1
00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000
Downloaded from
YTS.MX
2
00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:09,480
[tense, mysterious music playing]
3
00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000
Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
4
00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:27,920
[wind whistling, rustling]
5
00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:37,360
[Sir Patrick Stewart] Long ago,
the plains of East Africa
6
00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,440
were home to our distant ancestors.
7
00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:44,960
[tense music continues]
8
00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:51,080
[Stewart] For reasons lost to time,
some of these ancestors
9
00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:55,280
decided to leave and headed north
10
00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:59,080
to become the Neanderthals.
11
00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:06,960
Over time their numbers grew.
12
00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:15,200
Their territories stretching from Russia
to the Atlantic Coast.
13
00:01:21,160 --> 00:01:25,480
{\an8}Small clans roaming
across this vast wilderness.
14
00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:36,040
Surviving against the odds
for over 300,000 years
15
00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:38,200
until, suddenly,
16
00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:40,480
they disappeared.
17
00:01:45,320 --> 00:01:49,200
{\an8}Only in a few places,
have their remains survived,
18
00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:52,120
and one of the most significant
19
00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:54,960
is found in the Middle East,
20
00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:58,040
an archaeological treasure trove
21
00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:01,080
{\an8}hidden deep in the mountains of Kurdistan,
22
00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:03,960
{\an8}Shanidar Cave.
23
00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:11,080
[man in Kurdish] The Shanidar Cave
24
00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:16,800
is regarded as one
of the most revered caves in the world
25
00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:20,840
during the time of the Neanderthals
and Homo Sapiens.
26
00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:27,640
In a place where life
has been ever present,
27
00:02:27,640 --> 00:02:30,640
we might find answers to questions.
28
00:02:31,640 --> 00:02:34,240
Questions that are still mysterious.
29
00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:39,800
[Stewart] Who were the Neanderthals?
30
00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:44,600
What made them so successful for so long?
31
00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:50,240
And why, ultimately, did they disappear?
32
00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:57,800
[music fades]
33
00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:22,680
[woman] The Shanidar Cave's
in the foothills of the Bradost Mountains,
34
00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:26,240
but to call them foothills
doesn't conjure up the right image.
35
00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:32,680
It feels mountainous.
It's quite jagged and precipitous.
36
00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:39,640
Shanidar Cave makes an impression
just because of its size and its scale.
37
00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:46,480
You have to approach from below,
and it's incredibly impressive.
38
00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:51,800
It's very large.
39
00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:55,400
It has a very wide mouth,
so it's very light.
40
00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:01,000
You have the swifts
kind of flying in overhead,
41
00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:04,240
and eagles circling above,
and wolves howling at night.
42
00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:06,760
It's an amazing place.
43
00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:08,200
[birds chirping]
44
00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:13,800
{\an8}And to actually be the person
who's excavating that as well
45
00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:16,200
{\an8}is extremely extraordinary.
46
00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:21,160
[Stewart] Emma is part of a team
of British archaeologists
47
00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:25,680
invited by their Kurdish colleagues
to continue work in the cave.
48
00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:32,400
[Emma] Shanidar Cave is hugely iconic
in the history of Neanderthal studies,
49
00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:37,200
and played
a really pivotal role in us rethinking
50
00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:39,320
what we assumed Neanderthals did,
51
00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:42,000
and what they were like,
and what they were capable of.
52
00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:47,840
The aim of the new project is to use
53
00:04:47,840 --> 00:04:51,760
the whole range of archaeological science
now available to us,
54
00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:55,240
to shed new light on Neanderthal behavior.
55
00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:02,080
[Stewart] The trench
has not been excavated since the 1960s.
56
00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:03,960
And since that time,
57
00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:10,120
the way we think about our closest
human relatives has shifted considerably.
58
00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:14,720
We still use the word
Neanderthal to describe somebody
59
00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:16,560
that's kind of oafish, whatever.
60
00:05:16,560 --> 00:05:19,800
It's still used as a term of abuse
in common parlance,
61
00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:21,680
"He's a real Neanderthal."
62
00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:27,160
Archaeologically, they are more
and more similar to Homo Sapiens,
63
00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:32,640
{\an8}and much of that rethinking owes
its origins to the work
64
00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:36,080
{\an8}that Ralph Solecki did here
in Shanidar Cave.
65
00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:38,440
[evocative music playing]
66
00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:46,320
{\an8}Ralph Solecki was born in 1917.
67
00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:48,800
He died a few years ago at a great age.
68
00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:51,200
He was incredibly tough.
69
00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:56,160
He stood on a land mine
in the Second World War,
70
00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:58,240
and, miraculously, survived.
71
00:06:00,840 --> 00:06:04,160
He was clearly a very remarkable man.
72
00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,080
It's not clear to me precisely
how he heard of Shanidar,
73
00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:17,120
{\an8}but he came here, and he worked here
for five seasons between 1951 and 1960.
74
00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:24,880
He laid out a trench
75
00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:28,720
that went north-south
covering most of the floor of the cave.
76
00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:32,880
[evocative music playing]
77
00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,160
[Graeme] Why the site became so well-known
78
00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:42,960
is he found ten Neanderthal men,
women, and children.
79
00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:46,200
[upbeat electric guitar music playing]
80
00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:54,960
[music peaks, fades]
81
00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:00,800
[Barzani in Kurdish] At that time,
82
00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:03,760
we were young.
83
00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:09,640
I was approximately...
84
00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:12,880
seventeen, eighteen years old.
85
00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:18,800
The doctor taught us.
86
00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,320
Many stones came out of the cave,
large stones.
87
00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:26,480
They used explosives.
88
00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:31,400
[explosions]
89
00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:39,560
They found the Neanderthal skeletons.
It was a big deal.
90
00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,760
Their ribs and bones were thick.
91
00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:49,760
Their head was very large.
92
00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:54,000
Their hands,
93
00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:57,760
everything about them was striking.
94
00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:03,000
[Stewart] This was Solecki's
first major discovery.
95
00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:06,320
He labelled it Shanidar 1.
96
00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:11,320
A skeleton from a species
very different to our own.
97
00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:13,400
[pensive music playing]
98
00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:19,000
[Graeme] They've got
rather more robust features.
99
00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,920
Big brow ridges
and a rather differently shaped skull,
100
00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:23,680
and we have this very rounded skull.
101
00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:25,240
They're stocky.
102
00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:30,280
We assume
they must have some kind of language.
103
00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:33,960
The more we know about them,
104
00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:37,000
the more it's clear
that they were much more complicated
105
00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:40,000
than we thought 40, 50 years ago.
106
00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:47,360
[man in Kurdish] We call it
the tree of life.
107
00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:49,960
Each human and each animal
108
00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:54,080
becomes a branch on that tree of life.
109
00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:03,800
We are one of the branches,
and the Neanderthals were another.
110
00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:08,640
Somewhere along the line, we separated.
111
00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:10,480
[birds chirping]
112
00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:12,880
I truly feel
113
00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,960
that I am sitting on my cousin's remains.
114
00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:23,200
[clanking]
115
00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:24,720
[scraping]
116
00:09:24,720 --> 00:09:27,520
[Emma] At the moment,
we are about 4.5 meters
117
00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:29,160
from the surface of the cave.
118
00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:32,600
So this is about 45,000 years ago.
119
00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:35,840
This is the level at which we have
120
00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:38,680
the burial or deposition of Shanidar 1.
121
00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:40,760
[tense, dramatic music playing]
122
00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:54,080
[Emma] He'd had an injury
to the right side of his head.
123
00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:00,600
But also to the left eye,
124
00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:03,240
which might well have left him
blind in that eye,
125
00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:06,120
and might be linked
to some of his other injuries.
126
00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:11,960
[music continues]
127
00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,520
[Emma] He was also paralyzed
down his right arm,
128
00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:29,480
and had both broken
his right arm in more than one place,
129
00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:30,680
but also, it seems,
130
00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:34,560
that either had the lower part
intentionally or accidentally removed,
131
00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:38,120
so, basically, had no right arm
from just above the elbow.
132
00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:45,040
There were also other injuries.
He had quite severe arthritis in his knee.
133
00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:52,240
Fractures to bones in his foot.
134
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,520
So perhaps in terms of, say, hunting,
135
00:10:57,520 --> 00:11:00,880
he might have not been able to hunt
in the typical way,
136
00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:03,560
but had survived to a relatively old age.
137
00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,000
[birds chirping]
138
00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:11,800
[music continues]
139
00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:15,760
[Stewart] The implication
of the new find was profound.
140
00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:20,520
[music fading]
141
00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:24,000
[Emma] The discovery of Shanidar 1
was potentially a huge shift
142
00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:25,840
because it did suggest that, perhaps,
143
00:11:25,840 --> 00:11:30,200
there was this element of caring
and compassion in Neanderthal society.
144
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:36,480
[Stewart] Here was evidence
of a severely injured individual
145
00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:39,320
being supported by their clan.
146
00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:43,200
[tense, mysterious music playing]
147
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:50,240
[Stewart] And soon,
Solecki unearthed another body
148
00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:53,600
with an equally remarkable story to tell.
149
00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,480
Shanidar 3 was another adult male,
150
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:12,600
and he too, carried injuries,
151
00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:16,800
including what looked like
a serious wound to his ribs.
152
00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:22,080
A stark reminder
of the violent side of Neolithic life.
153
00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:40,400
Remarkably, elsewhere in the cave,
more relics have been found
154
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,680
that offer a clue to Shanidar 3's fate.
155
00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:48,120
{\an8}These are some of the artifacts
recovered from Shanidar Cave.
156
00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:53,280
So, this larger piece is what we call
a "core." Now, a core is a cobble.
157
00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:56,720
Cobbles are, basically, rounded stones
that could be from the river.
158
00:12:56,720 --> 00:13:00,080
Neanderthal picked this up
with the intention of taking off pieces,
159
00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:04,120
either for this to become a tool itself,
or for the pieces that come off,
160
00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,840
which we call "flakes,"
to be used as a tool.
161
00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:10,480
All readily available in the Zab River,
which is about two miles that way.
162
00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:24,000
So, I'm attempting
to make something similar to a spearhead.
163
00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:26,640
What I basically do is
164
00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:29,320
go along the edge
165
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,040
and take off smaller pieces.
166
00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:35,800
By doing that,
I'm essentially sharpening it.
167
00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:41,920
I've not removed that much,
168
00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:44,960
but already we can see
that it is quite sharp.
169
00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:48,200
So a spear point like that,
170
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,400
has only taken me
about five or six minutes to produce.
171
00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:54,840
This is a very deadly weapon
used in the right hands,
172
00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:57,040
and someone who understands
what they're doing,
173
00:13:57,040 --> 00:13:58,440
and what they're holding.
174
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:01,800
[music intensifies]
175
00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:21,360
[music fading]
176
00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,880
[Emma] One of the interesting things
with Shanidar 3
177
00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:27,080
is that they had a puncture wound.
178
00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:36,080
That suggests that this stone tip
to a spear, or whatever it was,
179
00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:38,560
went in some distance into the rib cage.
180
00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:42,640
It might well have punctured the lung
and caused a collapsed lung.
181
00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:48,760
[music peaks up]
182
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:50,560
[panting]
183
00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:55,920
[grunting]
184
00:14:57,120 --> 00:14:59,120
[panting]
185
00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:06,400
[speaks Neanderthal]
186
00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:11,320
[panting]
187
00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:14,320
[music fades]
188
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,440
[Emma] The wound to the ribs
is consistent with a projectile.
189
00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:24,160
You can imagine
sort of a spear being thrown.
190
00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:28,320
[grunting]
191
00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:35,640
[Emma] It could be a hunting accident.
192
00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:39,680
It could be violence between people.
193
00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:46,920
But what we can say is
that they did have this wound,
194
00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:49,240
and that they had survived for some time.
195
00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:53,640
And so that might suggest
that they had some support
196
00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:56,000
and help to make it through the injury.
197
00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:57,880
[Neanderthal grunting]
198
00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:08,920
[Stewart] Though severely injured,
it appears both Shanidar 3 and Shanidar 1
199
00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:11,840
had been cared for
by the people around them.
200
00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:20,960
This was a radical new view
of Neanderthal life.
201
00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:24,200
And elsewhere,
202
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,800
more evidence of their behavior
had been found in a cave
203
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,640
far to the northwest of Shanidar.
204
00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:39,760
[suspenseful music playing]
205
00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,400
[woman] Every new evidence,
that you have about Neanderthals,
206
00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,920
is actually showing you
how human they are.
207
00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:59,360
But their behavior
was different from ours.
208
00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,760
They lived in a completely
different world to our world.
209
00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,760
This is part of the Krapina Collection.
210
00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:31,360
They are around 130,000 years old,
211
00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:36,040
and they are the biggest collection
of Neanderthals coming from a single site.
212
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:46,360
We are estimating possibly up
to around 80 individual Neanderthals.
213
00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,160
You don't have their whole bodies buried.
214
00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:54,880
You actually have just fragments
of each of those individuals.
215
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:56,760
So that is very unusual.
216
00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:12,040
On the Krapina bones, both cranial,
so skull bones, and also postcranial,
217
00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:16,440
you see a lot of, uh,
human-made cut marks.
218
00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:27,640
What this is is a tibia,
and there is a possibility
219
00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:30,920
that it was broken on purpose,
that it was smashed.
220
00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:38,000
You can also see cut marks here
and even some other marks.
221
00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:43,920
One of the reasons
you would maybe smash a long bone
222
00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:48,480
is because it's like a container
of bone marrow.
223
00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:58,400
This is a fibula that has
another interesting kind of marking
224
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,080
on the surface of the bone.
225
00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:04,600
They were probably made
when someone was scraping off
226
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:10,040
the remaining flesh of the bone
or remaining muscle tissue of the bone.
227
00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:11,160
As you would do
228
00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:16,160
when you were just like doing the same
with your chicken bone at your lunch.
229
00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:18,240
[scraping]
230
00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:30,120
[Davorka] When you hear
they were eating each other,
231
00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,040
you're immediately, like, shocked.
232
00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,000
[scraping continues]
233
00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:42,360
[Davorka] But it's also the question,
"What kind of cannibalism?"
234
00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:45,080
What did it mean to them?
235
00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:51,400
[scraping]
236
00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,880
Look at this,
it cuts like a real kitchen knife.
237
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,120
- [Davorka] It's almost effortless.
- [Ankica] Yes, so easy.
238
00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:22,120
Recreating the tools,
the ways to do stuff,
239
00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:25,600
we are trying to go into the head
of those people,
240
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,920
and, you know, see the cognitive processes
that go behind.
241
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,040
[Davorka] So, what is different is
that we're just getting cut marks
242
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:36,920
close to the articulation sites.
243
00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:40,400
And what is weird
in the human remains in Krapina is
244
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,960
that you are getting it
all along the long bones.
245
00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:47,160
So as if someone
is actually scraping it continuously.
246
00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:48,080
[Ankica] Yes.
247
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:54,240
[Davorka] I cannot imagine, like,
doing this to someone I actually know.
248
00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:04,520
So, this is the famous Krapina 3 skull.
249
00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:11,440
It is the most complete cranial specimen
250
00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:16,160
in the whole collection,
and it's the only one that has a face.
251
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,040
This person, we believe, was a female.
252
00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:27,240
A young Neanderthal in her 20s.
253
00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:31,680
What is very interesting
is that on the frontal bone,
254
00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:36,640
you have a series
of something like 40 cut marks.
255
00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:43,000
There is determination
256
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:47,800
to do 40 cut marks
slowly and very close together.
257
00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:51,320
Even if they were consuming these bones,
258
00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:54,920
I don't think it was
because they were starving.
259
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,600
It's actually deeply complex behavior.
260
00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:05,720
[tense, mysterious music playing]
261
00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,560
[Davorka] Maybe by consuming the flesh
of the person they knew,
262
00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:20,880
they want to get some kind of virtue,
something that they admired in this person
263
00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:23,800
that they shared their lives with.
264
00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,400
In the ethnographic examples
that we know of,
265
00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:33,640
until recently, people consumed
their loved ones
266
00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:38,640
because by consuming their flesh,
they're trying to take in something
267
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:43,680
that can continue on to other generations,
you know, it's some kind of legacy.
268
00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:51,040
I cannot say that this was exactly
what was the driving force
269
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,840
behind this kind
of behavior in Neanderthals,
270
00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:55,520
but it's another possibility.
271
00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:04,480
[Stewart] The way Neanderthals
treated their dead
272
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,560
shows us the complexity of their thinking.
273
00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:15,560
And nowhere is this better understood
274
00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:19,000
than in Ralph Solecki's
most famous discovery,
275
00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:25,800
Shanidar 4, or what became known
as "The Flower Burial."
276
00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:31,960
[Ralph Solecki] Now in this cave,
277
00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:36,960
we have found nine Neanderthals,
278
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,680
of which two are most important.
279
00:23:39,680 --> 00:23:44,120
{\an8}Number 1 found over there,
at the depth of about five meters,
280
00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:49,760
{\an8}and one here, Shanidar 4,
found at a depth of about seven meters.
281
00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:54,440
{\an8}Ralph Solecki was one
of the world's great archaeologists.
282
00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:57,200
{\an8}There's no doubt at all,
and he was a great storyteller.
283
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:03,840
This seems to indicate, perhaps,
the first signs of spiritual evolution
284
00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:07,280
and maybe the first stirrings of religion.
285
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:09,360
[tense music playing]
286
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:22,720
{\an8}[Chris Hunt] The flower burial was one
of these seminal moments,
287
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,800
{\an8}because it was pretty well
a complete Neanderthal,
288
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,360
{\an8}which was an incredible rarity.
289
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,520
And it was sampled for pollen,
290
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,800
which at the time,
was quite a radical thing to do.
291
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:41,000
We had found pollen
extracted from the soil,
292
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:42,560
something like this,
293
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:47,400
and this pollen
indicates the eight types of flowers,
294
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,560
which we think
were interred with the individual.
295
00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:55,960
[Chris] He doesn't quite go
as far as saying,
296
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:57,600
"They conducted a funeral service,"
297
00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:00,840
but that's sort of the way
that the prose takes you.
298
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:05,440
{\an8}[John Solecki] "Someone
in the last ice age
299
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:06,920
{\an8}had ranged the mountains
300
00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:09,840
{\an8}in the mournful task
of collecting flowers."
301
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:13,080
[sad music playing]
302
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:17,240
[Chris] The public perception
of the Neanderthals
303
00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:19,480
always was that they lived ugly lives.
304
00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:22,920
They were ugly people.
They had no finer feelings.
305
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:24,840
They had no higher thought.
306
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,680
And here were
sensitive caring individuals.
307
00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:38,880
And it made every front page,
308
00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,760
because here you have
weeping Neanderthals gathering plants,
309
00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:47,640
from the hillside around,
to honor their dead.
310
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:01,360
[John Solecki] Here were
the first "Flower People,"
311
00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:05,880
a discovery wholly unprecedented
in archaeology.
312
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:12,280
[sad music continues]
313
00:26:27,360 --> 00:26:28,720
[music fades]
314
00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:33,480
[birds chirping]
315
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,560
[tense music playing]
316
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:48,280
[Stewart] In the years
since the discovery of Shanidar 4,
317
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,040
the Flower Burial theory
has come under fire.
318
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:03,240
Somebody who's studying jirds,
319
00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:07,440
which are little burrowing mammals,
a little bit like a hamster with a tail,
320
00:27:08,120 --> 00:27:12,720
found that the jirds took
flowers into their burrows to eat them.
321
00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:18,840
So, that was quite
a body blow in many ways,
322
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:23,840
particularly because Solecki had noticed
what appeared to be animal burrows.
323
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,560
[Stewart] But the team have
new evidence that suggests
324
00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:33,720
Solecki was partly right after all.
325
00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:38,120
[Chris] This is a landscape which has
things like hyenas and wolves in it,
326
00:27:38,120 --> 00:27:40,840
and leopards, even today.
327
00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:42,680
If they just left a body,
328
00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:46,040
almost certainly, something
would have come along and eaten it.
329
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:52,560
[tense music continues]
330
00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,480
[Chris] These are
basically whole individuals
331
00:28:03,480 --> 00:28:05,400
that haven't had that done to them.
332
00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:10,720
In some way, these bodies were protected.
333
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:22,840
My guesstimate is that,
probably, they were taking branches
334
00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:29,520
and producing a fairly
unpleasant barrier for wild animals.
335
00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:39,240
And bits of that vegetation and pollen
fell into the corpse's rib cage
336
00:28:39,240 --> 00:28:40,840
as it became a skeleton.
337
00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:49,040
The Solecki story, I think,
is a wonderful story.
338
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:55,560
I think there's enough detail
now in our understanding
339
00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:58,080
to know that it isn't a correct story,
340
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:00,440
by any means.
341
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:15,120
But I think the idea of Neanderthals
caring for their dead,
342
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:17,560
of perhaps protecting them...
343
00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:24,200
actually, that isn't that far,
344
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:28,400
in some ways, from what he said.
345
00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:38,680
[Stewart] Ralph Solecki made
his Flower Burial discovery in 1960.
346
00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:42,920
He planned to return the following year,
347
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,360
but he would never excavate
at Shanidar again.
348
00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:50,680
[music turns eerie]
349
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:53,720
[shooting]
350
00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:58,960
[male reporter 1] The Kurds are
undisputed masters of the mountains,
351
00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:01,520
where the Iraqi tanks can't reach them.
352
00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:04,040
{\an8}[dramatic music playing]
353
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:07,680
{\an8}[male reporter 2] This is not
the United States against Iraq.
354
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:09,800
{\an8}[male soldier] Boom! There's a hit.
355
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:11,960
{\an8}[male reporter 2] It's Iraq
against the world.
356
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:22,320
[male reporter 3] This is what regime
change looks like.
357
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:23,720
[crowd clamoring]
358
00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:26,760
[male reporter 4] Saddam has gone.
359
00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:30,680
{\an8}[male reporter 5] Pummeled
by modern weaponry,
360
00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:34,640
the cruel caliphate is now surrounded
by these troops.
361
00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:41,920
[Emma] In the early 2010s,
362
00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:46,000
because the situation
had substantially settled down...
363
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:49,400
[male reporter 6] The Islamic State
is meeting its end.
364
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:53,480
[Emma] ...the Kurdish regional government
approached Professor Graeme Barker
365
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,920
to start new excavations at Shanidar Cave.
366
00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:01,760
We weren't expecting to find
any Neanderthal remains,
367
00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:05,960
and that wasn't the aim of the project,
it was to, kind of, enhance the work
368
00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:07,360
that Solecki had done.
369
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,600
[Stewart] So, it came as a huge surprise
370
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:18,200
when, in 2018, the team discovered
the first Neanderthal skeleton
371
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:22,000
found anywhere
for over a quarter of a century.
372
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,760
[Emma] The first thing that really came up
was part of the skull,
373
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:32,000
which was incredibly exciting.
It was actually part of the eye socket.
374
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,240
And it has
very clear Neanderthal characteristics,
375
00:31:39,240 --> 00:31:42,200
in that the brow ridge
in Neanderthals are much heavier.
376
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:48,640
And directly under that, was the left arm,
377
00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:52,840
and the left arm was kind
of folded underneath,
378
00:31:52,840 --> 00:31:56,200
sort of across the body,
and tucked under the head.
379
00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:01,240
[Stewart] Modern dating placed it
380
00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:04,440
amongst the oldest
of Solecki's discoveries.
381
00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:06,960
[mysterious music playing]
382
00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:16,040
{\an8}[Emma] I think we find 75,000 years ago
quite hard to conceptualize.
383
00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:19,480
If you think about
what we know about written history
384
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:20,880
can seem like a long time,
385
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:24,640
and that's a drop in the ocean
in terms of the history of our species.
386
00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:27,640
[music intensifies]
387
00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:38,120
When you think what's gone on
in the world in that time period,
388
00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:40,200
Neanderthals have disappeared,
389
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:43,080
modern humans have colonized
the globe for good or ill.
390
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:44,480
[chuckles]
391
00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:48,400
[Graeme] Agriculture, cities, urbanism.
European colonialism.
392
00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:50,680
[exclaims]
393
00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:53,200
[Graeme] The awfulness
of the 20th century.
394
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:54,480
[crowd clamoring]
395
00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:59,080
[dramatic music intensifies, fades]
396
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,080
[muffled explosion]
397
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:14,560
[Graeme] Throughout all these events,
398
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:18,000
there he has sat...
399
00:33:18,760 --> 00:33:20,760
[sad, mysterious music playing]
400
00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:26,120
...or she, as flat as a pancake,
401
00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:32,480
under a great mass of rocks.
402
00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:38,200
And we come along,
against all odds, and find it.
403
00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:47,080
{\an8}[music continues]
404
00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:53,080
[Graeme] It's certainly
a generational find.
405
00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:54,640
Completely out of the blue.
406
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:00,560
[music fades]
407
00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:02,760
The skull itself was very heavily crushed.
408
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:05,880
So, actually, the entire skull
was crushed flat
409
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:08,200
and was probably two,
three centimeters thick.
410
00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:14,320
Very fragmented.
411
00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:17,160
And very delicate.
412
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:27,080
Even a brush stroke can make things
crumble and almost disappear.
413
00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:29,520
So you have to proceed so carefully.
414
00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:30,960
[man] What is that piece?
415
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,280
[Emma] That's the front of the mandible,
416
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:37,920
and most of the lower teeth,
but not quite all of them.
417
00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:41,200
We removed it in small sections
with all of the sediment
418
00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:42,760
to help keep it together.
419
00:34:45,200 --> 00:34:48,240
It is very painstaking,
and that's for good reason.
420
00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:49,680
You get one go.
421
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,240
Archaeology is,
by its very nature, destructive.
422
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:55,440
Once you've excavated it,
423
00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:57,560
you can't do it again.
424
00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:06,480
Those little packages
were then all brought back to the UK,
425
00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:09,400
so that we can put them back together.
426
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:11,480
[church bells in distance]
427
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:26,120
[tense music playing]
428
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:29,240
[Emma] We have a small team,
but it's a great team.
429
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:31,520
People come from all over the world.
430
00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:37,560
[woman] After cleaning
and strengthening the bones,
431
00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:39,280
then I had the pieces,
432
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:43,800
and I could start to do the restoration,
which is a big jigsaw.
433
00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:51,760
So, the first fragment
is like the easy part.
434
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:56,240
And then it gets more complicated.
435
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:02,720
You need patience,
436
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:09,760
because you have
a very unique specimen in your hands.
437
00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:14,360
It's a lot of responsibility.
438
00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:18,200
[Stewart] If the skull can be reassembled,
439
00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:22,960
then the team hope
to reconstruct the face of Shanidar Z.
440
00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:29,440
And another part of the skull
contains yet more clues.
441
00:36:31,720 --> 00:36:34,040
[woman] Today I've been collecting
the dental calculus
442
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:37,640
that has formed on the teeth
of the Shanidar Z individual.
443
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:49,760
Dental calculus is
an incrustation on your teeth.
444
00:36:49,760 --> 00:36:52,960
{\an8}It's what your dentist goes
to remove once a year.
445
00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:57,760
It forms naturally in your mouth,
446
00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:02,000
and as it forms, it traps everything
that ends up in your mouth.
447
00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:06,880
So, we're able to get a lot
of information out of this material.
448
00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,040
[mysterious, evocative music playing]
449
00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:34,560
[Amanda] There is sort
of this persistent narrative
450
00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:38,880
that Neanderthals were high-level hunters,
451
00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:41,840
who ate meat, meat, with meat on the side.
452
00:37:42,720 --> 00:37:44,720
[wildlife noises]
453
00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:54,200
[Amanda] It's only been in the last 10
to 20 years that we've come to recognize
454
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:57,960
that Neanderthals
did actually also consume plants.
455
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,320
Knowing how to turn something
that is poisonous when raw
456
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,640
into something
that is nutritious and edible,
457
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,520
it is something
that you have to learn over a lifetime.
458
00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:30,800
And if we take
modern foragers as our example,
459
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,480
then the people who specialized
in gathering knowledge
460
00:38:33,480 --> 00:38:34,840
were probably women.
461
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:47,200
By reconstructing
what kinds of plants Neanderthals ate,
462
00:38:51,720 --> 00:38:57,360
we might be getting a window
into the role of women in their society.
463
00:39:03,560 --> 00:39:06,600
We'll never know their whole story,
we'll never know their name,
464
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:08,600
their hopes and dreams.
465
00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:15,080
But it's fascinating
to be involved in a project
466
00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:20,000
where you're bringing even just
a tiny sliver of their life visible again.
467
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:31,120
And you do wonder, "Who is this person?"
468
00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:34,040
"What were they like?
What's their life story?"
469
00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:36,000
"How did they come to be here?"
470
00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:42,840
I find it very hard to translate
471
00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:46,960
from what a skull looks like to what
that person would have looked like.
472
00:39:49,240 --> 00:39:51,240
That's where the remarkable skills
473
00:39:51,240 --> 00:39:53,520
of people
like the Kennis brothers come in.
474
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:56,560
[amusing music playing]
475
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:08,040
Here we have the skull that Emma,
the data Emma, sent us.
476
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:11,840
We've got an almost complete skull,
nice complete skull, and it's printed out.
477
00:40:11,840 --> 00:40:14,080
- So now we can see him.
- Wow.
478
00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:16,560
{\an8}Who are the Kennis brothers?
479
00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:20,960
{\an8}The Kennis brothers are two twins
who are fascinated by human evolution.
480
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:22,520
Let's see, look at this nose.
481
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,720
It looks a very Neanderthal-like nose,
but what we see is
482
00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:28,480
that the other side of the nose
is very narrow.
483
00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:31,080
[Adrie] We reconstruct
ancient extinct humans.
484
00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:32,960
We try to show people
485
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:37,400
how maybe the early ancestors
would look like in real life.
486
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,480
- Big eyes, tall face, small nose.
- Big eye, yeah.
487
00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:46,160
You know, like... spectacles, you know,
these enormous, big spectacles like...
488
00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:50,080
If you put the mandible below it,
it looks like... uh...
489
00:40:50,080 --> 00:40:52,000
[Adrie] We were very bad at school.
490
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:53,640
We didn't read much.
491
00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:57,360
We went to the library, and we saw
some beautiful pictures of Neanderthals.
492
00:40:59,240 --> 00:41:01,760
We see immediately those worn-down teeth,
mamma mia!
493
00:41:01,760 --> 00:41:04,040
- [Alfons] Incredible teeth.
- [Adrie] Typical Neanderthal.
494
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:07,600
- They use their teeth like a vice. Yeah.
- [Alfons] Vice. Like a tool.
495
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:09,040
[Adrie] That, we find fascinating.
496
00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:13,560
How a face, an ape face,
could morph into a human face.
497
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:16,800
[gentle uplifting music playing]
498
00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,560
[Adrie] For us, what's fascinating
about Neanderthals is,
499
00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:26,080
they've got an enormous, big nose,
500
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:28,760
an enormous puffy face.
501
00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:34,000
Never in human evolution
did you see such a big, strange face.
502
00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:36,560
So that's fantastic to see.
503
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:40,640
[music continues]
504
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:50,120
[Alfons] So, mostly we get skulls.
Mostly the skulls are distorted.
505
00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:53,400
We're gonna correct the skulls.
506
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,160
We're going to make them
complete with forensic methods.
507
00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:07,920
When the skull is complete,
then we apply the tissue thickness,
508
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:11,080
the muscles on it and the flesh.
509
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,840
We fill it up with a kind of skin layer.
510
00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:22,160
{\an8}I want to make them human-like,
511
00:42:22,160 --> 00:42:25,640
{\an8}not too brutish, human-like,
but not too cliché.
512
00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:44,240
[Adrie] Yeah, you can come.
513
00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:49,240
[Alfons] I hope that a lot of people
look at this face
514
00:42:49,240 --> 00:42:52,000
and maybe look at how strange it is.
515
00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,240
They had such peculiar features.
516
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:01,120
And that's so striking
because the brain size is same as us.
517
00:43:01,120 --> 00:43:04,360
They are as human as us,
but still there are differences,
518
00:43:04,360 --> 00:43:06,840
and that's fascinating,
why are they different?
519
00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:12,000
It's such a kind
of parallel evolution with us.
520
00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:15,520
- [Alfons] All right.
- [Adrie] Yeah, all right. Okay.
521
00:43:15,520 --> 00:43:18,880
[Alfons] And why did one disappear,
and why is one still alive?
522
00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:22,000
That's fascinating. That's the other us.
523
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,080
[mysterious music playing]
524
00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,360
[Stewart] Historically, these "other us"
525
00:43:32,360 --> 00:43:36,040
were thought to be
not as smart as our own species.
526
00:43:42,040 --> 00:43:48,680
Only Homo Sapiens are capable
of imagination, creativity, invention.
527
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,000
But this prejudice has been shattered
528
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:09,360
by what was found inside a secret
and truly extraordinary French cave.
529
00:44:15,040 --> 00:44:16,640
[adventurous music playing]
530
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:26,840
[woman] First, we go
into this very narrow space.
531
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:33,200
You have to be really careful
how you enter in it.
532
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:35,560
Push your bag in front of you.
533
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,200
[music peaks, fades]
534
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:58,400
There you enter another world.
535
00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:07,640
[ethereal music playing]
536
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:17,800
[man in French] It is really unnatural
to go into the caves.
537
00:45:23,440 --> 00:45:26,880
These are places that people fear.
538
00:45:35,360 --> 00:45:37,600
And especially
to the very bottom of the caves.
539
00:45:48,720 --> 00:45:50,320
[music fades]
540
00:45:50,880 --> 00:45:54,120
{\an8}The cave has been there
for a very long time.
541
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:57,280
A million years, probably.
542
00:45:58,080 --> 00:46:01,520
So that's also something that you feel
when you enter there.
543
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:06,240
A kind of environment
that knew already a very long history.
544
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:14,880
When you go a bit further,
you have these nice very calm lakes.
545
00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:22,360
The cave is shaped by water
546
00:46:23,120 --> 00:46:28,480
dripping in and forming
these very nice stalagmites, stalactites.
547
00:46:34,080 --> 00:46:36,240
What's really interesting...
548
00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:40,560
you see that
there is really a kind of pattern.
549
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:43,840
These are forming circles.
550
00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:58,160
This is not something
you would see in a natural cave.
551
00:47:06,880 --> 00:47:08,800
[man in French] It's very constructed.
552
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,920
{\an8}We understood
that there were architectural tricks.
553
00:47:24,080 --> 00:47:28,640
Small elements to wedge
the large stalagmites.
554
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:35,840
All of this is completely structured
and thought out.
555
00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:52,040
For an archaeologist, it's quite unique.
There is no other equivalent to it.
556
00:48:01,960 --> 00:48:04,720
[Sophie in English] In the biggest
circular structure there,
557
00:48:04,720 --> 00:48:09,160
we have really a very nice hearth
made by stalagmites.
558
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,520
[in French] Here we have a thermal
alteration, but it's not the only one.
559
00:48:15,520 --> 00:48:17,680
We have quite a few...
560
00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,280
- Here we agree, that's the hearth.
- It's the hearth.
561
00:48:20,280 --> 00:48:21,680
[Sophie] It's the hearth.
562
00:48:24,720 --> 00:48:30,760
So we have several places here
where a fire was present at some point.
563
00:48:33,240 --> 00:48:34,240
Number 38,
564
00:48:34,240 --> 00:48:37,720
along the middle.
565
00:48:37,720 --> 00:48:40,560
[Sophie in English] It's a bit like
what we'd do when we camp,
566
00:48:40,560 --> 00:48:46,000
and we would take wood and make a hearth,
like, in a teepee form,
567
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:47,920
like a point form.
568
00:48:47,920 --> 00:48:51,280
[in French] This is very exciting
because we can see traces of soot,
569
00:48:51,280 --> 00:48:53,440
thermal alterations.
570
00:48:53,440 --> 00:48:57,000
There is very black soot,
it's red, it's purple.
571
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,760
Obviously, in all traditional
or prehistoric populations,
572
00:49:07,760 --> 00:49:10,200
we know that fire has a symbolic value.
573
00:49:12,840 --> 00:49:14,840
[mysterious music playing]
574
00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:38,360
[Sophie in English] We find on the ground
very small pieces of burnt wood.
575
00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:44,760
So probably,
they come in the cave with torches.
576
00:49:50,280 --> 00:49:53,400
If you are in the middle of the cave
without light,
577
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:54,840
it's really dangerous.
578
00:49:56,440 --> 00:49:58,840
So, you need to communicate very well.
579
00:50:10,920 --> 00:50:13,840
You need to master very well the fire,
580
00:50:18,480 --> 00:50:19,520
the lighting.
581
00:50:26,960 --> 00:50:30,760
So, the first idea was
to date these structures.
582
00:50:43,280 --> 00:50:46,080
So, these are the cores
of the Bruniquel Cave,
583
00:50:46,080 --> 00:50:51,200
and these cores tell us
really the age of these structures.
584
00:50:54,680 --> 00:50:57,160
By studying six different cores,
585
00:50:57,160 --> 00:51:02,600
we could come to a very precise age
of 176,500 years,
586
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:06,640
and this was really incredible, in fact.
587
00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:14,600
[in French] One hundred
seventy-five thousand years ago in Europe,
588
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:16,360
there were only Neanderthals.
589
00:51:18,080 --> 00:51:22,520
Bruniquel is the oldest construction
in the world that you can see.
590
00:51:31,440 --> 00:51:34,360
[Sophie in English] It's very emotional
when you see these structures,
591
00:51:34,360 --> 00:51:38,040
and, especially, when you know
that they are so old.
592
00:51:51,160 --> 00:51:55,120
[Jacques in French] The recurring question
that keeps coming back is,
593
00:51:55,120 --> 00:51:56,600
"What are the structures for?"
594
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,720
[Sophie in English] The circle
seems to be the world.
595
00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:28,000
So, you are inside the world,
outside the world, these kind of concepts.
596
00:52:30,640 --> 00:52:35,080
With Native Americans,
where you have these circles,
597
00:52:35,080 --> 00:52:38,840
people are in connection
with higher spirits.
598
00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:51,920
Is it the start of the religion?
599
00:53:01,360 --> 00:53:05,720
This is a crucial question,
but which is really difficult to answer.
600
00:53:20,240 --> 00:53:25,440
[Jacques in French] So more and more,
we tend to see in Neanderthals
601
00:53:27,320 --> 00:53:30,200
a much older humanity,
602
00:53:32,600 --> 00:53:38,000
which shares with modern man
more and more things in common.
603
00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:54,240
And therefore with Bruniquel,
604
00:53:55,640 --> 00:54:02,640
we increased this relationship
we have with an ancestor who is very old.
605
00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:15,920
[Stewart in English] The enigmatic circles
at Bruniquel are a wonderful part
606
00:54:15,920 --> 00:54:19,920
of the ongoing reappraisal
of Neanderthal culture...
607
00:54:25,720 --> 00:54:28,120
that began at Shanidar,
608
00:54:28,760 --> 00:54:31,480
and which continues to this day.
609
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:48,240
[Emma] This year,
we found a few isolated bits
610
00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:51,160
of what we think
could be a single skeleton.
611
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:55,240
We might have found another individual.
612
00:54:57,240 --> 00:54:59,840
There's the left shoulder blades.
613
00:55:00,840 --> 00:55:03,720
There's also a reasonably
complete right hand.
614
00:55:07,720 --> 00:55:10,280
What we've actually found is four fingers,
615
00:55:10,280 --> 00:55:13,080
more or less, in the place
they'd be in the body.
616
00:55:13,080 --> 00:55:15,000
So, what we'd call articulated.
617
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:19,040
[Stewart] The new remains
are amongst a cluster of bodies
618
00:55:19,040 --> 00:55:23,880
that include
both Shanidar 4 and Shanidar Z.
619
00:55:26,400 --> 00:55:27,720
[Emma] That's really exciting
620
00:55:27,720 --> 00:55:31,720
because what it is
is evidence of Neanderthals
621
00:55:31,720 --> 00:55:35,400
placing their dead
in this one particular spot.
622
00:55:39,160 --> 00:55:43,640
Are they perhaps coming back
to that same spot on multiple occasions,
623
00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:47,400
which could be decades
or maybe thousands of years apart?
624
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:50,360
So you start to ask,
625
00:55:50,360 --> 00:55:56,400
"Is it just a coincidence, or is this
potentially something intentional?"
626
00:55:57,640 --> 00:56:01,240
And if so, then, why?
And what's bringing them back there?
627
00:56:01,240 --> 00:56:03,240
[mysterious, dramatic music playing]
628
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:15,800
[Emma] When Shanidar Z was buried,
there was a stone behind the skull.
629
00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:22,280
And that is interesting
because it seems rather out of place.
630
00:56:24,760 --> 00:56:27,960
And so an idea
we've been thinking about is,
631
00:56:27,960 --> 00:56:30,920
could this be something
that's been put there intentionally?
632
00:56:37,880 --> 00:56:39,800
Another thing that's interesting is that,
633
00:56:39,800 --> 00:56:43,200
on the other side of the body,
you've got the big vertical slab.
634
00:56:52,680 --> 00:56:56,080
Clearly, if you've got big vertical
slabs sticking up out of the ground,
635
00:56:56,080 --> 00:56:59,640
there is a possibility that
that could act as some kind of marker.
636
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:07,480
So, it seems that certain individuals
were buried here,
637
00:57:07,480 --> 00:57:09,920
and they're coming back
for that very reason,
638
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,320
and to this one spot, that's marked
by this very distinctive stone,
639
00:57:14,320 --> 00:57:16,480
in what is a very distinctive cave.
640
00:57:24,760 --> 00:57:27,600
[Graeme] It looks more
and more as Ralph Solecki
641
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:32,640
first found that Shanidar Cave
was a special place for Neanderthals.
642
00:57:38,880 --> 00:57:41,280
They are placing bodies.
643
00:57:41,280 --> 00:57:42,720
They're in a world,
644
00:57:42,720 --> 00:57:46,520
in which they are coming back here
regularly and living here.
645
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:53,120
[Stewart] The cluster of remains
are perhaps evidence
646
00:57:53,120 --> 00:57:55,560
of a Neanderthal burial ground,
647
00:57:56,440 --> 00:57:59,560
a discovery with deep implications.
648
00:58:02,080 --> 00:58:05,000
[Emma] How people treat the dead
649
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:11,120
can give us really important insights
into thinking, imagination, emotion.
650
00:58:13,760 --> 00:58:17,880
It perhaps also reflects
how we think about death itself,
651
00:58:18,840 --> 00:58:22,920
and whether, for example, we believe
that there might be an afterlife.
652
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:32,480
[Graeme] It's part of a rising sense
of the complexity of Neanderthal culture.
653
00:58:34,080 --> 00:58:35,240
But they're not here now.
654
00:58:40,840 --> 00:58:45,440
[Stewart] The burials are just
the latest traces of Neanderthal behavior
655
00:58:45,440 --> 00:58:48,760
preserved inside this remarkable cave.
656
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:59,080
Yet, perhaps, the biggest mystery remains.
657
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:10,920
Why did a form of humanity,
that thrived for 300,000 years, disappear
658
00:59:12,320 --> 00:59:14,120
forty-thousand years ago?
659
00:59:20,760 --> 00:59:23,480
Perhaps the best place
to search for answers
660
00:59:23,480 --> 00:59:26,720
lies on the shores
of the Mediterranean Sea
661
00:59:26,720 --> 00:59:30,520
at one of the final strongholds
of the Neanderthals.
662
00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:40,760
[man] Well, we're sitting
on the edge of a cliff.
663
00:59:42,720 --> 00:59:45,400
{\an8}Very close to, what a friend called,
Neanderthal City...
664
00:59:47,640 --> 00:59:50,920
because it's a whole row of caves
on the waterfront,
665
00:59:50,920 --> 00:59:52,920
on the east side of the Rock of Gibraltar.
666
00:59:58,040 --> 01:00:01,200
The Gorham's Cave complex
is a series of caves,
667
01:00:01,840 --> 01:00:04,600
and all these caves show
very clear evidence
668
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:08,600
of Neanderthal presence
and occupation over a long period of time.
669
01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:23,160
We have evidence going back
to at least 125,000 years ago.
670
01:00:28,760 --> 01:00:30,840
[Stewart] The team have unearthed evidence
671
01:00:30,840 --> 01:00:36,680
that Neanderthals were using the caves
as recently as 40,000 years ago.
672
01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:46,200
[Clive] Over the last 100,000 years
of their existence,
673
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:49,440
the world of the Neanderthals
was constantly changing.
674
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:54,000
[thunder rumbling]
675
01:01:07,040 --> 01:01:09,200
[Clive] The climatic changes were brutal.
676
01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:11,400
They had been earlier ice ages,
677
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:15,120
but the last one, arguably,
was the worst one in terms of impact.
678
01:01:15,120 --> 01:01:17,760
The Scandinavian ice sheet
really spread south.
679
01:01:18,880 --> 01:01:22,120
France and Central Europe
were little more than steppe-tundra.
680
01:01:23,280 --> 01:01:25,240
It really was a very harsh world.
681
01:01:28,520 --> 01:01:30,840
The tundra didn't reach this far south,
682
01:01:31,680 --> 01:01:33,880
but there were still obvious changes.
683
01:01:34,400 --> 01:01:38,360
When conditions get very cold,
a lot of water is trapped as ice,
684
01:01:38,360 --> 01:01:41,440
in ice sheets, in glaciers,
and the sea level drops.
685
01:01:45,200 --> 01:01:47,680
[woman] When the sea level was lower
than it is today,
686
01:01:47,680 --> 01:01:50,160
that would have exposed a large plain
687
01:01:50,160 --> 01:01:53,200
where all these herbivores
would have been living,
688
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,080
where the birds would have been living,
689
01:01:55,080 --> 01:01:58,240
where there would have been
shallow lakes with fresh water.
690
01:02:01,480 --> 01:02:05,280
They would have known exactly
which species they could consume,
691
01:02:05,280 --> 01:02:09,240
where to find them,
and how to best use them.
692
01:02:11,520 --> 01:02:14,200
These are just
a very small sample of all the bones,
693
01:02:14,200 --> 01:02:16,720
and all the remains
that we've found in the caves.
694
01:02:16,720 --> 01:02:21,840
We've got tens of thousands of artifacts
that we found in the last 30 years.
695
01:02:24,160 --> 01:02:26,720
They're eating animals
that are not expected,
696
01:02:26,720 --> 01:02:29,320
{\an8}and not normally associated,
with Neanderthals.
697
01:02:31,880 --> 01:02:35,880
We have evidence that they were going down
to the rocky shoreline
698
01:02:35,880 --> 01:02:37,280
and picking limpets.
699
01:02:37,280 --> 01:02:39,640
And, in fact, I've got a limpet here,
700
01:02:39,640 --> 01:02:44,120
which has still got a flint tool
stuck on to it.
701
01:02:44,120 --> 01:02:46,920
So, it's where the Neanderthal left it.
702
01:02:49,440 --> 01:02:54,040
But then we get this particular bone,
which comes from a common dolphin,
703
01:02:55,200 --> 01:02:57,000
and it's got cut marks on it.
704
01:02:58,760 --> 01:03:03,280
Maybe the dolphin was dead already
on the shore, but they defleshed it.
705
01:03:03,920 --> 01:03:05,840
They removed the flesh to consume it.
706
01:03:10,720 --> 01:03:15,160
The Neanderthals thrived in Europe
for longer than we have been around.
707
01:03:15,160 --> 01:03:16,200
That's for sure.
708
01:03:23,960 --> 01:03:26,760
To me, that says that they're intelligent,
709
01:03:26,760 --> 01:03:29,080
and that they understand
their environment.
710
01:03:31,840 --> 01:03:32,760
[stabs]
711
01:03:34,240 --> 01:03:36,920
In that sense,
they were extremely successful.
712
01:03:42,840 --> 01:03:46,720
[Clive] The Neanderthals were human.
They were resilient.
713
01:03:46,720 --> 01:03:48,520
They were very much like us.
714
01:03:49,160 --> 01:03:51,720
But, one day, it all came to an end.
715
01:03:55,120 --> 01:03:58,040
[Stewart] Which deepens the mystery
of their disappearance.
716
01:03:58,880 --> 01:04:04,360
After all, if the Gibraltar Neanderthals
were so resilient for so long,
717
01:04:05,200 --> 01:04:06,800
what on earth went wrong?
718
01:04:07,680 --> 01:04:11,960
[Clive] People associate the Ice Age
with getting cold, which of course it did,
719
01:04:11,960 --> 01:04:13,880
but it also got dryer.
720
01:04:15,520 --> 01:04:18,880
The change that hit
these Neanderthals in Gibraltar,
721
01:04:18,880 --> 01:04:24,720
in my view, was one
of a world of trees disappearing.
722
01:04:30,040 --> 01:04:32,200
You have trees,
and why are those significant?
723
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:36,280
Because they allow you
to ambush hunt large prey.
724
01:04:41,320 --> 01:04:44,280
Through time, their whole physique
725
01:04:44,280 --> 01:04:48,360
had become that
of a wrestler-type build, if you like,
726
01:04:48,360 --> 01:04:51,680
capable of jumping on top
of these animals with spears,
727
01:04:51,680 --> 01:04:54,320
thrusting spears
and killing those animals.
728
01:04:58,760 --> 01:05:02,040
Suddenly, that world becomes
an open landscape.
729
01:05:02,040 --> 01:05:05,600
The animals see you coming
a mile away. You can't get near them.
730
01:05:10,160 --> 01:05:11,720
When the change came,
731
01:05:11,720 --> 01:05:15,240
it was so rapid that their biology
couldn't change at that speed.
732
01:05:29,680 --> 01:05:31,320
And that's what hit them.
733
01:05:42,320 --> 01:05:45,760
We think that we are
the pinnacle of evolution,
734
01:05:45,760 --> 01:05:48,160
that's the way
we've always painted ourselves.
735
01:05:48,160 --> 01:05:51,520
Even with respect to the Neanderthals,
we're here, and they're not,
736
01:05:51,520 --> 01:05:54,200
because we were better than they were. Um...
737
01:05:54,200 --> 01:06:00,840
But you can be very highly adapted,
you can do very well on a planet,
738
01:06:00,840 --> 01:06:03,520
like, we'd argue,
perhaps we're doing today.
739
01:06:04,280 --> 01:06:08,200
And yet, the story tells us
that there are other ways of being human,
740
01:06:08,200 --> 01:06:10,960
and those ways can sometimes fail.
741
01:06:15,840 --> 01:06:18,440
We might think we're doing
very well on this planet,
742
01:06:18,440 --> 01:06:19,640
but just be aware.
743
01:06:26,760 --> 01:06:32,360
[Stewart] By around 40,000 years ago,
Neanderthal numbers were in free fall.
744
01:06:33,280 --> 01:06:38,560
Not just in Gibraltar,
but across their entire world.
745
01:06:42,520 --> 01:06:45,800
Climate change
was a factor in their decline.
746
01:06:48,560 --> 01:06:54,520
But so too, was increasing competition
from another species.
747
01:06:59,480 --> 01:07:05,360
To this day, all of us carry
a tiny bit of Neanderthal DNA.
748
01:07:09,320 --> 01:07:12,760
A legacy of our long-lost ancestors.
749
01:07:16,840 --> 01:07:21,280
For at least 100,000 years,
waves of Homo Sapiens
750
01:07:21,280 --> 01:07:25,760
had spread from Africa
into Europe and Asia,
751
01:07:29,360 --> 01:07:32,880
encountering Neanderthals
as they traveled.
752
01:07:33,400 --> 01:07:35,400
[wildlife noises]
753
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:37,640
[tense music playing]
754
01:08:03,280 --> 01:08:06,640
[Stewart] Some of these encounters
may have been violent.
755
01:08:15,880 --> 01:08:17,040
[speaks Neanderthal]
756
01:08:18,680 --> 01:08:19,840
[panting]
757
01:08:31,520 --> 01:08:33,040
[music peaks, fades]
758
01:08:35,240 --> 01:08:37,600
[panting gently]
759
01:08:44,680 --> 01:08:49,680
[Stewart] But some, presumably,
were more peaceful.
760
01:08:54,080 --> 01:08:59,160
One group of people recognizing
the humanity of the other.
761
01:09:08,840 --> 01:09:10,960
The path of these epic journeys
762
01:09:10,960 --> 01:09:14,520
would have taken
Homo Sapiens through the Middle East.
763
01:09:17,480 --> 01:09:23,880
Close to the ancestral burial ground
of the Shanidar Neanderthals.
764
01:09:27,360 --> 01:09:30,280
[evocative music playing]
765
01:09:38,520 --> 01:09:42,920
[Abdulwahab in Kurdish] Neanderthal genes
are present inside many Homo Sapiens.
766
01:09:46,240 --> 01:09:51,160
And I do really believe
that we are cousins.
767
01:09:51,160 --> 01:09:53,920
We are of the same blood.
768
01:09:53,920 --> 01:09:56,080
We have the same ancestors.
769
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:07,840
[Emma] One of the things that I find
so fascinating about archaeology
770
01:10:07,840 --> 01:10:10,440
is that diversity of ways of being human.
771
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:16,200
Looking at how people's skeletons are,
772
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:20,000
can tell us about their lives
and their experience of the world.
773
01:10:22,920 --> 01:10:26,160
While excavating Shanidar Z,
we could see certain characteristics
774
01:10:26,160 --> 01:10:28,800
that suggested that they're an adult,
775
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:32,160
but we didn't know
how old they were when they died,
776
01:10:32,160 --> 01:10:34,440
we didn't know
whether they were male or female,
777
01:10:34,440 --> 01:10:37,600
and we didn't know
a great deal either about their life.
778
01:10:40,680 --> 01:10:44,720
So a lot of those kinds of questions
of what we are working on answering now.
779
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:51,200
What we've got here is the left radius.
So, this is one of the forearm bones.
780
01:10:52,480 --> 01:10:56,040
We can tell already that this was
a relatively small individual,
781
01:10:56,640 --> 01:11:02,400
between about one and a half,
or 1.55 meter to 1.60 meter tall.
782
01:11:03,360 --> 01:11:05,920
That's just over five foot essentially.
783
01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:12,640
Here we've got part of the lower jaw,
the mandible, with some of the teeth.
784
01:11:12,640 --> 01:11:15,960
An important thing to notice,
is that actually many of these teeth,
785
01:11:15,960 --> 01:11:19,760
especially the front teeth here,
are all extremely worn down.
786
01:11:20,760 --> 01:11:21,840
That's the enamel,
787
01:11:22,360 --> 01:11:25,760
that's completely worn off,
all of these teeth.
788
01:11:27,040 --> 01:11:30,640
Certainly, we know that
for a Neanderthal with teeth this worn,
789
01:11:30,640 --> 01:11:32,600
they had to be an older individual,
790
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,480
probably somewhere
between about 40 and 50.
791
01:11:42,280 --> 01:11:46,280
There are ways that we can tell the sex
of the individual from the skeleton.
792
01:11:47,720 --> 01:11:50,880
What we did was use a technique
called proteomics,
793
01:11:50,880 --> 01:11:53,440
which is where you analyze
some of the proteins
794
01:11:53,440 --> 01:11:55,040
in the enamel of the tooth,
795
01:11:55,040 --> 01:11:59,400
because we know that there's
a particular protein that's produced,
796
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:01,320
while that enamel's forming,
797
01:12:01,320 --> 01:12:05,560
that has a different version
that's encoded by
798
01:12:05,560 --> 01:12:08,720
what's on the X chromosome
compared to what's on the Y chromosome.
799
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:15,360
So, that indicates very strongly to us
that this is a female individual.
800
01:12:21,640 --> 01:12:25,760
Quite often,
we think of Neanderthals as males,
801
01:12:25,760 --> 01:12:30,560
or we tend to focus on aspects
of male behavior.
802
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:37,120
This is a really exciting opportunity
to understand Neanderthal society
803
01:12:37,120 --> 01:12:38,440
more completely.
804
01:12:45,120 --> 01:12:47,840
I think to have an actual reconstruction
805
01:12:47,840 --> 01:12:52,440
of what this Neanderthal woman
might have looked like
806
01:12:52,440 --> 01:12:55,280
during life will be incredibly exciting.
807
01:12:57,040 --> 01:13:00,520
- Well, Doctor Pomeroy.
- Let's find out. [chuckles]
808
01:13:01,920 --> 01:13:04,240
- We have one already prepared.
- Hmm.
809
01:13:04,880 --> 01:13:05,720
Yep.
810
01:13:13,440 --> 01:13:14,760
I'm gonna start from this.
811
01:13:21,720 --> 01:13:23,320
- [Emma] Oh, wow.
- [Graeme] Wow.
812
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:28,200
- Well.
- [Graeme] Well.
813
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:31,880
[chuckles] Amazing, we should turn
her round, so that everyone else can see.
814
01:13:33,040 --> 01:13:34,680
Wow. [chuckles]
815
01:13:36,440 --> 01:13:37,600
She's looking at me.
816
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:42,040
[Emma] Yeah, she is. You've probably spent
the most time with her, so... [chuckles]
817
01:13:42,040 --> 01:13:44,720
- Also, you remember the nose and...
- Yeah.
818
01:13:45,560 --> 01:13:47,080
- It's amazing.
- [Emma] Yeah.
819
01:13:47,080 --> 01:13:49,560
It's interesting
how they've done her expression,
820
01:13:49,560 --> 01:13:52,360
I mean the emotions
that are wrapped into it.
821
01:13:52,360 --> 01:13:56,000
I think that's the beauty
of these kinds of reconstructions,
822
01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:59,600
is that some people are somewhat critical,
823
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:02,200
and say, "We can never know
what people looked like."
824
01:14:02,200 --> 01:14:05,960
There's various assumptions
we have to make, and that's very true,
825
01:14:05,960 --> 01:14:12,240
but... I think it does give you
a sense of her as a person.
826
01:14:12,240 --> 01:14:13,280
[Lucía] Hmm.
827
01:14:17,840 --> 01:14:21,560
[Graeme] She gets to the heart,
doesn't she, of what it means to be human.
828
01:14:21,560 --> 01:14:24,760
What it might have meant
to be human Neanderthal.
829
01:14:24,760 --> 01:14:27,080
Somehow, you do get something of the...
830
01:14:27,840 --> 01:14:31,120
I don't know,
of a deep life history to this person.
831
01:14:39,280 --> 01:14:44,120
{\an8}[Chris] It's the older people,
with their knowledge, their experience,
832
01:14:44,960 --> 01:14:48,440
{\an8}who would have known
where the good places were.
833
01:14:51,880 --> 01:14:55,080
That memory, whether it was
only within her head,
834
01:14:55,080 --> 01:14:58,080
or whether it was something
that was in her head,
835
01:14:58,080 --> 01:15:01,280
that she was sharing
through songs and stories
836
01:15:01,280 --> 01:15:03,840
with children and grandchildren,
837
01:15:03,840 --> 01:15:06,680
would have been
absolutely vital to the group.
838
01:15:08,280 --> 01:15:14,280
In many ways, that was the beginning
of civilization in a much more real sense
839
01:15:14,280 --> 01:15:16,800
than the first time
somebody built a building,
840
01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:18,200
or anything like that.
841
01:15:23,440 --> 01:15:27,520
[Emma] She likely had that, kind of,
role of a repository of knowledge
842
01:15:27,520 --> 01:15:31,680
and had a major role in passing on
that knowledge to the next generation.
843
01:15:31,680 --> 01:15:35,600
And here we are, 75,000 years later,
844
01:15:36,880 --> 01:15:39,680
learning from her, still.
845
01:15:40,840 --> 01:15:42,840
[dramatic, evocative music playing]
846
01:15:55,320 --> 01:15:59,560
[Emma] Shanidar Cave has taught us
a huge amount about Neanderthals,
847
01:16:00,240 --> 01:16:02,040
and it still is teaching us.
848
01:16:07,160 --> 01:16:11,800
But also, it's made us reflect on
what does it mean to be human?
849
01:16:14,560 --> 01:16:15,960
[birds chirping]
850
01:16:15,960 --> 01:16:19,320
Things like, having compassion
for one another.
851
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:24,400
How we deal with death.
852
01:16:27,280 --> 01:16:30,280
And what's inevitably going to happen
to all of us.
853
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:37,400
[music continues]
854
01:16:38,720 --> 01:16:41,280
[Emma] Right now,
we're getting a snapshot,
855
01:16:41,280 --> 01:16:43,920
and it's amazing and rich,
856
01:16:43,920 --> 01:16:46,120
but we certainly don't have
the whole picture,
857
01:16:46,120 --> 01:16:49,400
and there's much more there
to be discovered
858
01:16:52,240 --> 01:16:56,960
about what we understand
"being human" and "humanity" to be.
859
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:00,160
[music peaks]
860
01:17:11,160 --> 01:17:13,160
[music fades]
861
01:17:19,880 --> 01:17:23,000
[gentle, ethereal music playing]