1
00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000
Downloaded from
YTS.MX

2
00:00:02,367 --> 00:00:05,333
- [Narrator] The
20th of July, 1944.

3
00:00:05,333 --> 00:00:06,833
The Wolfsschanze,

4
00:00:07,967 --> 00:00:10,467
Germany's headquarters
on the eastern front.

5
00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000
Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

6
00:00:12,133 --> 00:00:14,633
Nestled away in the
deep forests of Poland,

7
00:00:14,633 --> 00:00:17,100
Adolf Hitler is drawing up plans

8
00:00:17,100 --> 00:00:20,100
that he believes could
secure his victory in Europe.

9
00:00:22,033 --> 00:00:23,467
The führer strategies

10
00:00:23,467 --> 00:00:26,200
are interrupted by
a knock at the door.

11
00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:28,500
Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg,

12
00:00:28,500 --> 00:00:31,133
Hitler's trusted chief
of staff walks in

13
00:00:31,133 --> 00:00:32,500
holding a briefcase.

14
00:00:34,567 --> 00:00:37,767
But Stauffenberg is not
here to talk battle plans,

15
00:00:39,067 --> 00:00:41,567
he's here to kill Hitler.

16
00:00:45,967 --> 00:00:48,667
(crowd cheering)

17
00:00:49,767 --> 00:00:53,400
(speaking foreign language)

18
00:01:02,133 --> 00:01:04,933
(crowd chanting)

19
00:01:07,500 --> 00:01:10,867
- There were lots of
plots to kill Hitler,

20
00:01:10,867 --> 00:01:12,667
and he survived so many

21
00:01:12,667 --> 00:01:15,100
that it made Hitler feel
that he really did have

22
00:01:15,100 --> 00:01:17,533
this kind of divine
providence behind him

23
00:01:17,533 --> 00:01:19,367
that made him survive.

24
00:01:19,367 --> 00:01:23,100
(speaking foreign language)

25
00:01:25,233 --> 00:01:28,400
(crowd cheering)

26
00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:30,067
The most celebrated
plot against him

27
00:01:30,067 --> 00:01:34,100
was the July bomb
plot of July, 1944,

28
00:01:34,100 --> 00:01:37,700
in which you've got this kind
of cadre of senior officers

29
00:01:37,700 --> 00:01:39,100
all over the Third Reich

30
00:01:39,100 --> 00:01:43,033
who have been meeting in
secret for many years actually.

31
00:01:44,733 --> 00:01:47,633
- On the 20th of July, 1944,

32
00:01:47,633 --> 00:01:49,133
Claus von Stauffenberg

33
00:01:49,133 --> 00:01:52,967
made a serious attempt
on the Führer's life

34
00:01:52,967 --> 00:01:56,133
by bringing a bomb into the
briefing room where Hitler was,

35
00:01:56,133 --> 00:01:57,433
placing it under his desk

36
00:01:57,433 --> 00:02:00,733
and hoping that it
would kill Hitler.

37
00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:09,667
(explosion booming)

38
00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:17,967
- [Narrator] Adolf Hitler,

39
00:02:17,967 --> 00:02:21,300
the most notorious dictator
of the 20th century.

40
00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,233
Outraged by the
Treaty of Versailles

41
00:02:32,233 --> 00:02:35,433
and Germany's humiliation
in the first World War,

42
00:02:35,433 --> 00:02:36,767
Hitler fiercely campaigned

43
00:02:36,767 --> 00:02:39,467
to rescue the
Fatherland from ruin.

44
00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:44,600
- The mood in Germany at
the end of World War I

45
00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:49,667
was that of a humiliated and
defeated people and nation.

46
00:02:50,833 --> 00:02:53,467
This fight had been
going on for four years.

47
00:02:53,467 --> 00:02:57,500
Millions of people had died
and no one had got anything,

48
00:02:57,500 --> 00:02:59,267
or no one had got anywhere.

49
00:03:01,433 --> 00:03:04,467
It was a mood of revolution,

50
00:03:04,467 --> 00:03:08,933
a mood of deep dissatisfaction,
a mood of instability,

51
00:03:08,933 --> 00:03:12,967
and it felt like the country
was on the brink of collapse.

52
00:03:12,967 --> 00:03:15,567
- [Narrator] His
mesmerizing public speeches

53
00:03:15,567 --> 00:03:17,733
called for a new
order in Germany,

54
00:03:17,733 --> 00:03:20,667
one which would cast off the
weakened incompetent structure

55
00:03:20,667 --> 00:03:22,667
of the Democratic regime,

56
00:03:22,667 --> 00:03:26,200
and instead install a
supreme national leader.

57
00:03:30,700 --> 00:03:32,967
Citizens from all
corners of the country

58
00:03:32,967 --> 00:03:36,267
fell for the relentless
promotion of his ideology,

59
00:03:36,267 --> 00:03:40,833
and Hitler successfully recast
himself as Germany's savior.

60
00:03:40,833 --> 00:03:45,900
- What Hitler is absolutely
amazing at is speechmaking.

61
00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:48,400
And to begin to
understand Hitler,

62
00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:50,667
you've really gotta understand

63
00:03:50,667 --> 00:03:54,867
that he was the most
amazing demagogue.

64
00:03:54,867 --> 00:03:58,033
Hitler's speeches
are really vitriolic,

65
00:03:58,033 --> 00:03:59,400
but they're very effective,

66
00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:01,667
and they attract
regular audiences,

67
00:04:01,667 --> 00:04:05,033
and he's really good at
using populist themes.

68
00:04:05,033 --> 00:04:09,067
And labels scapegoats
for losing the war.

69
00:04:09,067 --> 00:04:11,133
You name it, Jews, communists,

70
00:04:11,133 --> 00:04:13,033
you know, whoever Hitler hates,

71
00:04:13,033 --> 00:04:15,367
that given moment,
he'll lay into them.

72
00:04:15,367 --> 00:04:17,300
Listeners are listening
and watching this,

73
00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:18,800
and they're thinking, yes,

74
00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:20,933
these are the reasons for
our economic hardships.

75
00:04:20,933 --> 00:04:24,833
And Hitler's also got this
huge personal magnetism,

76
00:04:24,833 --> 00:04:27,567
and he's got this
instinctive understanding

77
00:04:27,567 --> 00:04:29,333
of the psychology of crowds.

78
00:04:29,333 --> 00:04:30,867
And of course,

79
00:04:30,867 --> 00:04:32,367
you know, like any really
brilliant public speaker,

80
00:04:32,367 --> 00:04:34,433
he's going to use
that to his advantage.

81
00:04:34,433 --> 00:04:36,567
It's like a conductor
with an orchestra.

82
00:04:38,733 --> 00:04:42,467
(speaking foreign language)

83
00:04:47,733 --> 00:04:49,533
- [Narrator] Like many
dictators before him,

84
00:04:49,533 --> 00:04:52,167
he became insistent on
protecting his godlike image

85
00:04:52,167 --> 00:04:54,867
and divine right to power.

86
00:04:54,867 --> 00:04:56,333
The Führer kept himself away

87
00:04:56,333 --> 00:05:00,067
from the more violent and
brutal aspects of the regime.

88
00:05:00,067 --> 00:05:02,600
He promoted
anti-Jewish propaganda,

89
00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,000
but refused to
bloody his own hands,

90
00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,100
relying instead on
his loyal circle

91
00:05:07,100 --> 00:05:09,000
to rid Germany of
its enemies me.

92
00:05:10,567 --> 00:05:13,367
(crowd chanting)

93
00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,667
- So the issue of
how Hitler managed

94
00:05:17,667 --> 00:05:19,700
to keep his popular image clean

95
00:05:19,700 --> 00:05:22,633
while the final
solution was underway

96
00:05:22,633 --> 00:05:25,733
is obviously a very interesting

97
00:05:25,733 --> 00:05:27,600
and a very difficult question.

98
00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,500
But I suppose the essence
of it is two things.

99
00:05:30,500 --> 00:05:32,033
First of all, that
those mass shootings

100
00:05:32,033 --> 00:05:37,067
that were taking place in the
USSR were not on German soil.

101
00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:40,700
And of course, the second part,
the most important part too,

102
00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:44,133
that the death camps, all of
those were on Polish soil.

103
00:05:44,133 --> 00:05:46,600
So they were out of the
immediate frame of sight

104
00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:49,267
or reference of the Germans.

105
00:05:49,267 --> 00:05:52,233
So again, in some way, they
were happening elsewhere

106
00:05:52,233 --> 00:05:54,967
and not really in their
immediate field of vision.

107
00:05:59,700 --> 00:06:02,533
- Hitler is always
mindful of public opinion.

108
00:06:02,533 --> 00:06:06,200
I think that it's
always important to
remember that Hitler,

109
00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:08,167
you know, does
always worry about

110
00:06:08,167 --> 00:06:09,800
what the German people
think about him.

111
00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,233
He doesn't just sort of seize
power in 33 and then not care.

112
00:06:14,233 --> 00:06:16,900
You know, he wants to be
liked, he wants to be popular.

113
00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:18,733
He's a political
leader after all.

114
00:06:18,733 --> 00:06:20,867
And all political leaders,

115
00:06:20,867 --> 00:06:24,300
democratic, or fascist or
otherwise, want to be liked.

116
00:06:30,833 --> 00:06:32,433
- [Narrator] However,
Hitler and the Nazis

117
00:06:32,433 --> 00:06:34,833
were not entirely immune
to the consequences

118
00:06:34,833 --> 00:06:36,567
of their dark agenda.

119
00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:39,667
Feelings of
disillusionment and disgust

120
00:06:39,667 --> 00:06:42,033
built up amongst
certain individuals.

121
00:06:42,033 --> 00:06:44,100
And by 1944,

122
00:06:44,100 --> 00:06:46,800
Hitler faced the biggest
threat to his life yet.

123
00:06:51,233 --> 00:06:52,500
Out of Hitler's Nazi regime,

124
00:06:52,500 --> 00:06:55,033
spilled not only a
drive to preserve

125
00:06:55,033 --> 00:06:58,067
the country's economy
and global status,

126
00:06:58,067 --> 00:07:02,233
Nazism also meant
the annihilation of
Germany's enemies.

127
00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:08,233
And in 1935, the creation
of the Nuremberg Laws

128
00:07:08,233 --> 00:07:12,200
set its sites firmly on the
most hated group in Germany,

129
00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:13,267
the Jews.

130
00:07:14,367 --> 00:07:15,600
- So we know that
from as early as

131
00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:17,067
Hitler's writings
in "Mein Kampf,"

132
00:07:17,067 --> 00:07:21,100
that he was personally
antisemitic.

133
00:07:21,100 --> 00:07:22,767
So we see his
personal antisemitism

134
00:07:22,767 --> 00:07:25,267
translated into state policy.

135
00:07:26,633 --> 00:07:29,567
There were many different
measures, legal measures

136
00:07:29,567 --> 00:07:33,300
taken against the Jews, and
also illegal measures as well.

137
00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:34,733
So very early on,

138
00:07:34,733 --> 00:07:37,567
there was a boycott of
Jewish shops and businesses.

139
00:07:37,567 --> 00:07:41,533
Very early on too, there
was a civil service law,

140
00:07:41,533 --> 00:07:44,100
which essentially threw
out Jewish civil servants

141
00:07:44,100 --> 00:07:45,733
from their positions.

142
00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:48,367
The Nuremberg Laws

143
00:07:48,367 --> 00:07:51,367
really put into place
some legal parameters

144
00:07:51,367 --> 00:07:54,667
for how the situation would
be with Germany's Jews.

145
00:07:54,667 --> 00:07:57,367
But what they did
really was to turn

146
00:07:57,367 --> 00:07:59,433
Germany's Jews into
second class citizens,

147
00:07:59,433 --> 00:08:03,233
really to take away their
equal citizenship rights.

148
00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:05,733
And also to forbid marriage
or sexual relations

149
00:08:05,733 --> 00:08:08,200
between Jews and Aryans.

150
00:08:09,567 --> 00:08:12,133
- [Narrator] Many citizens
bought into the ideology

151
00:08:12,133 --> 00:08:15,867
that the very presence of Jews
threatened the German people.

152
00:08:17,500 --> 00:08:19,300
Ordinary people everywhere

153
00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:22,200
began practicing
antisemitic views

154
00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,767
and encouraging the idea that
Jews were an inferior race,

155
00:08:25,767 --> 00:08:28,833
separate to the
superior Aryan Germans.

156
00:08:30,767 --> 00:08:34,500
(speaking foreign language)

157
00:08:58,967 --> 00:09:01,033
Before long, such
poisonous rhetoric

158
00:09:01,033 --> 00:09:03,033
turned into violent action.

159
00:09:03,033 --> 00:09:06,033
And on the 9th of
November, 1938,

160
00:09:06,033 --> 00:09:09,100
the Nazi regime coordinated
a wave of attacks

161
00:09:09,100 --> 00:09:10,867
across the country.

162
00:09:13,433 --> 00:09:15,900
- You suddenly get this
thing called Kristallnacht,

163
00:09:15,900 --> 00:09:18,800
the Night of Broken
Glass in 1938,

164
00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:23,700
where the Nazis just
literally set fire

165
00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:25,800
to synagogues everywhere.

166
00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:29,033
The world really
noticed Kristallnacht,

167
00:09:29,033 --> 00:09:31,167
you know, this
absolutely horrific

168
00:09:31,167 --> 00:09:34,333
destruction, slaughter, violence

169
00:09:34,333 --> 00:09:37,967
carried out by the state
against its own people.

170
00:09:37,967 --> 00:09:41,033
It showed the world
what Hitler was.

171
00:09:41,033 --> 00:09:43,800
He was effectively a
gangster and a murderer.

172
00:09:47,467 --> 00:09:49,033
- [Narrator] The violence
was supposed to look

173
00:09:49,033 --> 00:09:52,767
like an unplanned outburst of
popular anger against Jews.

174
00:09:53,767 --> 00:09:55,133
But in reality,

175
00:09:55,133 --> 00:09:59,300
Kristallnacht state-sponsored
vandalism and arson.

176
00:09:59,300 --> 00:10:01,733
Nazi leaders actively
coordinated it

177
00:10:01,733 --> 00:10:04,533
with Adolf Hitler's support.

178
00:10:04,533 --> 00:10:06,500
- There's no doubt
about the centrality

179
00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:08,367
of antisemitism to
Hitler's worldview.

180
00:10:08,367 --> 00:10:10,967
There's absolutely
no doubt about that.

181
00:10:10,967 --> 00:10:12,333
But what he seemed
to be trying to do

182
00:10:12,333 --> 00:10:13,733
was sort of stay in the shadow

183
00:10:13,733 --> 00:10:15,633
so that when we get
a pogrom like this,

184
00:10:15,633 --> 00:10:18,233
that the public, the German
public and the population

185
00:10:18,233 --> 00:10:19,733
were quite affronted by it.

186
00:10:19,733 --> 00:10:22,433
Maybe not because they
particularly supported the Jews,

187
00:10:22,433 --> 00:10:25,800
but because it was a kind of
a sort of flagrant violation

188
00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:28,367
of law and order and sort of

189
00:10:28,367 --> 00:10:31,567
a kind of very violent,
violent affair across the land.

190
00:10:31,567 --> 00:10:34,167
So, you know, it wasn't
popular in that respect.

191
00:10:34,167 --> 00:10:35,567
So there's that idea then

192
00:10:35,567 --> 00:10:37,600
that Hitler was sort of
staying in the shadows

193
00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,233
and not being
associated with that.

194
00:10:40,233 --> 00:10:42,033
I think he managed to
maintain his popularity

195
00:10:42,033 --> 00:10:43,567
during this time,

196
00:10:43,567 --> 00:10:45,967
first of all, because he
was staying in the shadows

197
00:10:45,967 --> 00:10:48,267
of more unpopular policies.

198
00:10:48,267 --> 00:10:49,567
And there was certainly
that sentiment

199
00:10:49,567 --> 00:10:51,800
among the German population

200
00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:54,467
because of this myth that
surrounded the führer,

201
00:10:54,467 --> 00:10:57,200
that well, if there were
unpleasant things going on

202
00:10:57,200 --> 00:10:58,900
or policies that
they didn't like,

203
00:10:58,900 --> 00:11:01,433
then somehow that Hitler
couldn't know about it,

204
00:11:01,433 --> 00:11:03,500
that he wasn't
associated with it,

205
00:11:03,500 --> 00:11:05,733
that it had to be one
of the other leaders.

206
00:11:13,333 --> 00:11:15,800
- [Narrator] Universal
approval of the violent pogroms

207
00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:18,767
was not a reality for Hitler.

208
00:11:18,767 --> 00:11:21,933
In fact, opposition lurked
in unexpected places

209
00:11:21,933 --> 00:11:25,000
and arose from
unexpected individuals.

210
00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,167
Major general
Henning von Tresckow

211
00:11:27,167 --> 00:11:29,733
absolutely despised
the Nuremberg Laws

212
00:11:29,733 --> 00:11:32,500
and the violent
Kristallnacht attacks.

213
00:11:34,367 --> 00:11:36,400
From as early as the 1930s,

214
00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:39,200
the Nazi officer had been
plotting Hitler's overthrow

215
00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,400
and gathering a trusted
circle of people

216
00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:42,933
to assassinate the Führer.

217
00:11:44,367 --> 00:11:47,533
Tresckow's disgust towards
extreme antisemitism,

218
00:11:47,533 --> 00:11:50,500
consequently spurred him on
to become a key architect

219
00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:52,367
of Operation Valkyrie.

220
00:11:56,467 --> 00:11:59,200
- Meanwhile, at the graveyard
attached to the institution,

221
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:01,333
bodies are exhumed for autopsy.

222
00:12:01,333 --> 00:12:03,600
20,000 are buried here,

223
00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:05,800
15,000 who died in
a lethal gas chamber

224
00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:08,867
were cremated and
their ashes in turd.

225
00:12:08,867 --> 00:12:11,200
Death books found hidden
in the wine cellar

226
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,167
of the Hadamar institution
revealed part of the story

227
00:12:14,167 --> 00:12:15,633
of the mass killings.

228
00:12:15,633 --> 00:12:18,633
The bulky volumes contained
thousands of death certificates.

229
00:12:18,633 --> 00:12:21,400
Profession unknown,
nationality unknown

230
00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:23,433
was written after each name.

231
00:12:24,567 --> 00:12:26,400
- [Narrator] Feelings of
disenchantment, however,

232
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,833
did not halt with Hitler's
anti-Jewish policies.

233
00:12:29,833 --> 00:12:34,100
In 1939, one of the darkest
programs of the Nazi regime

234
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:35,667
came into existence.

235
00:12:36,533 --> 00:12:38,867
Aktion T4.

236
00:12:41,533 --> 00:12:45,133
- Where Hitler's popularity
starts to take a real dent

237
00:12:45,133 --> 00:12:47,500
is his association,

238
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:51,033
or the Nazi association with
what is called the T4 program.

239
00:12:51,033 --> 00:12:52,567
Now, the T4 program

240
00:12:52,567 --> 00:12:54,967
is named after the address in
which it was headquartered,

241
00:12:54,967 --> 00:12:57,567
Tiergartenstraße 4 in Berlin.

242
00:12:57,567 --> 00:13:00,800
And it really was the
most repellent form

243
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,567
of kind of Nazi quote
unquote "medicine"

244
00:13:03,567 --> 00:13:05,033
that you could imagine.

245
00:13:06,167 --> 00:13:07,567
Because it was this idea

246
00:13:07,567 --> 00:13:10,600
that you have to treat
a people as a body.

247
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,800
But what if you've got part
of your body as a population

248
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:15,933
that is considered to be weak,

249
00:13:15,933 --> 00:13:18,133
i.e. sort of
cancerous or deformed,

250
00:13:18,133 --> 00:13:21,100
or has hereditary illnesses?

251
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:22,567
Well, why don't you just
chop them off as well?

252
00:13:22,567 --> 00:13:25,067
Because if you can
get rid of them,

253
00:13:25,067 --> 00:13:27,367
i.e. people with
congenital problems,

254
00:13:27,367 --> 00:13:31,333
you are gonna stop those
bad genes being passed on.

255
00:13:31,333 --> 00:13:34,733
And that's essentially
what the T4 program is.

256
00:13:34,733 --> 00:13:39,533
It is basically chopping
people out of life.

257
00:13:39,533 --> 00:13:41,000
You're killing them.

258
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,800
You're killing
children with epilepsy.

259
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:47,400
You're killing people who've
got mild spinal deformities.

260
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,533
You're killing people
who've even got stutters

261
00:13:50,533 --> 00:13:53,467
because you are saying
they're genetically weak

262
00:13:53,467 --> 00:13:55,000
and we don't want them,

263
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:57,133
if we're gonna make this
strong, blonde Aryan race

264
00:13:57,133 --> 00:13:59,833
full of perfect super humans.

265
00:13:59,833 --> 00:14:02,833
It's kind of pseudo
medicine, it's pseudoscience.

266
00:14:05,767 --> 00:14:08,267
- [Narrator] The unlawful
system of mass murder,

267
00:14:08,267 --> 00:14:10,500
outraged many German citizens,

268
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:12,867
particularly Protestants
and Catholics,

269
00:14:12,867 --> 00:14:16,900
who led protests against
the exterminations.

270
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,733
Relatives of patients
everywhere frantically panicked

271
00:14:19,733 --> 00:14:21,767
with many, withdrawing
their relatives

272
00:14:21,767 --> 00:14:24,733
from asylums to care
for them at home.

273
00:14:24,733 --> 00:14:26,867
In some places, doctors
and psychiatrists

274
00:14:26,867 --> 00:14:28,800
also cooperated with families

275
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,000
to have patients
discharged or transferred

276
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,233
to private clinics
beyond the reach of T4

277
00:14:39,733 --> 00:14:42,167
Führer Chancellery
Director Phillip Bouhler

278
00:14:42,167 --> 00:14:45,700
and physician Karl Brandt
led the killing operation.

279
00:14:47,067 --> 00:14:49,900
Under their leadership,
T4 operatives established

280
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:52,900
six gassing
installations for adults

281
00:14:52,900 --> 00:14:54,933
as part of the
euthanasia action.

282
00:14:57,333 --> 00:15:00,400
For every person killed, a
death certificate was prepared,

283
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:03,133
giving a false, but
plausible cause of death

284
00:15:03,133 --> 00:15:05,133
to hide the evil reality.

285
00:15:07,933 --> 00:15:11,233
Hitler publicly canceled
the program in 1941

286
00:15:11,233 --> 00:15:13,700
after outcry from
the German people.

287
00:15:14,767 --> 00:15:16,767
However, the killings
in fact, continued

288
00:15:16,767 --> 00:15:19,367
until the end of the war.

289
00:15:19,367 --> 00:15:23,067
By 1945, the Nazis
had callously murdered

290
00:15:23,067 --> 00:15:26,367
as many as 300,000
innocent people.

291
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,433
The T4 euthanasia program

292
00:15:34,433 --> 00:15:36,900
represented in many
ways a rehearsal

293
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:40,700
for Nazi Germany's subsequent
genocidal policies.

294
00:15:41,567 --> 00:15:43,533
Planners of the final solution

295
00:15:43,533 --> 00:15:45,900
later borrowed the
gas chamber method

296
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:48,333
to eradicate the Jewish
and Roma populations

297
00:15:48,333 --> 00:15:52,000
on a scale never
before seen in history.

298
00:16:23,467 --> 00:16:26,533
(explosion booming)

299
00:16:31,033 --> 00:16:33,600
(guns firing)

300
00:16:45,833 --> 00:16:48,900
(explosion booming)

301
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,567
Two years into the largest
conflict in history,

302
00:16:53,567 --> 00:16:56,833
Adolf Hitler devised
his riskiest move yet,

303
00:16:56,833 --> 00:16:59,000
Operation Barbarossa

304
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:04,500
Hitler despised Bolshevism
and Stalin's regime.

305
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:07,233
Intent on wiping out
the Soviet Union,

306
00:17:07,233 --> 00:17:10,633
he ordered Nazi troops to invade
Russian occupied territory

307
00:17:10,633 --> 00:17:12,767
on the 22nd of June, 1941.

308
00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:21,900
(speaking in foreign language)

309
00:17:24,067 --> 00:17:27,133
(explosion booming)

310
00:17:32,233 --> 00:17:35,600
(speaking in foreign language)

311
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:37,467
Hitler had assured
the high command

312
00:17:37,467 --> 00:17:40,633
that we have only to
kick in the front door,

313
00:17:40,633 --> 00:17:43,700
and the whole rotten edifice
will come tumbling down.

314
00:17:44,533 --> 00:17:46,900
But Russia was not France.

315
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,667
Despite the serious losses
inflicted on the Red Army

316
00:17:51,667 --> 00:17:53,900
and extensive territorial gains,

317
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:56,567
the mission to completely
destroy Soviet fighting power

318
00:17:56,567 --> 00:17:58,767
was not achieved.

319
00:17:58,767 --> 00:18:02,233
The Soviets were not
going to go down easily.

320
00:18:02,233 --> 00:18:04,233
- Had Hitler stopped

321
00:18:04,233 --> 00:18:06,100
after he'd successfully
conquered France

322
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:07,167
and the low countries,

323
00:18:07,167 --> 00:18:10,500
and not decided in June, 1941

324
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:12,067
that he was going to invade

325
00:18:12,067 --> 00:18:14,667
this really quite big
country called Russia,

326
00:18:14,667 --> 00:18:16,167
he may have stayed in power.

327
00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:24,100
But of course, what Stalin's got

328
00:18:24,100 --> 00:18:25,767
is a lot of room to fight him,

329
00:18:25,767 --> 00:18:28,967
because he can retreat and
retreat and retreat and retreat,

330
00:18:28,967 --> 00:18:33,267
and you've still got thousands
of miles of Russia behind you

331
00:18:33,267 --> 00:18:34,633
that you can fall back on.

332
00:18:36,133 --> 00:18:39,767
But also what Stalin does is
he's very good at regrouping

333
00:18:39,767 --> 00:18:41,767
and getting his
forces back together.

334
00:18:41,767 --> 00:18:45,900
Germans use a lot of
overdesigned tanks,

335
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:48,567
overdesigned uniforms,
overdesigned weapons.

336
00:18:48,567 --> 00:18:50,100
What the Russians
are good at doing is

337
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:52,967
just getting things together
in a kind of makeshift way.

338
00:18:52,967 --> 00:18:55,267
But that works.

339
00:18:55,267 --> 00:18:56,400
You know, everything
Russians have,

340
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,767
uniforms, tanks, weaponry,

341
00:18:58,767 --> 00:19:00,200
really simple,
really easy to use,

342
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,167
really easy to mass
produce very, very quickly.

343
00:19:03,167 --> 00:19:05,933
German kit takes
ages to produce.

344
00:19:05,933 --> 00:19:09,000
So this is another real problem
that's faced by the Germans.

345
00:19:10,933 --> 00:19:13,800
- [Narrator] 1942 would
be an even worse year

346
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,600
for Hitler's fight in the East.

347
00:19:18,533 --> 00:19:19,733
The Führer hoped to take

348
00:19:19,733 --> 00:19:22,967
the strategic city
of Stalingrad easily,

349
00:19:22,967 --> 00:19:26,500
but the well-armed Red Army
and the fierce Russian winter

350
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:29,667
made German soldiers'
lives absolute hell.

351
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:42,467
By mid-November,

352
00:19:42,467 --> 00:19:45,267
the Germans found themselves
outnumbered, outgunned,

353
00:19:45,267 --> 00:19:48,400
extremely low on food
and medical supplies,

354
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:50,600
and surrounded by Russians.

355
00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:54,000
But Hitler refused
to withdraw troops.

356
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,633
He placed prestige over
lives and commanded

357
00:19:57,633 --> 00:19:59,967
they hold their
positions to the last man

358
00:19:59,967 --> 00:20:01,733
and the last round.

359
00:20:02,767 --> 00:20:05,067
He also promised
additional provisions,

360
00:20:05,067 --> 00:20:07,700
provisions that never arrived.

361
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:11,433
- So when the tide of
the war turned in 1943

362
00:20:11,433 --> 00:20:13,100
with a battle of Stalingrad

363
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:15,233
and then the fortunes
went the other way,

364
00:20:15,233 --> 00:20:17,367
then that sort of question
of the infallibility

365
00:20:17,367 --> 00:20:21,033
of the Führer came to
be called into question.

366
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:26,333
So whilst by this
point after Stalingrad,

367
00:20:26,333 --> 00:20:29,067
the cult of the leader
was diminished somewhat,

368
00:20:29,067 --> 00:20:33,367
he'd created this myth
of the Soviet hordes

369
00:20:33,367 --> 00:20:36,700
and this great Soviet
enemy to such an extent

370
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:40,067
that out of fear and
out of desperation,

371
00:20:40,067 --> 00:20:43,600
both the army and the home front

372
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:48,400
really worked until the bitter
end before capitulation.

373
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:51,600
- [Narrator] Left
with little choice,

374
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,333
German general Friedrich Paulus
went against Hitler's orders

375
00:20:55,333 --> 00:20:57,867
and surrendered his
weakened troops to Russia

376
00:20:57,867 --> 00:21:00,367
on February the 2nd 1943,

377
00:21:00,367 --> 00:21:03,500
an act which Hitler
later called "treason."

378
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,567
The heavy defeat, punctured
the Führer's power in Europe,

379
00:21:07,567 --> 00:21:09,767
and a lurking feeling
of disenchantment

380
00:21:09,767 --> 00:21:12,200
spread throughout
the German army.

381
00:21:14,167 --> 00:21:16,800
Stalingrad soon became
a major catalyst

382
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,400
for conspirators
across the Third Reich

383
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:22,267
to join the plot to kill Hitler.

384
00:21:28,667 --> 00:21:31,767
Claus von Stauffenberg
was no exception.

385
00:21:33,467 --> 00:21:36,300
He had witnessed firsthand
the absolute catastrophe

386
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:37,833
on the eastern front

387
00:21:37,833 --> 00:21:41,267
and became convinced that
Hitler had to be removed.

388
00:21:48,333 --> 00:21:51,767
Stauffenberg was born into
an aristocratic family.

389
00:21:51,767 --> 00:21:53,200
Despite joining the Wehrmacht,

390
00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:54,867
he, like many elites,

391
00:21:54,867 --> 00:21:57,633
tended to view the
Nazis with this taste.

392
00:22:02,267 --> 00:22:04,767
However, it would not
just be a class issue

393
00:22:04,767 --> 00:22:06,033
that persuaded Stauffenberg

394
00:22:06,033 --> 00:22:08,600
to turn away from
his divine leader.

395
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:12,300
His time on the Eastern
front opened his eyes

396
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:15,233
to the mass murder
of Jews and Slavs.

397
00:22:16,333 --> 00:22:19,233
Outraged, the young
officer openly stated,

398
00:22:19,233 --> 00:22:21,700
"They are shooting
Jews in masses.

399
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,567
These crimes must not
be allowed to continue."

400
00:22:26,433 --> 00:22:28,000
- [Guy] As well as
places like Auschwitz,

401
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,167
which were relatively
easy to keep quite secret,

402
00:22:31,167 --> 00:22:33,700
what people also knew
about from troops

403
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:35,333
returning from the front,

404
00:22:35,333 --> 00:22:37,333
and especially from
the Eastern front,

405
00:22:37,333 --> 00:22:40,467
was the Einsatzgruppen,
the mobile killing squads

406
00:22:40,467 --> 00:22:43,033
that went behind
the German lines,

407
00:22:43,033 --> 00:22:44,367
killing anybody they regarded as

408
00:22:44,367 --> 00:22:46,833
being an enemy of
the Third Reich,

409
00:22:46,833 --> 00:22:49,533
such as Jews and
communists and so on.

410
00:22:49,533 --> 00:22:52,533
And the Einsatzgruppen
killed millions of people,

411
00:22:52,533 --> 00:22:55,700
and it was impossible
to keep that quiet.

412
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:58,633
- [Narrator] Stauffenberg became
so vocal in his criticism,

413
00:22:58,633 --> 00:23:02,433
his officers decided that he
should be posted to Tunisia,

414
00:23:02,433 --> 00:23:04,033
a move which would
end with Stauffenberg

415
00:23:04,033 --> 00:23:08,000
losing his left eye, his
right hand, and two fingers

416
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:11,067
in a surprise attack by
American fighter aircraft.

417
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,467
Stauffenberg's
life-changing injuries

418
00:23:17,467 --> 00:23:19,367
did not hinder his mission

419
00:23:19,367 --> 00:23:22,567
to rid Germany of its
ruthless dictator.

420
00:23:22,567 --> 00:23:25,600
Instead, his fate placed him
in an even better position

421
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:27,533
to implement the plot,

422
00:23:28,367 --> 00:23:30,200
right at the heart of Berlin.

423
00:23:38,433 --> 00:23:41,233
(dramatic music)

424
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:54,433
In September, 1943,

425
00:23:54,433 --> 00:23:56,633
Stauffenberg was posted
to the headquarters

426
00:23:56,633 --> 00:23:59,333
of the replacement army
on the Bendlerstrasse.

427
00:24:01,367 --> 00:24:04,700
Here he would be introduced
to two key conspirators,

428
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:07,167
Major General
Henning von Tresckow,

429
00:24:07,167 --> 00:24:09,600
and General Friedrich Olbricht.

430
00:24:11,067 --> 00:24:14,367
The tide of the war was now
turning against Germany.

431
00:24:14,367 --> 00:24:17,700
The trio had to move first
to implement the plot.

432
00:24:21,733 --> 00:24:25,267
- [Churchill] We shall
defend our island,

433
00:24:25,267 --> 00:24:27,700
whatever the cost may be.

434
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:32,233
We shall fight on
beaches, landing grounds,

435
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:37,100
in fields, in streets,
and on the hills.

436
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:39,300
We shall never surrender.

437
00:24:41,367 --> 00:24:44,433
(explosion booming)

438
00:24:49,133 --> 00:24:51,700
(guns firing)

439
00:24:56,733 --> 00:24:59,733
(explosion booming)

440
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,567
- [Narrator] Olbricht put
forward a new strategy

441
00:25:06,567 --> 00:25:08,867
for staging a coup
against Hitler.

442
00:25:08,867 --> 00:25:11,633
The replacement Army had
an operational plan called

443
00:25:11,633 --> 00:25:13,167
Operation Valkyrie

444
00:25:13,167 --> 00:25:16,433
to be used in the event of a
breakdown of law and order.

445
00:25:16,433 --> 00:25:19,467
Valkyrie was the perfect way
to mobilize the reserve army

446
00:25:19,467 --> 00:25:21,167
during the takeover.

447
00:25:23,967 --> 00:25:26,067
Tresckow and Stauffenberg
worked tirelessly

448
00:25:26,067 --> 00:25:27,700
to modify Valkyrie

449
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:30,567
and at the same time
remain undiscovered.

450
00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:36,067
The pair drafted plans
to occupy German cities,

451
00:25:36,067 --> 00:25:39,967
take control of Heinrich
Himmler's SS and Gestapo,

452
00:25:39,967 --> 00:25:42,733
and even arrest the
Nazi leadership.

453
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,300
The plotters finalized
every tiny detail,

454
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:49,967
even devising a whole
new government structure,

455
00:25:49,967 --> 00:25:51,700
following takeover.

456
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:57,200
General Ludwig Beck would
be placed as head of state,

457
00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,133
the long-term resistor Dr.
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler

458
00:26:00,133 --> 00:26:02,567
would become Germany's
new chancellor.

459
00:26:02,567 --> 00:26:06,767
Tresckow would take control of
all German security services,

460
00:26:06,767 --> 00:26:08,667
and either Olbricht
or Stauffenberg

461
00:26:08,667 --> 00:26:11,000
would serve as state secretary.

462
00:26:12,633 --> 00:26:16,967
The only question that remained
was how to kill Hitler.

463
00:26:20,467 --> 00:26:22,633
- There were lots of
plots to kill Hitler,

464
00:26:22,633 --> 00:26:25,500
and he survived so many

465
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:26,800
that it made Hitler feel

466
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:28,400
that he really did have this

467
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:30,133
kind of divine
providence behind him

468
00:26:30,133 --> 00:26:31,800
that made him survive.

469
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,567
But actually, the most
kind of celebrated plot

470
00:26:35,567 --> 00:26:39,867
against him was the July
Bomb Plot of July, 1944,

471
00:26:39,867 --> 00:26:42,433
in which you've got
this kind of cadre

472
00:26:42,433 --> 00:26:45,433
of senior officers all
over the Third Reich

473
00:26:45,433 --> 00:26:49,167
who've been meeting in secret
for many years actually,

474
00:26:49,167 --> 00:26:51,200
what they wanna do is
to get rid of Hitler.

475
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:54,733
And they don't want to get rid
of Hitler because he's evil,

476
00:26:54,733 --> 00:26:56,367
that may be part of it,

477
00:26:56,367 --> 00:26:57,633
they want to get rid of Hitler

478
00:26:57,633 --> 00:27:00,200
because they think he's
fighting the war badly,

479
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:01,833
and they just are
fed up with him.

480
00:27:01,833 --> 00:27:03,800
And indeed Hitler is
fighting the war badly

481
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,300
'cause he's a terrible,
terrible strategist.

482
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:10,433
- [Narrator] The conspirators
considered poisoning his food

483
00:27:10,433 --> 00:27:14,200
and even shooting the
Führer at a dinner party.

484
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:16,567
But by late 1943,

485
00:27:16,567 --> 00:27:19,533
Hitler had become increasingly
paranoid and suspicious,

486
00:27:19,533 --> 00:27:24,067
often abruptly changing
plans or tightening access.

487
00:27:24,067 --> 00:27:27,933
In the end, a time bomb
was the only option.

488
00:27:33,033 --> 00:27:34,533
At the time of planning,

489
00:27:34,533 --> 00:27:38,133
none of the conspirators had
direct access to Adolf Hitler.

490
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:44,167
However, in 1944, everything
changed for Stauffenberg.

491
00:27:45,733 --> 00:27:47,367
General Friedrich Fromm,

492
00:27:47,367 --> 00:27:49,067
the commander of the
replacement Army,

493
00:27:49,067 --> 00:27:52,700
appointed Stauffenberg
as his chief of staff.

494
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:55,833
Fromm was the only
officer other than Hitler

495
00:27:55,833 --> 00:27:59,033
who could initiate Operation
Valkyrie with his signature.

496
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:02,567
Aware of his subordinate's plan,

497
00:28:02,567 --> 00:28:04,200
he made a deal to remain quiet

498
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:06,567
on the condition that
he became a top official

499
00:28:06,567 --> 00:28:09,800
in the new government
after the mutiny.

500
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:11,700
The plan was coming into place,

501
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:13,733
and Stauffenberg was
now in a position

502
00:28:13,733 --> 00:28:16,767
where he could see Hitler
on a regular basis.

503
00:28:18,467 --> 00:28:19,700
Of all the conspirators,

504
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:23,367
he was the best placed
to become the assassin.

505
00:28:25,233 --> 00:28:27,967
(clock ticking)

506
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:39,067
Time was ticking.

507
00:28:39,067 --> 00:28:41,700
Certain defeat in
the war closed in,

508
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:43,833
and the coup needed
to take place soon

509
00:28:43,833 --> 00:28:46,667
to save Germany from
total destruction.

510
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,633
The Army had posted Tresckow
to the eastern front

511
00:28:51,633 --> 00:28:54,800
and the original assassin,
General Hellmuth Stieff

512
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:56,567
had backed down from the plan.

513
00:28:57,933 --> 00:29:01,333
Stauffenberg took total
control of the resistance,

514
00:29:01,333 --> 00:29:02,800
but in doing so,

515
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,367
he placed himself as both the
assassin and the commander

516
00:29:05,367 --> 00:29:07,833
of the Valkyrie
Operation in Berlin.

517
00:29:14,867 --> 00:29:18,467
Hidden away in the dark
shadows of the Masurian woods,

518
00:29:18,467 --> 00:29:20,233
Hitler was gathering
his most trusted offices

519
00:29:20,233 --> 00:29:23,633
for a military conference
at the Wolfsschanze.

520
00:29:24,900 --> 00:29:27,467
It was the 20th of July, 1944,

521
00:29:27,467 --> 00:29:29,133
and Stauffenberg found himself

522
00:29:29,133 --> 00:29:31,233
in the Eastern
front headquarters,

523
00:29:31,233 --> 00:29:34,467
alongside his aide,
Lieutenant Werner von Haeften.

524
00:29:35,667 --> 00:29:37,133
Briefcase in hand,

525
00:29:37,133 --> 00:29:40,233
the Colonel now had the perfect
opportunity to plant a bomb

526
00:29:40,233 --> 00:29:43,267
that could change the
course of history forever.

527
00:29:44,567 --> 00:29:47,100
- So on 20th of July, 1944,
everything's in place.

528
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:51,900
You've got people in Berlin
ready to take over the SS.

529
00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:56,967
You've got various army units
all over the Third Reich,

530
00:29:58,333 --> 00:30:00,267
ready to go, the drop of
the code word "Valkyrie,"

531
00:30:00,267 --> 00:30:03,133
which is gonna say that
Hitler's being killed.

532
00:30:03,133 --> 00:30:04,300
- [Narrator] However,

533
00:30:04,300 --> 00:30:07,367
the summer sun had
reared its brutal head.

534
00:30:07,367 --> 00:30:10,000
The atmosphere was
intense and uncomfortable.

535
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,300
And irritated by the heat,

536
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:14,467
Hitler moved the meeting
from the Führerbunker

537
00:30:14,467 --> 00:30:16,200
to a wooden hut.

538
00:30:20,067 --> 00:30:24,700
At 12:30pm, Stauffenberg excused
himself to a nearby room,

539
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:27,267
claiming he needed
to change his shirt.

540
00:30:27,267 --> 00:30:30,833
But in reality, the pair
began fussing the first bomb.

541
00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:34,267
A guard knocked at the door,

542
00:30:34,267 --> 00:30:36,233
urging the colonel to hurry.

543
00:30:36,233 --> 00:30:38,267
Haeften and
Stauffenberg panicked.

544
00:30:38,267 --> 00:30:39,800
The Führer was waiting

545
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,600
and no time remained to
fuse the second bomb,

546
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:45,700
one bomb would have to do.

547
00:30:47,133 --> 00:30:48,833
As the seconds slipped away,

548
00:30:48,833 --> 00:30:51,100
Stauffenberg swiftly
excused himself

549
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:53,533
under the pretext of
making a phone call.

550
00:30:54,933 --> 00:30:57,500
(bomb ticking)

551
00:30:58,567 --> 00:31:00,433
But unbeknownst to
the would-be assassin,

552
00:31:00,433 --> 00:31:03,300
Colonel Heinz Brandt
positioned next to Hitler,

553
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:05,833
inadvertently collided
with the briefcase,

554
00:31:05,833 --> 00:31:09,433
deftly nudging it
behind a table leg.

555
00:31:09,433 --> 00:31:13,267
The fate of Europe now
hung in the balance.

556
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:18,100
At 12:42pm, the bomb detonated.

557
00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:21,767
(explosion booming)

558
00:31:21,767 --> 00:31:24,900
Shock waves reverberated
through the Wolfsschanze.

559
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:27,433
Stauffenberg and
Haeften quickly escaped

560
00:31:27,433 --> 00:31:29,067
driving to a nearby airfield

561
00:31:29,067 --> 00:31:32,467
to return to Berlin
and finish the job.

562
00:31:38,067 --> 00:31:42,800
The hopes of resistance crumbled
as the aftermath unfolded.

563
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,733
Stauffenberg, Olbricht,
and Ludwig Beck

564
00:31:48,733 --> 00:31:51,433
rushed to commandeer
various government buildings

565
00:31:51,433 --> 00:31:54,700
and arrested general Fromm
for refusal to cooperate

566
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:57,700
until Hitler's death
had been confirmed.

567
00:31:57,700 --> 00:32:00,700
But soon came the news
they had been fearing.

568
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,467
Hitler was, in fact,
very much alive.

569
00:32:06,467 --> 00:32:10,100
- As it happened, the furniture
took most of the blast,

570
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:14,700
and Hitler got away with just
very superficial injuries.

571
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:17,767
And put into place
straight away,

572
00:32:17,767 --> 00:32:22,267
the capture, the arrest,
and then the execution

573
00:32:22,267 --> 00:32:25,900
of all of those who were
involved in that bomb plot.

574
00:32:25,900 --> 00:32:28,933
- [Narrator] Had the bomb found
its place to Hitler's left,

575
00:32:28,933 --> 00:32:31,767
had the meeting unfolded
in the Führerbunker,

576
00:32:31,767 --> 00:32:34,867
and had Stauffenberg
triggered both devices,

577
00:32:34,867 --> 00:32:38,100
the assassination success
would've seemed inevitable.

578
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:42,367
Yet fate intervened.

579
00:32:42,367 --> 00:32:45,200
Hitler emerged with
only limited injuries,

580
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,033
sheltered by a table leg

581
00:32:47,033 --> 00:32:49,667
that absorbed the
brunt of the blast.

582
00:32:49,667 --> 00:32:54,267
The plan had faltered,
the tables had turned.

583
00:32:54,267 --> 00:32:55,800
The dream of a
world without Hitler

584
00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:59,367
slipped through the grasp
of those who dared to defy.

585
00:33:04,867 --> 00:33:06,600
Furious and humiliated,

586
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,867
Hitler ordered commanding
officer Otto Ernst Remer

587
00:33:09,867 --> 00:33:13,967
to arrest the conspirators
and bring them to him alive.

588
00:33:13,967 --> 00:33:17,200
But a bitter general
Fromm had other ideas.

589
00:33:18,033 --> 00:33:19,633
To hide his involvement

590
00:33:19,633 --> 00:33:22,333
from ordered immediate
court martials,

591
00:33:22,333 --> 00:33:25,567
the conspirators now faced
swift and brutal reprisals

592
00:33:25,567 --> 00:33:29,833
for their bold attempt to
alter the course of history.

593
00:33:29,833 --> 00:33:34,067
Ludwig Beck asked for a
pistol and shot himself,

594
00:33:34,067 --> 00:33:37,600
the first of many suicide
attempts in the coming days.

595
00:33:39,967 --> 00:33:44,233
At 00:10 hours on the
21st of July, 1944,

596
00:33:44,233 --> 00:33:48,033
Colonel von Stauffenberg,
General Friedrich Olbricht,

597
00:33:48,033 --> 00:33:49,433
Lieutenant Werner von Haeften

598
00:33:49,433 --> 00:33:52,633
and another officer,
Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim

599
00:33:52,633 --> 00:33:56,367
were killed by firing squad
in the Bendlerblock courtyard.

600
00:33:59,733 --> 00:34:03,100
On the eastern front, Tresckow
learned of the plotters fate

601
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:05,100
and committed suicide.

602
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:08,633
Until the end, he remained
loyal to the cause.

603
00:34:09,933 --> 00:34:14,300
The plot to kill Hitler
was well and truly over.

604
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:19,800
The 20th of July, plot

605
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,167
serves as a testament
to the bravery of those

606
00:34:22,167 --> 00:34:25,367
who dared to stand
against a ruthless regime.

607
00:34:25,367 --> 00:34:28,667
Even in the face of almost
insurmountable odds.

608
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:33,300
If the plan had succeeded,

609
00:34:33,300 --> 00:34:36,367
it would've undoubtedly
shortened the war by many months

610
00:34:36,367 --> 00:34:39,000
and saved countless lives.

611
00:34:42,433 --> 00:34:45,200
However, Hitler's days
were still numbered,

612
00:34:45,200 --> 00:34:47,133
and he would face the
looming shadow of death

613
00:34:47,133 --> 00:34:49,400
sooner rather than later.

614
00:34:53,233 --> 00:34:55,767
The Russians move
steadily from the East

615
00:34:55,767 --> 00:34:58,233
whilst the western allies
crossed the Rhineland.

616
00:34:59,933 --> 00:35:04,133
By April, 1945, 3
million Soviet troops

617
00:35:04,133 --> 00:35:06,267
dealt brutal blows
to the last traces

618
00:35:06,267 --> 00:35:08,467
of the German resistance.

619
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:13,567
With the Russians at
the gates to Berlin,

620
00:35:13,567 --> 00:35:16,600
Adolf Hitler had nowhere to run.

621
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:18,767
- The first half
of 1945 is probably

622
00:35:18,767 --> 00:35:21,767
the darkest six months
in Germany's history

623
00:35:21,767 --> 00:35:24,267
because it being invaded by

624
00:35:24,267 --> 00:35:27,167
the Russians, the Red
Army from the East,

625
00:35:27,167 --> 00:35:29,400
and you've got the other allies

626
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:30,833
coming through from the west.

627
00:35:30,833 --> 00:35:33,567
And it's the Russians
who reach Berlin first,

628
00:35:33,567 --> 00:35:35,400
and when they reach Berlin,

629
00:35:36,533 --> 00:35:38,167
it's a city in rubble,
it's a city in flames,

630
00:35:38,167 --> 00:35:39,867
it's a city in chaos.

631
00:35:39,867 --> 00:35:41,467
It's a city in which

632
00:35:41,467 --> 00:35:43,833
squads of marauding loyal Nazis

633
00:35:43,833 --> 00:35:46,000
are going around hanging people

634
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:48,200
who are not taking part in
the resistance to the city.

635
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:49,400
It's a city in which

636
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,067
you then got some Nazis
committing suicide.

637
00:35:52,067 --> 00:35:56,367
It is the most benighted,
appalling place you can imagine.

638
00:35:56,367 --> 00:35:57,933
And you've got the Soviet army

639
00:35:57,933 --> 00:36:02,500
literally raping and
pillaging this city.

640
00:36:05,167 --> 00:36:07,333
- [Dr. Lisa] Towards the
end of the war, of course,

641
00:36:07,333 --> 00:36:10,133
Hitler was spending
more and more time

642
00:36:10,133 --> 00:36:12,867
in his mountain
retreat, The Berghof.

643
00:36:12,867 --> 00:36:15,900
And then people were
seeing less of him.

644
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,700
He was making less and
less public appearances.

645
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:22,133
And then eventually, in
the last months of the war,

646
00:36:22,133 --> 00:36:24,100
into the Führerbunker.

647
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:28,200
And this is when public
opinion of the Führer

648
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:29,933
starts to crumble.

649
00:36:29,933 --> 00:36:32,600
- [Guy] Hitler's last
days in the Führerbunker

650
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,900
under the Reich Chancellery
in center of Berlin,

651
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:40,967
are kind of terrible end
of a Shakespearean tragedy.

652
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:45,200
As the thunder Russian
artillery all around them

653
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,133
and they're deep,
deep inside this

654
00:36:47,133 --> 00:36:50,400
sort of concrete
underground fortress.

655
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:55,000
Everybody's sort of kind of
going mad and especially Hitler.

656
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,900
- [Narrator] On April the 30th,

657
00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:58,933
he committed suicide
in his bunker

658
00:37:00,967 --> 00:37:04,567
as the city at the heart of
his thousandth year Reich

659
00:37:04,567 --> 00:37:08,233
burned to the ground and
crumbled in ruins around him.

660
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:16,067
The war in Europe ended
forever on May the 7th, 1945,

661
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,100
and Hitler's rule
was finally over.

662
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:25,933
- [Dr. Lisa] The question
of how much the Germans knew

663
00:37:25,933 --> 00:37:28,233
about what had happened
to the Jewish population

664
00:37:28,233 --> 00:37:29,567
is very complex.

665
00:37:29,567 --> 00:37:31,233
So certainly they knew

666
00:37:31,233 --> 00:37:34,433
that their Jewish compatriots
were disappearing,

667
00:37:34,433 --> 00:37:36,067
being taken away.

668
00:37:36,067 --> 00:37:37,733
They were being taken
away they believed

669
00:37:37,733 --> 00:37:40,733
as indeed some of the Jewish
people themselves believed,

670
00:37:40,733 --> 00:37:45,467
they were taken away
to work in the East.

671
00:37:45,467 --> 00:37:47,067
- [Guy] During the
war, word leaked out

672
00:37:47,067 --> 00:37:49,600
from people who had
escaped some camps.

673
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:53,467
There were aerial pictures
taken of places like Auschwitz.

674
00:37:53,467 --> 00:37:55,867
So, you know, by the
middle of the war,

675
00:37:55,867 --> 00:37:59,067
the world at large
had a very good idea

676
00:37:59,067 --> 00:38:01,233
that this slaughter
was being carried out

677
00:38:01,233 --> 00:38:03,133
on an industrial scale.

678
00:38:03,133 --> 00:38:05,800
- [Dr. Lisa] Yes, some
rumors did circulate back

679
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:07,333
from soldiers on leave,

680
00:38:07,333 --> 00:38:12,233
and other information did
filter back to the Reich.

681
00:38:12,233 --> 00:38:16,367
But the German population was
busy with facing its own war,

682
00:38:16,367 --> 00:38:20,200
dealing on a day-to-day basis
with the course of the war,

683
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,267
allied bombings,
rationing, food shortages.

684
00:38:26,067 --> 00:38:28,067
There was a deliberate policy
on the part of the Nazis

685
00:38:28,067 --> 00:38:32,100
that this extermination
should take place,

686
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:35,533
not on German soil so these
death camps were all in Poland,

687
00:38:35,533 --> 00:38:38,100
so they were outta the
direct line of vision

688
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:40,367
of the German population.

689
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:45,800
- [Guy] When the Germans
fully appreciated

690
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,067
what had been done in
their name by the Nazis,

691
00:38:49,067 --> 00:38:51,267
it took a very long time
for that to sink in.

692
00:38:51,267 --> 00:38:52,867
If you look at public
opinion polls carried out

693
00:38:52,867 --> 00:38:54,700
in the 40s and the
50s in Germany,

694
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:58,333
there was still a lot of
residual affection for Nazism.

695
00:38:58,333 --> 00:38:59,867
It was felt that
this was something

696
00:38:59,867 --> 00:39:01,867
that had made
Germany great again.

697
00:39:01,867 --> 00:39:05,933
It was something that had
got things moving and done.

698
00:39:05,933 --> 00:39:07,833
Yes, there had been excesses,

699
00:39:07,833 --> 00:39:10,633
the small matter of
the Holocaust clearly.

700
00:39:10,633 --> 00:39:14,333
But people, some
people in Germany were
willing just to say,

701
00:39:14,333 --> 00:39:18,200
if we can divorce the kind
of genocide bit from Nazism,

702
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,300
you know, is Nazism so bad?

703
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:22,567
Minority of Germans were still

704
00:39:22,567 --> 00:39:26,400
affectionate towards
Nazism and towards Hitler.

705
00:39:35,167 --> 00:39:37,200
- [Narrator] The tyrannical
force of Nazi Germany

706
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:39,433
sent the world into chaos.

707
00:39:41,367 --> 00:39:44,800
An empire of hate,
violence, and discrimination

708
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:48,400
had spread across the
world like a virus.

709
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:50,467
- The atrocities
of the Nazi regime

710
00:39:50,467 --> 00:39:53,567
came to popular attention.

711
00:39:53,567 --> 00:39:55,467
Both the Western and
the Soviet forces

712
00:39:55,467 --> 00:39:58,767
came to liberate the Nazi camps,

713
00:39:58,767 --> 00:40:01,400
and they were absolutely
shocked and horrified

714
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:03,800
with what they found.

715
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:07,500
And once that became known
to the German people as well,

716
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:10,467
then they were again absolutely
horrified and appalled

717
00:40:10,467 --> 00:40:12,233
about what had been
carried out in their name

718
00:40:12,233 --> 00:40:14,433
by the Hitler dictatorship.

719
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,633
- [Narrator] Hitler's rule
left a mark on history,

720
00:40:18,633 --> 00:40:22,467
a reminder that this behavior
should never be tolerated

721
00:40:22,467 --> 00:40:23,700
and the world should not dismiss

722
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:26,167
such brutal atrocities again.

723
00:40:27,567 --> 00:40:29,000
- Certainly there
are a lot of reasons

724
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:30,933
why you might have voted
for Hitler in the 30s,

725
00:40:30,933 --> 00:40:34,667
not all of which
involved you being evil.

726
00:40:34,667 --> 00:40:36,567
But certainly if you
are a fan of Hitler

727
00:40:36,567 --> 00:40:38,233
after the war still,

728
00:40:38,233 --> 00:40:40,367
and after all the revelations
that have come out,

729
00:40:40,367 --> 00:40:43,600
then I would say you
definitely are evil.

730
00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:46,300
(crowd cheering)

731
00:40:47,933 --> 00:40:50,100
- [Narrator] Today the
Valkyrie conspirators

732
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:52,200
are memorialized as heroes,

733
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:54,867
even inscribed into the
very geography of Germany

734
00:40:54,867 --> 00:40:56,967
through street names.

735
00:40:56,967 --> 00:40:59,333
A reminder that in
times of darkness,

736
00:40:59,333 --> 00:41:02,633
there will always be those
brave enough to fight evil

737
00:41:02,633 --> 00:41:04,367
even from the inside.

738
00:41:08,233 --> 00:41:09,467
- German guns.

739
00:41:10,333 --> 00:41:12,233
German bombs.

740
00:41:12,233 --> 00:41:15,967
(speaking foreign language)

741
00:41:30,367 --> 00:41:33,167
(dramatic music)

742
00:41:43,233 --> 00:41:46,800
(dramatic music continues)

743
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,700
(dramatic music continues)

744
00:42:10,033 --> 00:42:12,500
(soft music)

745
00:42:21,833 --> 00:42:25,167
(soft music continues)