1 00:00:02,669 --> 00:00:03,879 - [Narrator] There is a computer 2 00:00:03,879 --> 00:00:07,925 in over 96% of US households. 3 00:00:07,925 --> 00:00:11,303 - [Adam] I don't think that there is any single innovation 4 00:00:11,303 --> 00:00:13,931 that has propelled mankind forward 5 00:00:13,931 --> 00:00:16,099 in the way the computer has done. 6 00:00:17,226 --> 00:00:19,394 - [Narrator] But without a few key breakthroughs, 7 00:00:19,394 --> 00:00:23,357 the computer as we know it might not even exist. 8 00:00:23,357 --> 00:00:24,733 - This is what I've been dreaming of. 9 00:00:24,733 --> 00:00:26,652 - [Jason] It was so technologically advanced 10 00:00:26,652 --> 00:00:29,446 that it just didn't seem like technology anymore. 11 00:00:29,446 --> 00:00:31,323 - [Kimberly] It felt like magic. 12 00:00:32,531 --> 00:00:34,243 - [Narrator] From mainframe behemoths. 13 00:00:34,243 --> 00:00:37,120 - [Rachel] The mainframe room was a refrigerated room 14 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:40,832 that could only be accessed by men in white lab coats. 15 00:00:40,832 --> 00:00:42,834 - [Narrator] To pocket sized marvels. 16 00:00:42,834 --> 00:00:45,837 - [Gary] The iPhone is 100% Apple's most iconic 17 00:00:45,837 --> 00:00:48,674 product ever. 18 00:00:48,674 --> 00:00:50,175 - [Narrator] To software. 19 00:00:50,175 --> 00:00:52,219 - It operates via geographical user interface. 20 00:00:52,219 --> 00:00:55,305 - [Adam] You could have multiple things running at the same time 21 00:00:55,305 --> 00:00:57,766 and effortlessly switch between them. 22 00:00:57,766 --> 00:00:59,101 - [Narrator] From the functional. 23 00:00:59,101 --> 00:01:01,687 - They wanted people with much smaller 24 00:01:01,687 --> 00:01:02,938 amount of technical knowledge 25 00:01:02,938 --> 00:01:05,315 begin using the computer instantaneously. 26 00:01:05,315 --> 00:01:06,692 - [Narrator] To the beautiful. 27 00:01:06,692 --> 00:01:08,986 - I vividly remember the release of the iMac 28 00:01:08,986 --> 00:01:10,904 that was as beautiful on the outside 29 00:01:10,904 --> 00:01:13,824 as it was effective on the inside. 30 00:01:13,824 --> 00:01:15,367 That's groundbreaking, baby. 31 00:01:15,367 --> 00:01:17,494 - [Narrator] This is the history of the computer. 32 00:01:19,580 --> 00:01:22,165 [tense music] 33 00:01:41,184 --> 00:01:43,979 - [Dr. Yohuru] In the early 1970s, computers are beginning 34 00:01:43,979 --> 00:01:46,356 to appear in universities, 35 00:01:46,356 --> 00:01:48,984 large corporations, and government. 36 00:01:48,984 --> 00:01:51,778 - [David] But these were not computers in any of the sense 37 00:01:51,778 --> 00:01:53,280 that we would recognize. 38 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:55,157 - [Dr. Yohuru] They were large, expensive, 39 00:01:55,157 --> 00:01:57,492 and users rely primarily on punch cards 40 00:01:57,492 --> 00:01:58,785 or text commands. 41 00:01:58,785 --> 00:02:00,454 - There was no mouse. 42 00:02:00,454 --> 00:02:03,582 - [David] The screen was dark with green or yellow lettering 43 00:02:03,582 --> 00:02:04,583 on it. There were no icons. 44 00:02:04,583 --> 00:02:06,168 There were no menus. 45 00:02:06,168 --> 00:02:08,669 They were not everyday appliances for the masses. 46 00:02:08,669 --> 00:02:09,880 - [Narrator] At the time, 47 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:12,090 the majority of computers are produced 48 00:02:12,090 --> 00:02:16,470 by International Business Machines, or IBM, 49 00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:20,515 whose story begins nearly 80 years before. 50 00:02:20,515 --> 00:02:23,727 - [Rachel] During the 1890 US census, 51 00:02:23,727 --> 00:02:27,689 the population of the United States got so big 52 00:02:27,689 --> 00:02:29,691 that the government actually had a contest 53 00:02:29,691 --> 00:02:30,942 to see who could create a machine 54 00:02:30,942 --> 00:02:32,903 to help them tabulate it better. 55 00:02:32,903 --> 00:02:37,908 So IBM invents a tabulator that uses punch cards 56 00:02:39,326 --> 00:02:41,536 and they're able to complete the census in time. 57 00:02:41,536 --> 00:02:44,665 - [Marc] That tabulator was a rudimentary computer 58 00:02:44,665 --> 00:02:48,418 and it built IBM into a significant company. 59 00:02:49,836 --> 00:02:53,215 - [Narrator] By the 1950s, IBM begins to lead the charge 60 00:02:53,215 --> 00:02:55,050 in early computer production. 61 00:02:56,093 --> 00:02:59,262 And in 1970, they own the market. 62 00:02:59,262 --> 00:03:03,266 - [David] By this time, IBM's business was selling big 63 00:03:03,266 --> 00:03:05,352 computers and mainframes to corporations. 64 00:03:05,352 --> 00:03:07,979 It would store data on these machines. 65 00:03:07,979 --> 00:03:12,651 - But computers are so out of reach for the general public 66 00:03:12,651 --> 00:03:14,611 that they're almost science fiction. 67 00:03:15,904 --> 00:03:17,989 - [Narrator] But this changes when one company invents 68 00:03:17,989 --> 00:03:19,491 something groundbreaking. 69 00:03:20,534 --> 00:03:22,077 The microchip. 70 00:03:22,077 --> 00:03:26,790 - [Steven] So in the early 1970s, Intel developed a 71 00:03:26,790 --> 00:03:31,128 microprocessor, which basically put some of the brains of what 72 00:03:31,128 --> 00:03:34,506 we know of as a computer now on a single chip. 73 00:03:34,506 --> 00:03:37,342 - [Narrator] Making a much smaller version of a computer 74 00:03:37,342 --> 00:03:39,094 now possible. 75 00:03:39,094 --> 00:03:43,140 - So, a company in Albuquerque, New Mexico called MITS 76 00:03:43,140 --> 00:03:45,767 got a hold of these Intel microprocessors 77 00:03:45,767 --> 00:03:49,938 and realized that they could create a microcomputer kit. 78 00:03:49,938 --> 00:03:53,233 This would be the Altair 8800. 79 00:03:53,233 --> 00:03:54,943 - [Narrator] But the primitive Altair 80 00:03:54,943 --> 00:03:58,113 is far from what we think of as a computer today. 81 00:03:58,113 --> 00:04:01,908 - [Paul] If you had an Altair, you had to learn how to assemble 82 00:04:01,908 --> 00:04:05,370 it. You also had to know something about the programming. 83 00:04:05,370 --> 00:04:09,374 - [Steven] So it was a real challenge to get it to do 84 00:04:09,374 --> 00:04:11,334 anything. You know, it couldn't do things, 85 00:04:11,334 --> 00:04:14,129 you know, like word processing or things like that. 86 00:04:14,129 --> 00:04:16,755 [tense music] 87 00:04:16,755 --> 00:04:19,341 - [Narrator] But two amateur computer hobbyists 88 00:04:19,341 --> 00:04:21,178 see greater potential 89 00:04:21,178 --> 00:04:25,056 and are inspired to make their own easier to use version. 90 00:04:26,266 --> 00:04:30,979 Their names are Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. 91 00:04:30,979 --> 00:04:33,982 But their prototype is a far cry from the computer 92 00:04:33,982 --> 00:04:36,026 as we envision it today. 93 00:04:36,026 --> 00:04:39,070 - [Steven] This computer wasn't really what we think of a 94 00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:40,864 computer. It wasn't even something like the Altair, 95 00:04:40,864 --> 00:04:42,616 which came in a case. 96 00:04:42,616 --> 00:04:44,951 It was a circuit board and you would take that circuit board 97 00:04:44,951 --> 00:04:48,872 and you'll be able to hook up a keyboard and a monitor. 98 00:04:48,872 --> 00:04:50,582 - [Narrator] The two quickly set up shop 99 00:04:50,582 --> 00:04:52,709 in Jobs' parents' garage 100 00:04:52,709 --> 00:04:55,545 to manufacture their new personal computer 101 00:04:55,545 --> 00:04:58,381 under the company named Apple. 102 00:04:59,758 --> 00:05:01,259 - They called it the Apple I. 103 00:05:02,636 --> 00:05:06,640 - [Narrator] In July of 1976, the Apple I goes on sale 104 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:10,769 for $666 and 66 cents. 105 00:05:10,769 --> 00:05:12,229 - It's really the first of its kind 106 00:05:12,229 --> 00:05:15,023 to come with these inputs for keyboard 107 00:05:15,023 --> 00:05:17,484 and an output for monitor. 108 00:05:17,484 --> 00:05:19,277 - [Rachel] The Apple I was 109 00:05:19,277 --> 00:05:21,822 very successful with tech enthusiasts, 110 00:05:21,822 --> 00:05:24,825 but it wasn't the sort of out of the box machine 111 00:05:24,825 --> 00:05:28,161 that everyday people would wanna buy. 112 00:05:28,161 --> 00:05:30,163 - It was all typing in code. 113 00:05:30,163 --> 00:05:31,665 It was very complicated. 114 00:05:31,665 --> 00:05:33,542 I mean, you had to really know your stuff 115 00:05:33,542 --> 00:05:35,043 in order to operate one of these. 116 00:05:35,043 --> 00:05:36,461 You had to get your own keyboard. 117 00:05:36,461 --> 00:05:38,004 You had to come up with your own monitor, 118 00:05:38,004 --> 00:05:41,007 which nine times out of 10 was a TV screen. 119 00:05:41,007 --> 00:05:43,426 So, it was not for the average bear. 120 00:05:43,426 --> 00:05:46,096 [tense music] 121 00:05:46,096 --> 00:05:50,183 - [Laine] So, Jobs begins imagining what a new 122 00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:53,103 and improved version of the Apple I would look like. 123 00:05:53,103 --> 00:05:55,063 - [Bill] He wants them to appeal to customers 124 00:05:55,063 --> 00:05:56,731 who may not be tech savvy 125 00:05:56,731 --> 00:05:59,359 and don't wanna have assemble this themselves. 126 00:05:59,359 --> 00:06:01,987 - [Narrator] With the relative success of the Apple I, 127 00:06:01,987 --> 00:06:05,532 Jobs and Wozniak reinvest their profits 128 00:06:05,532 --> 00:06:07,909 into creating the Apple II. 129 00:06:07,909 --> 00:06:09,786 - [Steven] The Apple II Jobs wanted to make 130 00:06:09,786 --> 00:06:12,706 a real consumer product out of it. 131 00:06:12,706 --> 00:06:16,042 He was perceptive enough to know that in order to do this, 132 00:06:16,042 --> 00:06:17,878 you had to move beyond the geeks, 133 00:06:17,878 --> 00:06:19,796 beyond the hardcore hobbyists 134 00:06:19,796 --> 00:06:21,798 and make something that you could market 135 00:06:21,798 --> 00:06:23,466 to a larger audience. 136 00:06:24,676 --> 00:06:28,054 - [Rachel] It was preloaded with programming language 137 00:06:28,054 --> 00:06:31,224 and it had its keyboard already a part of it, 138 00:06:31,224 --> 00:06:33,101 which was a huge improvement 139 00:06:33,101 --> 00:06:35,312 from having to find a keyboard to plug in. 140 00:06:36,438 --> 00:06:37,647 - [Narrator] But the personal computer 141 00:06:37,647 --> 00:06:40,984 is also about to get a new look. 142 00:06:40,984 --> 00:06:42,527 - It needs a new case. 143 00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:47,407 All that other stuff is great, 144 00:06:47,407 --> 00:06:49,242 but you're trying to get people to invite this 145 00:06:49,242 --> 00:06:50,327 into their homes. 146 00:06:51,745 --> 00:06:54,539 - [Paul] To Jobs, industrial design 147 00:06:54,539 --> 00:06:58,460 was not something that you just tacked on afterwards. 148 00:06:58,460 --> 00:07:00,962 - Something that was so geeky and cold, 149 00:07:00,962 --> 00:07:04,758 like computer life that touch that flavor, 150 00:07:04,758 --> 00:07:07,927 almost like an iconic fashion designer 151 00:07:07,927 --> 00:07:11,473 was instrumental in the Apple we know today. 152 00:07:11,473 --> 00:07:14,351 - It needs to look more like a typewriter, 153 00:07:14,351 --> 00:07:16,645 like it belongs on a desk. 154 00:07:16,645 --> 00:07:19,773 - [Narrator] They arrive at a sleek cream-colored case 155 00:07:19,773 --> 00:07:22,859 with space for a monitor on top. 156 00:07:22,859 --> 00:07:27,864 And on June 10th, 1977, the Apple II hits the marketplace 157 00:07:28,573 --> 00:07:30,533 priced at around $1,300. 158 00:07:30,533 --> 00:07:33,453 It's the equivalent of 7,000 today. 159 00:07:33,453 --> 00:07:36,414 - [Bill] At the time the Apple II was a success. 160 00:07:36,414 --> 00:07:38,667 Jobs and Wozniak became the leader 161 00:07:38,667 --> 00:07:40,377 in the personal computer space. 162 00:07:40,377 --> 00:07:41,711 - [Narrator] But their success opens the door to a 163 00:07:41,711 --> 00:07:44,381 wave of competition. 164 00:07:44,381 --> 00:07:48,593 - In 1977, a bunch of major companies catch on 165 00:07:48,593 --> 00:07:50,637 to the personal computer craze. 166 00:07:50,637 --> 00:07:55,308 You have the Commodore PET and the Radio Shack Tandy. 167 00:07:56,518 --> 00:07:58,019 - [Narrator] And these new machines 168 00:07:58,019 --> 00:08:00,689 have a big advantage over the Apple II. 169 00:08:00,689 --> 00:08:02,148 They're much more affordable. 170 00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:04,984 With the birth and proliferation 171 00:08:04,984 --> 00:08:06,986 of the personal home computer, 172 00:08:06,986 --> 00:08:09,864 one legacy brand not known for computers, 173 00:08:09,864 --> 00:08:13,952 thinks it's time to leave their analog business model behind 174 00:08:13,952 --> 00:08:17,372 and step into the digital computer age. 175 00:08:17,372 --> 00:08:18,790 Xerox. 176 00:08:18,790 --> 00:08:20,667 - [Romi] Changing your company is always risky, 177 00:08:20,667 --> 00:08:22,502 but in this case it was strategic. 178 00:08:22,502 --> 00:08:25,171 - [Narrator] The visionary champion of the copy machine, 179 00:08:25,171 --> 00:08:27,132 President Joseph C. Wilson, 180 00:08:27,132 --> 00:08:30,343 wants to create a device that reinvents the office 181 00:08:30,343 --> 00:08:33,096 in the same way his Xerox machine did 182 00:08:33,096 --> 00:08:34,889 less than 20 years ago. 183 00:08:37,058 --> 00:08:39,811 - [Paul] So he decided we need to have a research institute 184 00:08:39,811 --> 00:08:42,147 where we explored the office of the future. 185 00:08:42,147 --> 00:08:46,359 - [David] So he created a think tank in Palo Alto, California 186 00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:49,946 called the Palo Alto Research Center PARC. 187 00:08:49,946 --> 00:08:52,198 - [Narrator] Located in a growing hub 188 00:08:52,198 --> 00:08:54,951 that will one day be known as Silicon Valley, 189 00:08:54,951 --> 00:08:59,497 Wilson spends the modern equivalent of over $20 million, 190 00:08:59,497 --> 00:09:01,624 establishing a new laboratory 191 00:09:01,624 --> 00:09:04,919 dedicated to advancing computer technology. 192 00:09:04,919 --> 00:09:07,422 - [Bill] He realizes that the personal computing space 193 00:09:07,422 --> 00:09:08,882 is the way of the future, 194 00:09:08,882 --> 00:09:11,217 but he didn't have a lot of technology experience. 195 00:09:11,217 --> 00:09:14,846 He wasn't an engineer, he wasn't a programmer or a coder. 196 00:09:14,846 --> 00:09:16,890 - [Narrator] So Wilson hires one of the era's 197 00:09:16,890 --> 00:09:19,726 top computer scientists, Robert Taylor, 198 00:09:19,726 --> 00:09:22,353 to lead the charge at Xerox PARC. 199 00:09:22,353 --> 00:09:24,230 - [David] Bob Taylor came from ARPA, 200 00:09:24,230 --> 00:09:26,941 the government's Advanced Research Project Administration, 201 00:09:26,941 --> 00:09:32,072 and his mandate was grab every genius you can find. 202 00:09:32,947 --> 00:09:34,449 - [Bill] They're really visionaries 203 00:09:34,449 --> 00:09:36,659 and they're trying to get ahead of their competition. 204 00:09:36,659 --> 00:09:39,662 - So, typewriters and calculators 205 00:09:39,662 --> 00:09:42,499 can already perform basic office tasks. 206 00:09:42,499 --> 00:09:44,459 What makes a computer different? 207 00:09:45,502 --> 00:09:47,170 - They can communicate in real time. 208 00:09:49,923 --> 00:09:51,591 - But what about interface? 209 00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:54,135 How do we present to the user? 210 00:09:55,261 --> 00:09:57,680 - Something people can manipulate directly. 211 00:09:59,224 --> 00:10:00,058 - Yeah. 212 00:10:01,976 --> 00:10:03,770 Buttons, images, 213 00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:06,106 anything that can make it intuitive. 214 00:10:09,651 --> 00:10:12,904 - [Rachel] This was the creation of the graphic user interface. 215 00:10:12,904 --> 00:10:15,865 So, instead of this just being a black box 216 00:10:15,865 --> 00:10:18,868 with a glowing cursor, they wanted people 217 00:10:18,868 --> 00:10:20,662 to be able to go up to the computer 218 00:10:20,662 --> 00:10:24,165 and with much smaller amount of technical knowledge, 219 00:10:24,165 --> 00:10:27,335 begin using the computer instantaneously. 220 00:10:27,335 --> 00:10:28,878 [tense music] 221 00:10:28,878 --> 00:10:31,422 - [Narrator] Less than three years after being founded, 222 00:10:31,422 --> 00:10:34,759 the team at PARC presents Xerox executives 223 00:10:34,759 --> 00:10:37,846 with a groundbreaking personal computer prototype 224 00:10:37,846 --> 00:10:40,682 named after the city where it was created. 225 00:10:40,682 --> 00:10:44,144 - Gentlemen, may I present the Alto. 226 00:10:45,436 --> 00:10:48,148 - [David] The Xerox Alto was revolutionary for its time. 227 00:10:48,148 --> 00:10:49,899 - [Narrator] Among many innovations, 228 00:10:49,899 --> 00:10:51,818 it's the first computer in the world 229 00:10:51,818 --> 00:10:54,154 with a graphical user interface. 230 00:10:54,154 --> 00:10:58,324 - [Rachel] This graphic user interface represents real life 231 00:10:58,324 --> 00:11:00,160 objects like they would appear on your desk. 232 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:02,162 This is called skeuomorphic design. 233 00:11:02,162 --> 00:11:06,291 So, a trash can to delete a file looks like a trash can. 234 00:11:06,291 --> 00:11:09,836 A piece of paper represents a file. 235 00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:12,672 - [David] And a document on your screen perfectly resembled 236 00:11:12,672 --> 00:11:14,841 what it would look like when you print it. 237 00:11:14,841 --> 00:11:18,136 It's astounding to think in the mid '70s 238 00:11:18,136 --> 00:11:20,388 they had fonts, they had shortcut menus, 239 00:11:20,388 --> 00:11:22,307 they had copy and paste. 240 00:11:22,307 --> 00:11:23,933 This thing was amazing. 241 00:11:23,933 --> 00:11:26,352 - [Narrator] The Alto prototype even includes 242 00:11:26,352 --> 00:11:29,647 a new soon to be iconic piece of equipment. 243 00:11:29,647 --> 00:11:32,400 - This device, the mouse, 244 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,819 allows you to control the system in real time. 245 00:11:34,819 --> 00:11:38,198 [intriguing music] 246 00:11:38,198 --> 00:11:39,407 - They had a mouse. 247 00:11:39,407 --> 00:11:40,491 They had a mouse. 248 00:11:42,911 --> 00:11:45,705 - No, you just need to put it on the table first. 249 00:11:45,705 --> 00:11:46,581 There you go. 250 00:11:47,707 --> 00:11:49,334 - [David] It had three buttons on it 251 00:11:49,334 --> 00:11:51,753 and it was staggeringly complex to use, 252 00:11:51,753 --> 00:11:54,631 but it was better than using arrow keys to get around. 253 00:11:54,631 --> 00:11:56,799 - It's easy once you've got a little practice. 254 00:11:58,176 --> 00:12:00,595 More importantly, you can connect these machines 255 00:12:00,595 --> 00:12:01,971 across offices. 256 00:12:02,722 --> 00:12:04,349 You can send documents instantly 257 00:12:04,349 --> 00:12:07,101 with no need for paper copies at all. 258 00:12:07,101 --> 00:12:09,103 - [Bill] This is exactly what the Xerox executives 259 00:12:09,103 --> 00:12:10,730 do not wanna hear. 260 00:12:10,730 --> 00:12:12,273 When they realize that there's no need 261 00:12:12,273 --> 00:12:13,816 for paper copies at all, 262 00:12:13,816 --> 00:12:16,611 they're basically seeing their future get eviscerated. 263 00:12:16,611 --> 00:12:18,613 - [Adam] So when the executives are presented 264 00:12:18,613 --> 00:12:22,200 with the world's first computer with a mouse, 265 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,077 they reject it. 266 00:12:24,077 --> 00:12:25,286 - [David] They weren't computer people. 267 00:12:25,286 --> 00:12:28,373 These were former copier salesmen. 268 00:12:28,373 --> 00:12:31,751 It was a totally new paradigm and they just didn't get it. 269 00:12:31,751 --> 00:12:34,837 - [Narrator] But there's someone else in Palo Alto who does 270 00:12:34,837 --> 00:12:37,090 and who will turn what he sees here 271 00:12:37,090 --> 00:12:39,926 into a personal computing revolution. 272 00:12:39,926 --> 00:12:43,429 - We've got small teams, electrical engineering, 273 00:12:43,429 --> 00:12:45,223 human computer interaction, 274 00:12:45,223 --> 00:12:47,267 and computer science of course. 275 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:51,104 And this is what you mentioned wanting to see. 276 00:12:51,104 --> 00:12:52,981 - [Narrator] The co-founder of Apple. 277 00:12:52,981 --> 00:12:53,898 - Mr. Jobs. 278 00:12:59,862 --> 00:13:01,489 - Mr. Jobs. 279 00:13:01,698 --> 00:13:04,117 - [Narrator] In 1979, the co-founder of Apple, 280 00:13:04,117 --> 00:13:07,495 Steve Jobs has been invited inside Xerox's 281 00:13:07,495 --> 00:13:10,331 Palo Alto Research Center. 282 00:13:10,331 --> 00:13:12,458 - [Adam] At that time, Xerox was one of the biggest 283 00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:14,168 technology companies that existed 284 00:13:14,168 --> 00:13:16,713 and they were interested in investing in Apple. 285 00:13:16,713 --> 00:13:20,550 So, Steve Jobs negotiated an agreement with Xerox 286 00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:23,803 for a tour of the Xerox Research Lab 287 00:13:23,803 --> 00:13:25,346 that was known as PARC. 288 00:13:28,141 --> 00:13:30,435 - Do you mind if I see it in action? 289 00:13:30,435 --> 00:13:32,353 - It's not quite ready yet. 290 00:13:32,353 --> 00:13:33,438 We're still working on 291 00:13:33,438 --> 00:13:34,272 some refines. - I don't mind 292 00:13:34,272 --> 00:13:35,732 a work in progress. 293 00:13:35,732 --> 00:13:37,942 - [Narrator] Job's latest computer, the Apple II, 294 00:13:37,942 --> 00:13:40,695 has been selling well for the past two years, 295 00:13:40,695 --> 00:13:43,448 but its technology is far behind 296 00:13:43,448 --> 00:13:45,992 what's being developed at Xerox. 297 00:13:45,992 --> 00:13:49,370 - [David] It's very basic compared to the Alto computer. 298 00:13:49,370 --> 00:13:51,497 The Apple II didn't have icons. 299 00:13:51,497 --> 00:13:54,792 They did not have menus, they didn't have the trash. 300 00:13:54,792 --> 00:13:57,295 You couldn't move stuff around with the mouse. 301 00:13:57,295 --> 00:14:01,174 Xerox PARC at 100 Altos networked together with ethernet 302 00:14:01,174 --> 00:14:03,176 and they could send messages and files 303 00:14:03,176 --> 00:14:05,970 back and forth to each other accrued sort of email. 304 00:14:05,970 --> 00:14:08,431 And printing on laser printers. 305 00:14:08,431 --> 00:14:10,308 Laser printers, I mean, we think of those 306 00:14:10,308 --> 00:14:12,101 as coming along in the '90s 307 00:14:12,101 --> 00:14:14,312 but they were just, [yawns] yeah, 308 00:14:14,312 --> 00:14:18,775 they were working there in 1979 at Xerox PARC. 309 00:14:18,775 --> 00:14:20,443 - [Narrator] While the PARC team's innovations 310 00:14:20,443 --> 00:14:22,653 are light years ahead of the competition, 311 00:14:22,653 --> 00:14:25,198 the Xerox executives still don't see 312 00:14:25,198 --> 00:14:27,158 the unparalleled potential. 313 00:14:28,409 --> 00:14:31,162 But visionary Steve Jobs does. 314 00:14:31,162 --> 00:14:33,706 [tense music] 315 00:14:36,876 --> 00:14:40,588 Following his tour of PARC, Jobs shares his insights 316 00:14:40,588 --> 00:14:44,425 with partner and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. 317 00:14:45,510 --> 00:14:47,053 - What am I looking at? 318 00:14:47,053 --> 00:14:47,762 - A desktop 319 00:14:50,181 --> 00:14:55,061 illustrated with a graphical user interface. 320 00:14:55,061 --> 00:14:56,521 A GUI. 321 00:14:56,521 --> 00:14:59,190 [tense music] 322 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:03,569 This is what I've been dreaming of. 323 00:15:03,569 --> 00:15:08,491 This is what integrates the computer with real life. 324 00:15:08,491 --> 00:15:10,910 - So what are they doing with it? 325 00:15:11,786 --> 00:15:13,329 - Them? 326 00:15:13,329 --> 00:15:14,247 Nothing. 327 00:15:16,582 --> 00:15:19,710 But we're gonna change the world 328 00:15:19,710 --> 00:15:21,504 [tense music] 329 00:15:21,504 --> 00:15:23,840 - [Narrator] While Steve Jobs begins figuring out 330 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:26,008 how to incorporate what he's seen at PARC 331 00:15:26,008 --> 00:15:28,177 into his next computer model, 332 00:15:28,177 --> 00:15:31,472 rumors of the Alto also catch the attention 333 00:15:31,472 --> 00:15:36,060 of savvy engineers at the original computer company, IBM. 334 00:15:36,060 --> 00:15:37,728 - It's called the Alto. 335 00:15:37,728 --> 00:15:39,355 It hasn't been released to the public yet, 336 00:15:39,355 --> 00:15:41,274 but everyone's talking about it. 337 00:15:42,358 --> 00:15:44,902 - [Rachel] IBM felt everyday people have no use 338 00:15:44,902 --> 00:15:46,779 for a personal computer in their own home. 339 00:15:46,779 --> 00:15:49,866 - [David] IBM's business was selling big computers 340 00:15:49,866 --> 00:15:52,326 to businesses, to corporations. 341 00:15:52,326 --> 00:15:54,579 It didn't really make sense to sell 342 00:15:54,579 --> 00:15:57,456 individual little computers for every single desk. 343 00:15:57,456 --> 00:16:00,459 - We need to have our own desktop computer. 344 00:16:01,711 --> 00:16:05,089 - He could see the computer is getting smaller. 345 00:16:05,089 --> 00:16:07,842 You have interconnected workstations. 346 00:16:07,842 --> 00:16:12,680 Why can't we bundle this into one single desktop computer? 347 00:16:14,182 --> 00:16:15,892 - [Narrator] In an attempt to retain control 348 00:16:15,892 --> 00:16:18,102 of the rapidly shifting computer market, 349 00:16:18,102 --> 00:16:22,273 IBM sets out to create a desktop computer of their own. 350 00:16:23,316 --> 00:16:25,359 Their aggressive strategy allows them 351 00:16:25,359 --> 00:16:28,571 to have a computer ready in just one year. 352 00:16:29,864 --> 00:16:32,700 - [Rachel] They create a completely open source computer 353 00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:35,411 made with parts that are right off the shelf. 354 00:16:35,411 --> 00:16:37,830 - [Narrator] For the software they go with a then 355 00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:40,374 unknown startup in Seattle. 356 00:16:40,374 --> 00:16:42,501 - [Marc] The operating system they licensed 357 00:16:42,501 --> 00:16:47,215 was from a 25-year-old kid named Bill Gates. 358 00:16:48,507 --> 00:16:51,135 - We're calling it the IBM Personal Computer 359 00:16:51,135 --> 00:16:53,304 or PC for short. 360 00:16:54,430 --> 00:16:55,306 - The PC. 361 00:16:56,599 --> 00:16:58,226 Has a good ring to it 362 00:16:58,226 --> 00:17:01,520 - [Narrator] With a base price around $1,500, 363 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:06,400 the IBM PC launches nationwide on August 12th, 1981. 364 00:17:08,361 --> 00:17:10,738 - [Paul] The IBM personal computer or PC 365 00:17:10,738 --> 00:17:13,199 really took the world by storm. 366 00:17:13,199 --> 00:17:15,367 It was very solidly engineered. 367 00:17:15,367 --> 00:17:17,328 It had a very solid, rugged keyboard 368 00:17:17,328 --> 00:17:20,164 and people loved the fact that they could get a computer 369 00:17:20,164 --> 00:17:21,624 that had the word IBM on. 370 00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:24,292 - [Narrator] In the first week alone, 371 00:17:24,292 --> 00:17:27,838 40,000 units are sold nationwide. 372 00:17:27,838 --> 00:17:30,633 - [Rachel] A lot of people we're comfortable with IBM. 373 00:17:30,633 --> 00:17:33,594 So when IBM comes out with a personal computer, 374 00:17:33,594 --> 00:17:36,138 they completely dominate the market share. 375 00:17:36,138 --> 00:17:40,393 - [Narrator] Within two years, 750,000 IBM PCs 376 00:17:40,393 --> 00:17:42,937 are sold around the world. 377 00:17:42,937 --> 00:17:45,314 And by January 1983, 378 00:17:45,314 --> 00:17:48,776 Time Magazine names it Machine of the Year. 379 00:17:48,776 --> 00:17:53,739 - [Marc] The IBM PC became the standard desktop computer 380 00:17:54,824 --> 00:17:57,743 and took over certainly the business space. 381 00:17:58,744 --> 00:18:01,497 [tense music] 382 00:18:01,497 --> 00:18:04,000 - [Narrator] But Jobs is certain that his insight 383 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,086 into the Alto's graphical user interface 384 00:18:07,086 --> 00:18:12,091 can help Apple leapfrog IBM's PC to create a machine 385 00:18:13,050 --> 00:18:14,343 that will revolutionize daily life 386 00:18:14,343 --> 00:18:16,387 for the everyday user at home, 387 00:18:16,387 --> 00:18:20,683 requiring almost no technical knowledge to operate. 388 00:18:20,683 --> 00:18:22,643 - Steve Jobs knows that his computer 389 00:18:22,643 --> 00:18:25,396 has the potential to be a game changer, 390 00:18:25,396 --> 00:18:27,273 but he decides he has to keep it secret 391 00:18:27,273 --> 00:18:30,234 and therefore he gives it a secret name. 392 00:18:30,234 --> 00:18:33,154 And he takes the name from a kind of apple 393 00:18:33,154 --> 00:18:35,865 that has the most versatility 394 00:18:35,865 --> 00:18:39,410 and an incredible, incredible likability. 395 00:18:39,410 --> 00:18:40,369 Macintosh. 396 00:18:42,079 --> 00:18:44,415 - [Narrator] As the Macintosh team works on designing 397 00:18:44,415 --> 00:18:45,750 their new computer, 398 00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:48,169 Jobs turns to the best in the business 399 00:18:48,169 --> 00:18:49,962 to develop its software, 400 00:18:49,962 --> 00:18:53,966 someone who also developed software for IBM's PC, 401 00:18:54,759 --> 00:18:55,843 Bill Gates. 402 00:18:57,595 --> 00:18:59,472 - [Steven] Apple was a hardware manufacturer 403 00:18:59,472 --> 00:19:01,265 and Microsoft at that point, 404 00:19:01,265 --> 00:19:05,186 their strongest software was in operating systems 405 00:19:05,186 --> 00:19:06,687 and they very much wanted to become 406 00:19:06,687 --> 00:19:09,774 a big power in application software. 407 00:19:09,774 --> 00:19:12,234 So it was a great opportunity for both companies 408 00:19:12,234 --> 00:19:13,903 and a great partnership. 409 00:19:13,903 --> 00:19:15,988 - [Jason] Jobs decides to show Gates the Macintosh 410 00:19:15,988 --> 00:19:17,865 and everything they've developed for it. 411 00:19:17,865 --> 00:19:20,409 - [Narrator] It's a decision that will soon come back 412 00:19:20,409 --> 00:19:24,121 to bite Jobs, but one that will rocket the development 413 00:19:24,121 --> 00:19:25,956 of personal computers forward. 414 00:19:33,381 --> 00:19:37,259 - [Narrator] In 1983, Bill Gates delivers on his promise 415 00:19:37,259 --> 00:19:40,721 of a new application software for the Macintosh, 416 00:19:40,721 --> 00:19:42,515 a business-oriented program, 417 00:19:42,515 --> 00:19:45,226 which embraces the Mac's graphic interface, 418 00:19:45,226 --> 00:19:49,271 allowing users to easily format and edit documents. 419 00:19:49,271 --> 00:19:52,108 Gates calls it Microsoft Word. 420 00:19:52,108 --> 00:19:54,652 - [Jason] In addition to Microsoft Word, 421 00:19:54,652 --> 00:19:57,196 Microsoft also made a spreadsheet program 422 00:19:57,196 --> 00:19:59,240 for the Macintosh called Multiplan, 423 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:00,866 which would ultimately go on 424 00:20:00,866 --> 00:20:03,577 to become a little thing we called Excel. 425 00:20:04,787 --> 00:20:07,248 - [Narrator] Jobs is one step closer to designing 426 00:20:07,248 --> 00:20:09,959 what he thinks will be the perfect home computer. 427 00:20:11,419 --> 00:20:13,045 But unbeknownst to Jobs, 428 00:20:13,045 --> 00:20:16,257 Bill Gates has been working on a new operating system 429 00:20:16,257 --> 00:20:20,261 for Microsoft, one that's compatible with the IBM. 430 00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:24,265 - What I'm about to show you is nothing short 431 00:20:24,265 --> 00:20:27,852 of a revolution in computer technology. 432 00:20:27,852 --> 00:20:30,396 [tense music] 433 00:20:32,064 --> 00:20:33,858 - [Narrator] Gates's new operating system 434 00:20:33,858 --> 00:20:37,987 features a desktop with movable resizable icons 435 00:20:37,987 --> 00:20:39,530 much like the Macintosh, 436 00:20:40,740 --> 00:20:42,950 but he's taken things a major leap further 437 00:20:42,950 --> 00:20:45,244 than what he developed for Jobs. 438 00:20:45,244 --> 00:20:49,290 - As you can see, it operates via graphical user interface, 439 00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:53,836 which allows the user to layer one screen on top of another. 440 00:20:53,836 --> 00:20:56,297 - It sort of reminds me of a bunch of windows. 441 00:20:57,715 --> 00:20:59,800 - [Adam] Back in the day, you could only run 442 00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:01,510 one application at a time, 443 00:21:01,510 --> 00:21:03,471 and if you wanted to do something else, 444 00:21:03,471 --> 00:21:05,931 you had to close the first application 445 00:21:05,931 --> 00:21:09,769 and then reopen whatever else you wanted to see. 446 00:21:09,769 --> 00:21:12,605 So the idea of creating multiple windows 447 00:21:12,605 --> 00:21:14,148 where you could have multiple things 448 00:21:14,148 --> 00:21:15,775 running at the same time 449 00:21:15,775 --> 00:21:19,111 and effortlessly switch between them was groundbreaking. 450 00:21:20,321 --> 00:21:21,906 - [Narrator] Even though Microsoft Windows 451 00:21:21,906 --> 00:21:24,241 won't be ready for another two years, 452 00:21:24,241 --> 00:21:29,205 on November 10th, 1983, Gates announces it to the world. 453 00:21:30,623 --> 00:21:31,916 - [Chirag] No one can really say for sure why Gates decides 454 00:21:31,916 --> 00:21:33,751 to announce Windows two years before 455 00:21:33,751 --> 00:21:35,419 it's actually going to come out. 456 00:21:35,419 --> 00:21:36,879 But it is pretty coincidental 457 00:21:36,879 --> 00:21:38,839 because it lines up to when Apple is about 458 00:21:38,839 --> 00:21:41,008 to start talking about the Macintosh. 459 00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:43,469 - [Narrator] And Windows will allow all other computers 460 00:21:43,469 --> 00:21:47,014 to function with a graphic interface, like the Mac. 461 00:21:47,014 --> 00:21:49,642 [tense music] 462 00:21:55,648 --> 00:21:57,316 - You ripped us off. 463 00:21:57,316 --> 00:21:59,693 You stole the Macintosh interface. 464 00:22:01,028 --> 00:22:03,155 - Well, Steve, I think there's more 465 00:22:03,155 --> 00:22:04,740 than one way of looking at it. 466 00:22:05,825 --> 00:22:07,576 I think it's more like we both had 467 00:22:07,576 --> 00:22:10,621 this rich neighbor named Xerox. 468 00:22:10,621 --> 00:22:13,374 I broke into his house to steal the TV set, 469 00:22:13,374 --> 00:22:16,001 but found out that you had already stolen it. 470 00:22:16,001 --> 00:22:18,504 - [Steven] Steve, really, you can't say we stole from you 471 00:22:18,504 --> 00:22:21,131 because you stole it from Xerox. 472 00:22:21,131 --> 00:22:24,552 - That kinda was the ultimate rip in their relationship 473 00:22:24,552 --> 00:22:26,679 for a very, very, very long time. 474 00:22:26,679 --> 00:22:29,306 [tense music] 475 00:22:31,642 --> 00:22:33,894 - [Narrator] Finally, in 1984, 476 00:22:33,894 --> 00:22:37,064 Jobs decides the Macintosh is ready 477 00:22:37,064 --> 00:22:39,984 beating Microsoft Windows to the marketplace. 478 00:22:41,193 --> 00:22:45,573 At $2,495 or 7,500 today, 479 00:22:45,573 --> 00:22:47,449 the Macintosh is the most expensive 480 00:22:47,449 --> 00:22:49,702 personal computer on the market, 481 00:22:49,702 --> 00:22:51,745 but initial sales are strong 482 00:22:51,745 --> 00:22:56,000 with over 72,000 units being sold in the first few months. 483 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,253 - It was truly a beautiful machine. 484 00:23:00,462 --> 00:23:03,841 - [Paul] People became enamored of the interface. 485 00:23:03,841 --> 00:23:06,594 It had a cult following, still does to this day, 486 00:23:06,594 --> 00:23:08,178 the cult of Mac. 487 00:23:08,178 --> 00:23:10,472 - [Narrator] But home computers are still uncommon 488 00:23:10,472 --> 00:23:13,684 owned by fewer than 8% of households. 489 00:23:13,684 --> 00:23:17,897 And by the fall of 1984, users begin to discover 490 00:23:17,897 --> 00:23:20,774 the drawbacks of the Macintosh. 491 00:23:20,774 --> 00:23:23,319 - [Adam] So the Macintosh, it's incredibly slow 492 00:23:23,319 --> 00:23:26,697 and because Jobs insisted on there being no hard drive 493 00:23:26,697 --> 00:23:29,617 or fan to create extraneous noise, 494 00:23:29,617 --> 00:23:32,494 there's also no cooling for the internal components, 495 00:23:32,494 --> 00:23:34,705 which would then subsequently melt down 496 00:23:34,705 --> 00:23:38,459 earning the Macintosh the nickname the Beige Toaster. 497 00:23:38,459 --> 00:23:41,378 - He made some bad decisions about the Macintosh 498 00:23:41,378 --> 00:23:43,881 and they stumbled as a result. 499 00:23:43,881 --> 00:23:47,301 - [Narrator] Shortly afterwards, Gates releases Windows 500 00:23:47,301 --> 00:23:50,346 to the world delivering on Jobs' promise 501 00:23:50,346 --> 00:23:53,182 of an intuitive graphical user interface 502 00:23:53,182 --> 00:23:56,518 and helping IBM PCs fill the gap 503 00:23:56,518 --> 00:24:01,148 where the expensive, problematic Macintosh has fallen short. 504 00:24:01,148 --> 00:24:02,816 - [Adam] Where they had projected that the Mac 505 00:24:02,816 --> 00:24:05,861 would sell 150,000 units at Christmas, 506 00:24:05,861 --> 00:24:07,988 they'd only sold 50,000. 507 00:24:07,988 --> 00:24:12,117 Meanwhile, because Windows is so appealing to the masses, 508 00:24:12,117 --> 00:24:15,579 sales of other PCs skyrocket. 509 00:24:15,579 --> 00:24:18,248 [tense music] 510 00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:21,710 - [Narrator] As Apple's profits dwindle, 511 00:24:21,710 --> 00:24:24,713 the board makes a once unthinkable decision 512 00:24:24,713 --> 00:24:28,425 removing their visionary founder Steve Jobs. 513 00:24:28,425 --> 00:24:30,010 [tense music] 514 00:24:30,010 --> 00:24:33,514 His absence leaves a hole in the industry 515 00:24:33,514 --> 00:24:35,307 where new brands will rise 516 00:24:36,350 --> 00:24:38,978 and push the computer forward 517 00:24:38,978 --> 00:24:41,730 to once unthinkable new heights. 518 00:24:47,444 --> 00:24:49,321 - [Narrator] By the beginning of the 1990s, 519 00:24:49,321 --> 00:24:50,948 computers find their way into one 520 00:24:50,948 --> 00:24:53,534 out of every five American homes 521 00:24:53,534 --> 00:24:56,662 and a new service rises up to meet them. 522 00:24:56,662 --> 00:24:58,497 - So in 1992, 523 00:24:58,497 --> 00:25:00,749 [static cracking] 524 00:25:00,749 --> 00:25:05,087 America Online is birthed into the world 525 00:25:05,087 --> 00:25:08,382 and it basically offered dialup internet service 526 00:25:08,382 --> 00:25:10,634 to everyone in America. 527 00:25:10,634 --> 00:25:14,179 Suddenly the information highway could be driven by anybody 528 00:25:14,179 --> 00:25:16,473 and Bill Gates sees an opportunity. 529 00:25:17,808 --> 00:25:20,519 - [Narrator] Gates' answer is internet-compatible 530 00:25:20,519 --> 00:25:22,104 Windows 95 531 00:25:23,814 --> 00:25:27,985 and Microsoft sells a record breaking 100 million copies 532 00:25:27,985 --> 00:25:30,029 in the first four days. 533 00:25:30,029 --> 00:25:31,905 - [Chirag] So, now that internet became accessible 534 00:25:31,905 --> 00:25:33,490 to homes across the country, 535 00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:35,951 owning and using a computer became a lot more functional. 536 00:25:35,951 --> 00:25:37,494 You could pay your bills online, 537 00:25:37,494 --> 00:25:38,662 you could message with friends, 538 00:25:38,662 --> 00:25:40,664 you can send and receive emails. 539 00:25:40,664 --> 00:25:43,333 Now the everyday person saw the value 540 00:25:43,333 --> 00:25:45,461 of owning one of these devices. 541 00:25:45,461 --> 00:25:47,254 - [Narrator] With the rise of the internet 542 00:25:47,254 --> 00:25:48,922 and the desktop computer, 543 00:25:51,467 --> 00:25:54,678 Apple's new CEO, John Sculley, begins looking 544 00:25:54,678 --> 00:25:58,682 even farther forward seeking the computer technologies 545 00:25:58,682 --> 00:26:00,267 of the future. 546 00:26:00,267 --> 00:26:02,895 - [Adam] Sculley puts out a company-wide call saying, 547 00:26:02,895 --> 00:26:05,606 I want every idea you have. 548 00:26:05,606 --> 00:26:08,317 - [David] There were all these Skunk Works projects at Apple 549 00:26:08,317 --> 00:26:10,736 and companies around California 550 00:26:10,736 --> 00:26:13,739 to develop something even more portable than a laptop. 551 00:26:15,199 --> 00:26:17,910 - [Narrator] Companies like IBM and Toshiba 552 00:26:17,910 --> 00:26:20,704 have begun releasing the first laptops. 553 00:26:20,704 --> 00:26:22,915 - [Jason] At the time, the average price of a laptop was 554 00:26:22,915 --> 00:26:26,043 what? In today's money is like $16,000 555 00:26:26,043 --> 00:26:28,670 to get your, quote, unquote, "portable computer." 556 00:26:28,670 --> 00:26:30,672 That portable computer wasn't that portable, 557 00:26:30,672 --> 00:26:31,632 wasn't that convenient, 558 00:26:31,632 --> 00:26:33,175 and it certainly wasn't light. 559 00:26:33,175 --> 00:26:37,179 You were hauling that thing around like an appliance. 560 00:26:37,179 --> 00:26:38,597 - [Narrator] But a few visionaries 561 00:26:38,722 --> 00:26:42,476 are looking beyond the laptop for what comes next. 562 00:26:42,476 --> 00:26:45,312 [intriguing music] 563 00:26:46,980 --> 00:26:49,316 - Do you have a minute? I wanna show you something. 564 00:26:49,316 --> 00:26:50,567 - Come in. Come in. 565 00:26:54,988 --> 00:26:56,657 What exactly am I looking at? 566 00:26:56,657 --> 00:26:58,575 - [Adam] What this division was working on 567 00:26:58,575 --> 00:27:01,745 was a pen-based computer tablet. 568 00:27:01,745 --> 00:27:04,540 - [David] It could create appointments and have your 569 00:27:04,540 --> 00:27:08,252 address book. It would be able to transfer information between 570 00:27:08,252 --> 00:27:10,754 devices. This is way before wifi or Bluetooth. 571 00:27:10,754 --> 00:27:12,339 We are calling it the Newton. 572 00:27:13,924 --> 00:27:15,592 - [Adam] They wanna call the tablet the Newton 573 00:27:15,592 --> 00:27:18,303 after Isaac Newton under the apple tree 574 00:27:18,303 --> 00:27:20,139 in Apple's first logo. 575 00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:24,309 - It recognizes handwriting for the most part, 576 00:27:24,309 --> 00:27:26,019 you just have to write in cursive. 577 00:27:27,354 --> 00:27:31,024 - [Dr. George] They wanted to allow you to use a stylus 578 00:27:31,024 --> 00:27:33,068 to write longhand 579 00:27:33,068 --> 00:27:35,904 and that gives the computer the ability to recognize 580 00:27:35,904 --> 00:27:39,032 that handwriting and turn it into text. 581 00:27:39,032 --> 00:27:41,743 [tense music] 582 00:27:43,662 --> 00:27:47,124 - [Narrator] In 1993, Apple releases the Newton 583 00:27:47,124 --> 00:27:48,500 to the public. 584 00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:49,918 - This is a really cutting edge product 585 00:27:49,918 --> 00:27:52,963 'cause it combines computing, personal organization, 586 00:27:52,963 --> 00:27:54,172 and messaging. 587 00:27:54,172 --> 00:27:55,424 So this is really in a class of its own 588 00:27:55,424 --> 00:27:57,759 and Apple decides to give its own category. 589 00:27:57,759 --> 00:28:00,178 PDA, personal digital assistant. 590 00:28:01,263 --> 00:28:03,473 - [David] So a lot of people were very excited 591 00:28:03,473 --> 00:28:04,725 until they bought one. 592 00:28:05,767 --> 00:28:07,060 - [Kimberly] It's got all kinds of glitches. 593 00:28:07,060 --> 00:28:08,353 It keeps crashing. 594 00:28:08,353 --> 00:28:10,939 It doesn't communicate with other Newton devices 595 00:28:10,939 --> 00:28:12,357 like it's supposed to. 596 00:28:12,357 --> 00:28:14,735 - [Narrator] And while the world's first PDA 597 00:28:14,735 --> 00:28:17,446 is far more portable than a laptop, 598 00:28:17,446 --> 00:28:18,739 It's still bulky. 599 00:28:18,739 --> 00:28:20,365 - [Dr. George] It was clunky enough 600 00:28:20,365 --> 00:28:22,451 that it certainly didn't go into my pocket. 601 00:28:22,451 --> 00:28:25,162 It was another item to carry around in the briefcase. 602 00:28:25,162 --> 00:28:26,872 - [Bill] If you have to write pick up dry cleaning. 603 00:28:26,872 --> 00:28:28,457 It took about a minute and a half 604 00:28:28,457 --> 00:28:30,375 to type that and it kept making mistakes. 605 00:28:30,375 --> 00:28:33,170 Just use a freaking pencil and piece of paper. 606 00:28:33,170 --> 00:28:35,547 - [Kimberly] It was made fun of on the Simpsons. 607 00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:37,382 - Take a memo on your Newton. 608 00:28:37,382 --> 00:28:38,258 Beat up Martin 609 00:28:42,638 --> 00:28:43,513 Ba! 610 00:28:43,513 --> 00:28:44,723 - [Adam] Doo! 611 00:28:44,723 --> 00:28:47,601 The Newton fails spectacularly. 612 00:28:48,727 --> 00:28:50,687 - [Narrator] But where the Newton has failed, 613 00:28:50,687 --> 00:28:53,815 another unexpected brand is about to drive 614 00:28:53,815 --> 00:28:55,817 the handheld computer forward. 615 00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:00,864 - [Narrator] A mere three miles 616 00:29:01,156 --> 00:29:02,950 north of Apple's headquarters, 617 00:29:02,950 --> 00:29:06,662 someone else has been developing a PDA of his own 618 00:29:06,662 --> 00:29:08,664 at his small upstart company. 619 00:29:08,664 --> 00:29:10,791 - [David] Jeff Hawkins is a brain scientist. 620 00:29:10,791 --> 00:29:13,210 He's fascinated by neurobiology. 621 00:29:13,210 --> 00:29:15,671 And as a grad student, I got involved 622 00:29:15,671 --> 00:29:17,673 with handwriting recognition software. 623 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:21,802 - [Adam] Hawkins is shaken to his very core 624 00:29:21,802 --> 00:29:24,721 by the abysmal failure of the Newton, 625 00:29:24,721 --> 00:29:28,600 and he's terrified that his device will follow suit. 626 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:30,769 - [Narrator] But there's a key difference between the Newton 627 00:29:30,769 --> 00:29:33,855 and the PDA Hawkins is developing. 628 00:29:33,855 --> 00:29:36,650 - So Hawkins believes that one metric for success, 629 00:29:36,650 --> 00:29:37,943 that's absolutely crucial 630 00:29:37,943 --> 00:29:41,321 for his new PDA device is its size. 631 00:29:41,321 --> 00:29:43,323 He thinks it needs to fit into your pocket 632 00:29:43,323 --> 00:29:46,034 or easily right in the palm of your hand. 633 00:29:46,034 --> 00:29:49,162 So he names the company Palm Computing. 634 00:29:49,162 --> 00:29:51,123 [tense music] 635 00:29:51,123 --> 00:29:53,959 - He decides he's gonna create a prototype 636 00:29:53,959 --> 00:29:55,669 and it's a block of wood. 637 00:29:55,669 --> 00:29:58,130 - [Adam] He cuts a bit of wood planking 638 00:29:58,130 --> 00:30:02,217 to the exact size he wants the device to be, 639 00:30:02,217 --> 00:30:05,721 and he files down a chopstick for the stylus. 640 00:30:06,722 --> 00:30:08,181 - [Kimberly] And he was tapping on it. 641 00:30:08,181 --> 00:30:11,226 He was pretending to make calendar appointments in it. 642 00:30:11,226 --> 00:30:14,229 He's pretending to write notes to sort of get a feel 643 00:30:14,229 --> 00:30:16,690 for how someone might actually 644 00:30:16,690 --> 00:30:19,443 use the technology in their day-to-day life. 645 00:30:19,443 --> 00:30:21,945 - [Adam] People start calling it Pinocchio, 646 00:30:21,945 --> 00:30:24,656 the PDA who wanted to be a real boy. 647 00:30:24,656 --> 00:30:27,242 - [Narrator] Hawkins decides that one particularly 648 00:30:27,242 --> 00:30:28,952 buggy feature of the Newton 649 00:30:28,952 --> 00:30:32,998 that his device will not have is messaging. 650 00:30:32,998 --> 00:30:37,502 - [Paul] The Newton was ambitious, but it tried to do 651 00:30:37,502 --> 00:30:40,047 too much given the technology of the day. 652 00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:44,051 Hawkins realized that people needed to have a to-do list. 653 00:30:44,051 --> 00:30:47,054 They needed a calendar, they needed an address book, 654 00:30:47,054 --> 00:30:49,097 and they needed a notepad. 655 00:30:49,097 --> 00:30:51,099 [tense music] 656 00:30:51,099 --> 00:30:54,728 - [Adam] In 1996, Pinocchio comes to life 657 00:30:54,728 --> 00:30:57,731 and they released the PalmPilot 1000. 658 00:30:58,648 --> 00:31:00,442 - The PalmPilot is priced at $300 659 00:31:00,442 --> 00:31:03,153 compared to $700 for the Newton. 660 00:31:03,153 --> 00:31:04,654 - [Narrator] In less than two years, 661 00:31:04,654 --> 00:31:07,616 Palm sells 1 million PalmPilots. 662 00:31:08,450 --> 00:31:11,078 [tense music] 663 00:31:12,996 --> 00:31:15,624 In response, Apple brings back the man 664 00:31:15,624 --> 00:31:19,211 behind most of their technological successes to date. 665 00:31:19,211 --> 00:31:20,879 Steve Jobs. 666 00:31:20,879 --> 00:31:23,632 - [Steven] When Jobs returned to Apple as the prodigal son, 667 00:31:23,632 --> 00:31:27,219 he had learned a lot in his years away from Apple. 668 00:31:27,219 --> 00:31:32,307 And very quickly he came to build a plan to rebuild Apple. 669 00:31:33,308 --> 00:31:36,353 - [Adam] One would think that Steve Jobs 670 00:31:36,353 --> 00:31:40,816 would relish the opportunity to get into PDAs. 671 00:31:40,816 --> 00:31:43,193 - Many people have been asking me 672 00:31:43,193 --> 00:31:46,279 how we are going to improve on or save the Newton, 673 00:31:47,405 --> 00:31:48,824 and the answer is simple. 674 00:31:52,410 --> 00:31:53,703 By leaving it behind. 675 00:31:54,704 --> 00:31:56,289 - [David] So he killed the Newton. 676 00:31:56,289 --> 00:31:59,042 - [Steven] He felt that the way to revive Apple 677 00:31:59,042 --> 00:32:01,419 was to say no to things that weren't essential 678 00:32:01,419 --> 00:32:03,797 and build out the company from there. 679 00:32:03,797 --> 00:32:07,968 - [Kimberly] Jobs figured let everybody else focus on PDAs. 680 00:32:07,968 --> 00:32:11,138 He didn't really care to get into that market. 681 00:32:11,138 --> 00:32:14,182 - We are going to focus on bringing Macintosh 682 00:32:14,182 --> 00:32:17,060 into the future, and we are going to remind people 683 00:32:17,060 --> 00:32:19,729 that there is no computer like an Apple. 684 00:32:22,357 --> 00:32:26,361 - [Steven] By 1997, we've got Netscape, you've got Amazon, 685 00:32:26,361 --> 00:32:28,113 you've got Yahoo. 686 00:32:28,113 --> 00:32:29,865 eBay's coming up around that time. 687 00:32:29,865 --> 00:32:32,325 There's all these big companies building 688 00:32:32,325 --> 00:32:35,162 on the worldwide web and the internet. 689 00:32:35,162 --> 00:32:38,165 And Steve sees that as an opportunity 690 00:32:38,165 --> 00:32:43,295 to rebrand Apple's computers around the internet. 691 00:32:43,545 --> 00:32:45,130 - [Narrator] But he also wants to continue 692 00:32:45,130 --> 00:32:46,756 his lifelong drive 693 00:32:46,756 --> 00:32:50,010 to make a more aesthetically pleasing computer. 694 00:32:50,010 --> 00:32:52,762 - [Adam] Computers were kind of all about function 695 00:32:52,762 --> 00:32:55,056 and nothing to do with aesthetics, 696 00:32:55,056 --> 00:32:59,394 and they were basically sort of putty-colored beige boxes 697 00:32:59,394 --> 00:33:02,564 and Jobs very accurately reasoned, 698 00:33:02,564 --> 00:33:05,901 "Look, we know the computer works. 699 00:33:05,901 --> 00:33:07,527 We have function. 700 00:33:07,527 --> 00:33:09,905 Let's work on form." 701 00:33:09,905 --> 00:33:13,575 - It's sleek, it's playful, it's futuristic, 702 00:33:14,826 --> 00:33:15,911 but we need to do something different 703 00:33:15,911 --> 00:33:17,787 than beige for the color. 704 00:33:17,787 --> 00:33:20,665 [dramatic music] 705 00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:23,627 I've been thinking about 706 00:33:25,921 --> 00:33:26,838 this one. 707 00:33:26,838 --> 00:33:29,299 [dramatic music] 708 00:33:29,299 --> 00:33:31,468 If you don't like it, it's okay. 709 00:33:31,468 --> 00:33:33,803 [dramatic music] 710 00:33:33,803 --> 00:33:34,721 - I love it. 711 00:33:37,766 --> 00:33:41,269 - [Narrator] Their new creation will be called the iMac. 712 00:33:41,269 --> 00:33:43,772 - [Adam] The idea of creating a computer 713 00:33:43,772 --> 00:33:45,857 that was as beautiful on the outside 714 00:33:45,857 --> 00:33:48,777 as it was effective on the inside, 715 00:33:48,777 --> 00:33:50,695 that's groundbreaking, baby. 716 00:33:50,695 --> 00:33:54,950 - [Narrator] Apple releases the iMac in 1999. 717 00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:57,702 - [David] It was designed from the beginning for the internet, 718 00:33:57,702 --> 00:33:59,788 thus the I in iMac. 719 00:33:59,788 --> 00:34:02,624 You could plug it in, connect a phone line, 720 00:34:02,624 --> 00:34:04,501 and off you go to the worldwide web. 721 00:34:05,669 --> 00:34:08,295 - [Adam] I vividly remember the release of the iMac. 722 00:34:08,295 --> 00:34:11,299 I didn't know computers could look cool and fun 723 00:34:11,299 --> 00:34:12,634 and approachable, 724 00:34:12,634 --> 00:34:16,012 and instead of hard edges, things were rounded 725 00:34:16,012 --> 00:34:20,850 and it looked somewhat like a futuristic item 726 00:34:20,850 --> 00:34:23,353 that you might see in a sci-fi movie. 727 00:34:23,353 --> 00:34:25,313 - [Paul] It had a all-in-one design. 728 00:34:25,313 --> 00:34:29,317 The monitor, processor, and keyboard were all integrated. 729 00:34:29,317 --> 00:34:31,945 It was cool and it was fashionable 730 00:34:31,945 --> 00:34:33,487 and people loved it. 731 00:34:33,487 --> 00:34:35,949 - [Narrator] On the back of the iMac's success, 732 00:34:35,949 --> 00:34:37,367 for the first time, 733 00:34:37,367 --> 00:34:40,578 the majority of Americans own a computer. 734 00:34:40,578 --> 00:34:42,205 - [David] After jobs came back to Apple, 735 00:34:42,205 --> 00:34:44,833 everybody wanted to know, has he still got it? 736 00:34:44,833 --> 00:34:46,458 And it turns out, yeah. 737 00:34:46,458 --> 00:34:49,670 The iMac became the bestselling computer in America. 738 00:34:50,922 --> 00:34:53,300 - [Narrator] As internet usage surges, 739 00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:57,721 Hawkins worries his PalmPilot will soon seem outdated. 740 00:34:57,721 --> 00:35:00,557 - The PalmPilot was a success, 741 00:35:00,557 --> 00:35:03,560 but it still lacked internet access. 742 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,187 - [Narrator] And Hawkins wants his next device 743 00:35:06,187 --> 00:35:08,648 to bring Palm back to the cutting edge. 744 00:35:08,648 --> 00:35:10,400 - Hawkins is confident that the future 745 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:14,863 of handheld technology will rely on wireless connectivity. 746 00:35:14,863 --> 00:35:16,948 But wireless internet didn't exist. 747 00:35:17,991 --> 00:35:18,950 [cellphone ringing] 748 00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:20,368 - Oh. 749 00:35:20,368 --> 00:35:22,329 - [Narrator] But consumers are growing dependent 750 00:35:22,329 --> 00:35:25,790 on always being connected through another device. 751 00:35:25,790 --> 00:35:28,251 [cellphone ringing] 752 00:35:28,251 --> 00:35:29,377 - Hello? 753 00:35:29,377 --> 00:35:31,880 [tense music] 754 00:35:35,050 --> 00:35:36,718 - [Natalia] This is when he realizes 755 00:35:36,718 --> 00:35:39,554 millions of people are already carrying around a device 756 00:35:39,554 --> 00:35:41,681 with a built-in wireless connection. 757 00:35:41,681 --> 00:35:43,224 - It's right in front of us. 758 00:35:43,224 --> 00:35:46,519 [tense dramatic music] 759 00:35:46,519 --> 00:35:47,604 - Their cell phones. 760 00:35:48,938 --> 00:35:51,149 - [Andrew] So Hawkins has this revelation, 761 00:35:51,149 --> 00:35:53,193 - [Bill] An idea that's about to change the world. 762 00:35:53,193 --> 00:35:54,736 - We need to put them together. 763 00:35:54,736 --> 00:35:56,071 [tense music] 764 00:35:56,071 --> 00:35:57,280 One device can do it all. 765 00:35:58,782 --> 00:36:01,201 - [Narrator] By merging the PDA and the mobile phone, 766 00:36:01,201 --> 00:36:05,121 Hawkins will lay the foundation for a handheld computer, 767 00:36:05,121 --> 00:36:08,124 a device that will be used by nearly 5 billion people 768 00:36:08,124 --> 00:36:11,378 around the globe and generate annual revenues 769 00:36:11,378 --> 00:36:13,421 of half a trillion dollars. 770 00:36:19,928 --> 00:36:22,305 - [Narrator] In 2001, Palm introduces the world 771 00:36:22,305 --> 00:36:26,851 to their PDA cellphone hybrid known as the Treo, 772 00:36:27,644 --> 00:36:29,187 which allows users to purchase 773 00:36:29,187 --> 00:36:33,191 and download applications from various developers. 774 00:36:33,191 --> 00:36:35,110 - [Andrew] So a lot of people consider the Palm Treo 775 00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:36,528 to be the first true smartphone 776 00:36:36,528 --> 00:36:37,862 because it's got a lot of features 777 00:36:37,862 --> 00:36:39,698 that are groundbreaking at the time. 778 00:36:39,698 --> 00:36:41,157 But those that we consider hallmarks 779 00:36:41,157 --> 00:36:42,826 of the smartphone today, 780 00:36:42,826 --> 00:36:45,412 - You can make a phone call, you can send a text message, 781 00:36:45,412 --> 00:36:47,205 and you can get email on this thing. 782 00:36:47,205 --> 00:36:51,418 And the Palm Treo actually lets you download apps, 783 00:36:51,418 --> 00:36:54,546 basically transforming this device into anything unique. 784 00:36:54,546 --> 00:36:57,549 It is revolutionary at the time. 785 00:36:57,549 --> 00:37:00,343 - [Narrator] The Treo remains the leading smartphone 786 00:37:00,343 --> 00:37:03,680 until 2004 when a device from Canada 787 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:05,515 takes the world by storm. 788 00:37:05,515 --> 00:37:07,350 - [Kimberly] The Blackberry had a keyboard 789 00:37:07,350 --> 00:37:09,310 so you could type very quickly 790 00:37:09,310 --> 00:37:12,188 and that made it much more efficient. 791 00:37:12,188 --> 00:37:13,815 - [Bill] The Blackberry was revolutionary 792 00:37:13,815 --> 00:37:16,109 because you could literally get your email 793 00:37:16,109 --> 00:37:18,111 anywhere anytime in real time, 794 00:37:18,111 --> 00:37:19,362 and no one else was able to do that. 795 00:37:19,362 --> 00:37:20,488 You'd have to plug in 796 00:37:20,488 --> 00:37:22,407 your computer to download your emails. 797 00:37:22,407 --> 00:37:24,075 - [Adam] So, having lived through it, 798 00:37:24,075 --> 00:37:26,244 I can tell you without question, 799 00:37:26,244 --> 00:37:28,955 Blackberry was the dominant business machine. 800 00:37:30,749 --> 00:37:32,459 [tense music] 801 00:37:32,459 --> 00:37:34,919 - [Narrator] With the rise of the Treo and the Blackberry, 802 00:37:34,919 --> 00:37:36,963 Jobs is forced more than ever 803 00:37:36,963 --> 00:37:39,466 to consider the smartphone market. 804 00:37:39,466 --> 00:37:43,678 - [Adam] Steve Jobs was reluctant to enter the 805 00:37:43,678 --> 00:37:45,555 smartphone race. Then he sees the success of Blackberry, 806 00:37:45,555 --> 00:37:49,517 the rise of the Treo, the rise of the capabilities 807 00:37:49,517 --> 00:37:51,436 of the smartphone as a whole. 808 00:37:51,436 --> 00:37:53,104 And with smartphones progressively 809 00:37:53,104 --> 00:37:55,231 being able to do more and more, 810 00:37:55,231 --> 00:37:57,066 Jobs is afraid that they are going 811 00:37:57,066 --> 00:37:59,903 to start competing with the other device 812 00:37:59,903 --> 00:38:03,448 that is in every American's pocket, the iPod. 813 00:38:03,448 --> 00:38:05,450 - [Narrator] Released in 2001, 814 00:38:05,450 --> 00:38:09,662 the iPod has subsequently become Apple's bestselling product 815 00:38:09,662 --> 00:38:12,916 and all without wireless connectivity. 816 00:38:12,916 --> 00:38:17,670 - [Adam] The iPod accounted for 40% of Apple's revenue. 817 00:38:17,670 --> 00:38:22,050 And if other devices start offering music, 818 00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,261 they can destroy everything that Jobs has built. 819 00:38:25,261 --> 00:38:28,681 [tense music] 820 00:38:28,681 --> 00:38:32,936 - [Dr. George] Jobs may have been pushed into the smartphone 821 00:38:32,936 --> 00:38:37,482 experience by a defensive thought process, how to protect 822 00:38:37,482 --> 00:38:40,276 the iPod. But, you know, he's a genius and a design genius. 823 00:38:40,276 --> 00:38:41,236 - Let me see it. 824 00:38:43,363 --> 00:38:45,198 - [David] So, the two obvious approaches 825 00:38:45,198 --> 00:38:47,575 to interacting with your smartphone 826 00:38:47,575 --> 00:38:50,370 are with a little plastic stylus like the Treo had 827 00:38:50,370 --> 00:38:52,413 or with a little tiny thumb keyboard 828 00:38:52,413 --> 00:38:53,581 like the Blackberry head. 829 00:38:53,581 --> 00:38:55,083 They're both problematic. 830 00:38:55,083 --> 00:38:57,669 The keyboard eats up half the space 831 00:38:57,669 --> 00:38:58,962 that you could have had per screen. 832 00:38:58,962 --> 00:39:02,090 And the stylus, oh, Jobs just hated the stylus. 833 00:39:02,090 --> 00:39:06,094 Styluses and keyboards are clunky extra junk. 834 00:39:06,094 --> 00:39:08,763 [tense music] 835 00:39:10,014 --> 00:39:11,683 - What if there was no keyboard? 836 00:39:13,226 --> 00:39:17,647 What if you could actually touch your music? 837 00:39:17,647 --> 00:39:19,274 - [Dr. George] Jobs wanted to allow the user 838 00:39:19,274 --> 00:39:22,360 to interact in a more intuitive way. 839 00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:24,696 - [David] What Jobs saw was the possibilities 840 00:39:24,696 --> 00:39:28,032 of having the entire screen be your phone. 841 00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:29,993 No keyboard, no stylus. 842 00:39:29,993 --> 00:39:31,995 It's just your finger. 843 00:39:31,995 --> 00:39:33,246 Radical idea. 844 00:39:34,581 --> 00:39:36,624 - [Narrator] But the current touchscreen technology 845 00:39:36,624 --> 00:39:38,209 is limited. 846 00:39:38,209 --> 00:39:40,712 - [Paul] Variations of touchscreen technology 847 00:39:40,712 --> 00:39:42,964 were used in airports and ATMs, 848 00:39:42,964 --> 00:39:46,593 but it was not really suitable for a phone. 849 00:39:46,593 --> 00:39:48,970 - [April] Steve Jobs, he doesn't know if it's actually gonna 850 00:39:48,970 --> 00:39:50,388 work, if people are gonna adapt to it. 851 00:39:50,388 --> 00:39:52,682 People don't like change, they're resistant to it. 852 00:39:52,682 --> 00:39:56,728 So it's a big gamble for Apple to go to the touchscreen. 853 00:39:56,728 --> 00:39:58,146 - [Narrator] There's also the problem 854 00:39:58,146 --> 00:40:01,357 of getting the touchscreen technology to work. 855 00:40:01,357 --> 00:40:03,943 [tense music] 856 00:40:09,532 --> 00:40:11,409 - Excuse me. - Hey. 857 00:40:11,409 --> 00:40:14,245 - That thing you just did, can you do that again? 858 00:40:14,245 --> 00:40:16,873 You just zoomed in with your fingers. 859 00:40:18,499 --> 00:40:22,378 -[David] Apple had an employee who used attached to her Mac, 860 00:40:22,378 --> 00:40:24,631 a little third party touch pad 861 00:40:24,631 --> 00:40:26,007 made by a company called FingerWorks. 862 00:40:26,007 --> 00:40:28,217 It was designed for people with disabilities, 863 00:40:28,217 --> 00:40:31,971 let her operate her Mac with gestures on this little pad, 864 00:40:31,971 --> 00:40:33,932 swiping and pinching and zooming 865 00:40:33,932 --> 00:40:36,684 and touching with multiple fingers at once. 866 00:40:36,684 --> 00:40:37,852 - Can I try that? 867 00:40:37,852 --> 00:40:39,312 - [Narrator] The FingerWorks Track Pad 868 00:40:39,312 --> 00:40:42,148 is a substitute for a keyboard or a mouse. 869 00:40:42,148 --> 00:40:43,983 - [Dr. George] You weren't having to poke and punch 870 00:40:43,983 --> 00:40:46,319 and by just touching 871 00:40:46,319 --> 00:40:49,822 that allowed for a much more subtle set of gestures. 872 00:40:49,822 --> 00:40:51,658 [bright music] 873 00:40:51,658 --> 00:40:53,701 - [Narrator] It also allows for the implementation 874 00:40:53,701 --> 00:40:55,870 of a feature Apple once used 875 00:40:55,870 --> 00:40:58,790 to bring the computer into modern era, 876 00:40:58,790 --> 00:41:01,709 a graphical user interface. 877 00:41:01,709 --> 00:41:03,670 - [Bill] Jony Ive presents Steve Jobs with the idea 878 00:41:03,670 --> 00:41:06,172 of using this track pad on their device 879 00:41:06,172 --> 00:41:08,424 and Steve Jobs loves it. 880 00:41:10,551 --> 00:41:12,136 [tense music] 881 00:41:12,136 --> 00:41:14,013 - [Narrator] After half a year building anticipation, 882 00:41:14,013 --> 00:41:19,060 on June 29th, 2007, Apple releases the iPhone. 883 00:41:20,353 --> 00:41:22,647 - [April] Everyone's on their like Treo or Blackberry 884 00:41:22,647 --> 00:41:25,191 thinking they're the coolest thing ever, 885 00:41:25,191 --> 00:41:28,194 and all of a sudden the iPhone comes out. 886 00:41:28,194 --> 00:41:30,613 - [Bill] The first time I saw an iPhone, I could not believe it. 887 00:41:30,613 --> 00:41:31,864 It was shocking. 888 00:41:31,864 --> 00:41:33,116 What a technological leap forward it was. 889 00:41:33,116 --> 00:41:35,785 A smartphone with a touchscreen. 890 00:41:35,785 --> 00:41:37,328 It taught everybody how to use 891 00:41:37,328 --> 00:41:39,080 rolling and swiping with your finger. 892 00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:41,708 - [Paul] It had all the features that you might expect 893 00:41:41,708 --> 00:41:43,209 to find in a computer. 894 00:41:43,209 --> 00:41:45,712 - It was so technologically advanced 895 00:41:45,712 --> 00:41:48,089 that it just didn't seem like technology anymore. 896 00:41:49,799 --> 00:41:51,384 - [Narrator] The journey of the computer 897 00:41:51,384 --> 00:41:54,012 from the first mainframe to the iPhone 898 00:41:54,012 --> 00:41:57,306 is a tale of unprecedented technological advancement 899 00:41:57,306 --> 00:42:00,018 that happened in just over 50 years 900 00:42:00,018 --> 00:42:03,688 and one that continues to this day. 901 00:42:03,688 --> 00:42:07,316 - [Justin] Sometimes there are innovations that are singular, 902 00:42:07,316 --> 00:42:09,193 but if one person doesn't come up with them, 903 00:42:09,193 --> 00:42:10,820 maybe they get left behind. 904 00:42:11,863 --> 00:42:14,741 - [Bill] These advances were revolutionary. 905 00:42:14,741 --> 00:42:17,035 It's incredible the vision that they had 906 00:42:17,035 --> 00:42:18,327 and it's made life easier