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[Ronan]
The badlands of Wyoming,
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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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the heart of the Old West,
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hidden in these remote canyons
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is a prehistoric murder scene.
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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[Phil]
I have never seen anything
like this in my whole career,
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and I've been studying
dinosaurs a long time.
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[Ronan] In this single square
mile of desert,
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lie the remains of at least
a dozen dinosaur giants,
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including their footprints...
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-What do they eat?
-...their food...
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[cooing]
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...and signs of a brutal,
bloody showdown
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...and signs of a brutal,
bloody showdown
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between some
of the biggest creatures
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that ever walked the planet.
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[Phil] It's the whole package
on the Jurassic world.
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If you want to open up
the curtains,
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look back in time and say,
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"What did the Jurassic
look like?"
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This is where you come.
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[Ronan]
Now, with this unprecedented
body of evidence,
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a crack team
of world-class scientists
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is carrying out an epic
crime scene investigation.
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Kind of the... the ultimate
smoking gun.
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It always puts the animal
at the scene of the crime.
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It always puts the animal
at the scene of the crime.
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[Ronan] To solve
a 150-million-year-old
mystery...
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Why did so many dinosaurs
die here?
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[Ronan] The dinosaur dig site
is an hour by truck
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[Ronan] The dinosaur dig site
is an hour by truck
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from the nearest town.
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It's called the Jurassic Mile.
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And its location is so secret,
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it's known only to a handful
of paleontologists.
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[woman] [indistinct]
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[Victoria] Welcome, guys.
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I think we got a pretty good
game plan for today.
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So, Taylor, safety, weather.
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On site, it's gonna be
about 110 degrees Fahrenheit.
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If you got to work for five
and take a 10-minute break,
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the dinosaurs have been here
for millions of years.
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the dinosaurs have been here
for millions of years.
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They can last 10 more minutes.
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[Ronan] This remote corner
of the Wild West is a harsh
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and inhospitable place.
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Extreme summers
and brutal winters
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mean there's just
a tiny window,
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when people
can work out here.
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We have a relatively
short dig season,
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about six
to eight weeks usually,
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and that is mostly due
to Mother Nature.
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And it's wet out here.
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The roads become impassable
and then extreme heat too.
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[Ronan] But since 2017,
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an international
team of scientists,
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led by The Children's Museum
of Indianapolis
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has endured the summer heat.
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Intent on peeling back
the layers of rock,
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inch by inch...
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To reveal a lost world,
when today's arid desert
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was covered by lush
Jurassic Forest.
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[Ronan] The Jurassic Mile lies
within a vast rock bed
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[Ronan] The Jurassic Mile lies
within a vast rock bed
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called the Morrison Formation,
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which spans 12 Western states
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and is one
of the richest deposits
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of dinosaur fossils
on Earth.
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Nestled in the far north
of Wyoming's Bighorn Basin,
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it's a one-of-a-kind sight,
even for seasoned experts.
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So far, over 3000 bones
have been unearthed,
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including skeletons
of 10 sauropods,
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including skeletons
of 10 sauropods,
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remains of at least
five predatory allosauruses,
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and parts of a Stegosaurus.
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This year, the team
is unearthing so many fossils
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that it's struggled
to keep on.
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[Jennifer]
This site is the gift
that keeps on giving.
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We've got large theropod
coming out over there.
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We've got this very exciting,
articulated tail
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We've got this very exciting,
articulated tail
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from a sauropod
coming over here.
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[Ronan] Paleontologist,
Dr. Jennifer Anne
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manages the dig site.
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[Jennifer] As you can see,
it's all hands on deck.
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There's a lot of pressure
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to get done
as much as possible.
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You really want to see
what's there.
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You want to get it out
of the ground.
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[Ronan] But digging up
fragile fossils is a gamble.
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After 150 million years
in their safe,
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After 150 million years
in their safe,
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rocky tomb,
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every bone is at the mercy
of the elements
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from the moment
it's exposed.
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Wyoming's wild weather
could destroy
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vital clues
in a matter of days.
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The day has barely begun
for Prof. Phil Manning,
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one of the lead scientists
here,
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and he's already been called
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and he's already been called
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to check out
a potential new dinosaur.
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[Phil] What have you got?
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So, I was cleaning up the wall
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for the stratigraphic column
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and found this nice big
limb bone right here--
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[Phil] Ooh.
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Can I have that?
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Wow.
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[man] It's a bit cracked--
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Oh, it's going into that,
it's going in, it's going in.
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[Ronan] Another bone means
another chance
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to solve the mystery of why
so many dinosaurs died here.
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to solve the mystery of why
so many dinosaurs died here.
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[Phil] Some sites
you find bones.
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Some you find tracks,
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and some you find
fossil plants
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or other creatures that lived
at the time of the dinosaurs.
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Here, you find everything.
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That's what makes
this site so important.
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[Ronan]
First question for Phil.
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What kind of dinosaur
did this bone belong to?
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Well, it,
it's definitely a limb bone.
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-[woman] Yeah.
-There's no question
on that.
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And it's from a big animal.
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So judging
by the... the depth
and the size of this,
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we're probably dealing
with a sauropod dinosaur.
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we're probably dealing
with a sauropod dinosaur.
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[Ronan] These huge
plant-eating reptiles
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dominated
the Jurassic Wild West.
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At least 24 different kinds
roamed the forest,
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including
the famous diplodocus
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and brachiosaurus.
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Sauropods were
the biggest creatures
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ever to walk the planet.
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Sauropod dinosaurs really were
the giants of the Jurassic,
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at over 90 feet in length.
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That's like putting
three Greyhound buses
end to end.
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The next could be over
25 feet in length
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and their tails twice
as long as that.
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[Ronan] At the far end
of the site,
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another huge bone
is now Phil's biggest problem.
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This is a massive
shoulder blade
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This is a massive
shoulder blade
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from this vast
sauropod dinosaur.
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[Ronan]
He believes this fossil
could be a crucial key
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in understanding
how some of the dinosaurs
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might have died here.
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[Phil] Hopefully,
by close of play today,
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we can lift this thing.
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It will move
for the first time
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in 150 million years.
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[Ronan]
It's not just the bone itself
he's interested in,
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the way it's buried and even
what's hidden beneath it
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could all help to answer
the question.
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But to reach that evidence,
Phil has to dig up the bone.
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But to reach that evidence,
Phil has to dig up the bone.
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To protect the crime scene,
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Phil needs to stabilize
the bone
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inside a protective jacket.
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[Phil] You cannot flip
the bone this big
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without having a nice bandage
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holding everything
in or hugging it.
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[Ronan] Just like a cast
on a broken limb,
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this mixture of plaster
and burlap
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should hold
everything together.
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But it's extremely heavy.
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And how much do you reckon
is the weight, Peter?
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Two, three hundred pounds.
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Yeah.
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A mere 200, 300 pounds.
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A mere 200 to 300 pounds
of dinosaur.
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And that's just the scapula.
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[Ronan] It's the riskiest part
of the whole job.
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[Phil] At some digs,
you can see
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these horrific situations
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where bones
or even whole skeletons
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have been lifted up
and the jacket utterly fails.
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And the animal then sort
of turns to dust
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and drops out of the underside
of the jacket.
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That's the worst-case
scenario.
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-[man] Oh, we can...
-[man] Keep moving.
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[man] Keep going.
Can you touch it there?
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Yeah. Just checking,
it's flat. Go for it.
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[man]
Do you want to put a couple
of chisels under there?
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-The long chisels?
-[man] Yeah.
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[man] One, two, three.
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[man] Keep going,
keep going, keep going.
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Nice one.
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Woo-hoo.
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Ho-ho, look scapula.
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That's amazing.
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That's beautiful.
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There... there you go.
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There... there you go.
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Six foot four.
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When we talk about
our own height,
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we think of like,
"I'm five foot nine."
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This bone
is a little over six feet.
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So standing next to me,
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this is the length
of the bone.
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[laughing]
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[Ronan] Keeping the bone
in one piece
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isn't the only good news.
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Underneath it,
Phil has struck gold,
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a jumble of different fossils,
including parts of a tree.
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[Phil] You've got
a complete mash of bones
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[Phil] You've got
a complete mash of bones
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and plants and trunks
washed together,
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creating this complete mess,
basically.
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[Ronan] To Phil's trained eye,
it all points to a potential
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cause of death
being swept away
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by a fast flowing river.
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[Phil] Large chunks of rock
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being dragged along
the bed of the river.
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That means the river
is in flood to pick up,
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move big chunks of rock along.
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And if you ever look
at a river,
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where there's a log-jam
and piled up logs,
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um, this is the sort
of structure
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that would have caught
the bodies of these dinosaurs.
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that would have caught
the bodies of these dinosaurs.
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[Ronan] Phil reckons
that a river flowed here
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150 million years ago.
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Oh, yes.
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Oh, that's beautiful.
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Looks like a trunk
and some branches coming off.
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[Ronan] And he thinks
that a violent storm
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once turned it
into a death trap
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for at least one dinosaur.
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It ended up in a watery grave,
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washed in
with a huge flood deposit.
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[Ronan]
But did the dinosaur drown
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or was it dead
before the flood?
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Phil can't be sure,
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but there was certainly
water here
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and lots of it.
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Could this be the reason
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so many dinosaurs
came to visit the site?
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Lower down the hill,
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the team has discovered
more evidence of water.
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Ripples like
geological fingerprints,
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preserved in mud,
that may once have lain
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preserved in mud,
that may once have lain
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at the bottom
of a very shallow pool.
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These ripples
didn't form yesterday.
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They formed
150 million years ago,
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00:11:07,867 --> 00:11:10,100
when there was
a few millimeters of water
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00:11:10,100 --> 00:11:11,800
covering
what was this mudflat.
251
00:11:13,100 --> 00:11:16,467
[Ronan]
Phil thinks this was not
a dangerous river,
252
00:11:16,467 --> 00:11:18,533
but a life-saving
watering hole.
253
00:11:19,967 --> 00:11:23,000
So like this pond-like
environment, shallow water,
254
00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:24,100
the wind was blowing,
255
00:11:24,100 --> 00:11:26,000
the surface
of the water creating
256
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,166
these beautiful ripple marks.
257
00:11:28,166 --> 00:11:30,000
[Ronan] It could have drawn
dinosaurs to drink here
258
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:30,967
[Ronan] It could have drawn
dinosaurs to drink here
259
00:11:30,967 --> 00:11:32,600
in huge numbers.
260
00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:37,600
If you go to a waterhole today
on the savanna of Africa,
261
00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,066
you will see a lot of animals
262
00:11:40,066 --> 00:11:42,266
drinking at the side
of that waterhole.
263
00:11:42,266 --> 00:11:44,533
It's a very, very busy place.
264
00:11:56,867 --> 00:11:59,600
[Ronan]
Dr. Victoria Egerton wants
to find out
265
00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:00,000
if the area was some kind
of sauropods' Garden of Eden,
266
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:04,166
if the area was some kind
of sauropods' Garden of Eden,
267
00:12:04,166 --> 00:12:06,166
an oasis of plentiful food.
268
00:12:10,734 --> 00:12:14,100
You can see the bits of fossil
give things a light--
269
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:15,266
[Ronan]
It's the kind of evidence
270
00:12:15,266 --> 00:12:18,000
that's usually
very hard to find.
271
00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:19,266
But once again,
272
00:12:19,266 --> 00:12:21,367
the Jurassic Mile
is different.
273
00:12:21,367 --> 00:12:24,367
Not only do we get some
really awesome dinosaur bones,
274
00:12:24,367 --> 00:12:26,000
but we get plants.
275
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:27,900
This is incredibly rare.
276
00:12:29,367 --> 00:12:30,000
It is a treasure trove
of information
for the Jurassic,
277
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,533
It is a treasure trove
of information
for the Jurassic,
278
00:12:33,533 --> 00:12:35,367
not just about the dinosaurs,
279
00:12:35,367 --> 00:12:39,700
but about the environment
that they lived in as well.
280
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:42,533
[Ronan]
Uncovering these secrets
from the remote past
281
00:12:42,533 --> 00:12:45,734
is what brings Victoria
back here year after year.
282
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:49,000
What I enjoy
most about paleontology
283
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,166
is that it's storytelling.
284
00:12:51,166 --> 00:12:54,166
You're recreating
this environment
285
00:12:54,166 --> 00:12:56,700
and trying to understand
how these animals live
286
00:12:56,700 --> 00:12:58,634
and what the world
looked like.
287
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,533
[cooing]
288
00:13:02,533 --> 00:13:05,734
[Ronan] Victoria finds
plant fossils everywhere.
289
00:13:05,734 --> 00:13:09,500
It's clear evidence
that this area
was green and lush,
290
00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:12,734
but in a way
that was very alien to us.
291
00:13:12,734 --> 00:13:14,266
During the Jurassic,
292
00:13:14,266 --> 00:13:18,066
the plants and landscape
was pretty different.
293
00:13:18,066 --> 00:13:20,867
We had no flowering plants.
294
00:13:20,867 --> 00:13:24,734
That means no fruits,
no vegetables, and no grass.
295
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,867
You're gonna eat
what's available.
296
00:13:27,867 --> 00:13:30,000
Everything from ferns
to cycads,
297
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:30,734
Everything from ferns
to cycads,
298
00:13:30,734 --> 00:13:33,367
as well as lots
and lots of conifers
299
00:13:33,367 --> 00:13:34,800
like monkey puzzle trees.
300
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:39,867
[Ronan]
She soon finds evidence
of a water-loving weed
301
00:13:39,867 --> 00:13:41,367
called horsetails.
302
00:13:42,367 --> 00:13:44,000
That's really nice.
303
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,500
So, right here,
if you look at this one,
304
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:50,066
what we have here
is Equisetum or horsetail.
305
00:13:50,066 --> 00:13:52,367
And you can see
the stem right there.
306
00:13:52,367 --> 00:13:54,800
And we've got some
little tiny leaves attached.
307
00:13:57,600 --> 00:13:59,166
[Ronan] There may be
plenty of them,
308
00:13:59,166 --> 00:14:00,000
but they're tough
and hard to digest.
309
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:01,634
but they're tough
and hard to digest.
310
00:14:07,266 --> 00:14:09,500
If this was all there
was to eat,
311
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,467
how did these giant dinosaurs
get enough nutrition?
312
00:14:13,467 --> 00:14:16,533
Did these sauropods starve
to death?
313
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:28,166
[Ronan] High
in the Wyoming desert,
314
00:14:28,166 --> 00:14:32,634
a dinosaur graveyard
is emerging from the ground,
315
00:14:32,634 --> 00:14:34,867
and a team of scientists
is investigating
316
00:14:34,867 --> 00:14:36,233
the scene of the crime.
317
00:14:37,533 --> 00:14:40,967
They want to know what killed
these Jurassic giants.
318
00:14:40,967 --> 00:14:42,634
[Phil] Wow.
319
00:14:42,634 --> 00:14:44,500
[Ronan] So far,
the team has found
320
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:49,100
the fossilized remains
of 10 dead sauropods,
321
00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:51,066
huge, long-necked dinosaurs
322
00:14:51,066 --> 00:14:52,280
like diplodocus
and brachiosaurus,
323
00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:54,100
like diplodocus
and brachiosaurus,
324
00:14:54,100 --> 00:14:57,533
along with evidence of their
strictly herbivorous diet.
325
00:14:58,734 --> 00:15:02,734
These super-sized animals
had appetites to match,
326
00:15:02,734 --> 00:15:06,533
but only tough,
low-nutrition plants
to sustain them.
327
00:15:06,533 --> 00:15:07,967
Was the Jurassic Mile
328
00:15:07,967 --> 00:15:10,533
too popular
as a dinosaur diner?
329
00:15:11,734 --> 00:15:14,900
Did they run out of food,
too weak to move on
330
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:16,800
to the next
life-saving Eden?
331
00:15:20,967 --> 00:15:22,280
[Ronan] The answer may come
from living animals.
332
00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:23,634
[Ronan] The answer may come
from living animals.
333
00:15:24,734 --> 00:15:28,266
These enormous reptiles
are giant tortoises.
334
00:15:30,266 --> 00:15:32,166
Together with birds
and crocodiles,
335
00:15:32,166 --> 00:15:33,967
they form a group of animals
336
00:15:33,967 --> 00:15:36,967
that are the closest
living relatives to dinosaurs.
337
00:15:39,367 --> 00:15:42,634
Biologist, Dr. Stephen Blake
and wildlife vet,
338
00:15:42,634 --> 00:15:44,166
Dr. Sharon Deem
339
00:15:44,166 --> 00:15:48,266
have been researching
these animals for 12 years,
340
00:15:48,266 --> 00:15:49,533
both here at the zoo
341
00:15:49,533 --> 00:15:52,000
and in the animal's
natural habitat
342
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:52,280
on the Galapagos Islands.
343
00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:53,867
on the Galapagos Islands.
344
00:15:53,867 --> 00:15:54,967
[Stephen] All right.
345
00:15:54,967 --> 00:15:56,166
See how big this one is.
346
00:15:56,166 --> 00:15:57,467
Here we go.
347
00:15:59,066 --> 00:16:00,100
[Ronan] They're investigating
348
00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:02,333
how tortoises maintain
a healthy diet.
349
00:16:05,533 --> 00:16:07,867
Here in the zoo,
the tortoises are treated
350
00:16:07,867 --> 00:16:09,734
to a daily vegetable buffet.
351
00:16:11,066 --> 00:16:14,367
But in the wild,
it's a very different story.
352
00:16:14,367 --> 00:16:17,166
In the wild,
the tortoises have to,
353
00:16:17,166 --> 00:16:22,266
uh, eat both low-quality
forage and lots of it.
354
00:16:22,266 --> 00:16:22,280
[Ronan] Just like
Jurassic sauropods,
355
00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:24,533
[Ronan] Just like
Jurassic sauropods,
356
00:16:24,533 --> 00:16:27,634
the tortoises can survive
on poor-quality food
357
00:16:27,634 --> 00:16:32,166
that would be unable
to support other large animals
358
00:16:32,166 --> 00:16:34,066
because a cocktail of bacteria
359
00:16:34,066 --> 00:16:36,367
in their gut helps
to break it down,
360
00:16:36,367 --> 00:16:39,533
extracting precious nutrients
locked inside.
361
00:16:40,734 --> 00:16:42,734
[Sharon] They can really get
a lot of energy,
362
00:16:42,734 --> 00:16:45,066
calories, minerals, vitamins
363
00:16:45,066 --> 00:16:48,533
out of food that may be
less, less quality
364
00:16:48,533 --> 00:16:50,467
than it would be
for someone like us.
365
00:16:52,166 --> 00:16:52,280
[Ronan]
But they're eating strategy
366
00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:53,634
[Ronan]
But they're eating strategy
367
00:16:53,634 --> 00:16:55,367
leaves them
with the same problem
368
00:16:55,367 --> 00:16:56,800
as our sauropods.
369
00:16:58,266 --> 00:17:00,900
Even with their
specialist digestion,
370
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:03,166
their food is so low
in nutrition
371
00:17:03,166 --> 00:17:05,634
that they need
to eat huge quantities.
372
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:09,533
Eventually, they eat
everything in sight.
373
00:17:10,367 --> 00:17:12,967
In the dry season,
on the Galapagos,
374
00:17:12,967 --> 00:17:15,166
the lowlands receive
no rainfall
375
00:17:15,166 --> 00:17:17,367
and are very dry
and become very desert like.
376
00:17:17,367 --> 00:17:19,166
There's very little
food around.
377
00:17:23,066 --> 00:17:25,467
[Ronan] Sharon and Steve
decided to find out
378
00:17:25,467 --> 00:17:27,467
how they get around
this problem.
379
00:17:28,634 --> 00:17:30,367
By fitting GPS trackers
380
00:17:30,367 --> 00:17:34,467
to a group
of Galapagos tortoises,
381
00:17:34,467 --> 00:17:37,233
what they discovered
was a huge surprise.
382
00:17:38,533 --> 00:17:40,967
As their own
graphic model reveals
383
00:17:40,967 --> 00:17:42,634
when they run out of food,
384
00:17:42,634 --> 00:17:45,533
hungry giant tortoises
go on a hike.
385
00:17:46,967 --> 00:17:51,166
Well, nobody knew tortoises
migrated, within six months,
386
00:17:51,166 --> 00:17:52,280
we realized that
this phenomenon was real.
387
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:53,433
we realized that
this phenomenon was real.
388
00:17:54,734 --> 00:17:57,467
When the food runs out
in the lowlands,
389
00:17:57,467 --> 00:17:59,367
they moved to a higher ground.
390
00:18:00,734 --> 00:18:03,367
[Sharon] Giant tortoises go
from the lowlands,
391
00:18:03,367 --> 00:18:06,266
where the food quality is low
to the highland,
392
00:18:06,266 --> 00:18:10,500
where they have a...
what we call
a salad bowl of choices.
393
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:13,166
[Ronan] Slowly clambering
more than six miles
394
00:18:13,166 --> 00:18:14,967
through volcanic
boulder fields,
395
00:18:14,967 --> 00:18:17,066
its equivalent
to a human walking
396
00:18:17,066 --> 00:18:20,000
from New York City
to Philadelphia.
397
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,280
[Stephen] Tortoises
are not known
for their sprinting abilities.
398
00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:23,734
[Stephen] Tortoises
are not known
for their sprinting abilities.
399
00:18:23,734 --> 00:18:24,867
Having said that,
400
00:18:24,867 --> 00:18:26,967
they're a lot more mobile
than people
401
00:18:26,967 --> 00:18:28,533
give them credit for.
402
00:18:28,533 --> 00:18:30,533
[Ronan] Finding enough food
throughout the year
403
00:18:30,533 --> 00:18:33,000
is a major challenge
for big animals.
404
00:18:33,967 --> 00:18:38,000
As they grow larger,
so does their need to feed.
405
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,166
We always say giant tortoises
need a lot of food,
406
00:18:40,166 --> 00:18:41,634
but you imagine a sauropod
407
00:18:41,634 --> 00:18:43,467
needs a colossal
amount of food,
408
00:18:43,467 --> 00:18:45,367
so they got to move
and to get out
409
00:18:45,367 --> 00:18:47,900
of one habitat into another.
410
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:49,367
You've probably got
to move a long way,
411
00:18:49,367 --> 00:18:51,100
maybe hundreds of miles.
412
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:52,280
It's the same
evolutionary solution
413
00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,367
It's the same
evolutionary solution
414
00:18:55,367 --> 00:18:57,533
to the same problem.
415
00:18:57,533 --> 00:19:00,967
[Ronan]
As food supplies withered
in the Jurassic dry season,
416
00:19:00,967 --> 00:19:02,066
the watering hole
417
00:19:02,066 --> 00:19:03,867
could have been
a vital rest stop
418
00:19:03,867 --> 00:19:06,467
on the way to higher,
greener ground.
419
00:19:08,900 --> 00:19:13,266
But sauropods were many times
bigger than giant tortoises.
420
00:19:13,266 --> 00:19:16,000
How can we know
if they were just as mobile?
421
00:19:25,166 --> 00:19:28,066
Animal movement expert,
Prof. Bill Sellers,
422
00:19:28,066 --> 00:19:31,367
is trying to find out
if sauropods
423
00:19:31,367 --> 00:19:33,266
weighing up to 80 tons
424
00:19:33,266 --> 00:19:36,533
were capable
of making long journeys.
425
00:19:36,533 --> 00:19:39,166
He's discovered
extraordinary evidence
426
00:19:39,166 --> 00:19:41,634
that could help
to answer that question.
427
00:19:41,634 --> 00:19:44,634
Super-sized
dinosaur footprints.
428
00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:48,634
I'm interested
in how dinosaurs moved.
429
00:19:48,634 --> 00:19:51,867
And one of the best pieces
of evidence we have
430
00:19:51,867 --> 00:19:52,280
about dinosaur movement
is footprints.
431
00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:54,367
about dinosaur movement
is footprints.
432
00:19:54,367 --> 00:19:55,634
[Ronan] These fallen rocks
433
00:19:55,634 --> 00:19:57,900
were once a patch
of fine sand,
434
00:19:57,900 --> 00:20:01,000
higher up the hill,
and baked into them,
435
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,533
are the tracks of a sauropod
436
00:20:02,533 --> 00:20:06,433
that walked
by 150 million years ago.
437
00:20:08,367 --> 00:20:11,467
You can see the toe marks here
and you can see
438
00:20:11,467 --> 00:20:14,266
the base of the foot
in some detail
439
00:20:14,266 --> 00:20:16,467
'cause they have
rather cylindrical feet
440
00:20:16,467 --> 00:20:18,533
that stick into the ground.
441
00:20:18,533 --> 00:20:21,800
[Ronan] Just one preserved
footprint is a precious find.
442
00:20:23,066 --> 00:20:25,166
But a trackway
of multiple prints
443
00:20:25,166 --> 00:20:27,233
is an information goldmine.
444
00:20:28,166 --> 00:20:31,266
If we actually
go higher up the cliff,
445
00:20:31,266 --> 00:20:33,533
we can start
to find other footprints.
446
00:20:35,734 --> 00:20:38,533
So, here, we have another
sauropod footprint,
447
00:20:38,533 --> 00:20:40,166
and it's been
cut in half here.
448
00:20:40,166 --> 00:20:42,967
This is almost certainly
from the same, um,
449
00:20:42,967 --> 00:20:44,467
the same trackway as that.
450
00:20:45,367 --> 00:20:47,867
[Ronan] From the pattern
of the footprints,
451
00:20:47,867 --> 00:20:51,967
Bill can use a finely-tuned
computer program
452
00:20:51,967 --> 00:20:52,280
to find out
how this leviathan walked.
453
00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:55,000
to find out
how this leviathan walked.
454
00:20:57,533 --> 00:20:59,166
We can take measurements
from things
455
00:20:59,166 --> 00:21:03,000
like the length of the stride
and the size of the foot,
456
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,266
and then we can use
that to produce a scaled
457
00:21:06,266 --> 00:21:09,533
model of the dinosaur
we think made the tracks.
458
00:21:09,533 --> 00:21:12,166
We have put on the muscles
459
00:21:12,166 --> 00:21:14,634
that we expect to find
for an animal this size.
460
00:21:14,634 --> 00:21:17,500
And then, we can use
the computer simulation
461
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:19,266
to try and make it
actually walk in
462
00:21:19,266 --> 00:21:20,800
the trackways
that we'd measured.
463
00:21:22,066 --> 00:21:22,280
[Ronan] Best of all,
Bill's program can calculate
464
00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:24,734
[Ronan] Best of all,
Bill's program can calculate
465
00:21:24,734 --> 00:21:26,634
the dinosaur's top speed.
466
00:21:27,867 --> 00:21:29,734
It's surprisingly high.
467
00:21:29,734 --> 00:21:32,467
Diplodocus didn't dawdle.
468
00:21:32,467 --> 00:21:35,634
These guys can walk at about
7.5 meters per second
469
00:21:35,634 --> 00:21:38,734
simply because they can walk
with really long legs.
470
00:21:38,734 --> 00:21:41,634
So, in fact, um,
it's quite fast.
471
00:21:46,266 --> 00:21:48,734
[Ronan] At more than 15 miles
an hour,
472
00:21:48,734 --> 00:21:51,800
sauropods were as swift
as Olympic athletes.
473
00:21:53,266 --> 00:21:55,533
And easily capable
of the long journey
474
00:21:55,533 --> 00:21:57,233
to summer-feeding grounds.
475
00:21:59,166 --> 00:22:00,266
Along the way,
476
00:22:00,266 --> 00:22:02,533
stopping off
at the Jurassic Mile,
477
00:22:02,533 --> 00:22:04,066
like a roadside diner,
478
00:22:04,066 --> 00:22:06,233
for life-saving
food and water.
479
00:22:07,734 --> 00:22:09,867
So, if it wasn't starvation
480
00:22:09,867 --> 00:22:13,800
or exhaustion that killed
all these giants, what did?
481
00:22:15,166 --> 00:22:17,266
[cooing]
482
00:22:22,266 --> 00:22:22,280
[Ronan]
Phil is eager to find out.
483
00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:24,734
[Ronan]
Phil is eager to find out.
484
00:22:24,734 --> 00:22:27,166
He's sifting carefully
through the death site
485
00:22:27,166 --> 00:22:28,634
in search of clues.
486
00:22:31,533 --> 00:22:33,367
But approaching clouds
are a warning
487
00:22:33,367 --> 00:22:35,266
that should never be ignored.
488
00:22:40,634 --> 00:22:45,367
Bad weather is bad news
for fossils,
489
00:22:45,367 --> 00:22:48,266
and many of the most crucial
new discoveries
490
00:22:48,266 --> 00:22:50,533
are also the most delicate.
491
00:22:50,533 --> 00:22:52,280
Ripples in the sand,
footprints,
492
00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:52,867
Ripples in the sand,
footprints,
493
00:22:52,867 --> 00:22:57,066
and fragile plant fossils
could be destroyed overnight
by heavy rains.
494
00:23:01,634 --> 00:23:03,734
[Phil] This is the first time
they've seen the light of day
495
00:23:03,734 --> 00:23:05,500
for 150 million years.
496
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:08,467
If the weather hits before
the bones are
out of the ground,
497
00:23:08,467 --> 00:23:10,367
it's a potential disaster.
498
00:23:10,367 --> 00:23:13,066
[Ronan] Jen's team rushes
to protect the fossils,
499
00:23:13,066 --> 00:23:15,533
but the rain can quickly
cut off the site.
500
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:18,967
They need
to make their escape.
501
00:23:18,967 --> 00:23:20,467
Nice weather for ducks.
502
00:23:22,066 --> 00:23:22,280
The storm is coming.
We got to go.
503
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:23,734
The storm is coming.
We got to go.
504
00:23:23,734 --> 00:23:24,967
Go, go, go.
505
00:23:26,066 --> 00:23:28,367
[Ronan] Now all that protects
this open grave
506
00:23:28,367 --> 00:23:31,266
are a few layers of plaster
and tarpaulins.
507
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:35,100
Phil can only hope
it's enough.
508
00:23:46,166 --> 00:23:48,166
[Ronan] In the high desert
of Wyoming,
509
00:23:48,166 --> 00:23:50,500
a mysterious
dinosaur boneyard
510
00:23:50,500 --> 00:23:55,066
is emerging from the rock
after 150 million years.
511
00:23:58,266 --> 00:24:01,266
Up here,
conditions change fast.
512
00:24:01,266 --> 00:24:04,367
And last night,
a ferocious storm
battered the site.
513
00:24:06,734 --> 00:24:09,867
The lightning show
that that one put on
was really amazing.
514
00:24:09,867 --> 00:24:11,920
I've never really seen
515
00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:12,166
I've never really seen
516
00:24:12,166 --> 00:24:14,734
lightning that widespread
and constant.
517
00:24:16,166 --> 00:24:18,867
[Ronan] Storms can destroy
crucial evidence
518
00:24:18,867 --> 00:24:20,734
that could solve the mystery
519
00:24:20,734 --> 00:24:23,500
of what killed
these dinosaurs.
520
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:26,467
First job of the day
is to check for damage,
521
00:24:26,467 --> 00:24:27,634
starting with a mound
522
00:24:27,634 --> 00:24:29,967
where Phil's spotted
signs of bone
523
00:24:29,967 --> 00:24:32,100
from an unidentified dinosaur.
524
00:24:33,266 --> 00:24:36,166
It's a pain when the site
gets wet
525
00:24:36,166 --> 00:24:38,867
'cause it means
you start picking up bone
526
00:24:38,867 --> 00:24:41,920
and stuff on your feet
and that damages the site.
527
00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:42,100
and stuff on your feet
and that damages the site.
528
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:43,734
[Ronan]
But the team is in luck.
529
00:24:43,734 --> 00:24:46,100
All the evidence is intact.
530
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:48,467
Phil's investigation
can continue.
531
00:24:51,967 --> 00:24:55,166
So far, the team has found
the fossilized bones
532
00:24:55,166 --> 00:24:57,367
from 10 sauropods.
533
00:24:57,367 --> 00:25:00,967
Giant dinosaurs like
diplodocus and brachiosaurus
534
00:25:00,967 --> 00:25:03,333
that dominated
the Jurassic landscape.
535
00:25:04,367 --> 00:25:07,967
They're trying to reconstruct
this prehistoric crime scene
536
00:25:07,967 --> 00:25:11,000
to figure out why so many
of them died here.
537
00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,867
Victoria is examining some
very special bones
538
00:25:15,867 --> 00:25:17,900
from another
sauropod dinosaur.
539
00:25:19,066 --> 00:25:21,000
They reveal an ancient link
540
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,967
between dinosaurs
and modern birds,
541
00:25:23,967 --> 00:25:26,367
which could provide
the best evidence yet
542
00:25:26,367 --> 00:25:29,100
of what killed
these giant beasts.
543
00:25:29,100 --> 00:25:30,634
What we have is the neck bone
544
00:25:30,634 --> 00:25:32,000
and curving
into this one
545
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,900
and getting smaller
as we go this way.
546
00:25:36,367 --> 00:25:40,734
[Ronan] There could be
as many as 15
of these sauropod neck bones
547
00:25:40,734 --> 00:25:41,920
containing crucial clues.
548
00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:42,533
containing crucial clues.
549
00:25:45,066 --> 00:25:48,367
With a tiny head
on the end of a 20-foot neck,
550
00:25:48,367 --> 00:25:49,867
sauropods looked like
551
00:25:49,867 --> 00:25:52,000
one of nature's
great mistakes.
552
00:25:52,867 --> 00:25:55,166
Imagine having
to hold your arm out
553
00:25:55,166 --> 00:25:57,100
and hold a giant rock,
554
00:25:57,100 --> 00:26:00,166
and that's what you have
to do the rest of your life.
555
00:26:00,166 --> 00:26:02,734
Your muscles
would get really tired.
556
00:26:02,734 --> 00:26:06,333
[Ronan] Their long necks look
almost impossible to hold up.
557
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:09,266
But to get
around this problem,
558
00:26:09,266 --> 00:26:11,920
sauropods had a surprising
evolutionary secret
559
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:12,967
sauropods had a surprising
evolutionary secret
560
00:26:12,967 --> 00:26:14,900
hidden inside their necks.
561
00:26:16,066 --> 00:26:18,600
Sauropod dinosaurs are some
of the weirdest animals
562
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:20,166
ever to have walked
on the planet.
563
00:26:20,166 --> 00:26:21,867
And the adaptations
564
00:26:21,867 --> 00:26:24,266
that these organisms
evolved over
565
00:26:24,266 --> 00:26:28,634
millions of years to become
so big are fascinating.
566
00:26:28,634 --> 00:26:31,100
They are the walking
suspension bridges
567
00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:32,433
of the fossil world.
568
00:26:34,867 --> 00:26:37,467
[Ronan] But new research
reveals this secret
569
00:26:37,467 --> 00:26:40,066
may have occasionally
been their undoing.
570
00:26:48,066 --> 00:26:52,867
At the Museum of the Rockies,
571
00:26:52,867 --> 00:26:56,600
sauropod expert,
Dr. Cary Woodruff
572
00:26:56,600 --> 00:27:00,266
is investigating
a collection of fossils,
573
00:27:00,266 --> 00:27:03,233
unearthed from another site
in the Morrison formation.
574
00:27:04,634 --> 00:27:07,066
This is from
a long-necked dinosaur
575
00:27:07,066 --> 00:27:09,867
that we discovered,
and we named this animal,
Dolly.
576
00:27:09,867 --> 00:27:11,920
It gets that name
after country Western singer,
577
00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:12,166
It gets that name
after country Western singer,
578
00:27:12,166 --> 00:27:13,634
Dolly Parton.
579
00:27:13,634 --> 00:27:17,333
So Dolly was alive
about 150 million years ago.
580
00:27:18,867 --> 00:27:21,166
[Ronan]
Examining Dolly's neck bones,
581
00:27:21,166 --> 00:27:23,266
Cary spotted a clue
that gives
582
00:27:23,266 --> 00:27:27,800
an unprecedented glimpse
into the life
and death of this dinosaur.
583
00:27:29,634 --> 00:27:33,266
Well, if we look
at a normal sauropod
vertebra here,
584
00:27:33,266 --> 00:27:36,166
you see the bone
along these areas
585
00:27:36,166 --> 00:27:38,367
is incredibly smooth
586
00:27:38,367 --> 00:27:41,100
and sometimes
almost glassy like.
587
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:41,920
But I knew something
was special about Dolly
588
00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:43,266
But I knew something
was special about Dolly
589
00:27:43,266 --> 00:27:45,734
because as soon as I looked
at those same areas,
590
00:27:45,734 --> 00:27:47,734
we see that rough
and wrinkled bone
591
00:27:47,734 --> 00:27:50,634
and even coming outside
of some of those sockets
592
00:27:50,634 --> 00:27:51,967
are this weird,
593
00:27:51,967 --> 00:27:54,533
almost broccoli-like
irregular bone growths.
594
00:27:55,867 --> 00:27:56,967
[Ronan] The growths appeared
595
00:27:56,967 --> 00:27:59,333
on several
of Dolly's neck vertebrae.
596
00:28:00,533 --> 00:28:02,634
Puzzled,
Cary shared his discovery
597
00:28:02,634 --> 00:28:04,433
with colleagues
around the world.
598
00:28:05,367 --> 00:28:07,100
I literally took a picture
of these features
599
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:08,867
and posted it on social media
600
00:28:08,867 --> 00:28:11,000
and said,
"What the heck are these?"
601
00:28:11,967 --> 00:28:14,266
[Ronan] One reply
was from a veterinarian,
602
00:28:14,266 --> 00:28:17,800
who recognized these marks
as a serious bone infection.
603
00:28:19,166 --> 00:28:22,066
And the only way
they could explain
the infection
604
00:28:22,066 --> 00:28:26,066
was by a respiratory disease
that normally affects birds.
605
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:29,867
The group answer was,
"Holy cow,
606
00:28:29,867 --> 00:28:33,333
we've never seen
a respiratory infection
in a dinosaur before."
607
00:28:35,066 --> 00:28:37,600
[Ronan] Cary wondered
how a bird lung disease
608
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:39,734
could affect Dolly's bones.
609
00:28:41,166 --> 00:28:41,920
The answer lies
in the surprising way
610
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:43,367
The answer lies
in the surprising way
611
00:28:43,367 --> 00:28:45,634
that sauropods
solve the problem
612
00:28:45,634 --> 00:28:47,734
of holding up
their massive necks.
613
00:28:50,867 --> 00:28:53,500
Paleontologists
think sauropod chests
614
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:57,266
held large chambers
called air sacs.
615
00:28:57,266 --> 00:29:00,367
They kept the lungs constantly
supplied with oxygen.
616
00:29:01,367 --> 00:29:03,367
Smaller tube-shaped air sacs
617
00:29:03,367 --> 00:29:05,533
ran all the way
along the neck,
618
00:29:05,533 --> 00:29:06,967
surrounding the bones
619
00:29:06,967 --> 00:29:09,100
and filling
their hollow cavities.
620
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:11,920
This may be the secret
621
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:12,066
This may be the secret
622
00:29:12,066 --> 00:29:15,867
to how sauropods held up
their long necks.
623
00:29:15,867 --> 00:29:17,867
Taking the place
of dense bone,
624
00:29:17,867 --> 00:29:21,066
the air-filled tubes made them
light enough to lift.
625
00:29:23,266 --> 00:29:24,467
Modern birds
626
00:29:24,467 --> 00:29:27,000
are distant descendants
of dinosaurs,
627
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,367
and birds too have air sacs.
628
00:29:29,367 --> 00:29:32,500
They reduce weight enough
to allow for flight,
629
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:34,734
but they have a big downside.
630
00:29:34,734 --> 00:29:38,500
They increase birds' risk
of serious infection.
631
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:41,920
We were able to hypothesize
that Dolly had air sacculitis,
632
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:43,066
We were able to hypothesize
that Dolly had air sacculitis,
633
00:29:43,066 --> 00:29:45,100
and that
respiratory infection,
634
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:47,634
the air sacculitis was so bad
635
00:29:47,634 --> 00:29:50,900
that it actually caused
a secondary bone infection.
636
00:29:53,967 --> 00:29:56,734
[Ronan] Using modern
CT-scanning technology,
637
00:29:56,734 --> 00:29:57,867
Cary can work out
638
00:29:57,867 --> 00:30:00,533
just how advanced
the infection was.
639
00:30:01,967 --> 00:30:04,066
[Cary] Dolly would have
had labored breathing,
640
00:30:04,066 --> 00:30:06,467
probably sneezing
and nasal discharge,
641
00:30:06,467 --> 00:30:07,867
and, basically,
the same symptoms
642
00:30:07,867 --> 00:30:09,533
that we think
of that we've all had
643
00:30:09,533 --> 00:30:11,920
with the cold or flu
or pneumonia.
644
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:12,367
with the cold or flu
or pneumonia.
645
00:30:12,367 --> 00:30:15,066
[Ronan] The scans reveal
that Dolly's air sac infection
646
00:30:15,066 --> 00:30:18,166
had spread
deep inside the bones,
647
00:30:18,166 --> 00:30:21,734
causing illness far more
serious than a cold.
648
00:30:21,734 --> 00:30:25,166
Here we have a case,
from 150 million years ago,
649
00:30:25,166 --> 00:30:28,367
of an individual dinosaur
that was sick.
650
00:30:28,367 --> 00:30:30,500
And it was so sick,
it probably died
651
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:31,867
from that illness.
652
00:30:31,867 --> 00:30:33,867
And I think those are
653
00:30:33,867 --> 00:30:35,266
the closest thing
to time machines
654
00:30:35,266 --> 00:30:37,634
we'll ever get
these little windows
655
00:30:37,634 --> 00:30:41,266
and literally moments
in the life of a dinosaur.
656
00:30:43,634 --> 00:30:45,634
[Ronan] Were the dinosaurs
at the Jurassic Mile
657
00:30:45,634 --> 00:30:51,066
victims of their own design
and died of disease?
658
00:30:51,066 --> 00:30:54,266
So far, Dolly's
are the only sauropod bones
659
00:30:54,266 --> 00:30:56,467
discovered
with this type of infection.
660
00:31:00,266 --> 00:31:03,734
Until similar evidence
is found at the Jurassic Mile,
661
00:31:03,734 --> 00:31:05,367
the team will need
to keep looking
662
00:31:05,367 --> 00:31:07,333
for other potential killers.
663
00:31:12,367 --> 00:31:14,100
The answer
may soon be at hand.
664
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:16,166
Back on site,
665
00:31:16,166 --> 00:31:19,634
Jen has unearthed
another spectacular discovery
666
00:31:19,634 --> 00:31:22,100
that may be the lead
they're looking for.
667
00:31:23,734 --> 00:31:25,367
[Ronan] This new find revealed
668
00:31:25,367 --> 00:31:27,066
that the long-necked sauropods
669
00:31:27,066 --> 00:31:29,533
weren't the only visitors
to this watering hole.
670
00:31:31,266 --> 00:31:34,266
And the others may have
had murder on their mind.
671
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:46,634
In the Wyoming Badlands,
672
00:31:46,634 --> 00:31:50,100
a 150-million-year-old
crime scene
673
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:52,066
is emerging from the ground.
674
00:31:53,166 --> 00:31:56,166
A team of paleontologists
is trying to figure out
675
00:31:56,166 --> 00:31:59,100
how 10 giant
sauropod dinosaurs
676
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:01,166
met their end right here.
677
00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:06,634
Investigations have revealed
that some of the dinosaurs
678
00:32:06,634 --> 00:32:10,533
may have been killed
in sudden floods
679
00:32:10,533 --> 00:32:11,440
and also that their
neck-lightening air sacs
680
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:13,166
and also that their
neck-lightening air sacs
681
00:32:13,166 --> 00:32:15,634
could risk severe infections.
682
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:23,533
Now, Jen may have discovered
a major new suspect...
683
00:32:23,533 --> 00:32:26,467
A skeleton that reveals
the long-necked sauropods
684
00:32:26,467 --> 00:32:29,467
weren't the only visitors
to this watering hole.
685
00:32:29,467 --> 00:32:32,166
Right here,
we have a large theropod.
686
00:32:32,166 --> 00:32:34,867
We've got back, we've got hip,
687
00:32:34,867 --> 00:32:38,000
all the way back
to a lovely tail.
688
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,967
[Ronan] Lying just feet away
from the emerging tail bones
689
00:32:40,967 --> 00:32:41,440
of a plant-eating sauropod,
690
00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:43,734
of a plant-eating sauropod,
691
00:32:43,734 --> 00:32:45,100
her diggers have uncovered
692
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:47,533
the backbone
of a ferocious carnivore.
693
00:32:48,634 --> 00:32:51,100
Jen thinks this may be
a skeleton
694
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:55,000
of the apex predator
of the Jurassic Wild West,
695
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:56,233
Allosaurus.
696
00:33:00,066 --> 00:33:02,967
[Ronan] Eighty million years
before T. rex,
697
00:33:02,967 --> 00:33:06,634
allosaurus was the king
of the Jurassic Frontier.
698
00:33:06,634 --> 00:33:08,100
[cooing]
699
00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:10,367
[Ronan] It attacked its prey
with razor sharp,
700
00:33:10,367 --> 00:33:11,440
serrated teeth
and powerful grasping arms.
701
00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:14,734
serrated teeth
and powerful grasping arms.
702
00:33:17,867 --> 00:33:21,367
So was this watering hole
the site of a bloody clash
703
00:33:21,367 --> 00:33:23,166
between predator and prey?
704
00:33:24,467 --> 00:33:26,967
And since
both bodies fell here,
705
00:33:26,967 --> 00:33:28,367
who came out on top?
706
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:35,000
To find out, Jen needs
to study this apex predator.
707
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,000
That means getting it out
of the ground
708
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,000
intact to look
for signs of violence.
709
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:45,100
But it's lying in a bed
of super hard rock.
710
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:46,634
We've actually
broken rock saws
711
00:33:46,634 --> 00:33:48,166
and crowbars on this.
712
00:33:48,166 --> 00:33:50,634
So it's gonna take some
special kinds of equipment.
713
00:33:53,166 --> 00:33:56,467
[Ronan]
They've had to bring in
an air-powered mini jackhammer
714
00:33:56,467 --> 00:33:58,066
to chip away at the stone.
715
00:33:59,467 --> 00:34:01,800
The first thing is just like
feeling the vibrations
716
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:03,000
and feeling a bit scared
717
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,867
that you have something
powerful in your hand.
718
00:34:04,867 --> 00:34:06,800
[Ronan] This tool brings
its own danger.
719
00:34:07,867 --> 00:34:09,867
'Cause the scribes
are powerful enough
720
00:34:09,867 --> 00:34:11,266
to go through sandstone,
they, of course,
721
00:34:11,266 --> 00:34:11,440
are powerful enough
to go through the fossil.
722
00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:13,266
are powerful enough
to go through the fossil.
723
00:34:14,166 --> 00:34:15,967
[Ronan]
It's painstaking work.
724
00:34:15,967 --> 00:34:21,533
Just one slip could shatter
a 150-million-year-old relic,
725
00:34:21,533 --> 00:34:24,533
ruining the evidence
of what killed this dinosaur.
726
00:34:27,634 --> 00:34:30,734
Jen's crack team
is starting to make up time.
727
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,867
But the badlands
don't always play fair.
728
00:34:37,867 --> 00:34:39,000
Out of nowhere,
729
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,166
squalls are whipping up
sand and dust
730
00:34:41,166 --> 00:34:41,440
into an abrasive blast.
731
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:43,867
into an abrasive blast.
732
00:34:43,867 --> 00:34:45,634
[woman] Yeah, it's got
to come down now, guys.
733
00:34:45,634 --> 00:34:46,734
[woman 1] Okay.
734
00:34:46,734 --> 00:34:49,467
[woman] We got to move
towards Jen and Liz.
735
00:34:49,467 --> 00:34:50,800
Yeah, back this way.
736
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:53,967
There's another dust devil
coming over, so.
737
00:34:53,967 --> 00:34:57,634
[Ronan] Dust devils can create
winds up to 60 miles an hour.
738
00:34:57,634 --> 00:34:59,467
[woman] Can we get some help,
guys?
739
00:34:59,467 --> 00:35:01,266
Thank you.
740
00:35:01,266 --> 00:35:04,100
[Ronan] Every fossil exposed
to the winds is in danger
741
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:07,467
from this sudden
sandblasting storm.
742
00:35:07,467 --> 00:35:09,100
[woman] Welcome to Wyoming.
743
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:10,734
Raise for a second.
744
00:35:10,734 --> 00:35:11,440
Yeah, yeah.
745
00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:11,867
Yeah, yeah.
746
00:35:11,867 --> 00:35:13,166
We're hanging on.
747
00:35:13,166 --> 00:35:14,967
Moving.
748
00:35:14,967 --> 00:35:16,800
Let your fingers hold in.
749
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:18,100
[woman] [indistinct]
750
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:20,166
Ooh, another one coming.
751
00:35:20,166 --> 00:35:22,000
Out of nowhere.
752
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:23,967
[screaming]
753
00:35:23,967 --> 00:35:25,266
Ooh.
754
00:35:25,266 --> 00:35:28,734
[Ronan] Six years of work
is at the mercy
of the wild weather.
755
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:37,533
But it's getting dangerous
756
00:35:37,533 --> 00:35:39,734
and they need
to make a run for cover.
757
00:36:04,467 --> 00:36:08,000
Next morning,
Jen arrives on site early
758
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:09,734
to assess the damage.
759
00:36:20,266 --> 00:36:21,900
Come on, buddy.
760
00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:23,166
How'd you survive?
761
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:25,266
Ooh.
762
00:36:26,166 --> 00:36:28,266
Oh, thank God. You look good.
763
00:36:28,266 --> 00:36:31,000
This fossil
is already very exposed,
764
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:35,000
so it could have gotten
a lot of abrasion damage.
765
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,166
Looks like maybe
one piece broke.
766
00:36:37,166 --> 00:36:39,100
So, uh, that's the only thing
that broke.
767
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:40,333
That's good.
768
00:36:42,467 --> 00:36:44,266
[Ronan]
They've had a lucky escape,
769
00:36:44,266 --> 00:36:46,867
but Jen isn't going
to take any chances.
770
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,333
Another dust storm
could hit any time.
771
00:36:52,266 --> 00:36:56,166
They quickly cover
the exposed bones
in protective plaster.
772
00:36:59,266 --> 00:37:01,367
And as soon
as the jacket is set...
773
00:37:01,367 --> 00:37:02,533
Yeah.
774
00:37:02,533 --> 00:37:05,533
Yeah, well, I think, I think
this one's going to be tricky.
775
00:37:05,533 --> 00:37:07,800
...it's time to get them out
of the ground.
776
00:37:09,634 --> 00:37:11,440
First, they need to flip
the jacket over.
777
00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:12,166
First, they need to flip
the jacket over.
778
00:37:13,467 --> 00:37:15,000
[Jennifer] What I'm gonna
have you do
779
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,266
is, if you all of a sudden
can't reach anymore,
780
00:37:17,266 --> 00:37:18,634
I'm here to help
pull this part
781
00:37:18,634 --> 00:37:20,634
because we have the femur
and all that there,
782
00:37:20,634 --> 00:37:22,000
so we have to be careful.
783
00:37:23,166 --> 00:37:25,533
[Ronan] But there's a chance
the bones will fall out
784
00:37:25,533 --> 00:37:30,000
as they leave the surface,
destroying precious evidence.
785
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,533
[Jennifer]
Phil's got the middle,
Rachel's got this side.
786
00:37:32,533 --> 00:37:34,000
We're flipping it towards me.
787
00:37:35,266 --> 00:37:36,967
Things are gonna fall,
probably.
788
00:37:36,967 --> 00:37:38,100
Don't freak out.
789
00:37:38,100 --> 00:37:39,266
We'll just cry later.
790
00:37:39,266 --> 00:37:40,533
Okay, Rachel, go.
791
00:37:40,533 --> 00:37:41,440
-[Rachel] Are we ready?
-We are ready.
792
00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:42,100
-[Rachel] Are we ready?
-We are ready.
793
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:44,734
Three, two, one.
794
00:37:45,734 --> 00:37:46,867
Let's go. Go, go, go, go.
795
00:37:46,867 --> 00:37:48,433
Go, go, go, go,
go, go, go, go, go!
796
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:51,634
Oh, my God. That worked.
797
00:37:51,634 --> 00:37:54,166
Ah! Ah!
798
00:37:54,166 --> 00:37:56,000
-Yes.
-[Ronan] They've done it.
799
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,100
The jacket has held firm.
800
00:37:58,100 --> 00:37:59,166
Oh!
801
00:37:59,166 --> 00:38:00,266
Oh, my God.
802
00:38:00,266 --> 00:38:01,700
I thought so much
was gonna fall out.
803
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:03,467
[woman] I thought everything
is gonna fall out.
804
00:38:03,467 --> 00:38:04,533
[woman] Yay!
805
00:38:04,533 --> 00:38:07,467
[Jennifer] Boom,
that's how you flip
an allosaurus.
806
00:38:07,467 --> 00:38:09,000
It looks pretty darn good.
807
00:38:13,467 --> 00:38:16,467
[Ronan] Jen's allosaurus
could be the chief suspect
808
00:38:16,467 --> 00:38:19,900
in a multiple
sauropod murder mystery.
809
00:38:19,900 --> 00:38:22,266
But was this predator
powerful enough
810
00:38:22,266 --> 00:38:26,166
and fast enough
to kill an 80-foot giant
811
00:38:26,166 --> 00:38:27,467
that they now know
812
00:38:27,467 --> 00:38:30,233
was as fast
as an Olympic athlete?
813
00:38:37,867 --> 00:38:40,266
[Ronan] High in the desert
of the Old West,
814
00:38:40,266 --> 00:38:41,533
a team of scientists
815
00:38:41,533 --> 00:38:43,900
is unearthing
a remarkable story,
816
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:48,467
frozen in time
for 150 million years.
817
00:38:48,467 --> 00:38:51,533
They're discovering evidence
of an epic showdown
818
00:38:51,533 --> 00:38:53,800
between predator, prey,
819
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:58,166
the fearsome allosaurus
and the gigantic sauropod.
820
00:38:59,867 --> 00:39:02,367
Their Jurassic crime scene
places allosaurus
821
00:39:02,367 --> 00:39:04,280
as the main suspect
in a case of dinosaur murder.
822
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:05,800
as the main suspect
in a case of dinosaur murder.
823
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:09,233
But was it up to the task?
824
00:39:16,066 --> 00:39:17,367
Biomechanics expert,
825
00:39:17,367 --> 00:39:19,967
Pasha Van Bijlert
wants to find out.
826
00:39:19,967 --> 00:39:21,900
He's investigating
if allosaurus
827
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:24,066
could catch
a fleeing sauropod.
828
00:39:25,266 --> 00:39:29,533
He's pioneering a new method
of calculating dinosaur speeds
829
00:39:29,533 --> 00:39:31,467
with a detailed
computer model,
830
00:39:32,467 --> 00:39:34,280
based on the size
of their bones
831
00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:34,367
based on the size
of their bones
832
00:39:34,367 --> 00:39:36,100
and the bounce of their tails.
833
00:39:37,166 --> 00:39:39,634
Potentially,
it might have been
able to run very fast,
834
00:39:39,634 --> 00:39:41,166
but we don't know yet.
835
00:39:42,634 --> 00:39:44,634
[Ronan] He's found
the ideal specimen
836
00:39:44,634 --> 00:39:46,967
to answer the question.
837
00:39:46,967 --> 00:39:49,634
Its leg bones
are perfectly preserved.
838
00:39:50,634 --> 00:39:54,266
Right now,
I'm measuring the left tibia,
839
00:39:54,266 --> 00:39:55,800
which is the left shin bone.
840
00:39:58,734 --> 00:40:01,734
It's about 23.5 inches.
841
00:40:01,734 --> 00:40:04,266
[Ronan] Pasha soon has
all the measurements he needs
842
00:40:04,266 --> 00:40:04,280
to see how this predator moves
843
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:06,967
to see how this predator moves
844
00:40:06,967 --> 00:40:11,367
for the first time
in 150 million years.
845
00:40:11,367 --> 00:40:14,166
And to find out
if allosaurus had the pace
846
00:40:14,166 --> 00:40:16,734
to catch a speedy sauropod.
847
00:40:16,734 --> 00:40:20,266
It's actually a bit more work
than I would have liked.
848
00:40:20,266 --> 00:40:21,367
Right.
849
00:40:21,367 --> 00:40:23,734
[Ronan] Bill Sellers
is teaming up with Pasha
850
00:40:23,734 --> 00:40:25,533
after discovering
that sauropods
851
00:40:25,533 --> 00:40:28,166
could move
at 15 miles an hour,
852
00:40:28,166 --> 00:40:30,233
as fast as Olympic athletes.
853
00:40:31,867 --> 00:40:33,734
Bill has researched
the top speeds
854
00:40:33,734 --> 00:40:34,280
of different predatory
dinosaurs
855
00:40:34,280 --> 00:40:35,734
of different predatory
dinosaurs
856
00:40:35,734 --> 00:40:37,000
in past studies.
857
00:40:38,066 --> 00:40:40,533
You have these
wonderful pointy sources,
858
00:40:40,533 --> 00:40:42,266
but we did a T. rex
and allosaurus,
859
00:40:42,266 --> 00:40:43,634
various other theropods.
860
00:40:43,634 --> 00:40:45,533
We came up with top speeds
861
00:40:45,533 --> 00:40:48,800
from this of about 8 meters
per second for the T. rex.
862
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:50,266
Uh, so, it's the slowest.
863
00:40:50,266 --> 00:40:53,166
And then, just over 10 meters
per second for the allosaurus.
864
00:40:53,166 --> 00:40:54,533
[Ronan] Using his models,
865
00:40:54,533 --> 00:40:56,533
Bill estimated
that both predators
866
00:40:56,533 --> 00:41:00,100
might be able to run
at nearly 20 miles an hour.
867
00:41:01,634 --> 00:41:04,280
But he discovered
a big problem for big T. rex.
868
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:05,967
But he discovered
a big problem for big T. rex.
869
00:41:05,967 --> 00:41:10,066
It was only when we started
looking at the bone loading
870
00:41:10,066 --> 00:41:13,467
that the really high speeds
on the T. rex seemed unlikely
871
00:41:13,467 --> 00:41:17,066
because, as you know,
when you run faster,
872
00:41:17,066 --> 00:41:18,734
you put more stress
on the bone.
873
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,000
[Ronan] Bill concluded that
if T. rex tried to run,
874
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,533
it would break its own legs.
875
00:41:27,533 --> 00:41:29,100
At best, it could manage
876
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,166
little more than
a 10-mile-an-hour walk,
877
00:41:32,166 --> 00:41:34,280
not even enough to catch
a sauropod at full tilt.
878
00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:36,166
not even enough to catch
a sauropod at full tilt.
879
00:41:36,166 --> 00:41:37,967
But can Pasha's
prototype model
880
00:41:37,967 --> 00:41:41,000
reveal whether allosaurus
was fast enough
881
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:42,734
to catch a speeding sauropod?
882
00:41:43,634 --> 00:41:45,367
Allosaurus was further away
883
00:41:45,367 --> 00:41:48,066
from T. rex than T. rex
was from us.
884
00:41:48,066 --> 00:41:49,266
So there are bound to be
885
00:41:49,266 --> 00:41:52,166
many differences
between these animals.
886
00:41:52,166 --> 00:41:53,967
[Ronan] His research takes
into account
887
00:41:53,967 --> 00:41:57,166
the built-in bounce
of allosaurus' tail.
888
00:41:57,166 --> 00:42:00,066
He's shown that their tails
had a natural rhythm
889
00:42:00,066 --> 00:42:01,634
like a pendulum,
890
00:42:01,634 --> 00:42:04,000
and he believes that
if they stepped in time
891
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:04,280
with that rhythm,
they could walk much faster.
892
00:42:04,280 --> 00:42:07,634
with that rhythm,
they could walk much faster.
893
00:42:07,634 --> 00:42:10,066
We treated the entire tail
as this big
894
00:42:10,066 --> 00:42:11,867
rod suspended by springs.
895
00:42:11,867 --> 00:42:14,734
And if you find
the natural frequency of this,
896
00:42:14,734 --> 00:42:16,634
um, I think this gives you
a good idea
897
00:42:16,634 --> 00:42:18,166
of the step frequency.
898
00:42:18,166 --> 00:42:21,634
So, it's much more sort
of pogo-stick-type locomotion,
899
00:42:21,634 --> 00:42:23,233
relying on elastic storage.
900
00:42:25,266 --> 00:42:28,266
[Ronan]
With all the data entered
into Pasha's test model,
901
00:42:28,266 --> 00:42:30,800
his allosaurus
quickly gathers speed...
902
00:42:32,166 --> 00:42:34,280
And runs at an astonishing
25 miles an hour.
903
00:42:34,280 --> 00:42:35,734
And runs at an astonishing
25 miles an hour.
904
00:42:37,066 --> 00:42:38,734
Compared to T. rex,
905
00:42:38,734 --> 00:42:41,734
allosaurus was like
a thoroughbred racehorse.
906
00:42:42,967 --> 00:42:44,367
It could easily outpace
907
00:42:44,367 --> 00:42:47,266
a retreating sauropod
like diplodocus.
908
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:54,266
The team has shown that
sauropods and allosauruses
909
00:42:54,266 --> 00:42:57,066
both visited
this watering hole
910
00:42:57,066 --> 00:42:59,734
and allosaurus
had the speed to run down
911
00:42:59,734 --> 00:43:01,900
the giant herbivores.
912
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:04,280
But maybe
it wasn't just about speed,
913
00:43:04,280 --> 00:43:05,266
But maybe
it wasn't just about speed,
914
00:43:05,266 --> 00:43:07,100
it was about surprise too.
915
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,266
If so, how could
a three-ton allosaurus
916
00:43:11,266 --> 00:43:12,533
creep up on a sauropod
917
00:43:12,533 --> 00:43:16,000
and launch an attack
without being noticed?
918
00:43:17,467 --> 00:43:18,634
To answer that,
919
00:43:18,634 --> 00:43:21,533
scientists are studying
living animals.
920
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:29,433
At Whipsnade Zoo
in England...
921
00:43:33,166 --> 00:43:34,280
Dr. Beth Mortimer
922
00:43:34,280 --> 00:43:36,066
Dr. Beth Mortimer
923
00:43:36,066 --> 00:43:39,367
and Dr.Tarje Nissen-Meyer
924
00:43:39,367 --> 00:43:41,533
are researching animal senses.
925
00:43:43,367 --> 00:43:45,634
Hopefully, they would come
through the fence here
926
00:43:45,634 --> 00:43:46,967
and we can pick up
the vibrations--
927
00:43:46,967 --> 00:43:48,066
Hopefully.
928
00:43:48,066 --> 00:43:50,066
[Ronan] Beth and Tarje
want to find out
929
00:43:50,066 --> 00:43:52,266
how today's
biggest land animals
930
00:43:52,266 --> 00:43:56,100
detect threats
like approaching predators.
931
00:43:56,100 --> 00:43:57,100
In particular,
932
00:43:57,100 --> 00:43:58,900
they want to see
whether elephants
933
00:43:58,900 --> 00:44:01,734
can use
a special sixth sense,
934
00:44:01,734 --> 00:44:04,166
which tunes in
to seismic vibrations
935
00:44:04,166 --> 00:44:04,280
in the ground.
936
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:05,634
in the ground.
937
00:44:05,634 --> 00:44:06,867
How far away do you think
938
00:44:06,867 --> 00:44:08,166
we'll be able to pick up
the elephants?
939
00:44:08,166 --> 00:44:09,967
Huh, completely depends on
what they're doing.
940
00:44:11,634 --> 00:44:13,166
Let me try here.
941
00:44:16,867 --> 00:44:18,967
[Ronan] Elephants
are the modern-day equivalent
942
00:44:18,967 --> 00:44:21,266
of the Jurassic's giant
sauropods.
943
00:44:22,266 --> 00:44:24,800
[Beth] The reason we studied
elephants to start off
944
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:27,634
with is because of their size.
945
00:44:27,634 --> 00:44:29,867
Because elephants
are really large,
946
00:44:29,867 --> 00:44:32,533
they're generating
a lot of motion in the ground,
947
00:44:32,533 --> 00:44:34,280
kind of mini earthquakes,
if you like,
948
00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:34,800
kind of mini earthquakes,
if you like,
949
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:36,734
just as they're moving around.
950
00:44:36,734 --> 00:44:39,166
[Ronan] So, the way
they detect threats may shed
951
00:44:39,166 --> 00:44:42,166
light on the way their ancient
counterparts did.
952
00:44:43,266 --> 00:44:47,166
Ground vibrations are almost
undetectable to humans,
953
00:44:47,166 --> 00:44:49,467
but can be picked up
by elephants through
954
00:44:49,467 --> 00:44:51,634
special sensors in their feet.
955
00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:55,100
We've got sensors
that are embedded
956
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:58,000
in our skin, uh,
which can detect vibrations,
957
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:00,166
um, and elephants
have a large number
958
00:45:00,166 --> 00:45:02,467
of these types of sensors
on their feet.
959
00:45:04,266 --> 00:45:04,280
[Ronan] Beth and Tarje
use a geophone,
960
00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:08,066
[Ronan] Beth and Tarje
use a geophone,
961
00:45:08,066 --> 00:45:12,367
a sensor that can detect
ultra-low vibrations.
962
00:45:12,367 --> 00:45:15,533
-[Tarje] The audible sound,
are you recording them?
-[Beth] Yes.
963
00:45:15,533 --> 00:45:17,533
We got the elephant coming
over here,
964
00:45:17,533 --> 00:45:21,333
so we're just picking up, uh,
the vibrations
that she's making.
965
00:45:22,266 --> 00:45:25,467
[Ronan] In her fieldwork
in Kenya, Africa,
966
00:45:25,467 --> 00:45:27,800
Beth has shown that
seismic senses
967
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,433
are a vital part
of an elephant's
defensive system.
968
00:45:34,166 --> 00:45:34,280
Her team records
seismic ground vibrations
969
00:45:34,280 --> 00:45:37,166
Her team records
seismic ground vibrations
970
00:45:37,166 --> 00:45:39,266
made by humans.
971
00:45:39,266 --> 00:45:42,533
When these vibrations
are played back to elephants,
972
00:45:42,533 --> 00:45:44,066
they are able
to interpret them
973
00:45:44,066 --> 00:45:46,967
as dangerous
and quickly retreat.
974
00:45:51,367 --> 00:45:55,867
Elephants are not alone
in tuning
into this infrasonic world.
975
00:45:55,867 --> 00:45:59,367
Beth and Tarje have studied
this kind of seismic detection
976
00:45:59,367 --> 00:46:01,467
in a number
of different animals.
977
00:46:02,533 --> 00:46:04,280
And Tarje thinks that
one making vibrations
978
00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:05,533
And Tarje thinks that
one making vibrations
979
00:46:05,533 --> 00:46:10,266
as large as a sauropod
would also evolve
to detect them.
980
00:46:10,266 --> 00:46:12,734
[Tarje] So, we know
many examples
in the animal world
981
00:46:12,734 --> 00:46:14,867
that use seismic sensing.
982
00:46:14,867 --> 00:46:17,066
So, it's... I think,
the best assumption to...
983
00:46:17,066 --> 00:46:19,867
to think, well,
if there's a signal, um,
984
00:46:19,867 --> 00:46:21,734
why shouldn't they use it?
985
00:46:21,734 --> 00:46:24,100
[Ronan] It's likely these
giants could have detected
986
00:46:24,100 --> 00:46:28,367
seismic signals
from a very long way away.
987
00:46:28,367 --> 00:46:30,100
[Beth] Essentially,
the bigger they are,
988
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:33,533
the larger distances over
which they can communicate.
989
00:46:33,533 --> 00:46:34,280
So, if you have
a larger dinosaur source
990
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:36,166
So, if you have
a larger dinosaur source
991
00:46:36,166 --> 00:46:38,100
that might be generating
a vibration
992
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:40,100
through the ground, in theory,
993
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:44,467
that's then information that
could be propagating over
larger distances.
994
00:46:47,967 --> 00:46:51,467
[Ronan] Just like their giant
modern-day equivalents,
995
00:46:51,467 --> 00:46:54,467
Jurassic sauropods
would most likely be alerted
996
00:46:54,467 --> 00:46:57,867
to any approaching allosaurus
by the quaking ground,
997
00:46:57,867 --> 00:47:01,266
signaling every step
the predator took
998
00:47:01,266 --> 00:47:04,280
and make their getaway
long before they were
in any real danger.
999
00:47:04,280 --> 00:47:06,533
and make their getaway
long before they were
in any real danger.
1000
00:47:06,533 --> 00:47:08,967
But allosaurus
may have had one more
1001
00:47:08,967 --> 00:47:11,734
evolutionary trump card
to play.
1002
00:47:15,066 --> 00:47:20,266
In Montevideo, Uruguay,
Doctors, Nicolas Benech
1003
00:47:20,266 --> 00:47:23,367
and Ernesto Blanco
are researching
1004
00:47:23,367 --> 00:47:29,266
how predators like allosaurus
could fool their prey's
defense systems.
1005
00:47:29,266 --> 00:47:34,280
They visualize seismic waves
as ripples on the surface
of a water tank.
1006
00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:34,634
They visualize seismic waves
as ripples on the surface
of a water tank.
1007
00:47:34,634 --> 00:47:38,433
[Nicolas speaking]
1008
00:47:39,533 --> 00:47:42,467
[Ronan] In their test,
sauropod's round-shaped feet
1009
00:47:42,467 --> 00:47:46,467
cause vibrations to spread out
equally in all directions.
1010
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:56,100
But predators like allosaurus
had triangular-shaped feet.
1011
00:47:56,100 --> 00:47:59,166
And when they took a step,
most of the vibrations
1012
00:47:59,166 --> 00:48:01,266
traveled out to the sides.
1013
00:48:01,266 --> 00:48:04,266
The waves ahead of them
were much weaker.
1014
00:48:04,266 --> 00:48:04,280
[Ernesto speaking]
1015
00:48:04,280 --> 00:48:08,100
[Ernesto speaking]
1016
00:48:11,166 --> 00:48:14,166
[Ronan] The scientists believe
this effect gave predators
1017
00:48:14,166 --> 00:48:17,100
like allosaurus
a crucial advantage.
1018
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:21,867
Their sauropod prey
couldn't tell how close
they were,
1019
00:48:21,867 --> 00:48:26,000
which meant they could launch
a lethal lightning attack.
1020
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:29,100
[Ernesto speaking]
[cooing]
1021
00:48:34,967 --> 00:48:37,266
[Ronan] It points
the finger of suspicion back
1022
00:48:37,266 --> 00:48:41,533
at allosaurus,
but it's circumstantial
evidence.
1023
00:48:41,533 --> 00:48:45,533
To finally prove the sauropods
at the Jurassic Mile
were its victims,
1024
00:48:45,533 --> 00:48:50,634
the team needs to place
these predators right next
to their prey.
1025
00:48:54,066 --> 00:48:56,634
And back on site,
Phil believes
1026
00:48:56,634 --> 00:49:00,467
he may have found
clear-cut evidence
that does just that.
1027
00:49:02,166 --> 00:49:03,900
Oh, look at that.
1028
00:49:08,533 --> 00:49:10,800
Beyond ridiculous.
It's beautiful.
1029
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:16,000
[Ronan] A whole host
of dinosaur footfalls
1030
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:19,867
preserved in Jurassic mud,
including one filled in
1031
00:49:19,867 --> 00:49:23,634
with rock in the exact shape
of the dinosaur's foot.
1032
00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:29,100
[Phil]
These are the coolest thing
on the whole site.
1033
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:30,900
They're good ones.
1034
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:34,280
[Phil] We've got footprints
literally all over this
whole surface.
1035
00:49:34,280 --> 00:49:35,000
[Phil] We've got footprints
literally all over this
whole surface.
1036
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:38,800
These are some
of the best trackways
I have seen in the Jurassic.
1037
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:40,533
They're absolutely beautiful.
1038
00:49:40,533 --> 00:49:45,367
[Ronan] Dinosaur footprints
are every bit as rare
as dinosaur bones,
1039
00:49:45,367 --> 00:49:49,533
but to find both
in the same place
is rarer still.
1040
00:49:49,533 --> 00:49:52,634
It's what makes
the Jurassic Mile so special.
1041
00:49:52,634 --> 00:49:56,967
And it shows Phil,
these animals did come
to the same place,
1042
00:49:56,967 --> 00:49:59,367
maybe even at the same time.
1043
00:50:00,266 --> 00:50:01,734
From these
shallow depressions,
1044
00:50:01,734 --> 00:50:03,266
we got both the hind feet
1045
00:50:03,266 --> 00:50:04,280
and the forefeet of
these big plant eaters.
1046
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:06,634
and the forefeet of
these big plant eaters.
1047
00:50:06,634 --> 00:50:09,266
Right next to it,
there are huge tracks
1048
00:50:09,266 --> 00:50:10,533
of a big predator,
1049
00:50:10,533 --> 00:50:11,734
which I think is pretty nice.
1050
00:50:11,734 --> 00:50:12,967
That's behavior.
1051
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:15,967
Kind of the,
the ultimate smoking gun.
1052
00:50:15,967 --> 00:50:18,266
It puts the animal
at the scene of the crime.
1053
00:50:18,266 --> 00:50:20,367
[Ronan] Phil's evidence
puts the predator
1054
00:50:20,367 --> 00:50:23,634
and prey together
in the same place.
1055
00:50:23,634 --> 00:50:26,367
But if they were here
at the same time,
1056
00:50:26,367 --> 00:50:31,734
a giant like diplodocus
would not have gone down
without a fight.
1057
00:50:31,734 --> 00:50:34,280
So, the team wants to know,
is there any evidence
of a struggle?
1058
00:50:34,280 --> 00:50:36,367
So, the team wants to know,
is there any evidence
of a struggle?
1059
00:50:36,367 --> 00:50:39,800
Did diplodocus
battle for its life?
1060
00:50:49,166 --> 00:50:52,734
In the wilds of Wyoming,
a dinosaur dig site
1061
00:50:52,734 --> 00:50:55,233
like no other
was being unearthed.
1062
00:50:57,600 --> 00:51:00,266
It tells the story
of a giant sauropod
1063
00:51:00,266 --> 00:51:04,467
facing off against
the deadly predator,
allosaurus.
1064
00:51:04,467 --> 00:51:08,600
Fossil evidence has put
the hunter at the scene
of the crime.
1065
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:11,266
But was it really responsible
for the deaths
1066
00:51:11,266 --> 00:51:13,266
of the giant herbivores,
1067
00:51:13,266 --> 00:51:14,240
or were sauropods able
to defend themselves?
1068
00:51:14,240 --> 00:51:17,467
or were sauropods able
to defend themselves?
1069
00:51:19,700 --> 00:51:22,900
Lower down the hill,
Jen's team has found clues
1070
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:26,000
of what could be
a defensive weapon.
1071
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,533
The first bones
of an enormous sauropod tail.
1072
00:51:29,533 --> 00:51:31,700
[Jennifer]
One of the very interesting
discoveries
1073
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:34,634
we have of this year
that was only found
a couple of days ago.
1074
00:51:34,634 --> 00:51:37,500
So, we've got a tail going
into the wall.
1075
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:40,100
So, this is something
we really want to focus
on this year.
1076
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:43,266
[Ronan] A sauropod's tail
could exceed 25 feet
1077
00:51:43,266 --> 00:51:44,240
in length and weigh
5,000 pounds.
1078
00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:46,900
in length and weigh
5,000 pounds.
1079
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:50,900
Right now, we have one, two,
three, four,
1080
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:53,600
five, six,
seven is poking out.
1081
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:56,900
They can have about
80 bones in just the tail.
1082
00:51:56,900 --> 00:51:59,266
[Ronan] The tail was more
than five feet thick
1083
00:51:59,266 --> 00:52:02,100
at the base and tapered down
to the thickness
1084
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:04,467
of a pencil at the tip.
1085
00:52:04,467 --> 00:52:06,700
[Jennifer] And the good news
is they're getting larger.
1086
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:09,266
They're going from the size
of my pinky to something
1087
00:52:09,266 --> 00:52:12,000
that's gonna be like
serving plate size.
1088
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,240
[Ronan] For decades,
paleontologists have wondered
1089
00:52:14,240 --> 00:52:14,634
[Ronan] For decades,
paleontologists have wondered
1090
00:52:14,634 --> 00:52:19,000
why sauropods
had such long whip like tails.
1091
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,533
Was it part
of their defensive armory?
1092
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:31,500
In Seattle, Washington,
a team is trying to find out.
1093
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:35,533
They're headed up
by tech pioneer,
Dr. Nathan Myhrvold.
1094
00:52:36,967 --> 00:52:39,800
[Nathan] I was always
fascinated by dinosaurs
as a child.
1095
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:44,166
And ever since the discovery
of the sauropod dinosaurs,
1096
00:52:44,166 --> 00:52:44,240
people wondered
what was this
enormous tail for.
1097
00:52:44,240 --> 00:52:48,266
people wondered
what was this
enormous tail for.
1098
00:52:48,266 --> 00:52:50,967
[Ronan] Nathan's company
specializes in solving
1099
00:52:50,967 --> 00:52:54,800
scientific mysteries
by thinking outside the box.
1100
00:52:56,100 --> 00:52:59,166
To decipher the riddle
of the sauropod tail,
1101
00:52:59,166 --> 00:53:01,367
they came up with this.
1102
00:53:03,367 --> 00:53:07,100
[Nathan] So, this is
a physical model of a tail
1103
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:08,600
of a sauropod dinosaur.
1104
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:13,100
Specifically, it's an exact
replica of an apatosaurus
1105
00:53:13,100 --> 00:53:14,240
that's in the American Museum
of Natural History.
1106
00:53:14,240 --> 00:53:15,900
that's in the American Museum
of Natural History.
1107
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:19,166
So... So, this is
a one-quarter scale model.
1108
00:53:19,166 --> 00:53:23,066
So, it's around 12-feet long.
1109
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:27,533
[Ronan] Even without
any soft tissue,
1110
00:53:27,533 --> 00:53:29,600
the lightweight
aluminum construction
1111
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:34,166
is as close to the real thing
as Nathan's engineering team
can create.
1112
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,867
The scale mass is correct
within less than a percent.
1113
00:53:40,867 --> 00:53:42,467
So, it's very accurate.
1114
00:53:42,467 --> 00:53:44,240
[Ronan] Now, it's time to see
what this model can do.
1115
00:53:44,240 --> 00:53:47,266
[Ronan] Now, it's time to see
what this model can do.
1116
00:53:47,266 --> 00:53:50,467
Immediately, Nathan detects
a problem with the fine,
1117
00:53:50,467 --> 00:53:52,634
delicate tip of the tail.
1118
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:55,100
[Nathan] There are dinosaurs
that use tails
1119
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:59,367
as defensive weapons,
and they almost always
have clubs or spikes
1120
00:53:59,367 --> 00:54:02,266
or something really nasty
on the end
to get something with.
1121
00:54:02,266 --> 00:54:05,100
The trouble is the end
of it is really skinny,
1122
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:06,734
it's less than a garden hose.
1123
00:54:06,734 --> 00:54:10,166
It didn't seem plausible to me
that they were a weapon.
1124
00:54:10,166 --> 00:54:13,600
[Ronan] He believes the tail
wasn't designed for fighting.
1125
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:14,240
Instead, he wonders
if they may have had
1126
00:54:14,240 --> 00:54:16,500
Instead, he wonders
if they may have had
1127
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:21,066
a much less violent purpose,
communication.
1128
00:54:21,066 --> 00:54:24,066
Nathan believes
the tail's shape
could make it perfect
1129
00:54:24,066 --> 00:54:26,000
to act like a bullwhip.
1130
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:30,367
Cracked with enough force
to create a sonic boom.
1131
00:54:30,367 --> 00:54:32,700
So, in the same way
that a human can pick up
1132
00:54:32,700 --> 00:54:36,266
a bullwhip and
with a very ordinary arm
can make it crack,
1133
00:54:36,266 --> 00:54:39,166
I think this would require
a negligible amount of energy
1134
00:54:39,166 --> 00:54:40,867
in the sauropod's part.
1135
00:54:43,166 --> 00:54:44,240
[Ronan] High-speed cameras
record the tail in action.
1136
00:54:44,240 --> 00:54:46,533
[Ronan] High-speed cameras
record the tail in action.
1137
00:54:50,266 --> 00:54:53,266
So, here, we are moving
the tail.
1138
00:54:53,266 --> 00:54:55,634
And what's gonna happen
is that tail...
1139
00:54:55,634 --> 00:54:59,166
this part here will get
flipped up, and boom,
1140
00:54:59,166 --> 00:55:02,166
there it gets flipped up
and that would be
the sonic boom.
1141
00:55:02,166 --> 00:55:04,367
[Ronan] Nathan calculates
that the tip of the tail
1142
00:55:04,367 --> 00:55:09,734
exceeds 760 miles per hour,
faster than the speed
of sound.
1143
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:13,000
Scaled up to sauropod size,
1144
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:14,240
the sonic boom it will create
may have traveled for miles.
1145
00:55:14,240 --> 00:55:17,100
the sonic boom it will create
may have traveled for miles.
1146
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:18,533
It would be as loud as
1147
00:55:18,533 --> 00:55:21,533
the guns on a big battleship
going off,
1148
00:55:21,533 --> 00:55:23,100
an enormous cannon.
1149
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,467
Kaboom!
1150
00:55:25,467 --> 00:55:28,467
[Ronan] Nathan thinks
sauropods may have
used their tails
1151
00:55:28,467 --> 00:55:30,467
to get a dinosaur date.
1152
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:33,600
[Nathan] I think
it's a good chance
1153
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:37,066
that they used this amazingly
loud noise
1154
00:55:37,066 --> 00:55:39,467
that they create
with their tails
1155
00:55:39,467 --> 00:55:41,467
as a form of competition.
1156
00:55:41,467 --> 00:55:43,533
You know, "Kaboom! See?
1157
00:55:43,533 --> 00:55:44,240
I can really crack my tail."
1158
00:55:44,240 --> 00:55:45,100
I can really crack my tail."
1159
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:47,634
And then, the next guy says,
"Oh, yeah, you heard that?"
1160
00:55:47,634 --> 00:55:49,367
Kaboom.
1161
00:55:49,367 --> 00:55:52,100
[Ronan] Nathan doesn't claim
his is the only answer
1162
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:54,734
to the mystery
of the sauropod's tail.
1163
00:55:56,266 --> 00:55:57,600
[Nathan] Just a question
of, okay,
1164
00:55:57,600 --> 00:56:00,066
what does the mathematics say?
1165
00:56:00,066 --> 00:56:02,533
If we do an accurate
engineering model,
1166
00:56:03,467 --> 00:56:04,967
what is the answer?
1167
00:56:04,967 --> 00:56:07,000
The answer comes out,
of course,
1168
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:09,000
that it cracks supersonically.
[cooing]
1169
00:56:10,467 --> 00:56:13,100
[Ronan] If they didn't use
their tails as weapons,
1170
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:14,240
their only real defense
against attacking
1171
00:56:14,240 --> 00:56:15,467
their only real defense
against attacking
1172
00:56:15,467 --> 00:56:19,100
Allosauruses was their size.
1173
00:56:19,100 --> 00:56:22,734
So, at more than 10 times
the weight
of its alleged assailant
1174
00:56:22,734 --> 00:56:27,066
was a sauropod just too big
for an allosaurus
to bring down.
1175
00:56:28,066 --> 00:56:30,266
This missing piece
of the predatory puzzle
1176
00:56:30,266 --> 00:56:31,967
could change everything.
1177
00:56:31,967 --> 00:56:35,433
Allosaurus
may not have hunted alone.
1178
00:56:39,367 --> 00:56:43,634
Victoria is examining evidence
that could solve that mystery.
1179
00:56:45,867 --> 00:56:47,000
[woman] Yeah.
1180
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:48,266
[Victoria] Hey, guys.
What you got?
1181
00:56:48,266 --> 00:56:49,600
Hey.
1182
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:52,533
[Ronan] Inside this large
stone slab are the jumbled
1183
00:56:52,533 --> 00:56:55,233
remains
of several allosauruses.
1184
00:56:56,367 --> 00:56:58,467
Within this block,
we have at least two,
1185
00:56:58,467 --> 00:57:00,533
maybe three allosaurus.
1186
00:57:00,533 --> 00:57:05,800
We've got a leg bone here
and then another leg bone
up there.
1187
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:11,100
And one is significantly
smaller than at least one
other one.
1188
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:14,240
So, the smaller one
was probably a juvenile.
1189
00:57:14,240 --> 00:57:15,000
So, the smaller one
was probably a juvenile.
1190
00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:17,266
[Ronan] Victoria thinks
it's no coincidence
1191
00:57:17,266 --> 00:57:20,367
that several predators are
buried together here.
1192
00:57:20,367 --> 00:57:21,634
If they died together,
1193
00:57:21,634 --> 00:57:25,166
it may mean
they lived together
in family groups.
1194
00:57:26,166 --> 00:57:29,600
That raises the possibility
that they hunted in packs
1195
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:31,900
to take on
more massive prey.
1196
00:57:33,734 --> 00:57:36,500
[Victoria] To take down one
of those sauropods
1197
00:57:36,500 --> 00:57:40,467
would have been
incredibly difficult
1198
00:57:40,467 --> 00:57:42,700
because they're 10 times
1199
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:44,240
or more than the size
of these allosaurus.
1200
00:57:44,240 --> 00:57:46,166
or more than the size
of these allosaurus.
1201
00:57:46,166 --> 00:57:49,700
So, the question is,
would the allosaurus
1202
00:57:49,700 --> 00:57:51,266
have tried to take down
an adult?
1203
00:57:51,266 --> 00:57:53,266
And if they did,
they would probably
1204
00:57:53,266 --> 00:57:56,166
have to do it together
and work as a pack.
1205
00:58:01,266 --> 00:58:03,700
[Ronan] Hunting in packs
would give allosaurus
1206
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:09,100
a much better chance
of bringing down
a 16-ton sauropod.
1207
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:11,734
But to nail this predator
as the killer,
1208
00:58:11,734 --> 00:58:14,240
the team needs evidence
of a murder weapon.
1209
00:58:14,240 --> 00:58:15,100
the team needs evidence
of a murder weapon.
1210
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:17,266
[Jennifer] These are marks
left from teeth,
1211
00:58:17,266 --> 00:58:19,166
from the meat-eating
dinosaurs.
1212
00:58:19,166 --> 00:58:20,500
So, we're kind of
finding the...
1213
00:58:20,500 --> 00:58:22,233
the bullet wound
and the bullet.
1214
00:58:28,867 --> 00:58:31,600
[Ronan] At a secret location
in Wyoming,
1215
00:58:31,600 --> 00:58:34,166
the scene of a Jurassic
murder mystery
1216
00:58:34,166 --> 00:58:37,634
is revealing an astonishing
array of fossil evidence.
1217
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:41,734
Clues that could solve
the mysterious deaths
1218
00:58:41,734 --> 00:58:44,900
of 10 giant
sauropod dinosaurs.
1219
00:58:48,066 --> 00:58:52,533
Chief suspects,
a marauding pack
of allosauruses.
1220
00:58:58,500 --> 00:59:00,634
[indistinct chatter]
1221
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,800
[Ronan] Now, Jen is looking
for a smoking gun.
1222
00:59:06,634 --> 00:59:11,867
Nice parallel scraping
looking lines into it.
1223
00:59:11,867 --> 00:59:15,800
[Ronan] She's an expert
on ancient injuries
in fossilized bones...
1224
00:59:18,266 --> 00:59:21,367
and she's found something
that puts an allosaurus pack
1225
00:59:21,367 --> 00:59:25,900
as the prime suspects
in at least one giant
dinosaur death.
1226
00:59:27,266 --> 00:59:30,367
These are marks left
from teeth, from theropods,
1227
00:59:30,367 --> 00:59:32,533
so,
the meat-eating dinosaurs'
1228
00:59:32,533 --> 00:59:34,734
tooth marks are decent size.
1229
00:59:34,734 --> 00:59:37,066
So, it could be an allosaurus.
1230
00:59:37,066 --> 00:59:38,233
So, one of our...
1231
00:59:38,233 --> 00:59:41,734
our main culprits
for who's snacking
on our sauropod here.
1232
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,467
[Ronan] Many of the sauropod
bones here
at the Jurassic Mile
1233
00:59:46,467 --> 00:59:50,066
are scarred with scrapes
from predator teeth.
1234
00:59:50,066 --> 00:59:54,100
And there's even stronger
evidence lying just nearby.
1235
00:59:55,367 --> 00:59:56,040
[Jennifer] So, Victoria found
this lovely tooth here
1236
00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:58,166
[Jennifer] So, Victoria found
this lovely tooth here
1237
00:59:58,166 --> 01:00:00,266
from a theropod,
a meat-eating dinosaur.
1238
01:00:00,266 --> 01:00:02,266
And it's probably
an allosaurus.
1239
01:00:02,266 --> 01:00:04,734
So, we're kind of finding,
like, the...
1240
01:00:04,734 --> 01:00:07,266
the bullet wound
and the bullet.
1241
01:00:07,266 --> 01:00:09,634
[Ronan] These razor-sharp,
serrated teeth
1242
01:00:09,634 --> 01:00:13,500
were highly specialized,
flesh-tearing tools.
1243
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:18,734
And like, modern crocodiles,
allosaurus would constantly
replace them.
1244
01:00:18,734 --> 01:00:22,166
So, you could lose a couple
of teeth in one meal.
1245
01:00:22,166 --> 01:00:24,600
Some of these guys
are still fairly sharp
1246
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:25,867
when you pop them
out of the ground,
1247
01:00:25,867 --> 01:00:26,040
even though
they're millions of years old.
1248
01:00:26,040 --> 01:00:27,600
even though
they're millions of years old.
1249
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:31,734
Holding a tooth
from an allosaurus,
every time I do it,
1250
01:00:31,734 --> 01:00:34,533
I still have that little kid
go hee-hee, hee-hee,
1251
01:00:34,533 --> 01:00:35,634
inside, and it...
1252
01:00:35,634 --> 01:00:38,066
it's, it just reminds me
of one of the reasons
1253
01:00:38,066 --> 01:00:39,433
why I got into paleontology.
1254
01:00:40,467 --> 01:00:43,266
[Ronan] And there's not
just one tooth alongside
1255
01:00:43,266 --> 01:00:45,367
this sauropod skeleton.
1256
01:00:45,367 --> 01:00:46,467
[Jennifer] We have at least
1257
01:00:46,467 --> 01:00:48,500
50 teeth
from this site.
1258
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:50,634
We've got a lot
of nibbling going on.
1259
01:00:50,634 --> 01:00:52,867
You know, what's,
what's the reason?
1260
01:00:52,867 --> 01:00:55,266
Is it that everybody
came in for one big feast?
1261
01:00:55,266 --> 01:00:56,040
So, the family is coming over
for Sunday roast kind of deal.
1262
01:00:56,040 --> 01:00:58,634
So, the family is coming over
for Sunday roast kind of deal.
1263
01:00:59,867 --> 01:01:03,166
[Ronan] Skeletons of multiple
allosauruses buried together
1264
01:01:03,166 --> 01:01:06,166
and dozens of teeth
from different animals.
1265
01:01:08,066 --> 01:01:11,066
This evidence could add up
to a feeding frenzy
1266
01:01:11,066 --> 01:01:13,266
by a whole pack of predators.
1267
01:01:15,166 --> 01:01:18,734
But this theory opens up
a new mystery.
1268
01:01:18,734 --> 01:01:21,467
Only the most intelligent
of modern animals
1269
01:01:21,467 --> 01:01:25,166
are capable of coordinating
pack hunting.
1270
01:01:25,166 --> 01:01:26,040
So, did allosaurus
have the smarts to team up
against its prey?
1271
01:01:26,040 --> 01:01:30,266
So, did allosaurus
have the smarts to team up
against its prey?
1272
01:01:30,266 --> 01:01:34,800
To find out, paleontologists
need to get inside its head.
1273
01:01:39,500 --> 01:01:41,233
In Athens, Ohio...
1274
01:01:44,600 --> 01:01:47,266
Prof. Larry Witmer
has amassed
1275
01:01:47,266 --> 01:01:49,500
one of the world's most
impressive collections
1276
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:54,266
of dinosaur skulls and casts,
which he uses to study
1277
01:01:54,266 --> 01:01:56,040
their brain anatomy.
1278
01:01:56,040 --> 01:01:56,634
their brain anatomy.
1279
01:01:56,634 --> 01:01:58,500
This is the skull
of allosaurus,
1280
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:01,734
a very famous specimen
known as Big Al.
1281
01:02:01,734 --> 01:02:04,734
I mean, just looking
at the skull,
we can tell a lot.
1282
01:02:07,634 --> 01:02:12,233
[Ronan] Larry uses
a CT scanner to look
inside skulls.
1283
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:17,166
[Larry] CT scanning
has revolutionized our field,
1284
01:02:17,166 --> 01:02:20,000
but we can actually look
through the bone.
1285
01:02:27,266 --> 01:02:29,066
[Ronan] The scanner
measures differences
1286
01:02:29,066 --> 01:02:34,066
in density and builds up
a 3D model
of the internal structure.
1287
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:43,734
[Larry] We can actually work
our way back
1288
01:02:43,734 --> 01:02:45,500
to where that brain would be.
1289
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:49,467
And so, we can actually see
the brain cavity.
1290
01:02:51,066 --> 01:02:55,533
It looks kind of small inside
this really big skull.
1291
01:02:56,734 --> 01:03:00,367
[Ronan] This relatively small
brain cavity in a large skull
1292
01:03:00,367 --> 01:03:03,500
is common amongst dinosaurs.
1293
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:08,266
This is why some scientists
have wondered if dinosaurs
were dumb.
1294
01:03:08,266 --> 01:03:12,266
But Larry believes
that size isn't everything.
1295
01:03:12,266 --> 01:03:16,100
So, we now know that
brain size is important
1296
01:03:16,100 --> 01:03:19,066
and how big your brain
is relative to your body.
1297
01:03:19,066 --> 01:03:22,166
What we've discovered is that
actually the structure
1298
01:03:22,166 --> 01:03:24,533
of the brain itself winds up
being potentially
1299
01:03:24,533 --> 01:03:26,040
even more important.
1300
01:03:26,040 --> 01:03:26,867
even more important.
1301
01:03:26,867 --> 01:03:30,066
[Ronan] Larry wants to know
what's going
on inside
1302
01:03:30,066 --> 01:03:32,000
an allosaurus' brain.
1303
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:36,367
To find out,
he's turning to birds.
1304
01:03:36,367 --> 01:03:40,266
Birds are the direct
descendant of dinosaurs
like allosaurus.
1305
01:03:40,266 --> 01:03:44,867
And just like their ancestors,
they have very small brains.
1306
01:03:44,867 --> 01:03:47,467
But that doesn't stop them
from being clever,
1307
01:03:47,467 --> 01:03:51,266
versatile hunters
and even using tools.
1308
01:03:51,266 --> 01:03:55,500
Birds, it turns out,
have pretty remarkable
cognitive ability,
1309
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:56,040
something we've discovered,
um, and really in the past
10 or 15 years.
1310
01:03:56,040 --> 01:04:00,533
something we've discovered,
um, and really in the past
10 or 15 years.
1311
01:04:00,533 --> 01:04:03,066
[Ronan] The secret
of a bird brain success
1312
01:04:03,066 --> 01:04:05,967
is in its compact structure.
1313
01:04:05,967 --> 01:04:09,266
[Larry] They actually have
a huge number of neurons
1314
01:04:09,266 --> 01:04:11,266
in that brain,
but they're smaller
1315
01:04:11,266 --> 01:04:15,467
and packed together,
much more tightly than
what we see in mammals.
1316
01:04:15,467 --> 01:04:18,967
[Ronan] By cramming
more brain cells
into a small space,
1317
01:04:18,967 --> 01:04:20,634
they have greater
thinking power
1318
01:04:20,634 --> 01:04:22,800
than was ever
thought possible.
1319
01:04:23,967 --> 01:04:26,040
Larry's scans revealed
that allosaurus brains
1320
01:04:26,040 --> 01:04:26,500
Larry's scans revealed
that allosaurus brains
1321
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:30,100
had some strikingly
birdlike features.
1322
01:04:30,100 --> 01:04:32,634
We used to look
at a brain like this
and sort of say, like,
1323
01:04:32,634 --> 01:04:35,266
"Well, there's probably not
a whole lot going on here."
1324
01:04:35,266 --> 01:04:38,634
But the reality
is allosaurus probably
1325
01:04:38,634 --> 01:04:40,634
had much greater
cognitive abilities
1326
01:04:40,634 --> 01:04:43,867
than what we would have
ever thought in the past.
1327
01:04:43,867 --> 01:04:46,634
[Ronan]
This could have made it
a sophisticated hunter.
1328
01:04:47,867 --> 01:04:50,500
Perhaps even capable
of working in teams
1329
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,734
to bring down
a 16-ton sauropod.
1330
01:04:55,066 --> 01:04:56,040
[Larry] Was allosaurus able
to solve problems,
1331
01:04:56,040 --> 01:04:57,867
[Larry] Was allosaurus able
to solve problems,
1332
01:04:57,867 --> 01:05:01,000
was it able to defeat
the defenses of...
1333
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:04,734
of the prey species
and be an effective predator
1334
01:05:04,734 --> 01:05:06,734
because it was smart?
1335
01:05:06,734 --> 01:05:10,533
Was it capable of things
like cooperative hunting?
1336
01:05:10,533 --> 01:05:13,166
You know, 15 years ago,
we would have said,
1337
01:05:13,166 --> 01:05:14,867
"No, absolutely not."
1338
01:05:14,867 --> 01:05:16,800
But now
we're kind of going, "Maybe."
1339
01:05:18,867 --> 01:05:21,066
[Ronan] Fossil evidence
from the Jurassic Mile,
1340
01:05:21,066 --> 01:05:24,734
together with research
from around the world
1341
01:05:24,734 --> 01:05:26,040
is building
a compelling case that
1342
01:05:26,040 --> 01:05:27,634
is building
a compelling case that
1343
01:05:27,634 --> 01:05:31,066
pack hunting allosauruses
might have been responsible
1344
01:05:31,066 --> 01:05:33,734
for the deaths
of the super-sized sauropods
1345
01:05:33,734 --> 01:05:35,500
buried at the site.
1346
01:05:35,500 --> 01:05:37,867
But before they settle
on this solution,
1347
01:05:37,867 --> 01:05:41,367
Jen's team has one more lead
to investigate.
1348
01:05:41,367 --> 01:05:45,100
One that could blow
the whole case wide open.
1349
01:05:54,500 --> 01:05:56,700
At a secret location
in Wyoming,
1350
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,166
the scene
of a Jurassic murder mystery,
1351
01:05:59,166 --> 01:06:03,533
a crack team has unearthed
an astonishing array
of fossil evidence.
1352
01:06:05,867 --> 01:06:09,734
The chief suspect is a pack
of marauding allosauruses.
1353
01:06:10,967 --> 01:06:13,634
But did these
ferocious predators really
1354
01:06:13,634 --> 01:06:16,333
have the upper hand
in this showdown?
1355
01:06:22,066 --> 01:06:24,333
Jen is trying to find out.
1356
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:28,500
She thinks that allosaurus
may well have shared
1357
01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:32,634
many behaviors with successful
modern predators.
1358
01:06:32,634 --> 01:06:33,867
[Jennifer]
It's just remembering
1359
01:06:33,867 --> 01:06:35,967
that dinosaurs are animals.
1360
01:06:35,967 --> 01:06:38,367
Because we didn't get
to observe these animals,
1361
01:06:38,367 --> 01:06:41,700
we have to use what we,
we can observe in nature today
1362
01:06:41,700 --> 01:06:44,000
to understand
what went on in the past.
1363
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:48,467
[Ronan] Nature follows rules
that stretch over
the eons of time.
1364
01:06:50,066 --> 01:06:50,840
And less than 150 miles away
in Yellowstone National Park
1365
01:06:50,840 --> 01:06:55,266
And less than 150 miles away
in Yellowstone National Park
1366
01:06:55,266 --> 01:06:57,600
live predators
that seem to have a lot
1367
01:06:57,600 --> 01:07:02,166
in common with allosaurus,
gray wolves.
1368
01:07:02,166 --> 01:07:05,000
They, too,
are intelligent pack hunters
1369
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:07,433
and are often dwarfed
by their prey.
1370
01:07:08,367 --> 01:07:11,166
The 2,000-pound
American plains bison
1371
01:07:11,166 --> 01:07:13,634
is the wolves' most
dangerous quarry,
1372
01:07:13,634 --> 01:07:15,867
even when they're working
as a pack.
1373
01:07:15,867 --> 01:07:18,634
But according
to brand new research,
1374
01:07:18,634 --> 01:07:20,840
the predators are smart enough
to avoid a risky hunt.
1375
01:07:20,840 --> 01:07:22,734
the predators are smart enough
to avoid a risky hunt.
1376
01:07:22,734 --> 01:07:26,000
Like in summer,
bison rutting season,
1377
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:28,900
males fight to the death
over mates.
1378
01:07:30,867 --> 01:07:33,000
Wolves wisely wait it out.
1379
01:07:33,000 --> 01:07:38,900
And when opportunity knocks,
switch up their behavior
from hunter to scavenger.
1380
01:07:41,967 --> 01:07:45,500
A bison is more than ten times
the size of a wolf,
1381
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:49,100
just like allosaurus,
matching up to a sauropod.
1382
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:50,734
[Jennifer] We've got
very large sauropods
1383
01:07:50,734 --> 01:07:50,840
that can get up
to 90 feet long.
1384
01:07:50,840 --> 01:07:53,100
that can get up
to 90 feet long.
1385
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:56,166
In this landscape of giants,
the allosaurus
1386
01:07:56,166 --> 01:07:58,967
is a little guy compared
to everybody else.
1387
01:07:58,967 --> 01:08:01,367
[Ronan] And to Jen,
it's likely allosaurus
1388
01:08:01,367 --> 01:08:04,734
may have shared
wolves' cautious approach.
1389
01:08:04,734 --> 01:08:07,867
If this is the case,
her team may not be looking
1390
01:08:07,867 --> 01:08:10,166
at evidence of a murder here.
1391
01:08:10,166 --> 01:08:13,700
[Jennifer] And so, we've got
a lot of these little marks
from the teeth.
1392
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:16,634
But if it happened
right before it died,
1393
01:08:16,634 --> 01:08:20,840
right after it died,
that gets to be
a more of a CSI question.
1394
01:08:20,840 --> 01:08:22,467
right after it died,
that gets to be
a more of a CSI question.
1395
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:25,367
[Ronan] To expert eyes,
the injuries
1396
01:08:25,367 --> 01:08:28,166
on the sauropod skeletons
will look different
1397
01:08:28,166 --> 01:08:31,634
if they were caused
by scavenging
or frenzied attack.
1398
01:08:33,266 --> 01:08:36,367
But it's almost impossible
to tell in the field.
1399
01:08:36,367 --> 01:08:39,433
The remains will need
a careful autopsy.
1400
01:08:43,367 --> 01:08:48,700
For that, the bones
must be taken away
for cleaning and preparation,
1401
01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:50,840
which means
an 1800-mile journey
1402
01:08:50,840 --> 01:08:51,700
which means
an 1800-mile journey
1403
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:54,734
to one of the most specialized
facilities on the planet.
1404
01:09:04,734 --> 01:09:07,867
Research Casting International
is a world leader
1405
01:09:07,867 --> 01:09:10,266
in assembling
dinosaur skeletons.
1406
01:09:11,533 --> 01:09:13,867
They're working
on two complete sauropods
1407
01:09:13,867 --> 01:09:15,900
from the Jurassic Mile.
1408
01:09:17,266 --> 01:09:18,367
There you go.
1409
01:09:18,367 --> 01:09:20,600
-Like this?
-All right.
Tilt towards Jamie a little.
1410
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:20,840
Yeah.
1411
01:09:20,840 --> 01:09:21,734
Yeah.
1412
01:09:21,734 --> 01:09:23,000
[man] Okay.
1413
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:25,000
[Ronan] They're destined
to become the centerpiece
1414
01:09:25,000 --> 01:09:28,066
of the brand new
dinosphere exhibit
1415
01:09:28,066 --> 01:09:30,800
at the Children's Museum
of Indianapolis.
1416
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:35,000
With the bones cleaned
and mounted,
1417
01:09:35,000 --> 01:09:37,533
it's the first opportunity
for Phil and Victoria
1418
01:09:37,533 --> 01:09:39,734
to examine them properly.
1419
01:09:42,367 --> 01:09:44,433
Oh, wow.
1420
01:09:45,367 --> 01:09:47,333
[Phil] That...
that is awesome.
1421
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:50,840
[Ronan] Phil is looking
for the telltale signs
1422
01:09:50,840 --> 01:09:52,967
[Ronan] Phil is looking
for the telltale signs
1423
01:09:52,967 --> 01:09:56,533
of careful butchery
by an intelligent scavenger.
1424
01:09:57,700 --> 01:10:00,266
[Phil] You get back to the lab
and you've removed
1425
01:10:00,266 --> 01:10:02,867
all of this caked dirt
and mud.
1426
01:10:02,867 --> 01:10:06,100
You can suddenly see
the wood for the trees.
1427
01:10:06,100 --> 01:10:10,367
[Ronan] On the cleaned bones,
bite marks
are clearly visible.
1428
01:10:10,367 --> 01:10:12,367
[Victoria] The predatory
dinosaur tried to bite it
1429
01:10:12,367 --> 01:10:15,000
multiple times, or maybe
other predatory dinosaurs
1430
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:19,066
also tried to take off
a little bit of meat as well.
1431
01:10:19,066 --> 01:10:20,840
[Ronan] But the location
and nature of these marks
1432
01:10:20,840 --> 01:10:21,367
[Ronan] But the location
and nature of these marks
1433
01:10:21,367 --> 01:10:25,634
leaves Phil certain
they're not the result
of a frenzied kill.
1434
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:29,734
He thinks they're too measured
and precise,
1435
01:10:29,734 --> 01:10:32,967
like the cuts
of a butcher's knife.
1436
01:10:32,967 --> 01:10:35,367
[Phil] The animal
was deliberately going
for the joint capsules.
1437
01:10:35,367 --> 01:10:36,967
It's trying to pop
the joint capsules
1438
01:10:36,967 --> 01:10:39,166
with its sharp teeth
'cause those capsules
1439
01:10:39,166 --> 01:10:42,100
are incredibly strong
and that...
1440
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:46,367
that enables the animal
then to remove
a chunk of tail.
1441
01:10:46,367 --> 01:10:49,600
And that's fascinating.
That's not just feeding.
1442
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:50,840
Feeding would have bite marks
all over the vertebrae.
1443
01:10:50,840 --> 01:10:52,500
Feeding would have bite marks
all over the vertebrae.
1444
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:56,734
[Ronan] Phil is convinced
these aren't the signs
of a killing blow.
1445
01:10:56,734 --> 01:11:00,066
But probably happened
long after death.
1446
01:11:00,066 --> 01:11:02,734
[Phil] This fossil shows
evidence of a predator.
1447
01:11:02,734 --> 01:11:05,867
But probably from scavenging,
we can see
1448
01:11:05,867 --> 01:11:08,634
what is very precise
bite marks,
1449
01:11:08,634 --> 01:11:11,367
which were associated
with behavior.
1450
01:11:11,367 --> 01:11:13,166
That was really hard to work
out in the field,
1451
01:11:13,166 --> 01:11:15,800
but here it's clear as day.
1452
01:11:18,600 --> 01:11:20,840
[Ronan] The team
is building a theory.
1453
01:11:20,840 --> 01:11:21,266
[Ronan] The team
is building a theory.
1454
01:11:21,266 --> 01:11:24,100
One hundred
and fifty million years ago,
1455
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:25,700
a group of allosauruses
1456
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:29,867
took advantage
of an unmissable
scavenging opportunity.
1457
01:11:29,867 --> 01:11:33,867
They expertly picked apart
a mountain of free meat,
1458
01:11:33,867 --> 01:11:36,333
left after a sauropod
died here.
1459
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:39,734
But if the apex predator
of the Jurassic
1460
01:11:39,734 --> 01:11:43,333
didn't kill the giant
herbivore, what did?
1461
01:11:45,367 --> 01:11:47,734
To solve this mystery
once and for all,
1462
01:11:47,734 --> 01:11:50,840
the team needs
to find evidence
of some other cause of death.
1463
01:11:50,840 --> 01:11:52,734
the team needs
to find evidence
of some other cause of death.
1464
01:11:52,734 --> 01:11:57,266
But with only days left
before the site closes down
for the winter,
1465
01:11:57,266 --> 01:12:00,533
the tough rock of the badlands
is holding them up.
1466
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:04,700
We have concrete
hard rock, where the bones
1467
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,367
have been embedded
in some of the toughest rocks
1468
01:12:07,367 --> 01:12:09,100
I've ever come across.
1469
01:12:10,266 --> 01:12:12,433
[Ronan] They throw
everything at it.
1470
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:16,734
[indistinct chatter]
1471
01:12:20,467 --> 01:12:20,840
[Phil] Rock is winning.
1472
01:12:20,840 --> 01:12:21,867
[Phil] Rock is winning.
1473
01:12:21,867 --> 01:12:23,600
But we have another trick
up our sleeve,
1474
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:25,367
and it's a rather
large jackhammer
1475
01:12:25,367 --> 01:12:27,867
which we can attach
to the front of the bobcat.
1476
01:12:27,867 --> 01:12:29,166
[Ronan] It's a risk.
1477
01:12:29,166 --> 01:12:32,700
Big machinery
can destroy fragile bones,
1478
01:12:32,700 --> 01:12:35,266
but it's their only chance
to get at the fossils
1479
01:12:35,266 --> 01:12:37,600
beneath this rock
and potentially
1480
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:40,367
to solve the mystery
of the dinosaur deaths
1481
01:12:40,367 --> 01:12:43,734
before the season ends
and evidence is lost.
1482
01:12:46,367 --> 01:12:50,367
Phil hopes to claw back
precious time,
1483
01:12:50,367 --> 01:12:50,840
but his hope
doesn't last long.
1484
01:12:50,840 --> 01:12:52,634
but his hope
doesn't last long.
1485
01:12:54,533 --> 01:12:56,967
Pieces are shaking off
of this thing.
1486
01:12:56,967 --> 01:12:59,867
It looks like
it's leaking right here.
1487
01:12:59,867 --> 01:13:01,600
So, we're losing
hydraulic fluid.
1488
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:03,166
Think one of
the seals is gone.
1489
01:13:03,166 --> 01:13:05,600
[Ronan] The team now
has a big problem.
1490
01:13:05,600 --> 01:13:07,367
Let's call the bobcat place.
1491
01:13:07,367 --> 01:13:09,533
-Oh, yes.
-I'll do it now.
1492
01:13:09,533 --> 01:13:12,100
[Ronan] Until a replacement
part arrives,
1493
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:14,734
they'll have to dig by hand.
1494
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:27,100
In the badlands of Wyoming,
a boneyard of giant
1495
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:34,166
dinosaur fossils is seeing
the sky again
after 150 million years.
1496
01:13:34,166 --> 01:13:37,634
And a team of world-class
paleontologists is racing
1497
01:13:37,634 --> 01:13:40,634
to finally figure out
what killed them all.
1498
01:13:42,166 --> 01:13:44,166
After an exhaustive
investigation,
1499
01:13:44,166 --> 01:13:46,967
they're running out of time.
1500
01:13:46,967 --> 01:13:49,600
Their dig season
is almost over
1501
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:50,600
Their dig season
is almost over
1502
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:53,533
and a vital piece
of heavy machinery has broken.
1503
01:13:54,700 --> 01:13:58,166
Leaking from this thread,
which I don't have a way
to tighten it.
1504
01:14:01,266 --> 01:14:02,867
[Ronan] They've had
an anxious night,
1505
01:14:02,867 --> 01:14:05,433
but there is finally
some good news.
1506
01:14:07,100 --> 01:14:08,634
So, a new part.
1507
01:14:08,634 --> 01:14:10,367
[Ronan]
The vital replacement seal
1508
01:14:10,367 --> 01:14:12,867
for their jackhammer
has arrived.
1509
01:14:12,867 --> 01:14:15,800
We can plug our breaker
back up over there
1510
01:14:15,800 --> 01:14:19,166
and get through this really
thick piece of sandstone
1511
01:14:19,166 --> 01:14:19,600
that has been causing trouble
for us for the past few days.
1512
01:14:19,600 --> 01:14:23,166
that has been causing trouble
for us for the past few days.
1513
01:14:23,166 --> 01:14:24,266
[grunting]
1514
01:14:24,266 --> 01:14:25,800
[Ronan] It's a big relief.
1515
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:29,533
Now the team can get on
with building
their final case.
1516
01:14:33,266 --> 01:14:36,700
The team has found evidence
here of a fast-flowing river
1517
01:14:36,700 --> 01:14:41,867
that may have swept some
of the dinosaurs
to their death.
1518
01:14:41,867 --> 01:14:45,900
And clues
to a deadly infection
that could have felled them.
1519
01:14:47,367 --> 01:14:49,600
They've investigated
whether there was a standoff
1520
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:49,867
They've investigated
whether there was a standoff
1521
01:14:49,867 --> 01:14:54,433
between giant sauropods
and a pack
of predatory allosauruses.
1522
01:14:56,166 --> 01:14:57,800
But autopsies
have convinced them
1523
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:01,967
that the herbivores
were probably scavenged
after death.
1524
01:15:01,967 --> 01:15:04,867
So, with more
than a dozen dinosaur deaths
1525
01:15:04,867 --> 01:15:08,166
to account for,
how did they die?
1526
01:15:12,700 --> 01:15:15,166
With the hard rock
now cleared away,
1527
01:15:15,166 --> 01:15:18,166
Phil is searching for evidence
of what could have killed
1528
01:15:18,166 --> 01:15:19,600
the sauropods,
if they weren't victims
of the Jurassic's
1529
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:21,634
the sauropods,
if they weren't victims
of the Jurassic's
1530
01:15:21,634 --> 01:15:24,367
apex predator, allosaurus.
1531
01:15:24,367 --> 01:15:28,166
And he's found a new clue
right next to the skeleton
1532
01:15:28,166 --> 01:15:30,800
of one of the giant sauropods.
1533
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:34,700
Here, a pool of water
created ripples in the sand
1534
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:37,533
150 million years ago.
1535
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:43,634
At different times in the life
of this pond, it dried out.
1536
01:15:43,634 --> 01:15:47,166
And you can see
when the water shallowed
1537
01:15:47,166 --> 01:15:49,367
that the wind was blowing
the surface of the water
1538
01:15:49,367 --> 01:15:49,600
creating these beautiful
ripple marks.
1539
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,066
creating these beautiful
ripple marks.
1540
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:57,533
[Ronan] Phil thinks this pond
often shallowed out
in the dry season.
1541
01:15:57,533 --> 01:16:00,066
But that in extreme
dry seasons,
1542
01:16:00,066 --> 01:16:02,467
something more
dramatic happened.
1543
01:16:02,467 --> 01:16:05,333
The pool dried up completely.
1544
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:09,166
And it looks like the water
continued drying up
1545
01:16:09,166 --> 01:16:11,867
to a point where we got
a cracked surface,
1546
01:16:11,867 --> 01:16:14,367
literally desiccation cracks.
1547
01:16:14,367 --> 01:16:16,467
[Ronan] For Phil,
these faint cracks
1548
01:16:16,467 --> 01:16:18,533
in the mud are a vital clue.
1549
01:16:19,600 --> 01:16:21,367
[Phil] It's such
an extreme event,
1550
01:16:21,367 --> 01:16:26,000
it got incredibly hot and dry,
and this whole area dried out.
1551
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:27,734
This animal was looking
for the place
1552
01:16:27,734 --> 01:16:30,600
where it knew it could
find water and couldn't.
1553
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,734
And it's days ended here
in a dried out pond.
1554
01:16:36,066 --> 01:16:38,266
[Ronan] Phil believes
he's solved the mystery
1555
01:16:38,266 --> 01:16:42,166
of why so many
sauropod skeletons
are buried here.
1556
01:16:45,367 --> 01:16:48,266
His theory is that
the Jurassic Mile was home
1557
01:16:48,266 --> 01:16:49,600
to a watering hole,
where many sauropods passed
1558
01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:52,066
to a watering hole,
where many sauropods passed
1559
01:16:52,066 --> 01:16:54,634
on their way
between feeding grounds.
1560
01:16:59,734 --> 01:17:03,266
But just like an extreme
wet season could flood it,
1561
01:17:03,266 --> 01:17:07,634
an extreme dry season
could turn it
into a wasteland.
1562
01:17:11,367 --> 01:17:14,367
When that happened,
some dinosaurs arrived
1563
01:17:14,367 --> 01:17:19,600
too late for food and water,
instead finding
only a fetid mud pit.
1564
01:17:19,600 --> 01:17:20,333
too late for food and water,
instead finding
only a fetid mud pit.
1565
01:17:21,700 --> 01:17:26,000
They succumb to thirst
and starvation,
dying right here.
1566
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:32,734
And Phil believes
this explains
1567
01:17:32,734 --> 01:17:36,266
why so many allosauruses
were here, too.
1568
01:17:36,266 --> 01:17:40,533
The carcass was rotting away
and it would have stunk
to high heaven,
1569
01:17:40,533 --> 01:17:43,100
and was probably
a signal for all predators
1570
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:45,166
and scavengers around
the landscape
1571
01:17:45,166 --> 01:17:47,634
and they'd have come here
for a free meal.
1572
01:17:50,500 --> 01:17:54,166
[Ronan] But for at least
one allosaurus, whose bones
1573
01:17:54,166 --> 01:17:56,800
lie a few feet
from this sauropod,
1574
01:17:56,800 --> 01:18:00,100
this may have been
the last meal it ever ate,
1575
01:18:05,367 --> 01:18:08,700
which leaves
one final mystery to solve,
1576
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:11,634
what killed
this ferocious predator?
1577
01:18:12,634 --> 01:18:15,433
Jen may have found
an answer at last.
1578
01:18:16,467 --> 01:18:19,600
To her expert eye,
the bones of this allosaurus
1579
01:18:19,600 --> 01:18:20,000
To her expert eye,
the bones of this allosaurus
1580
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,700
reveal something about life
in the Jurassic.
1581
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:28,867
It was incredibly dangerous,
even for apex predators.
1582
01:18:28,867 --> 01:18:31,734
They're the kings,
if you will, of the Jurassic.
1583
01:18:31,734 --> 01:18:33,967
When you have
all these different animals
living together,
1584
01:18:33,967 --> 01:18:35,800
you're gonna have
different conflicts.
1585
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:39,066
This is the kind of world that
the allosaurus is living in.
1586
01:18:39,066 --> 01:18:41,700
[Ronan] Most allosaurus bones
here have scars
1587
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:45,734
from serious injuries
and infections that
affected them in life.
1588
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:49,600
Just as they are
for predators today,
1589
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:50,100
Just as they are
for predators today,
1590
01:18:50,100 --> 01:18:55,700
hunting injuries were common
and there was always
competition for meat.
1591
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:59,266
Allosauruses tend
to be a pretty beat up lot.
1592
01:18:59,266 --> 01:19:01,800
You're dealing with big preys,
there's also other
1593
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,500
allosauruses and other
meat-eating dinosaurs
they have to interact with,
1594
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:09,166
they have to defend territory,
they could probably be
fighting over a mate.
1595
01:19:09,166 --> 01:19:10,800
[Ronan] Sometimes,
these injuries
1596
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:13,100
could be very serious.
1597
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:16,100
The bones already excavated
from this allosaurus
1598
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:19,600
have made her wonder
if it may have suffered
a broken leg.
1599
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:19,734
have made her wonder
if it may have suffered
a broken leg.
1600
01:19:21,266 --> 01:19:24,367
[Jennifer] This is where I saw
a split down the femur.
1601
01:19:24,367 --> 01:19:26,967
And so, right on what looks
to be maybe a fracture,
1602
01:19:26,967 --> 01:19:30,967
so an injury, didn't look like
it got to heal too much.
1603
01:19:30,967 --> 01:19:34,100
It was starting to heal,
but it didn't get
all the way there.
1604
01:19:35,266 --> 01:19:38,000
[Ronan] With such an injury,
this allosaurus
1605
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:41,100
would have been
at a big disadvantage
in the hunt,
1606
01:19:41,100 --> 01:19:44,166
or if challenged
by another large predator.
1607
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:47,266
[Jennifer] Probably
wasn't gonna be sprinting
1608
01:19:47,266 --> 01:19:48,500
after healthy animals.
1609
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:49,600
So probably
it's scavenging, but it...
1610
01:19:49,600 --> 01:19:50,600
So probably
it's scavenging, but it...
1611
01:19:50,600 --> 01:19:52,367
it definitely found
a way to...
1612
01:19:52,367 --> 01:19:54,867
to live at least a couple
of weeks more.
1613
01:20:01,467 --> 01:20:05,367
[Ronan] Maybe this allosaurus
had made its final journey.
1614
01:20:06,467 --> 01:20:09,367
Attracted here
to feast, injury,
1615
01:20:09,367 --> 01:20:13,700
mud and ferocious rivals
may have proved too much
1616
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:16,634
and it died right next
to its last meal.
1617
01:20:18,367 --> 01:20:19,600
As the season changed
and the rains returned,
1618
01:20:19,600 --> 01:20:22,500
As the season changed
and the rains returned,
1619
01:20:22,500 --> 01:20:25,166
its remains were lost
below the water.
1620
01:20:25,166 --> 01:20:28,100
Predator and prey
entombed together
1621
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:31,433
for 150 million years.
1622
01:20:37,266 --> 01:20:41,266
Jen has found
this crucial evidence
in the nick of time.
1623
01:20:41,266 --> 01:20:44,100
It's the last day
of the summer's dig season.
1624
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:49,600
Phil and the team are wrapping
and protecting
any exposed bones.
1625
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:51,533
Phil and the team are wrapping
and protecting
any exposed bones.
1626
01:20:54,734 --> 01:20:56,867
[Phil] Don't have it taut.
Remember?
There should be no...
1627
01:20:56,867 --> 01:20:58,000
Yeah, no tension.
1628
01:20:58,000 --> 01:20:59,967
[Phil] No... no...
That's it. No tension.
1629
01:20:59,967 --> 01:21:02,000
[Ronan] Until they return
next year,
1630
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:06,800
they want all evidence
to be safe against
the harsh Wyoming winter.
1631
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:08,266
[Phil]
You're protecting the fossils
1632
01:21:08,266 --> 01:21:09,634
from the extreme
weather conditions
1633
01:21:09,634 --> 01:21:11,166
that persist here in winter,
1634
01:21:11,166 --> 01:21:15,166
can get down to -37 or more,
it's pretty terrifying.
1635
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:24,867
[Ronan] There are still
some major finds to cover.
1636
01:21:26,000 --> 01:21:28,333
[Phil] There's so much bone
that's been exposed.
1637
01:21:31,266 --> 01:21:34,600
This is the last day,
everyone's stressed.
1638
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,166
[Ronan] So,
it's all hands on deck.
1639
01:21:37,166 --> 01:21:38,800
[Bill] We just, we want
a few longer ones
1640
01:21:38,800 --> 01:21:41,266
just so we can wrap them
absolutely all the way around.
1641
01:21:41,266 --> 01:21:42,800
It makes it stronger.
1642
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:49,600
[Ronan] And with one
final push, time is up.
1643
01:21:49,600 --> 01:21:50,734
[Ronan] And with one
final push, time is up.
1644
01:22:07,533 --> 01:22:12,800
At the Children's Museum
of Indianapolis,
1645
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:15,000
the completed
dinosaur skeletons
1646
01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:19,600
from the Jurassic Mile
are finally resurrected
after 150 million years.
1647
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:21,233
from the Jurassic Mile
are finally resurrected
after 150 million years.
1648
01:22:23,166 --> 01:22:26,467
[Jennifer] Dinosaurs
are so bizarre.
1649
01:22:26,467 --> 01:22:28,266
They're the closest things
we have to like
1650
01:22:28,266 --> 01:22:30,166
mystical beasts,
but they're real.
1651
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:33,166
[Ronan] For those left
in the ground,
1652
01:22:33,166 --> 01:22:36,433
silence will return
for another long winter.
1653
01:22:37,467 --> 01:22:39,734
But the team will be back.
1654
01:22:39,734 --> 01:22:42,100
I think the Jurassic Mile
will yield
1655
01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:47,867
hundreds of dinosaurs over
the next 20, 30, 40 years.
1656
01:22:47,867 --> 01:22:49,600
[Ronan] They may have
solved this particular
murder mystery.
1657
01:22:49,600 --> 01:22:51,266
[Ronan] They may have
solved this particular
murder mystery.
1658
01:22:51,266 --> 01:22:56,700
But this extraordinary place
has many more secrets
to unearth.
1659
01:22:56,700 --> 01:22:59,867
I've been very lucky
to chase dinosaurs
1660
01:22:59,867 --> 01:23:01,967
around the globe
for the last 30 years,
1661
01:23:01,967 --> 01:23:06,166
but I've never found
a site like this one.
1662
01:23:06,166 --> 01:23:10,900
I mean, it... it could keep
100 paleontologists busy
for 100 years.
1663
01:23:12,000 --> 01:23:13,800
[Ronan] For many years
to come,
1664
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:16,100
this remarkable site
will continue
1665
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,000
to give these scientists
a unique window
1666
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:19,600
into a long lost world.
1667
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:21,600
into a long lost world.
1668
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:25,467
The Jurassic Mile
is dinosaur country.