51:07,240 --> 00:51:11,920
And Röhm's sexuality became a tool
that they could try to use to stop him.

700
00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:21,400
So it's the summer of 1934.

701
00:51:21,480 --> 00:51:24,760
Hitler invites Röhm
and the other top SA lieutenants

702
00:51:24,840 --> 00:51:29,760
to take a well-deserved break
on the Tegernsee in Bavaria.

703
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:35,680
And these guys are having a great time
during these summer days.

704
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:42,760
[whimsical music]

705
00:51:45,840 --> 00:51:48,880
[Ben] And so you can see,
Röhm is not off in this lake

706
00:51:48,960 --> 00:51:50,760
planning a takeover.

707
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:52,440
He thinks he's on vacation.

708
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:00,360
It's early in the morning
on June 30th, 1934.

709
00:52:01,040 --> 00:52:03,400
Ernst Röhm is asleep in his hotel room.

710
00:52:05,240 --> 00:52:07,720
But Hitler and Goebbels
are on their way to Bavaria.

711
00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:19,520
So Hitler immediately goes to this hotel
on Lake Tegernsee.

712
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,080
And together with this SS troop

713
00:52:21,160 --> 00:52:24,680
personally bursts through the door
of Röhm's bedroom.

714
00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:29,480
When he gets into the room,
he accuses Röhm of treason.

715
00:52:29,560 --> 00:52:31,120
[Nazi in German] Get dressed!

716
00:52:31,840 --> 00:52:34,240
[Ben] At this point,
Röhm is maybe confused,

717
00:52:34,320 --> 00:52:37,120
thinking this is all
some kind of misunderstanding.

718
00:52:39,120 --> 00:52:42,680
A lot of the other top SA men
and Röhm are arrested

719
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:45,320
and brought to the Stadelheim prison
in Munich.

720
00:52:46,240 --> 00:52:49,000
Six of these men
are shot immediately on the spot.

721
00:52:58,000 --> 00:52:59,240
[Kathrin] Two days later ,

722
00:52:59,320 --> 00:53:03,120
Hitler decides to make Röhm the offer
to shoot himself.

723
00:53:07,240 --> 00:53:08,880
[Ben] Röhm's response was,

724
00:53:08,960 --> 00:53:11,960
"If I'm going to be killed,
then let Adolf do it himself."

725
00:53:15,520 --> 00:53:18,120
[Kathrin] It's only after Röhm
refuses to kill himself

726
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:20,560
that is he shot by two SS captains.

727
00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:41,200
On June 30th and over the course
of the following two days,

728
00:53:41,280 --> 00:53:45,320
approximately 90 people are shot
and around 1,000 people are arrested.

729
00:53:46,280 --> 00:53:49,840
Among them are not only Ernst Röhm
and some of his SA men,

730
00:53:49,920 --> 00:53:53,840
but also political opponents
and members of parliament.

731
00:53:53,920 --> 00:53:57,320
It is the first state-sanctioned
mass murder of the regime.

732
00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:08,200
The public had been told

733
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:11,360
that all of these people
were planning a coup against Hitler,

734
00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:14,920
but that wasn't necessarily a story
that people were going to believe.

735
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:17,720
Hitler welcomed the SA murders,

736
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:22,520
saying that the sexual debauchery within
the SA had recently gotten so out of hand

737
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:26,720
that it was supposedly damaging
the reputation of National Socialism.

738
00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:29,560
THE BROWN HOUSE OF HOMOSEXUALS

739
00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:32,640
[Ben] Hitler gives a speech which reads,
and I quote,

740
00:54:32,720 --> 00:54:36,560
"I would especially like every mother
to be able to offer her son to the SA,

741
00:54:36,640 --> 00:54:38,160
the Party or the Hitler Youth

742
00:54:38,240 --> 00:54:42,200
without the fear that he might become
morally or sexually depraved."

743
00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:48,600
"I want to see men as SA officers
and not disgusting apes."

744
00:54:49,560 --> 00:54:53,040
[crowd applaud]

745
00:55:00,480 --> 00:55:03,240
[Walter] It was an enormous scandal.

746
00:55:03,320 --> 00:55:05,960
It was on the front page
of every newspaper.

747
00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:08,560
[Hitler in German]
I gave the order to shoot

748
00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:13,920
the chief culprits of this treason,

749
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:20,000
and I gave the order to burn out these
ulcers of our internal well poisoning

750
00:55:20,080 --> 00:55:21,960
and the poisoning from foreign countries.

751
00:55:23,480 --> 00:55:27,960
[Walter] I must have heard some kind
of announcement on the radio

752
00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:33,800
because I have a very clear memory of
the moment I found out what had happened.

753
00:55:36,080 --> 00:55:38,560
It was frightening for everyone.

754
00:55:38,640 --> 00:55:41,520
No matter if you were gay or straight.

755
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:46,120
As human beings,
persecution could happen to anyone.

756
00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:52,080
And it showed us who Hitler truly was.

757
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:07,440
[Kathrin] With the SS having committed
the murders of the SA members,

758
00:56:07,520 --> 00:56:11,760
Himmler has once again clearly proven
his loyalty to Hitler.

759
00:56:11,840 --> 00:56:12,920
As a thank you,

760
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:17,080
Hitler grants Himmler's wish
of separating the SS from the SA.

761
00:56:17,160 --> 00:56:19,480
It is now directly under Hitler's command.

762
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,520
Which is exactly what Heinrich Himmler
has wanted all along.

763
00:56:28,520 --> 00:56:30,400
This ultimately lays the foundation

764
00:56:30,480 --> 00:56:33,720
for Heinrich Himmler's career
and rise to power.

765
00:56:36,440 --> 00:56:38,400
After the Röhm and SA murders,

766
00:56:38,480 --> 00:56:40,920
he takes over the leadership of
the political police

767
00:56:41,000 --> 00:56:43,160
in all German states little by little

768
00:56:43,240 --> 00:56:46,840
until he eventually becomes chief
of the entire German police force

769
00:56:46,920 --> 00:56:50,040
as well as Reich leader
of the SS and Gestapo.

770
00:56:54,240 --> 00:56:57,960
[Klaus] Heinrich Himmler becomes the
leader of the fight against homosexuality.

771
00:56:58,040 --> 00:57:01,080
His goal is to eradicate homosexuality.

772
00:57:02,720 --> 00:57:05,160
[Kathrin] "Homosexuality tears down
any accomplishment

773
00:57:05,240 --> 00:57:08,160
and destroys the state
in its very foundation."

774
00:57:08,240 --> 00:57:11,000
"For only the nation
that has a great many children

775
00:57:11,080 --> 00:57:14,600
has an entitlement
to world power and world domination."

776
00:57:14,680 --> 00:57:17,480
"Homosexuality
has to be combated at all costs,

777
00:57:17,560 --> 00:57:21,200
otherwise it will be the end of Germany,
the end of the Germanic world."

778
00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:23,840
[Himmler]
It is the sword of the revolution

779
00:57:25,520 --> 00:57:28,560
that the only enemy
no longer causing damage

780
00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:32,480
is the one who is dead
and who is annihilated.

781
00:57:34,440 --> 00:57:36,840
[Klaus] The previously compiled pink lists

782
00:57:36,920 --> 00:57:40,000
are not only in the hands
of the German police,

783
00:57:40,080 --> 00:57:42,440
but also in the hands of the Gestapo.

784
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:54,320
There is then a wave of persecution
and sentencing like never before.

785
00:57:56,280 --> 00:58:01,600
[Zavier] Gay men are persecuted
directly through paragraph 175.

786
00:58:02,320 --> 00:58:06,160
But trans people and lesbians are also
persecuted under the Nazi regime,

787
00:58:06,240 --> 00:58:08,960
but through more indirect
and complicated ways.

788
00:58:09,040 --> 00:58:12,800
They could be targeted
by being called "asozial"

789
00:58:12,880 --> 00:58:15,080
or for not fitting
into the Volksgemeinschaft.

790
00:58:20,520 --> 00:58:23,000
Many of the people being persecuted

791
00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:27,160
are also surprised
by how quickly the police step in,

792
00:58:27,240 --> 00:58:29,520
how quickly they end up in court.

793
00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:32,480
They don't know yet
how to protect themselves.

794
00:58:32,560 --> 00:58:36,520
They have address books at home that
suddenly turn up as evidence in court.

795
00:58:39,160 --> 00:58:41,920
Snitching is particularly encouraged.

796
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:43,880
And the German people deliver.

797
00:58:45,080 --> 00:58:48,160
Neighbors monitor
whether you get a visitor

798
00:58:48,240 --> 00:58:50,800
and pull the bedroom curtains closed.

799
00:58:52,440 --> 00:58:55,760
Neighbors report women
who wear pants and look butch.

800
00:58:59,760 --> 00:59:01,560
So these individuals

801
00:59:01,640 --> 00:59:04,400
who are no longer tolerated
within Nazi Germany

802
00:59:04,480 --> 00:59:06,440
are dealt with by the police.

803
00:59:15,080 --> 00:59:19,000
And so we see that between 1933 and 1936,

804
00:59:19,080 --> 00:59:23,280
Manasse tries again and again to find
a safe place to live outside of Germany.

805
00:59:24,400 --> 00:59:26,560
He and Gottfried try to meet up,

806
00:59:26,640 --> 00:59:30,600
whether it be in Berlin
or in cities where Gottfried plays tennis,

807
00:59:30,680 --> 00:59:32,680
in order to continue their relationship.

808
00:59:34,680 --> 00:59:38,280
It must have been very, very exhausting
and also very oppressive.

809
00:59:38,360 --> 00:59:40,240
They are young lovers after all.

810
00:59:42,560 --> 00:59:46,080
And that ease suddenly shifts
to these intense questions of:

811
00:59:46,160 --> 00:59:48,600
"How can I get out of here?
How can I get to safety?"

812
00:59:48,680 --> 00:59:52,200
[tense music]

813
01:00:00,240 --> 01:00:01,320
They meet up again.

814
01:00:02,080 --> 01:00:05,840
But this will be the last night they can
spend with each other for many years.

815
01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:14,560
Gottfried transfers the prize money he won
from various tournaments to Manasse,

816
01:00:14,640 --> 01:00:19,680
so that in early 1936 Manasse is able
to safely emigrate to Palestine.

817
01:00:19,760 --> 01:00:26,120
[melancholic music]

818
01:00:27,440 --> 01:00:31,680
He also loses Lisa that same year
when she files for divorce.

819
01:00:34,280 --> 01:00:38,200
We know from her later letters
that she often regretted taking this step,

820
01:00:41,400 --> 01:00:44,320
but also that she was convinced
the she couldn't compete

821
01:00:44,400 --> 01:00:47,320
with the huge love
that Gottfried had for tennis.

822
01:00:50,160 --> 01:00:53,720
She says that if she were to continue
to live this life with him,

823
01:00:53,800 --> 01:00:56,520
she would have to give up
everything important to her.

824
01:00:56,600 --> 01:00:58,840
Because there was barely room
for her anymore.

825
01:01:09,560 --> 01:01:13,480
One of the biggest tennis matches
in Gottfried von Cramm's career

826
01:01:13,560 --> 01:01:17,480
is the 1937 Davis Cup at Wimbledon

827
01:01:17,560 --> 01:01:20,800
against his American opponent,
Donald Budge.

828
01:01:23,720 --> 01:01:28,840
Gottfried is one of the most popular
athletes in the world at this time.

829
01:01:28,920 --> 01:01:32,960
And the Nazi regime, of course,
expects him to win for Germany.

830
01:01:36,240 --> 01:01:41,400
There are 15,000 spectators in the crowd,
including Queen Mary herself,

831
01:01:41,480 --> 01:01:44,480
and people are watching
from all over the globe.

832
01:01:44,560 --> 01:01:46,640
There had never been
anything quite like it.

833
01:01:46,720 --> 01:01:47,880
And to this day,

834
01:01:47,960 --> 01:01:51,600
this match is remembered as one of
the greatest tennis matches of all time.

835
01:01:55,720 --> 01:01:58,360
According to an anecdote
from Donald Budge,

836
01:01:58,440 --> 01:02:01,520
Gottfried got a phone call
shortly before the match,

837
01:02:02,280 --> 01:02:04,240
supposedly from Hitler,

838
01:02:04,320 --> 01:02:08,560
threatening him that
if he didn't win this game,

839
01:02:08,640 --> 01:02:10,200
they could no longer protect him.

840
01:02:11,480 --> 01:02:12,960
[announcer] Wimbledon finals,

841
01:02:13,680 --> 01:02:15,520
where the big men's championship match

842
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:18,040
sees Baron von Cramm,
German Davis Cup ace,

843
01:02:18,120 --> 01:02:20,280
serve to California's Donald Budge,

844
01:02:20,360 --> 01:02:23,560
Wimbledon Champion
and this year's unbeatable Yankee.

845
01:02:25,160 --> 01:02:26,920
Budge in the near court.

846
01:02:33,440 --> 01:02:34,240
Deuce.

847
01:02:34,320 --> 01:02:39,320
[crowd applauds]

848
01:02:41,320 --> 01:02:43,560
[Klaus] As the match unfolds,

849
01:02:43,640 --> 01:02:45,760
it seems likely that Gottfried
will be the winner.

850
01:02:50,040 --> 01:02:51,920
[announcer] Advantage von Cramm.

851
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,360
[crowd cheer]

852
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:56,920
Quiet, please.

853
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:09,120
Budge now in the far court.

854
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:12,840
[crowd cheer]

855
01:03:14,320 --> 01:03:17,320
[Klaus] At the very end, in the fifth set,

856
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:19,440
he ends up losing eight to six

857
01:03:20,480 --> 01:03:23,440
but he does what
he also has also become famous for,

858
01:03:23,520 --> 01:03:26,240
he honors the victor.

859
01:03:26,320 --> 01:03:32,880
My dear Don, I want to congratulate you
on your splendid playing.

860
01:03:33,760 --> 01:03:37,440
I think you deserve to win
every championship in the world now.

861
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:40,040
But I'll do what I can to prevent that.

862
01:03:40,120 --> 01:03:41,680
You're such a grand sportsman.

863
01:03:41,760 --> 01:03:45,320
That is very kind of you, my dear Donald.
Thanks very much indeed.

864
01:03:47,400 --> 01:03:49,800
[Klaus] That delighted the audience

865
01:03:49,880 --> 01:03:51,200
because everyone understood

866
01:03:51,280 --> 01:03:54,160
that while this tennis player might
compete for Nazi Germany

867
01:03:54,240 --> 01:03:56,720
he does not identify with Nazi Germany.

868
01:03:56,800 --> 01:04:00,880
[crowds cheer and shout]

869
01:04:03,040 --> 01:04:04,720
Which then poses the question:

870
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:06,880
does that still serve the regime?

871
01:04:12,760 --> 01:04:15,680
After the defeat,
Gottfried goes on a world tour,

872
01:04:15,760 --> 01:04:18,640
where he rushes from one tennis tournament
to the next.

873
01:04:19,560 --> 01:04:21,200
At a press conference,

874
01:04:21,280 --> 01:04:22,800
he is asked what he thinks about

875
01:04:22,880 --> 01:04:25,760
the persecution of the Jewish people
in Germany.

876
01:04:25,840 --> 01:04:28,800
And he clearly states
that he does not agree with it.

877
01:04:28,880 --> 01:04:33,720
So he makes no effort to hide his distaste
for National Socialism,

878
01:04:33,800 --> 01:04:37,120
which means he is putting himself
in more and more danger.

879
01:04:48,480 --> 01:04:54,200
FREE GERMAN AUSTRIA GREETS YOU!

880
01:04:58,480 --> 01:05:01,280
ONE PEOPLE, ONE REICH, ONE FÜHRER

881
01:05:08,720 --> 01:05:11,360
[Walter]
The Austrians became Nazis overnight.

882
01:05:11,440 --> 01:05:18,040
[crowds cheer]

883
01:05:21,080 --> 01:05:26,760
He had a crowd of 400,000 people cheering
for him in the Vienna public square.

884
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,560
[Hitler in German]
As Führer and Chancellor

885
01:05:30,640 --> 01:05:32,800
of the German Nations of the Reich,

886
01:05:32,880 --> 01:05:35,560
I now declare before German history,

887
01:05:35,640 --> 01:05:40,080
the accession of my homeland
to the German Reich!

888
01:05:40,160 --> 01:05:40,960
[crowds cheer]

889
01:05:41,040 --> 01:05:43,800
[crowd] Heil! Heil!

890
01:05:47,840 --> 01:05:54,840
[oppressive music]

891
01:05:55,760 --> 01:05:59,120
JEWRY IS GANGSTERISM

892
01:06:00,520 --> 01:06:02,280
[Walter] When you went out in the streets,

893
01:06:02,360 --> 01:06:06,640
the whole city was full of these posters
that said "Jews banned."

894
01:06:06,720 --> 01:06:08,320
There were posters everywhere you looked.

895
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:09,200
NON-ARYAN SHOP

896
01:06:09,280 --> 01:06:10,240
HERZMANSKYARYAN AGAIN

897
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,240
But I still went out anyway.

898
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:18,840
I really was just wandering
through the city.

899
01:06:22,360 --> 01:06:24,720
Suddenly I see a crowd of people.

900
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:27,040
And there's my Aunt Gretel on her knees,

901
01:06:27,120 --> 01:06:30,320
being forced to clean the pavement
with a toothbrush.

902
01:06:32,760 --> 01:06:37,000
JEW

903
01:06:40,560 --> 01:06:46,080
[gentle piano music]

904
01:06:47,040 --> 01:06:52,280
The day after Hitler came here to Vienna,
this letter in a blue envelope arrives.

905
01:06:55,320 --> 01:06:56,960
[Lumpi] "Dear Walter,

906
01:06:58,360 --> 01:07:01,640
Since you visited, everything has become
so dreadful in Budapest."

907
01:07:02,360 --> 01:07:04,680
"You wouldn't recognize it anymore."

908
01:07:04,760 --> 01:07:07,360
"'I'm also hearing dreadful things
about Vienna."

909
01:07:07,440 --> 01:07:10,480
"How are you? Are you safe?"

910
01:07:12,840 --> 01:07:15,720
"My parents had to give up their business,
even though we converted."

911
01:07:17,080 --> 01:07:20,200
"They're trying to make us
leave the country."

912
01:07:20,280 --> 01:07:22,600
"But we have no family or close friends
to go to."

913
01:07:22,680 --> 01:07:24,440
"Except you."

914
01:07:24,520 --> 01:07:27,120
"I'm very scared.
The Nazis are everywhere here."

915
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:28,440
"And I'm terrified."

916
01:07:31,160 --> 01:07:32,760
"Can you help us somehow?"

917
01:07:32,840 --> 01:07:35,120
"What are you gonna do?"

918
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:39,400
"If you leave, please take me with you
and write back to me quickly."

919
01:07:39,920 --> 01:07:41,280
"Your Lumpi."

920
01:07:46,240 --> 01:07:48,440
[Walter] It was a desperate letter.

921
01:07:48,520 --> 01:07:50,880
I didn't answer it because I…

922
01:07:50,960 --> 01:07:54,520
Well, at the time the letter arrived,

923
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:58,960
we were already in a very, very precarious
situation in Vienna.

924
01:08:03,600 --> 01:08:05,480
And then, that night,

925
01:08:05,560 --> 01:08:09,640
they came into our apartment
at two in the morning

926
01:08:09,720 --> 01:08:10,920
and took my father.

927
01:08:13,160 --> 01:08:14,840
They sent him to Dachau.

928
01:08:15,880 --> 01:08:18,880
It was terrible. How could I have helped?

929
01:08:23,880 --> 01:08:26,000
That was the end of Lumpi for me.

930
01:08:26,080 --> 01:08:33,080
[melancholic piano music]

931
01:08:52,640 --> 01:08:58,640
[in Hebrew] Blessed are You, Lord our God,
Ruler of the universe.

932
01:09:00,080 --> 01:09:02,920
who has sanctified us with His good deeds,

933
01:09:04,120 --> 01:09:07,479
and commanded us
to light a candle for the Sabbath.

934
01:09:19,760 --> 01:09:23,840
[Kathrin] On the nights
of the 9th and 10th of November, 1938,

935
01:09:23,920 --> 01:09:26,760
there's a Pogrom
throughout the entire Reich.

936
01:09:32,560 --> 01:09:35,319
It was long called Kristallnacht,
or Long Night of Broken Glass,

937
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:37,439
to downplay its severity.

938
01:09:37,520 --> 01:09:40,840
During these nights,
synagogues burn all over Germany.

939
01:09:40,920 --> 01:09:46,000
Jewish stores as well as homes
are looted, robbed and destroyed.

940
01:09:46,840 --> 01:09:51,479
Many, many Jewish people are arrested,
and sent to concentration camps.

941
01:09:56,279 --> 01:10:01,480
[Morgan] It must be an incredibly
anxious time for Charlotte and Toni.

942
01:10:04,960 --> 01:10:08,720
They make the decision
to flee to Czechoslovakia

943
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:11,160
where they think it might be safer.

944
01:10:11,240 --> 01:10:12,280
For now.

945
01:10:17,320 --> 01:10:20,520
[Klaus] When Gottfried got back
from his six-month world tour,

946
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:22,080
it's March and it's cold.

947
01:10:23,080 --> 01:10:24,960
And on his first evening back,

948
01:10:25,040 --> 01:10:28,200
he sits down for dinner with his mother
and his brothers.

949
01:10:30,680 --> 01:10:35,680
There was a dinner in Brüggen.
The whole family was there.

950
01:10:35,760 --> 01:10:39,200
And then suddenly, it's like
knock, knock, knock on heaven's door.

951
01:10:39,280 --> 01:10:43,760
My Grandma answered the door
and came back looking all pale, saying,

952
01:10:43,840 --> 01:10:46,440
"Gottfried, they're asking for you."

953
01:10:46,520 --> 01:10:48,120
It was two Gestapo officers.

954
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:49,720
They immediately took him with them.

955
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:51,440
Next thing you know, he's in prison.

956
01:10:53,760 --> 01:10:56,600
The arrest was really theatrically staged.

957
01:10:56,680 --> 01:10:59,080
They could just as easily
have written a letter

958
01:10:59,160 --> 01:11:01,360
telling him to report
to the police station.

959
01:11:01,440 --> 01:11:04,600
But I think the Nazi regime pretty
deliberately chose

960
01:11:04,680 --> 01:11:06,480
to do this very publicly.

961
01:11:20,440 --> 01:11:22,880
On May 14th, 1938,

962
01:11:22,960 --> 01:11:28,640
Gottfried is sentenced to one year
in prison for violation of Paragraph 175.

963
01:11:28,720 --> 01:11:32,880
The cause is his five-year relationship
with Manasse Herbst.

964
01:11:32,960 --> 01:11:35,600
"We had to consider the aggravating fact

965
01:11:35,680 --> 01:11:38,400
that the accused
engaged in homosexual behavior

966
01:11:38,480 --> 01:11:40,640
quickly after his wedding."

967
01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:44,200
"But most egregious was that the accused,

968
01:11:44,280 --> 01:11:46,560
with his standing in German sports

969
01:11:46,640 --> 01:11:50,920
his world-renowned name
and his overall position in society,

970
01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:55,720
did not shy away from getting involved
in homosexual activity with a Jew."

971
01:12:02,840 --> 01:12:06,120
It's lucky that Manasse
had already left Germany at this point.

972
01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:09,760
Otherwise, he would
have never survived this.

973
01:12:14,920 --> 01:12:16,840
[Robert] During the period
of the Third Reich,

974
01:12:16,920 --> 01:12:19,640
it's estimated that 100,000 men

975
01:12:19,720 --> 01:12:23,280
were charged
under the German anti-gay law.

976
01:12:23,360 --> 01:12:25,800
Some 50,000, it's estimated,

977
01:12:25,880 --> 01:12:28,920
were successfully prosecuted.

978
01:12:29,520 --> 01:12:32,120
Somewhere between 5,000 and 15,000

979
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,080
perished in concentration camps.

980
01:12:40,000 --> 01:12:41,600
[Klaus] From the start,

981
01:12:41,680 --> 01:12:45,640
the concentration camps were
a deliberate instrument of Nazi terror.

982
01:12:47,480 --> 01:12:49,280
[Kathrin] Prisoners marked as homosexual

983
01:12:49,360 --> 01:12:51,040
faced particular cruelty

984
01:12:51,120 --> 01:12:54,200
and rarely experienced solidarity
from other prisoner groups.

985
01:12:54,280 --> 01:12:56,720
BADGES FOR PRISONERS
IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS

986
01:12:57,320 --> 01:12:59,480
[Klaus] Homosexuals
have to wear a pink triangle.

987
01:12:59,560 --> 01:13:01,600
EMIGRANTS, BIBLE SCHOLARS, HOMOSEXUALS

988
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:04,720
[Kathrin] They are forced into hard labor

989
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:07,520
under the harshest,
most terrible conditions.

990
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:09,720
They're given barely any rations
and, as a result,

991
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:13,400
˙many of the gay prisoners die from these
unspeakable conditions of imprisonment.

992
01:13:16,320 --> 01:13:19,320
[Klaus]
Some of them are abused in medical trials,

993
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:21,240
which not all of them survive.

994
01:13:22,440 --> 01:13:25,320
They are also given the option
of castration.

995
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:26,960
They are told if they get castrated,

996
01:13:27,040 --> 01:13:30,560
they will be allowed to leave
the concentration camp afterwards.

997
01:13:30,640 --> 01:13:32,720
However, we know from various sources

998
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,840
that a lot of those who chose this option
were not in fact released.

999
01:13:35,920 --> 01:13:41,000
[somber music]

1000
01:13:57,520 --> 01:14:00,440
Many prisoners
who were accused of homosexuality,

1001
01:14:00,520 --> 01:14:03,360
often based on reportings
from their neighbors

1002
01:14:03,440 --> 01:14:05,680
do not survive imprisonment in the camps.

1003
01:14:08,440 --> 01:14:13,480
These prosecutions
reach their peak between 1937 and 1939,

1004
01:14:13,560 --> 01:14:17,040
which is right before
Hitler's war against Europe begins.

1005
01:14:20,840 --> 01:14:25,200
It's not like the genocide of Jews.

1006
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:30,040
The Nazis don't think
that they need to kill all homosexuals.

1007
01:14:30,120 --> 01:14:33,040
What they want to do
is eliminate homosexuality.

1008
01:14:40,920 --> 01:14:43,920
[Kathrin] In 1941,
Hitler puts Heinrich Himmler in charge

1009
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:48,000
of the so-called
"final solution to the Jewish question."

1010
01:14:48,080 --> 01:14:50,320
That means that Heinrich Himmler is tasked

1011
01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:55,360
with carrying out the order to exterminate
German and European Jewish people.

1012
01:14:57,320 --> 01:15:01,400
In Czechoslovakia,
the Aliens Police come for Charlotte.

1013
01:15:02,120 --> 01:15:03,960
[Morgan] She gets arrested

1014
01:15:04,040 --> 01:15:09,320
while Charlotte and Toni are celebrating
their 10-year anniversary.

1015
01:15:12,040 --> 01:15:15,800
And she is about to be interned
in a concentration camp.

1016
01:15:18,720 --> 01:15:22,320
[Morgan] Toni panics.
And she runs to the Swiss Consul.

1017
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:26,800
And alerts the authorities to the fact
that Charlotte is actually American.

1018
01:15:26,880 --> 01:15:33,760
[Morgan] Eventually Charlotte is put
on a boat and sent to New York City.

1019
01:15:34,320 --> 01:15:39,000
Toni thought on her feet about
how to get her out of the situation.

1020
01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:41,760
Otherwise she would have
been sent to an extermination camp.

1021
01:15:47,840 --> 01:15:49,960
It separates them
for the rest of their life.

1022
01:15:50,040 --> 01:15:52,440
They never see each other again.

1023
01:15:52,520 --> 01:15:56,680
[melancholic music]

1024
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:25,000
[somber music]

1025
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:54,120
[Walter] I searched for Lumpi
for the rest of my life.

1026
01:16:55,240 --> 01:16:58,560
I wanted to know where he was,
what had happened to him.

1027
01:17:24,640 --> 01:17:27,320
Only now have I seen these pictures.

1028
01:17:28,120 --> 01:17:30,440
Only now have they been released.

1029
01:17:36,680 --> 01:17:40,120
He was in a labor camp
and starved to death.

1030
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:47,480
It's heartbreaking to me
that he died like that.

1031
01:17:47,560 --> 01:17:52,280
The only thing I can say
is that he didn't deserve that.

1032
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:55,000
[gentle piano music]

1033
01:17:55,080 --> 01:18:00,560
MARTYRS OF WAR

1034
01:18:02,240 --> 01:18:05,520
Terrible. And what do I see?

1035
01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:07,560
Just this large stone.

1036
01:18:07,640 --> 01:18:10,840
A photograph
of this large stone that says,

1037
01:18:10,920 --> 01:18:15,280
"Fülöp Loránt", 24 years old or maybe 25.

1038
01:18:15,360 --> 01:18:21,360
FÜLÖP LÓRÁNT
25 YEARS

1039
01:18:22,880 --> 01:18:23,680
[sighs]

1040
01:18:34,240 --> 01:18:38,040
In Vienna we say
that there's a lot to come to terms with.

1041
01:18:38,120 --> 01:18:43,120
You can never accept something until
you face it and come to terms with it.

1042
01:18:44,040 --> 01:18:44,920
Yeah.

1043
01:18:50,320 --> 01:18:53,480
As long as Lumpi isn't lost to history,

1044
01:18:53,560 --> 01:18:58,280
then I'm glad I did my very small part
in preserving his memory.

1045
01:19:09,840 --> 01:19:11,880
[Klaus] Not knowing
what happened to a loved one

1046
01:19:11,960 --> 01:19:15,280
is unfortunately very common
for many Jewish victims.

1047
01:19:15,360 --> 01:19:18,800
For many of them we only learn
where and how they were murdered

1048
01:19:18,880 --> 01:19:20,160
much later on,

1049
01:19:20,240 --> 01:19:22,080
or sometimes never at all.

1050
01:19:36,800 --> 01:19:40,440
After the war, gay survivors
want to share their stories,

1051
01:19:40,520 --> 01:19:42,080
but they can't, it's too dangerous.

1052
01:19:43,880 --> 01:19:47,760
In 1945, the state-sponsored
persecution of homosexuals

1053
01:19:47,840 --> 01:19:49,640
is not recognized as an injustice.

1054
01:19:51,920 --> 01:19:55,280
West Germany adopts Nazi Paragraph 175.

1055
01:19:56,440 --> 01:20:00,440
Society still considers homosexuals
to be criminals and perverts.

1056
01:20:00,520 --> 01:20:05,040
Families remain silent,
historians don't ask questions.

1057
01:20:05,120 --> 01:20:07,080
The persecution continues.

1058
01:20:11,440 --> 01:20:14,600
CRIMINAL CASE
AGAINST GOTTFRIED VON CRAMM

1059
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:20,240
In 1951, Gottfried like many other
persecuted gay victims,

1060
01:20:20,320 --> 01:20:24,720
tries to get the paragraph 175 conviction
removed from his record.

1061
01:20:26,920 --> 01:20:28,640
Without an expungement,

1062
01:20:28,720 --> 01:20:31,000
he can't secure visas to participate
in tournaments

1063
01:20:31,080 --> 01:20:33,680
in the US, Great Britain or France.

1064
01:20:36,840 --> 01:20:38,960
There is a resulting trial

1065
01:20:39,040 --> 01:20:43,080
which Manasse Herbst
returns to Germany for in 1951.

1066
01:20:49,040 --> 01:20:50,840
It's the first time since escaping

1067
01:20:50,920 --> 01:20:53,560
that he returns to the country
that wanted to kill him.

1068
01:20:53,640 --> 01:20:56,560
And it's also the first reunion
between Gottfried and Manasse.

1069
01:20:56,640 --> 01:21:02,600
[tense music]

1070
01:21:07,240 --> 01:21:09,920
Lisa is also questioned
by the German court.

1071
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:13,600
She confirms the relationship
between Manasse and Gottfried.

1072
01:21:13,680 --> 01:21:18,840
For a fleeting moment, the trio fearlessly
relieves the freedom of the 1920s,

1073
01:21:18,920 --> 01:21:21,920
during the extremely conservative 1950s.

1074
01:21:23,680 --> 01:21:25,320
…DECLINED AN EARLY EXPUNGEMENT

1075
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:28,600
Like most other convicted homosexuals,

1076
01:21:28,680 --> 01:21:31,160
his expungement is denied.

1077
01:21:31,240 --> 01:21:32,800
He can't get his visa to compete

1078
01:21:32,880 --> 01:21:35,320
in the most important
international tennis tournaments.

1079
01:21:37,320 --> 01:21:40,720
He does win other tournaments
in countries where he's able to travel,

1080
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:43,120
but he can't play
in the really important ones,

1081
01:21:44,160 --> 01:21:46,920
expressly because he has
a previous criminal conviction

1082
01:21:47,000 --> 01:21:49,440
under Nazi paragraph 175.

1083
01:22:03,480 --> 01:22:06,920
[Walter] I emigrated to the US in 1939

1084
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:09,960
and have been living here happily
ever since.

1085
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:13,400
I became a composer

1086
01:22:13,480 --> 01:22:16,960
and have spent my whole life
composing music.

1087
01:22:17,040 --> 01:22:23,760
[crowd applaud]

1088
01:22:27,760 --> 01:22:34,400
[Walter]
I met someone in 1959, I believe it was.

1089
01:22:34,920 --> 01:22:37,280
His name is Howard Myers.

1090
01:22:38,280 --> 01:22:39,760
Thank you.

1091
01:22:39,840 --> 01:22:44,840
I have no idea why you buy
such a huge cup of coffee.

1092
01:22:47,040 --> 01:22:49,640
[Howard] The truth was, we were shameless.

1093
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:52,080
We didn't feel any shame.

1094
01:22:52,160 --> 01:22:58,200
We went to dinners
with six married couples and us.

1095
01:22:58,280 --> 01:23:01,040
I wasn't shameless because I never doubted

1096
01:23:01,720 --> 01:23:04,840
that I'm able to do
what I'm setting out to do.

1097
01:23:05,440 --> 01:23:07,640
[Howard] Walter did live for me.

1098
01:23:07,720 --> 01:23:12,360
He did everything for me
in our first decades,

1099
01:23:12,440 --> 01:23:13,920
when we were younger.

1100
01:23:14,720 --> 01:23:18,280
And now he's 100 years old,

1101
01:23:18,880 --> 01:23:23,640
and only in the last 15 years

1102
01:23:23,720 --> 01:23:27,440
has he needed me to do anything for him.

1103
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:36,080
Okay, it says, "The city of
West Hollywood marriage certificate."

1104
01:23:36,840 --> 01:23:40,320
"This certifies
that Walter Arlen and Howard Myers

1105
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:46,680
were lawfully wedded
on the second day of July 2013."

1106
01:23:48,440 --> 01:23:50,240
It didn't change anything.

1107
01:23:51,120 --> 01:23:54,640
It was just a quiet satisfaction.

1108
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:59,680
He wouldn't have anybody
to quarrel with without me.

1109
01:23:59,760 --> 01:24:00,560
[laughs]

1110
01:24:07,600 --> 01:24:11,040
[Morgan] Charlotte spends
the rest of her life in Brooklyn.

1111
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:14,320
She ends up becoming an actress.

1112
01:24:15,880 --> 01:24:18,200
But even though she's separated from Toni,

1113
01:24:18,280 --> 01:24:21,800
she creates new friendships
among the artistic community.

1114
01:24:21,880 --> 01:24:25,280
And a lot of them don't know
that she ever was trans.

1115
01:24:26,080 --> 01:24:28,280
[Zavier] She even managed
to get her US documents

1116
01:24:28,360 --> 01:24:31,600
to certify that she was a woman
with a feminine name.

1117
01:24:31,680 --> 01:24:33,480
And this was really important to her

1118
01:24:33,560 --> 01:24:37,640
as it cemented
her kind of legitimate female identity.

1119
01:24:41,440 --> 01:24:44,560
[Morgan] I think about
what I would do in that situation.

1120
01:24:45,320 --> 01:24:48,760
Do I need to flee?
You know, where would I go?

1121
01:24:48,840 --> 01:24:55,800
[somber music]

1122
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:01,960
After the war,
Toni is able to return to Berlin

1123
01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:06,760
where she lives out the rest of her life
as a painter and an artist.

1124
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,800
[Zavier] We can see this period
in the 20s, a hundred years ago,

1125
01:25:19,880 --> 01:25:23,920
as really exemplifying
how fragile some of these liberties are.

1126
01:25:25,320 --> 01:25:27,840
Even today with the kind of progress

1127
01:25:27,920 --> 01:25:31,000
that has happened for queer rights
and even trans rights,

1128
01:25:31,080 --> 01:25:34,480
that you can have these liberties
and they can be taken away from you.

1129
01:25:34,560 --> 01:25:38,240
ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!

1130
01:25:38,320 --> 01:25:39,680
PANTRY
AT THE ELDORADO

1131
01:25:39,760 --> 01:25:46,240
[Ben] The Eldorado's final venue
is now a very fancy organic supermarket.

1132
01:25:46,320 --> 01:25:49,320
You can go to the place
where people used to watch drag shows

1133
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:50,800
and buy expensive avocados.

1134
01:25:57,680 --> 01:25:59,960
[Klaus]
I think queer life in Berlin

1135
01:26:00,040 --> 01:26:02,000
had to completely reinvent itself.

1136
01:26:04,520 --> 01:26:06,200
And it's worked out pretty well

1137
01:26:06,280 --> 01:26:09,920
when you look at how the queer community
in Berlin is really thriving

1138
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:12,280
and how multifaceted
and diverse it has become.

1139
01:26:13,920 --> 01:26:17,160
But were we able to draw on
our past tradition?

1140
01:26:17,240 --> 01:26:18,920
I don't think so.

1141
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:20,680
For a long time,

1142
01:26:20,760 --> 01:26:24,600
we didn't even know anything
about the persecution of homosexuals.

1143
01:26:24,680 --> 01:26:28,640
And in that sense, today's queer Berlin…

1144
01:26:28,720 --> 01:26:32,600
certainly isn't a continuation in any way,
shape or form

1145
01:26:32,680 --> 01:26:35,200
of the queer community of the 1920s.

1146
01:26:36,440 --> 01:26:37,840
That really was lost.

1147
01:26:39,680 --> 01:26:45,080
No names. No memories. Nothing.

1148
01:26:46,680 --> 01:26:53,680
[peaceful piano music]