1 00:00:06,132 --> 00:00:07,717 [birds chirping] 2 00:00:08,760 --> 00:00:10,428 [soft music playing] 3 00:00:10,511 --> 00:00:12,513 [dogs barking in the distance] 4 00:00:14,932 --> 00:00:18,936 [narrator] We think we know what's going on inside the mind of a dog. 5 00:00:22,273 --> 00:00:26,527 But new discoveries suggest we may not know the whole story. 6 00:00:27,820 --> 00:00:31,574 Dogs have found their way into every corner of our lives. 7 00:00:32,116 --> 00:00:33,159 [camera clicks] 8 00:00:34,285 --> 00:00:36,120 -[host] There he is. -[woman] Hi, baby! 9 00:00:36,621 --> 00:00:37,997 [host] Hi! Hi, Toulouse. 10 00:00:38,081 --> 00:00:40,416 -[narrator] They're our companions. -Good dog. 11 00:00:40,958 --> 00:00:43,419 -[narrator] Our saviors. -Here, Lassie, take it to Gramps. 12 00:00:43,503 --> 00:00:44,462 [Lassie barks] 13 00:00:44,545 --> 00:00:46,714 [narrator] Our pop-culture icons. 14 00:00:46,798 --> 00:00:47,757 Peter, you hear that? 15 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:49,884 [howls] 16 00:00:49,967 --> 00:00:50,968 Scooby-Doo! 17 00:00:51,052 --> 00:00:53,805 [narrator] And yet we're only beginning to understand 18 00:00:53,888 --> 00:00:56,516 how their brains actually work. 19 00:00:57,100 --> 00:00:58,810 [woman 1] For a long time, scientists felt 20 00:00:58,893 --> 00:01:01,771 like dogs weren't really worthy of scientific study. 21 00:01:04,440 --> 00:01:06,567 But now, canine science is really blossoming. 22 00:01:06,651 --> 00:01:07,860 [woman 2] Puppy! Look! 23 00:01:07,944 --> 00:01:10,530 [man] That big aha moment happened 24 00:01:10,613 --> 00:01:14,492 when people started using methods that had been developed to use with kids… 25 00:01:14,575 --> 00:01:15,576 [bell rings] 26 00:01:16,327 --> 00:01:19,997 [man] …to uncover and unlock the secrets of the dog social world. 27 00:01:20,081 --> 00:01:21,249 -[bell rings] -Bravissimo! 28 00:01:22,583 --> 00:01:26,796 [narrator] So how did dogs and humans become so hopelessly intertwined? 29 00:01:26,879 --> 00:01:28,047 [all gushing] 30 00:01:30,091 --> 00:01:32,176 [woman 3] I do think my dog loves me, 31 00:01:32,260 --> 00:01:35,555 and I think there is scientific evidence to back that up. 32 00:01:35,638 --> 00:01:37,056 [automated voice] 33 00:01:37,140 --> 00:01:40,768 [narrator] New science is helping to decode their strange behavior, 34 00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:43,354 decipher their hidden language… 35 00:01:43,437 --> 00:01:45,148 [howling and barking] 36 00:01:45,231 --> 00:01:48,985 [narrator] …and discover why dogs are the way they are. 37 00:01:49,652 --> 00:01:54,282 [man] Understanding the mind of dogs is really an incredibly useful thing, 38 00:01:54,907 --> 00:01:57,243 not just to enrich our relationships with them, 39 00:01:57,326 --> 00:01:58,703 but to understand ourselves better. 40 00:01:59,287 --> 00:02:01,998 [narrator] We can all get closer to our dogs 41 00:02:02,081 --> 00:02:04,208 if we know their secrets. 42 00:02:04,292 --> 00:02:06,586 [uplifting music playing] 43 00:02:10,882 --> 00:02:12,508 [music fades] 44 00:02:14,385 --> 00:02:16,387 [puppies grunting] 45 00:02:19,599 --> 00:02:24,353 [narrator] Dogs are the single most diverse animal to ever walk the earth. 46 00:02:27,732 --> 00:02:30,526 [man] Given how different dogs look from one another, 47 00:02:30,610 --> 00:02:33,946 you can imagine that if an alien from another planet landed, 48 00:02:34,030 --> 00:02:35,198 it could be confused. 49 00:02:35,281 --> 00:02:36,532 [dog whimpers] 50 00:02:36,616 --> 00:02:39,619 It would be really easy to think that a Chihuahua and a Great Dane 51 00:02:39,702 --> 00:02:41,621 are completely different things. 52 00:02:43,497 --> 00:02:47,376 The history of where dog breeds come from is really fascinating. 53 00:02:47,460 --> 00:02:48,794 [panting] 54 00:02:48,878 --> 00:02:51,964 There are breeds that were bred originally in Asia, 55 00:02:52,548 --> 00:02:54,508 Africa, or the Americas. 56 00:02:55,635 --> 00:02:58,554 Most of the breeds that we recognize today 57 00:02:58,638 --> 00:03:00,723 are gonna be 100, 125 years old. 58 00:03:01,307 --> 00:03:05,728 [narrator] Until the late 1800s, dogs were primarily bred for work, 59 00:03:05,811 --> 00:03:08,814 when a new phenomenon took over the dog world. 60 00:03:08,898 --> 00:03:09,815 [whimpers] 61 00:03:09,899 --> 00:03:11,067 [narrator] Vanity. 62 00:03:11,150 --> 00:03:14,278 [Hare] Instead of having iPhones or Louis Vuitton bags, 63 00:03:14,362 --> 00:03:17,657 people started to breed dogs to communicate status. 64 00:03:17,740 --> 00:03:19,951 Then other people wanted dogs of that same breed, 65 00:03:20,034 --> 00:03:21,327 and they became popular. 66 00:03:21,827 --> 00:03:24,455 [narrator] In Scotland, the first golden retriever 67 00:03:24,538 --> 00:03:27,041 was believed to be an undesirable mutation 68 00:03:27,124 --> 00:03:28,918 from a long line of bird dogs. 69 00:03:30,211 --> 00:03:33,839 But the eccentric Lord Tweedmouth liked the new color 70 00:03:33,923 --> 00:03:36,259 and bred him with other soft, red dogs, 71 00:03:37,009 --> 00:03:38,970 creating a brand-new breed. 72 00:03:40,846 --> 00:03:43,307 [dogs barking] 73 00:03:43,391 --> 00:03:44,600 [narrator] For decades, 74 00:03:44,684 --> 00:03:47,436 the most popular breed has been the Labrador Retriever. 75 00:03:48,729 --> 00:03:53,818 But in 2022, the French bulldog surpassed the Lab in the US. 76 00:03:54,777 --> 00:03:55,820 [dog whimpers] 77 00:03:55,903 --> 00:03:59,115 [narrator] So how exactly did our most popular pet 78 00:03:59,198 --> 00:04:01,909 become such a valuable member of the family? 79 00:04:03,286 --> 00:04:07,164 To understand that, we need to start at the very beginning. 80 00:04:10,751 --> 00:04:12,420 So where do dogs come from? 81 00:04:12,503 --> 00:04:14,505 Whoa, that's a… fun one. 82 00:04:14,588 --> 00:04:16,507 [barks] 83 00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,303 [Hare] The scientific name of the domestic dog, our best buddies, 84 00:04:20,386 --> 00:04:22,305 is Canis familiaris. 85 00:04:22,388 --> 00:04:25,891 The scientific name of a wolf is Canis lupus. 86 00:04:25,975 --> 00:04:26,892 [growling] 87 00:04:26,976 --> 00:04:31,605 But every dog and every dog breed is just another version of a wolf 88 00:04:31,689 --> 00:04:35,443 that, through selection and evolution, has expressed itself. 89 00:04:36,944 --> 00:04:41,907 [narrator] Every breed shares 99.9% of the same DNA as wolves. 90 00:04:42,575 --> 00:04:45,828 [wolves howling] 91 00:04:45,911 --> 00:04:48,748 [Hare] Wolves were extremely successful 92 00:04:48,831 --> 00:04:51,417 up until, really, 50,000 years ago. 93 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:54,837 Millions and millions and millions of wolves 94 00:04:54,920 --> 00:04:58,466 spread all over Europe, Asia, and North America. 95 00:04:59,592 --> 00:05:02,762 There weren't just wolves. There's what's called a carnivore guild. 96 00:05:02,845 --> 00:05:04,638 -There were giant hyenas… -[howls] 97 00:05:04,722 --> 00:05:06,849 -[Hare] …giant cave bears… -[roars] 98 00:05:06,932 --> 00:05:08,601 -[Hare] …lions. -[growls] 99 00:05:08,684 --> 00:05:11,979 [Hare] The modern human population pulses out of Africa, 100 00:05:12,646 --> 00:05:14,440 and we are super predators. 101 00:05:14,523 --> 00:05:15,358 [grunts] 102 00:05:16,484 --> 00:05:17,985 [Hare] We're so good at hunting 103 00:05:18,069 --> 00:05:21,113 that most other large predators go extinct. 104 00:05:21,197 --> 00:05:22,323 [creature cries] 105 00:05:22,406 --> 00:05:25,743 [Hare] Two species that do survive are brown bears… 106 00:05:25,826 --> 00:05:26,827 [bear roars] 107 00:05:26,911 --> 00:05:28,829 -[Hare] …and wolves. -[wolf howls] 108 00:05:28,913 --> 00:05:30,915 [Hare] And so wolves are real survivors. 109 00:05:32,124 --> 00:05:34,585 Okay, now it becomes a little bit more mysterious. 110 00:05:35,461 --> 00:05:37,171 Instead of being afraid of humans, 111 00:05:37,254 --> 00:05:38,964 a population of wolves, 112 00:05:39,048 --> 00:05:41,759 they actually became attracted to all the yummy garbage 113 00:05:41,842 --> 00:05:43,594 that the humans were creating. 114 00:05:44,261 --> 00:05:47,264 So a new type of friendliness evolved. 115 00:05:48,057 --> 00:05:49,266 [laughter] 116 00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:51,352 [Hare] So survival of the friendliest 117 00:05:51,435 --> 00:05:54,772 is really the most successful evolutionary strategy 118 00:05:54,855 --> 00:05:56,732 that has been identified. 119 00:05:56,816 --> 00:05:58,776 [dog panting] 120 00:05:58,859 --> 00:06:02,071 [Hare] And it is counter to survival of the fittest. 121 00:06:02,905 --> 00:06:06,909 It is not at all that being big, bad alpha makes you superior. 122 00:06:08,202 --> 00:06:11,997 And, in fact, if anything, being dominant is super costly. 123 00:06:12,081 --> 00:06:13,624 In any species that evolves, 124 00:06:13,707 --> 00:06:16,627 a new type of friendliness that leads to new forms of cooperation 125 00:06:16,710 --> 00:06:20,464 just absolutely does gangbusters in the game of life. 126 00:06:24,969 --> 00:06:26,429 Whether it's flowers 127 00:06:26,512 --> 00:06:30,516 that are really an evolutionary innovation in the plant world… 128 00:06:30,599 --> 00:06:31,434 [buzzing] 129 00:06:31,517 --> 00:06:33,519 [Hare] "I'm gonna be friendly, give you something, 130 00:06:33,602 --> 00:06:35,271 and then we're gonna cooperate." 131 00:06:35,938 --> 00:06:38,691 And guess what? There's only one terrestrial vertebrate 132 00:06:38,774 --> 00:06:41,152 that can live year-round in Antarctica. 133 00:06:42,194 --> 00:06:44,321 And it is the Emperor Penguin. 134 00:06:44,405 --> 00:06:45,865 [penguins chirping] 135 00:06:47,158 --> 00:06:48,617 [Hare] They do it by hugging. 136 00:06:49,410 --> 00:06:50,828 They hug all winter. 137 00:06:51,954 --> 00:06:55,583 So friendliness wins. It wins again and again in life. 138 00:06:55,666 --> 00:06:57,543 [dog panting] 139 00:06:57,626 --> 00:07:00,129 [narrator] And dogs have a special adaptation 140 00:07:00,212 --> 00:07:03,174 that helps them take friendliness to the next level. 141 00:07:03,257 --> 00:07:07,511 [Hare] As an example, one of the things that's changed dramatically in dogs, 142 00:07:07,595 --> 00:07:08,679 relative to wolves, 143 00:07:08,762 --> 00:07:13,350 is they have a muscle that allows them to pull back their eye… 144 00:07:13,434 --> 00:07:15,436 [woman] Oh my God! 145 00:07:16,020 --> 00:07:18,564 [Hare] …and show the white part of your eye, called the sclera. 146 00:07:20,065 --> 00:07:22,359 And we know that when humans interact, 147 00:07:22,443 --> 00:07:26,572 seeing white sclera is the way that our brain automatically recognizes 148 00:07:26,655 --> 00:07:29,116 that you're interacting with another human being. 149 00:07:30,618 --> 00:07:32,119 It's actually one of the key ways 150 00:07:32,203 --> 00:07:34,830 that newborn infants recognize their mother. 151 00:07:36,457 --> 00:07:37,291 Puppy dog eyes. 152 00:07:37,374 --> 00:07:40,753 They really hijack one of the main ways we interact with each other. 153 00:07:40,836 --> 00:07:42,004 [dog whines] 154 00:07:42,087 --> 00:07:44,256 [Hare] And dogs have taken advantage of it. 155 00:07:50,387 --> 00:07:52,097 [puppies yipping] 156 00:07:52,181 --> 00:07:55,309 [narrator] Puppies are born blind and deaf. 157 00:07:56,769 --> 00:07:59,438 But they can immediately smell their way to Mom. 158 00:08:03,317 --> 00:08:06,153 After three weeks, these puppies are opening their eyes 159 00:08:06,237 --> 00:08:07,947 for the very first time. 160 00:08:08,030 --> 00:08:11,075 [puppies yipping] 161 00:08:13,452 --> 00:08:15,329 [narrator] This litter has ten pups. 162 00:08:15,829 --> 00:08:19,625 Four above average, but far from the world record of 24. 163 00:08:22,253 --> 00:08:24,922 And every single one is unique. 164 00:08:26,173 --> 00:08:28,008 Right down to the tip of their nose. 165 00:08:28,926 --> 00:08:32,012 So dogs have nose prints in the same way that we have fingerprints. 166 00:08:32,096 --> 00:08:34,682 If you were to put a little bit of ink on your dog's nose 167 00:08:34,765 --> 00:08:36,392 and press it up to a piece of paper, 168 00:08:36,475 --> 00:08:37,935 it would make a unique imprint 169 00:08:38,018 --> 00:08:39,812 that would be different from any other dog. 170 00:08:39,895 --> 00:08:40,854 [dog whimpers] 171 00:08:41,605 --> 00:08:45,776 [narrator] Each puppy's personality is just as different as their nose print. 172 00:08:46,443 --> 00:08:49,989 And researchers are trying to figure out why. 173 00:08:50,864 --> 00:08:53,242 [Hecht] So it's been a long-standing question in science, 174 00:08:53,325 --> 00:08:56,704 how much does nature matter versus how much does nurture matter? 175 00:08:56,787 --> 00:08:59,415 You can never just have an impact of one or the other. 176 00:08:59,498 --> 00:09:02,751 They both interact to produce the dog's individual personality. 177 00:09:03,377 --> 00:09:05,421 What makes a dog the way that they are 178 00:09:05,504 --> 00:09:07,715 in terms of how they interact with the world? 179 00:09:07,798 --> 00:09:09,425 From the environment side, 180 00:09:09,508 --> 00:09:13,304 that's everything they experience over the course of their life, 181 00:09:13,387 --> 00:09:14,972 even before they're born. 182 00:09:15,055 --> 00:09:19,101 [puppies grunting] 183 00:09:19,184 --> 00:09:23,147 Maternal style, a topic near and dear to my heart. 184 00:09:23,230 --> 00:09:26,275 So that is something that we have been studying 185 00:09:26,358 --> 00:09:28,861 in the first three weeks of the puppy's life. 186 00:09:29,486 --> 00:09:31,780 What we're learning is there is variation 187 00:09:31,864 --> 00:09:35,618 in how much mothers interact with their puppies. 188 00:09:35,701 --> 00:09:38,829 We see a range of mothers that are constantly with their puppies, 189 00:09:38,912 --> 00:09:42,082 and then the more laissez-faire, hands-off mothers. 190 00:09:42,958 --> 00:09:48,505 We see impacts of that affecting the puppies' problem-solving skills 191 00:09:48,589 --> 00:09:50,591 and even their personalities. 192 00:09:52,009 --> 00:09:54,553 What we're learning is that the mothers 193 00:09:54,637 --> 00:09:57,473 that were letting the puppies figure it out on their own, 194 00:09:57,556 --> 00:10:01,810 their puppies went on to become the most successful guide dogs. 195 00:10:01,894 --> 00:10:04,313 A reasonable hypothesis is that, you know, 196 00:10:04,396 --> 00:10:07,941 they're kind of learning to figure it out for themselves early on, 197 00:10:08,025 --> 00:10:10,569 and that's serving them well in their later career. 198 00:10:11,570 --> 00:10:13,614 [narrator] Understanding how a puppy thinks 199 00:10:13,697 --> 00:10:16,575 is a window into the mind of all dogs. 200 00:10:18,410 --> 00:10:21,580 [Bray] Hi! How are you? 201 00:10:22,247 --> 00:10:23,415 You ready? 202 00:10:24,708 --> 00:10:26,627 Are we gonna see what you're thinkin'? 203 00:10:26,710 --> 00:10:29,129 Hi, handsome. You're so cute. 204 00:10:29,213 --> 00:10:31,131 I know. I love you. 205 00:10:31,215 --> 00:10:33,967 Right now, we're going to be running the pointing task, 206 00:10:34,051 --> 00:10:37,805 and this is kind of the quintessential canine cognition task 207 00:10:37,888 --> 00:10:40,849 that I feel like kind of put canine cognition on the map 208 00:10:40,933 --> 00:10:42,393 back in the early 2000s. 209 00:10:43,143 --> 00:10:44,645 Puppy, look. 210 00:10:44,728 --> 00:10:46,605 We call it an object choice test. 211 00:10:46,689 --> 00:10:48,565 We use our high-tech Solo cups. 212 00:10:48,649 --> 00:10:50,651 So there's two hiding options. 213 00:10:50,734 --> 00:10:53,612 We actually tape treats into the bottom of each of the cups, 214 00:10:53,696 --> 00:10:55,406 so both options smell like food. 215 00:10:57,282 --> 00:10:58,701 If they're choosing the correct cup, 216 00:10:58,784 --> 00:11:02,454 it's because they're using the commutative cue that we're providing them. 217 00:11:03,622 --> 00:11:06,959 And then I simply point to the one that the food is under. 218 00:11:07,042 --> 00:11:07,918 Okay. 219 00:11:11,213 --> 00:11:12,256 [laughter] 220 00:11:12,339 --> 00:11:13,257 [Bray] Good job! 221 00:11:13,340 --> 00:11:17,094 And what has been found is that dogs, in general, 222 00:11:17,177 --> 00:11:19,930 are really good at following a human point… 223 00:11:20,013 --> 00:11:20,889 Okay. 224 00:11:23,392 --> 00:11:24,685 -Good choice. -Yes! 225 00:11:24,768 --> 00:11:26,729 -Good boy! You got it! -Good boy! 226 00:11:26,812 --> 00:11:31,066 …even better than our closest living relatives, the apes. 227 00:11:31,859 --> 00:11:34,987 [Hare] So, as smart as our close primate relatives are, 228 00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:36,739 bonobos, chimpanzees, 229 00:11:36,822 --> 00:11:38,866 there's one thing they're not very good at, 230 00:11:38,949 --> 00:11:44,288 which is understanding that when someone gestures to them in a helpful way, 231 00:11:44,371 --> 00:11:47,332 they're trying to direct you and help. They don't really get it. 232 00:11:47,416 --> 00:11:49,168 You chose the wrong one! 233 00:11:49,251 --> 00:11:52,504 That's something that's really crucially important in human development. 234 00:11:52,588 --> 00:11:55,758 And because human infants, 9 to 12 months of age, 235 00:11:55,841 --> 00:11:58,343 we start understanding when somebody gestures or points, 236 00:11:58,427 --> 00:12:00,596 to follow the direction they're pointing, 237 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:02,931 we could learn something about what they're trying to show. 238 00:12:03,015 --> 00:12:07,102 Hey, lookie here. Where is it? Can you get it? Can you get the ball? 239 00:12:11,940 --> 00:12:14,067 Hey! Nice job. 240 00:12:14,151 --> 00:12:15,277 [Hare] You got it. 241 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:18,447 All humans can do this. It's very important to our development. 242 00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:21,200 But then these close relatives can't really do that. 243 00:12:21,283 --> 00:12:23,410 So that then led us to believe, um, 244 00:12:23,494 --> 00:12:27,164 that maybe there's something really important that's different about dogs. 245 00:12:27,790 --> 00:12:28,874 -[woman] Nice! -[Bray] Yahoo! 246 00:12:28,957 --> 00:12:30,876 [narrator] This pointing test was the beginning 247 00:12:30,959 --> 00:12:33,128 of a dog-science renaissance, 248 00:12:34,213 --> 00:12:36,256 and it led Dr. Brian Hare 249 00:12:36,340 --> 00:12:39,885 to start the Duke University Canine Cognition Center. 250 00:12:39,968 --> 00:12:40,803 [woman] Okay. 251 00:12:40,886 --> 00:12:45,849 [Hare] It is a center that's dedicated to understanding dog behavior, psychology, 252 00:12:45,933 --> 00:12:48,602 and we're trying to learn how dogs' minds work. 253 00:12:48,685 --> 00:12:49,561 [woman] Okay! 254 00:12:50,938 --> 00:12:54,608 [Hare] And then we're trying to use what we learn to train them better 255 00:12:54,691 --> 00:12:58,654 and have them raised to do jobs more effectively. 256 00:13:00,239 --> 00:13:04,243 [narrator] When given the chance, dogs are capable of amazing things. 257 00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:07,329 From tracking whales… 258 00:13:07,412 --> 00:13:12,459 [reporter 1] Dio guides scientists to the whales by smelling their poop. 259 00:13:12,543 --> 00:13:14,503 [narrator] …to exploring the cosmos. 260 00:13:15,504 --> 00:13:16,964 [reporter 2] Liftoff. 261 00:13:17,047 --> 00:13:18,799 [narrator] Even running for office. 262 00:13:18,882 --> 00:13:21,176 [reporter 3] Max is a golden retriever. 263 00:13:21,260 --> 00:13:23,178 -My favorite politician. -Yeah. 264 00:13:23,262 --> 00:13:25,973 [reporter 3] He's won three consecutive elections 265 00:13:26,056 --> 00:13:28,350 in this small, picturesque town. 266 00:13:29,017 --> 00:13:31,270 [narrator] But perhaps most amazing, 267 00:13:31,353 --> 00:13:34,064 dogs who devote their lives to helping people. 268 00:13:34,648 --> 00:13:37,776 [Hare] What people view as a great dog today 269 00:13:37,860 --> 00:13:41,363 is what service dogs have been bred and raised and trained to be 270 00:13:41,446 --> 00:13:42,739 for a century. 271 00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:45,659 Folks have a lot to learn from service dogs 272 00:13:45,742 --> 00:13:48,161 about how they might wanna raise their own dog. 273 00:13:48,745 --> 00:13:52,708 [narrator] In 1986, Charles Schulz, the creator of Snoopy, 274 00:13:52,791 --> 00:13:55,127 helped build Canine Companions… 275 00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:57,880 [woman cheering] 276 00:13:57,963 --> 00:14:00,257 [narrator] …the world's largest service-dog school. 277 00:14:00,757 --> 00:14:03,343 They raise 1,000 puppies a year 278 00:14:03,427 --> 00:14:05,846 in six campuses across the country. 279 00:14:13,186 --> 00:14:17,190 These puppies are eight weeks old. Time they head out into the world. 280 00:14:19,318 --> 00:14:22,988 And their journey can tell us a lot about our own dogs. 281 00:14:25,115 --> 00:14:27,618 [woman 1] Eight weeks is a time when puppies are at an age 282 00:14:27,701 --> 00:14:29,912 where it's good for them to go and be independent. 283 00:14:29,995 --> 00:14:32,956 They've been bonding with their mom, with their littermates. 284 00:14:33,624 --> 00:14:37,794 It's really important that they start bonding more with people at this stage. 285 00:14:37,878 --> 00:14:39,463 [woman 2] Come on, puppies! Buh-buh-buh! 286 00:14:39,546 --> 00:14:42,007 -[woman 3] Puppies! -[woman 2] Come on, puppies! 287 00:14:42,090 --> 00:14:45,427 [narrator] Typically, at eight weeks, puppies go to a puppy raiser, 288 00:14:46,219 --> 00:14:49,932 but these four puppies are taking a special detour. 289 00:14:50,015 --> 00:14:52,267 [Kennedy] So we've been working with Duke University. 290 00:14:52,351 --> 00:14:56,021 We have puppies that go and stay at Duke from 8 to 20 weeks of age, 291 00:14:56,104 --> 00:14:59,816 doing cognition tests repeatedly every couple of weeks throughout the time. 292 00:15:06,281 --> 00:15:08,325 [whimsical jazz music plays] 293 00:15:09,826 --> 00:15:12,663 [narrator] These pups are flying 2,500 miles 294 00:15:12,746 --> 00:15:15,290 on a plane donated by a volunteer pilot 295 00:15:15,874 --> 00:15:17,960 to attend puppy kindergarten… 296 00:15:18,043 --> 00:15:19,544 [barking] 297 00:15:19,628 --> 00:15:23,006 [narrator] …a part of Duke University's Canine Cognition Center. 298 00:15:23,090 --> 00:15:25,550 [relaxed jazz music playing] 299 00:15:32,474 --> 00:15:33,558 [ding] 300 00:15:33,642 --> 00:15:34,893 -[man laughs] -[woman 1 squeals] 301 00:15:34,977 --> 00:15:35,894 [woman 2] So cute! 302 00:15:35,978 --> 00:15:37,854 -[man laughing] Oh my gosh. -Hello! 303 00:15:37,938 --> 00:15:39,773 Oh, it's good to see you. 304 00:15:39,856 --> 00:15:43,443 -Did you have a good flight? -[man] Oh my gosh. 305 00:15:43,527 --> 00:15:47,531 My name is Vanessa Woods, and I run the Duke Puppy Kindergarten. 306 00:15:48,699 --> 00:15:50,575 -Yeah. You do a good job. -Thank you. 307 00:15:50,659 --> 00:15:53,120 -You do a really nice job. -What do you do, really? 308 00:15:53,203 --> 00:15:55,747 -Uh… you know. I don't know. -[laughs] 309 00:15:55,831 --> 00:15:56,915 [birds chirping] 310 00:15:56,999 --> 00:15:59,167 Let's check this guy out. Okay. 311 00:15:59,668 --> 00:16:01,795 Now, you've never seen this before, right? 312 00:16:01,878 --> 00:16:03,171 All right. 313 00:16:03,255 --> 00:16:05,507 This is really tough, even for an adult dog. 314 00:16:05,590 --> 00:16:07,175 [Bray] Mm-hmm. Okay. 315 00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:10,512 [Bray and Hare] Oh! 316 00:16:10,595 --> 00:16:13,056 -Oh, well done. Yay. -[Woods] You'll get it the next time. 317 00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:14,641 [Hare] It's hard. 318 00:16:14,725 --> 00:16:17,978 Duke Puppy Kindergarten, you wanna take puppies at their most cutest. 319 00:16:18,061 --> 00:16:19,688 [Hare] Don't go to the left. 320 00:16:19,771 --> 00:16:23,275 [Woods] But also at their final period of rapid brain development. 321 00:16:23,358 --> 00:16:25,527 And we play these sort of fun cognitive games 322 00:16:25,610 --> 00:16:27,571 to see if we can come up with a cognitive profile 323 00:16:27,654 --> 00:16:31,616 to predict who is most likely to make it as a service dog. 324 00:16:32,117 --> 00:16:34,161 -[Hare] Trial two. Pretty good. -Good job. 325 00:16:34,244 --> 00:16:35,620 -You did it. -[Hare] Quick learner. 326 00:16:35,704 --> 00:16:38,290 [Woods] At the moment, it takes two years before you even know 327 00:16:38,373 --> 00:16:39,666 if the dog is gonna make it. 328 00:16:39,750 --> 00:16:42,836 And we can take a puppy and really run them through these tests 329 00:16:42,919 --> 00:16:45,714 and say, "Okay, you know, you're definitely looking like 330 00:16:45,797 --> 00:16:47,924 what we predict a service dog would be." 331 00:16:48,008 --> 00:16:51,720 But other ones, you're just… you're just gonna make a great pet. 332 00:16:51,803 --> 00:16:53,055 [Bray] Puppy, look. 333 00:16:53,930 --> 00:16:54,806 Okay. 334 00:16:56,808 --> 00:16:59,102 [Hare] We have a task called the impossible task, 335 00:16:59,186 --> 00:17:01,772 and what we're seeing is that some dogs 336 00:17:01,855 --> 00:17:05,233 immediately focus on trying to get food 337 00:17:05,317 --> 00:17:08,195 out of a container that they previously have gotten food out of, 338 00:17:08,278 --> 00:17:11,573 but we've locked it and made it impossible or really hard to get it open. 339 00:17:11,656 --> 00:17:12,532 [Bray] Okay. 340 00:17:13,617 --> 00:17:16,369 [Hare] Some dogs, they realize, "I can't get that thing open," 341 00:17:16,453 --> 00:17:18,371 and they immediately look up to the person, 342 00:17:18,455 --> 00:17:21,917 and they start barking or, you know, making eye contact, 343 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,127 trying to communicate with the person. 344 00:17:26,046 --> 00:17:27,089 What we've learned is 345 00:17:27,172 --> 00:17:30,300 the dog that really just tries to solve the problem on its own, 346 00:17:30,884 --> 00:17:34,012 those dogs tend to be really great at problems 347 00:17:34,096 --> 00:17:36,014 that have to do with finding things, 348 00:17:36,098 --> 00:17:38,934 like in dogs that are gonna be trained in detection work. 349 00:17:39,017 --> 00:17:41,269 -[Bray] Wow. -[Woods] It's amazing! 350 00:17:42,020 --> 00:17:45,857 [Hare] The dog who realizes there's a problem they can't solve 351 00:17:45,941 --> 00:17:48,610 and kind of look up and ask for help in a way, 352 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:53,990 those dogs tend to be dogs that are gonna do really, really well for service 353 00:17:54,074 --> 00:17:55,826 and for helping people with disabilities. 354 00:17:56,409 --> 00:17:59,579 You're backwards. You can't see it from there. 355 00:17:59,663 --> 00:18:01,706 You wanna go around? Come here. 356 00:18:01,790 --> 00:18:07,129 [Hare] And so we've been tracking how their cognition starts to emerge. 357 00:18:07,796 --> 00:18:09,881 It's not like a light bulb just comes on. 358 00:18:09,965 --> 00:18:13,343 It's more like a symphony of lots of little lights. 359 00:18:13,426 --> 00:18:14,553 -And-- -Christmas lights. 360 00:18:14,636 --> 00:18:17,848 Yeah, they kind of blink on at different times. 361 00:18:17,931 --> 00:18:20,892 Um, and maybe they're different colors. I don't know. 362 00:18:20,976 --> 00:18:21,893 -Um… -Fireworks. 363 00:18:21,977 --> 00:18:24,020 I like Christmas trees with colored lights. 364 00:18:24,521 --> 00:18:27,107 [toy meowing tunefully] 365 00:18:28,358 --> 00:18:30,485 [Hare] So some of these games we're seeing consistency, 366 00:18:30,569 --> 00:18:34,614 that what we measure when they're puppies does tell us about what they do as adults. 367 00:18:35,907 --> 00:18:39,703 [narrator] These puppies are in kindergarten from 8 to 20 weeks. 368 00:18:39,786 --> 00:18:43,081 After that, they go to a certified puppy raiser. 369 00:18:43,165 --> 00:18:45,041 [laughter] 370 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:50,714 [woman] No more food, buddy. 371 00:18:51,423 --> 00:18:52,799 All done. 372 00:18:54,384 --> 00:18:55,218 [cat meows] 373 00:18:55,302 --> 00:18:58,180 [narrator] Puppy raisers are experienced foster parents 374 00:18:58,263 --> 00:19:00,682 who raise the dogs until they're 18 months. 375 00:19:02,642 --> 00:19:05,520 They're tasked with teaching these puppies the basics. 376 00:19:05,604 --> 00:19:06,813 [woman] Yes! 377 00:19:07,647 --> 00:19:09,107 [narrator] How to be a good dog. 378 00:19:09,191 --> 00:19:10,692 [woman speaking] 379 00:19:10,775 --> 00:19:12,777 [woman] Oh my God. 380 00:19:12,861 --> 00:19:13,695 Hi! 381 00:19:13,778 --> 00:19:17,449 [narrator] The first year and a half is the most formative time for a dog. 382 00:19:19,701 --> 00:19:23,914 [Hecht] There's this folk knowledge that one human year equals seven dog years. 383 00:19:23,997 --> 00:19:25,457 That's not exactly right. 384 00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:28,168 Um, dogs mature very quickly early in life. 385 00:19:28,835 --> 00:19:31,713 They reach sexual maturity in about six months, 386 00:19:31,796 --> 00:19:34,633 but after that, their development sort of flattens out. 387 00:19:35,342 --> 00:19:38,136 [narrator] At 18 months, they're young adults 388 00:19:38,220 --> 00:19:40,722 and ready for service dog training school. 389 00:19:42,307 --> 00:19:44,726 [indistinct chattering] 390 00:19:44,809 --> 00:19:48,104 We raise and train service dogs for people with disabilities. 391 00:19:49,064 --> 00:19:52,901 Service dogs change lives in more ways than you would think. 392 00:19:54,444 --> 00:19:58,323 The big day that dogs come in to their first day of college, 393 00:19:58,907 --> 00:20:01,034 we receive the dogs, 394 00:20:01,117 --> 00:20:05,330 we say, "Hey, I'm your new trainer. Let's get to work." 395 00:20:06,414 --> 00:20:08,959 -[man] Yes. -[woman] That's it. Good boy. 396 00:20:09,042 --> 00:20:11,711 [narrator] In this first stage of service-dog school, 397 00:20:11,795 --> 00:20:14,714 candidates undergo six months of rigorous training. 398 00:20:14,798 --> 00:20:16,549 [woman] Yes. Good girl. 399 00:20:16,633 --> 00:20:19,886 We start training a dog in over 40 different commands. 400 00:20:19,970 --> 00:20:21,179 Touch. Yay. 401 00:20:21,263 --> 00:20:22,639 Shake. 'Kay. 402 00:20:22,722 --> 00:20:23,807 Give. Yes. 403 00:20:23,890 --> 00:20:27,435 Clients may have mobility disabilities, 404 00:20:27,519 --> 00:20:30,563 so we train very task-oriented commands. 405 00:20:30,647 --> 00:20:32,274 [woman] Up. Yep. 406 00:20:32,357 --> 00:20:34,234 [Hutchinson] So a dog can assist you with things 407 00:20:34,317 --> 00:20:36,403 that you wouldn't normally be able to do. 408 00:20:36,486 --> 00:20:37,988 Push. Yes! 409 00:20:38,071 --> 00:20:38,947 Tug. 410 00:20:39,030 --> 00:20:40,782 Good boy. 411 00:20:41,324 --> 00:20:43,201 We serve veterans with PTSD, 412 00:20:43,285 --> 00:20:47,789 so we train interactive skills, like nightmare interruptions. 413 00:20:50,583 --> 00:20:52,711 Yes. Good boy, buddy. 414 00:20:52,794 --> 00:20:56,589 Dogs are meant to enhance a person's life. 415 00:20:57,090 --> 00:20:58,383 Good girl. 416 00:20:58,466 --> 00:21:00,719 [Hutchinson] Because we do have very high standards, 417 00:21:00,802 --> 00:21:05,932 only approximately half of our dogs do graduate and become a service dog. 418 00:21:07,559 --> 00:21:09,352 [narrator] There are hundreds of hopeful people 419 00:21:09,436 --> 00:21:11,521 waiting to be matched with a service dog. 420 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:15,150 So every dog counts. 421 00:21:16,735 --> 00:21:19,237 [Hutchinson] Light. You got it. Come on, get up. 422 00:21:19,321 --> 00:21:21,114 Yeah! Good boy. 423 00:21:21,614 --> 00:21:22,532 Whoo! 424 00:21:22,615 --> 00:21:23,700 What do you think? 425 00:21:24,367 --> 00:21:26,578 Was that a good workout? Was that a good workout? 426 00:21:26,661 --> 00:21:28,580 Was that a good workout? Yeah-yeah. 427 00:21:29,164 --> 00:21:30,165 Wow! 428 00:21:30,248 --> 00:21:31,875 So this is Bonus, 429 00:21:31,958 --> 00:21:34,336 and the bonus fact about him is that 430 00:21:34,419 --> 00:21:38,757 he, once upon a time, had braces because of an overbite. 431 00:21:39,341 --> 00:21:42,093 Yes, he's very sweet. He is very lovey. 432 00:21:42,177 --> 00:21:45,555 Bonus's favorite way of interacting is butt scratches. 433 00:21:45,638 --> 00:21:46,931 This really gets him going. 434 00:21:47,015 --> 00:21:49,267 He really likes the butt scratches. Right, baby? 435 00:21:49,351 --> 00:21:50,935 Ohh. Yeah. 436 00:21:51,019 --> 00:21:52,354 [woman laughs] 437 00:21:52,437 --> 00:21:53,521 Bonus, tug. 438 00:21:54,356 --> 00:21:56,983 [Hutchinson] Bonus needs some confidence building, 439 00:21:57,067 --> 00:21:58,610 some encouragement. 440 00:21:58,693 --> 00:22:00,111 Oh! Try again. 441 00:22:00,195 --> 00:22:01,696 But he is interactive. 442 00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:03,531 Light. Yes! 443 00:22:03,615 --> 00:22:07,494 He is really good at precision when it comes to tasks. 444 00:22:07,577 --> 00:22:09,537 Come on, get up. Yeah! 445 00:22:10,372 --> 00:22:12,665 [narrator] Three keys to training a dog… 446 00:22:12,749 --> 00:22:13,625 Up. 447 00:22:13,708 --> 00:22:15,001 [narrator] Patience. 448 00:22:15,085 --> 00:22:17,045 Yeah! Good boy! 449 00:22:17,128 --> 00:22:18,588 -[narrator] Repetition. -Wow. 450 00:22:18,671 --> 00:22:20,131 Light. You got it. 451 00:22:20,215 --> 00:22:21,800 Yes! Good boy. 452 00:22:21,883 --> 00:22:24,511 [narrator] And understanding what they're trying to say. 453 00:22:24,594 --> 00:22:28,348 So our job is to teach people what your dog is saying to you, 454 00:22:28,431 --> 00:22:29,641 what your dog is thinking. 455 00:22:29,724 --> 00:22:32,227 Good boy. Good. 456 00:22:32,310 --> 00:22:34,854 Dogs are constantly communicating with us. 457 00:22:34,938 --> 00:22:38,441 All you have to do is watch your dog, listen to your dog. 458 00:22:38,525 --> 00:22:40,902 He's giving you all the information you need. 459 00:22:41,486 --> 00:22:43,238 -[woman 1] Oh my God. -[woman 2] Hi! 460 00:22:43,321 --> 00:22:45,907 [laughter] 461 00:22:45,990 --> 00:22:46,825 [woman 2] Hi! 462 00:22:46,908 --> 00:22:48,827 [dog whimpering] 463 00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:52,330 [man] When I'm looking at the body language, the tail wag is gonna say a lot. 464 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:57,752 A loose tail tends to indicate less stress, 465 00:22:57,836 --> 00:22:59,963 more happiness, more curiosity. 466 00:23:00,046 --> 00:23:01,005 [dog whimpers] 467 00:23:01,089 --> 00:23:03,883 A tighter tail, if we think about it in human terms… 468 00:23:03,967 --> 00:23:06,094 This is an exercise for everybody at home watching. 469 00:23:06,177 --> 00:23:10,181 Tighten your butt right now, and then ask yourself how you feel. 470 00:23:12,350 --> 00:23:14,936 And there's usually an emotional correlation there. 471 00:23:15,603 --> 00:23:19,566 The tail tucked or wagging low indicates to me that there's some stress. 472 00:23:19,649 --> 00:23:20,733 [barks] 473 00:23:21,443 --> 00:23:24,737 The helicopter tail usually comes with a good, big butt wiggle. 474 00:23:25,864 --> 00:23:29,200 Typically, when we see that, there is an emotional experience 475 00:23:29,284 --> 00:23:31,911 that seems to be really positive for the dog. 476 00:23:32,871 --> 00:23:34,122 From the current science, 477 00:23:34,205 --> 00:23:38,835 if a dog is seeing somebody that they know and has a positive association with, 478 00:23:39,419 --> 00:23:41,129 we see a tail wag to the right. 479 00:23:42,589 --> 00:23:43,673 It's pretty cool. 480 00:23:43,756 --> 00:23:46,134 But I want to see what's happening with the body 481 00:23:46,217 --> 00:23:48,928 that might be correlating with what's happening with the tail. 482 00:23:49,012 --> 00:23:49,846 [barks] 483 00:23:50,597 --> 00:23:53,808 Dogs have 16 different facial expressions. 484 00:23:53,892 --> 00:23:54,893 [camera clicks] 485 00:23:54,976 --> 00:23:56,644 -[dog growls] -[Draper] Anger. 486 00:23:56,728 --> 00:23:58,104 -[dog whimpers] -[Draper] Anxiety. 487 00:23:58,188 --> 00:23:59,981 -[dog whines] -[Draper] Pain. 488 00:24:00,064 --> 00:24:01,900 -[dog barks] -[Draper] Happiness. 489 00:24:01,983 --> 00:24:03,902 -[dog whimpers] -[Draper] Sadness. 490 00:24:03,985 --> 00:24:07,739 You compare that to humans, who have about 27 different facial expressions. 491 00:24:08,531 --> 00:24:11,743 And then chimpanzees, one of the smartest mammals in the world, 492 00:24:11,826 --> 00:24:14,621 have only 13 to 14 facial expressions. 493 00:24:18,166 --> 00:24:21,961 So dogs learned a lot of that from us by what we do and what we've shown them. 494 00:24:22,045 --> 00:24:23,296 [Hutchinson laughs] 495 00:24:24,297 --> 00:24:27,175 Oh, your face. Can you do a downsy? 496 00:24:28,218 --> 00:24:31,137 Good boy. Fastest I've ever seen him do this for a treat. 497 00:24:31,721 --> 00:24:34,849 So this sweet little guy is Peabody. 498 00:24:35,433 --> 00:24:37,352 He has a relaxing presence. 499 00:24:37,435 --> 00:24:40,355 When Peabody's around, everybody's chill. 500 00:24:40,939 --> 00:24:43,149 Most of the time, he likes to lay in the sun. 501 00:24:43,233 --> 00:24:47,278 When all the dogs are running loops around and playing tug, 502 00:24:47,362 --> 00:24:49,572 he can be found sunbathing. 503 00:24:52,116 --> 00:24:53,284 P, get. 504 00:24:54,118 --> 00:24:55,995 Training can be a little slow. 505 00:24:56,079 --> 00:24:56,996 You got it. 506 00:24:57,497 --> 00:25:00,583 He does need work on retrieving. 507 00:25:01,584 --> 00:25:05,505 However, he performs interactive skills very well. 508 00:25:05,588 --> 00:25:06,548 Visit. 509 00:25:07,340 --> 00:25:09,968 Interrupting anxiety, that's actually a task. 510 00:25:10,051 --> 00:25:11,553 That's a trained behavior. 511 00:25:11,636 --> 00:25:12,554 Good boy. 512 00:25:12,637 --> 00:25:16,766 So we are constantly evaluating their appropriateness 513 00:25:16,849 --> 00:25:18,768 to become service dogs. 514 00:25:18,851 --> 00:25:21,729 [narrator] Most dogs sleep about half of every day. 515 00:25:21,813 --> 00:25:22,647 [barks] 516 00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:23,940 [narrator] But not all. 517 00:25:26,651 --> 00:25:28,736 [Hutchinson] So this silly boy is Nemo. 518 00:25:30,446 --> 00:25:32,949 Nemo is very animated. 519 00:25:33,032 --> 00:25:34,158 You got the pterodactyl. 520 00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:35,785 -[barks] -No. 521 00:25:35,868 --> 00:25:36,869 Nemo, down. 522 00:25:38,079 --> 00:25:38,955 No. 523 00:25:39,038 --> 00:25:41,082 Yes. Good boy. 524 00:25:43,001 --> 00:25:45,712 -No. I don't think we were doing that. -[barks] 525 00:25:45,795 --> 00:25:46,963 Not that one either. 526 00:25:47,755 --> 00:25:51,676 Nemo is very much in love with life. 527 00:25:51,759 --> 00:25:54,387 He does need to focus when it comes to working. 528 00:25:54,470 --> 00:25:56,055 One more. Fetch. 529 00:25:59,642 --> 00:26:01,060 Nemo! 530 00:26:01,144 --> 00:26:05,356 [narrator] Twenty percent of dogs show ADHD-like behavior, 531 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:07,150 twice as many as humans. 532 00:26:07,775 --> 00:26:10,695 Whether Nemo is one of them is yet to be seen. 533 00:26:14,282 --> 00:26:17,243 Dogs with ADHD can be more impulsive, 534 00:26:18,036 --> 00:26:19,162 even hyperactive. 535 00:26:20,830 --> 00:26:22,915 But that doesn't make them untrainable. 536 00:26:24,083 --> 00:26:25,043 [woman] Nemo, tug. 537 00:26:25,126 --> 00:26:27,795 [Hutchinson] Nemo has a job to do in the real world. 538 00:26:27,879 --> 00:26:30,590 [woman] Yeah. That's it. Good boy. 539 00:26:30,673 --> 00:26:31,716 Drop. 540 00:26:31,799 --> 00:26:33,551 Yes. Juice. 541 00:26:34,469 --> 00:26:38,640 That's it. Yes, sir. Good boy. Very nice. 542 00:26:38,723 --> 00:26:41,726 Nemo, he's really excelled in that retrieving-items command, 543 00:26:41,809 --> 00:26:43,811 as well as learning that tug command. 544 00:26:43,895 --> 00:26:44,729 Hey. 545 00:26:44,812 --> 00:26:48,441 He's animated and loving, and he enjoys training, 546 00:26:48,524 --> 00:26:53,154 but we still have to see if we feel that he can do his job reliably. 547 00:26:53,237 --> 00:26:57,200 I always have to say "if" because nothing is guaranteed. 548 00:26:58,159 --> 00:27:00,036 We have seen him alert bark at times. 549 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:01,037 [barks] 550 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:04,332 That is something you can get kicked out of restaurants, stores, 551 00:27:04,415 --> 00:27:08,294 so that would disqualify him from becoming a service dog. 552 00:27:10,213 --> 00:27:12,507 [narrator] If Nemo can't control his barking, 553 00:27:12,590 --> 00:27:16,219 he will not graduate and be matched with someone in need. 554 00:27:18,388 --> 00:27:22,600 Barking meant something different before the human-canine bond evolved. 555 00:27:22,684 --> 00:27:24,060 [wolves howl] 556 00:27:24,143 --> 00:27:25,978 [Hecht] So wolves howl as a group. 557 00:27:26,062 --> 00:27:28,648 It's an important form of social communication for them. 558 00:27:29,482 --> 00:27:32,985 But they don't bark in the way that dogs do towards humans. 559 00:27:33,069 --> 00:27:34,862 [barking] 560 00:27:34,946 --> 00:27:39,992 Dogs seem to bark in a more emotional way, potentially to recruit human attention. 561 00:27:40,076 --> 00:27:41,577 [whines, howls] 562 00:27:41,661 --> 00:27:43,746 Some breeds of dogs howl a lot. 563 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:48,418 If you have a Siberian Husky, you're probably, like, nodding right now. 564 00:27:49,419 --> 00:27:54,006 [vocalizing] 565 00:27:56,843 --> 00:27:58,010 [man] Good girl. 566 00:27:58,094 --> 00:28:01,556 [vocalizing] 567 00:28:01,639 --> 00:28:02,724 [man] I love you. 568 00:28:02,807 --> 00:28:05,935 [vocalizing] 569 00:28:06,018 --> 00:28:06,853 [dogs howling] 570 00:28:06,936 --> 00:28:08,563 [narrator] Humans are so vocal… 571 00:28:08,646 --> 00:28:10,064 [woman] Guys! 572 00:28:10,148 --> 00:28:12,358 [narrator] …we've helped dogs to find their voice. 573 00:28:12,859 --> 00:28:16,028 [screeching] 574 00:28:18,740 --> 00:28:22,201 Just like with people, different people are gonna talk to me in different ways. 575 00:28:22,285 --> 00:28:24,328 [howling] 576 00:28:24,412 --> 00:28:26,664 -[howling] -A bark is not just a bark. 577 00:28:26,748 --> 00:28:28,082 Some dogs are barkers. 578 00:28:28,166 --> 00:28:30,752 But the change in the tone can make a difference. 579 00:28:30,835 --> 00:28:32,920 [whining] 580 00:28:33,004 --> 00:28:36,340 Higher stress situations are going to lead to a higher pitched, 581 00:28:36,424 --> 00:28:38,134 almost distressed kind of bark. 582 00:28:38,217 --> 00:28:41,929 [continuous high-pitched barking] 583 00:28:42,013 --> 00:28:44,474 Repetition at a high pitch without pausing, 584 00:28:44,557 --> 00:28:46,392 it's generally a state of distress. 585 00:28:46,476 --> 00:28:48,936 [high-pitched barks] 586 00:28:49,020 --> 00:28:51,147 If the dog is barking and pausing, 587 00:28:51,230 --> 00:28:54,942 then it would indicate there's still some cognitive ability. 588 00:28:55,568 --> 00:28:56,527 [woman] Walter. 589 00:28:56,611 --> 00:28:58,529 [yowling] 590 00:28:58,613 --> 00:29:01,032 -[woman] No. -[Beisner] There is no bad dog. 591 00:29:01,115 --> 00:29:03,618 There is behavior that we don't understand, 592 00:29:03,701 --> 00:29:07,580 but the dog's behavior is 100% appropriate based on its experience in that moment. 593 00:29:07,663 --> 00:29:10,041 [barking] 594 00:29:10,124 --> 00:29:12,251 [narrator] Barking and hyperactivity 595 00:29:12,335 --> 00:29:16,339 are two behaviors that Penn Vet can actually use to help save lives. 596 00:29:16,422 --> 00:29:17,632 Good girl, Lucky! 597 00:29:17,715 --> 00:29:21,928 The Penn Vet Working Dog Center originated after the disasters of 9/11. 598 00:29:24,347 --> 00:29:28,309 We realized that there was no science to really support these amazing dogs 599 00:29:28,392 --> 00:29:30,520 that were doing the search-and-rescue work. 600 00:29:31,062 --> 00:29:34,941 We needed a program that we could research the dogs, 601 00:29:35,024 --> 00:29:36,609 we could understand the dogs, 602 00:29:36,692 --> 00:29:40,363 and improve the health, the well-being, the welfare of these dogs, 603 00:29:40,446 --> 00:29:44,325 and the availability because there weren't enough of these search-and-rescue dogs 604 00:29:44,408 --> 00:29:46,828 to do the jobs that we're asking for them. 605 00:29:48,329 --> 00:29:49,789 Here at the Working Dog Center, 606 00:29:49,872 --> 00:29:52,959 we're looking for very, very different types of dogs. 607 00:29:53,626 --> 00:29:57,630 We know, in any litter, the dogs that won't sit still 608 00:29:57,713 --> 00:30:01,509 really want to work in detection-type, active jobs. 609 00:30:04,220 --> 00:30:07,348 Anything that dogs do with their noses. 610 00:30:08,391 --> 00:30:09,517 Search and rescue. 611 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:10,434 [barking] 612 00:30:10,518 --> 00:30:12,436 Nice job! 613 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:14,230 [Otto] Explosive detection. 614 00:30:15,356 --> 00:30:16,566 Drug detection. 615 00:30:16,649 --> 00:30:17,483 [sniffing] 616 00:30:17,567 --> 00:30:18,860 [Otto] Medical detection. 617 00:30:18,943 --> 00:30:19,986 [sniffing] 618 00:30:20,069 --> 00:30:22,989 [Otto] And so they have to have the physical strength, 619 00:30:23,072 --> 00:30:25,366 and they have to have what we call body awareness. 620 00:30:26,492 --> 00:30:30,663 These dogs are climbing ladders, they're navigating unstable surfaces. 621 00:30:32,039 --> 00:30:35,084 They have to have that strength, that awareness. 622 00:30:36,168 --> 00:30:37,879 They're almost like gymnasts. 623 00:30:40,089 --> 00:30:44,468 By having the Canimetrics program, our dogs are physically fit… 624 00:30:44,552 --> 00:30:46,012 [woman] Good job, girly. 625 00:30:46,095 --> 00:30:49,307 [Otto] …which allows them to work in a safer manner. 626 00:30:49,390 --> 00:30:52,685 We do warm-ups before they do activities. 627 00:30:52,768 --> 00:30:53,603 Good. 628 00:30:54,770 --> 00:30:58,900 [Otto] We actually have dogs doing planks, which is core-strength training, 629 00:30:58,983 --> 00:31:02,987 and it's amazing what that does for their abdominal muscles, 630 00:31:03,070 --> 00:31:04,572 their back muscles. 631 00:31:05,072 --> 00:31:08,159 Most dogs in the United States are actually overweight, 632 00:31:08,242 --> 00:31:11,078 and that shortens their life up to two years 633 00:31:11,162 --> 00:31:14,123 when we're talking about 10 to 20% overweight. 634 00:31:15,041 --> 00:31:19,795 So it's really important for us to keep these dogs strong and healthy. 635 00:31:19,879 --> 00:31:22,798 [woman] Good girl. Nice job. 636 00:31:24,050 --> 00:31:27,887 [narrator] In the wild, wolves don't need calisthenics. 637 00:31:28,804 --> 00:31:31,766 Being fit is the difference between life and death. 638 00:31:32,642 --> 00:31:35,394 Dogs are both prey and predator. 639 00:31:35,478 --> 00:31:37,813 [dramatic music playing] 640 00:31:37,897 --> 00:31:41,984 So they were trying to escape, or they had to use that ability to run 641 00:31:42,068 --> 00:31:45,196 in order to chase down food to survive. 642 00:31:45,279 --> 00:31:46,906 [barking] 643 00:31:52,995 --> 00:31:56,082 [Lee] If you look at a greyhound, compared to other breeds, 644 00:31:56,165 --> 00:32:00,544 they can have 12% more muscle in their hind limbs than the average dog. 645 00:32:02,129 --> 00:32:05,383 [Draper] A greyhound runs up to 45 miles an hour. 646 00:32:05,466 --> 00:32:06,676 Pretty impressive. 647 00:32:06,759 --> 00:32:10,137 The average speed of dogs is about 15 to 20 miles per hour. 648 00:32:13,432 --> 00:32:15,142 Then you have the Basset Hound, 649 00:32:15,226 --> 00:32:18,312 who has the mind-blowing speed of five miles per hour. 650 00:32:18,396 --> 00:32:20,606 ["Ride of the Valkyries" by Wagner playing] 651 00:32:24,986 --> 00:32:26,028 [music warps] 652 00:32:26,112 --> 00:32:28,489 [narrator] They might not all be the fastest, 653 00:32:29,573 --> 00:32:33,035 but dogs are nature's elite high-endurance athletes. 654 00:32:36,998 --> 00:32:40,251 [Lee] Some of these sled dogs that race, they run 100 miles a day, 655 00:32:40,334 --> 00:32:42,461 and they're only 40 to 50 pounds. 656 00:32:42,545 --> 00:32:46,257 So they have a greater lung capacity, a faster metabolism, 657 00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:49,010 and a more efficient cardiovascular system. 658 00:32:50,594 --> 00:32:54,140 [narrator] At rest, a dog's metabolism is about the same as a human's. 659 00:32:54,724 --> 00:32:57,435 But when they need it, dogs can shift gear, 660 00:32:57,977 --> 00:33:01,731 recording the highest sustained metabolic rate of any animal. 661 00:33:03,024 --> 00:33:05,526 It means they use the same amount of calories 662 00:33:05,609 --> 00:33:08,696 three times more efficiently than a Tour de France rider. 663 00:33:13,242 --> 00:33:16,370 And when they're done, they downshift back to rest. 664 00:33:19,457 --> 00:33:23,502 All of our dogs are still wild at heart. 665 00:33:30,009 --> 00:33:32,136 It's not so much the plastic Frisbee. 666 00:33:32,219 --> 00:33:35,264 It's the predatorial drive to chase something. 667 00:33:39,310 --> 00:33:41,228 [Draper] They don't have collar bones, 668 00:33:41,312 --> 00:33:45,274 which allows them to be more flexible and change directions really quickly. 669 00:33:46,275 --> 00:33:48,819 They have tails that help balance them, 670 00:33:49,528 --> 00:33:52,364 and they have a very long, flexible spine. 671 00:33:52,948 --> 00:33:54,992 [Lee] As much as we try to get in the mind of a dog, 672 00:33:55,076 --> 00:33:57,703 of, like, the pathophysiology of how a dog does it, 673 00:33:57,787 --> 00:34:02,833 it's really split-second decisions where a dog is chasing whatever it is. 674 00:34:02,917 --> 00:34:05,628 It may be prey, it may be a plastic disc, 675 00:34:05,711 --> 00:34:08,089 but in their mind, within seconds or milliseconds, 676 00:34:08,172 --> 00:34:10,007 their brain is undergoing computation 677 00:34:10,091 --> 00:34:12,301 where they're figuring out how far it's gonna go, 678 00:34:12,384 --> 00:34:14,845 what direction, what direction to pivot, 679 00:34:14,929 --> 00:34:16,305 and the ability to turn around 680 00:34:16,388 --> 00:34:18,516 and catch it in their mouth at the same time. 681 00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:26,440 But not all dogs are created equal when it comes to catching Frisbees. 682 00:34:27,942 --> 00:34:31,237 [narrator] Dogs all have their strengths and weaknesses. 683 00:34:32,530 --> 00:34:35,199 It's up to us to nurture them as individuals. 684 00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:39,870 [Draper] Depending on the breed, dogs need different types of enrichment 685 00:34:39,954 --> 00:34:42,123 to give them a fulfilled life. 686 00:34:42,206 --> 00:34:44,125 -And stimulate their mind. -Right. 687 00:34:45,334 --> 00:34:48,587 [narrator] It pays to let your dog be themselves. 688 00:34:48,671 --> 00:34:49,505 Oh, yeah. 689 00:34:49,588 --> 00:34:54,218 Our dogs work because they show a desire to work. 690 00:34:54,301 --> 00:34:56,846 Ready? Okay. Release. 691 00:34:56,929 --> 00:34:58,472 [narrator] Peabody, Bonus, and Nemo 692 00:34:58,556 --> 00:35:00,891 have all completed the first stage of the program. 693 00:35:00,975 --> 00:35:02,601 Speak. Speak. 694 00:35:02,685 --> 00:35:05,146 -Yeah. Yeah. Speak. Yeah. -[barking] 695 00:35:05,229 --> 00:35:07,439 So we have basic commands, 696 00:35:07,523 --> 00:35:10,234 the sits and the downs and, you know, all of that. 697 00:35:10,317 --> 00:35:15,489 Impressive. Okay. But can a dog sit when there's a roller coaster behind them? 698 00:35:16,740 --> 00:35:19,326 [people screaming] 699 00:35:20,953 --> 00:35:24,957 [narrator] It's time for them to take what they've learned outside the classroom. 700 00:35:27,751 --> 00:35:31,172 [Hutchinson] Field trips give us a lot of information 701 00:35:31,255 --> 00:35:34,091 about who each dog is. 702 00:35:34,675 --> 00:35:36,302 Good job, buddy. 703 00:35:36,385 --> 00:35:41,140 We are looking for how the dog thinks, feels, and operates. 704 00:35:41,223 --> 00:35:42,141 [girl] Hi, doggy. 705 00:35:42,892 --> 00:35:45,769 [Hutchinson] We're at Adventureland with Mr. Peabody here. 706 00:35:46,437 --> 00:35:47,730 It is full of noise… 707 00:35:47,813 --> 00:35:49,356 [people screaming] 708 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:51,025 [Hutchinson]…distractions. 709 00:35:52,359 --> 00:35:57,114 We want to see if he is able to pay attention to me in this environment. 710 00:35:57,198 --> 00:35:58,490 Ready. Can you jump? 711 00:35:58,574 --> 00:36:01,410 Yay. Good boy. Nice. 712 00:36:01,493 --> 00:36:05,372 [Lee] When it comes to hearing, because they hear higher frequencies, 713 00:36:05,873 --> 00:36:09,335 dogs hear four times more than humans do. 714 00:36:09,418 --> 00:36:12,129 [people screaming] 715 00:36:12,213 --> 00:36:14,381 [high-pitched ringing] 716 00:36:14,465 --> 00:36:17,426 [Lee] We're not always cognizant of that as dog owners. 717 00:36:17,509 --> 00:36:20,763 -[high-pitched ringing] -[people screaming and laughing] 718 00:36:22,181 --> 00:36:26,518 [Draper] They actually have 18 muscles in their ears that are used for hearing. 719 00:36:26,602 --> 00:36:30,147 -[people screaming] -[heavy bass beat playing] 720 00:36:30,231 --> 00:36:32,775 [carousel music playing] 721 00:36:32,858 --> 00:36:34,526 [Draper] You may feel like it's a quiet day, 722 00:36:34,610 --> 00:36:37,696 but he's hearing this loud sound from over here, 723 00:36:37,780 --> 00:36:39,865 -this weird sound from over here… -[people scream] 724 00:36:39,949 --> 00:36:41,242 [bell ringing] 725 00:36:41,325 --> 00:36:44,411 …which is startling, particularly if he doesn't know where it's coming from, 726 00:36:44,495 --> 00:36:46,997 so you have to take that in consideration 727 00:36:47,081 --> 00:36:49,166 when you're trying to train and socialize them. 728 00:36:49,250 --> 00:36:51,168 [Hutchinson] Peabody, down. Down. 729 00:36:52,962 --> 00:36:54,922 Yes. Good boy. 730 00:36:55,005 --> 00:36:59,802 Peabody is a very, very stable boy. 731 00:37:00,344 --> 00:37:01,804 [Hutchinson laughs] 732 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:04,473 I don't think he's bothered. 733 00:37:04,556 --> 00:37:06,350 We like to call 'em "bombproof" dogs. 734 00:37:07,476 --> 00:37:10,688 I'm sure a bomb could probably go off 15 feet away from him. 735 00:37:10,771 --> 00:37:15,025 If he looked back… That's a big if, uh… [laughs] 736 00:37:15,985 --> 00:37:17,569 …he would be unfazed. 737 00:37:17,653 --> 00:37:19,238 [snores] 738 00:37:19,321 --> 00:37:22,741 [Hutchinson] That is a very strong quality, 739 00:37:23,575 --> 00:37:25,286 especially when we find the person 740 00:37:25,369 --> 00:37:28,455 that could really benefit from a dog like this. 741 00:37:29,415 --> 00:37:31,959 [narrator] The more they learn about how the dogs behave, 742 00:37:32,042 --> 00:37:35,629 the better match they can make when it's time to pair them with a human. 743 00:37:35,713 --> 00:37:38,215 [people screaming] 744 00:37:40,342 --> 00:37:44,972 Bonus, I wouldn't put him next to a rollercoaster necessarily. 745 00:37:45,055 --> 00:37:45,931 Bonus, let's go. 746 00:37:46,015 --> 00:37:49,685 He's slightly more noise sensitive. 747 00:37:53,772 --> 00:37:59,611 We are taking Bonus to a restaurant. There's gonna be a lot of people. 748 00:37:59,695 --> 00:38:01,864 They're probably going to pay a lot of attention 749 00:38:01,947 --> 00:38:04,241 to the fact that, "Oh my goodness, there's a dog here." 750 00:38:04,742 --> 00:38:06,702 Not to mention, he's super handsome. 751 00:38:07,286 --> 00:38:08,120 Oh. 752 00:38:08,871 --> 00:38:09,788 Come on, buddy. 753 00:38:10,581 --> 00:38:12,583 He has to ignore the distractions 754 00:38:12,666 --> 00:38:15,544 when he's out in the real world with his person. 755 00:38:16,128 --> 00:38:20,466 There's going to be trays passing along, food on the floor. 756 00:38:21,383 --> 00:38:23,427 What I'm looking for is 757 00:38:23,510 --> 00:38:28,891 is he gonna be restless while we're dining and having a meal and he's not? 758 00:38:28,974 --> 00:38:30,517 All right, buddy. Sit. 759 00:38:31,268 --> 00:38:34,772 Good job, buddy. Good job, buddy. 760 00:38:34,855 --> 00:38:35,731 Bonus, under. 761 00:38:35,814 --> 00:38:38,859 We consider dogs to be an extension of a person. 762 00:38:38,942 --> 00:38:40,611 Yay. A little bit more. 763 00:38:40,694 --> 00:38:44,239 Which is why positioning for different things is super important. 764 00:38:44,323 --> 00:38:48,410 If he's neatly tucked away under a table, or he's under a chair, 765 00:38:48,494 --> 00:38:49,620 he's going to be safe. 766 00:38:49,703 --> 00:38:51,288 He's not gonna get stepped on. 767 00:38:52,956 --> 00:38:55,667 [narrator] Once in position, Bonus is at ease. 768 00:38:56,627 --> 00:38:58,545 -[sniffing] -Until the steak comes out. 769 00:38:59,505 --> 00:39:02,091 [tense music playing] 770 00:39:02,174 --> 00:39:06,345 [Hutchinson] We don't want our dogs going after food that's on the ground. 771 00:39:06,970 --> 00:39:09,848 They might think a pill is food. It may be toxic. 772 00:39:10,766 --> 00:39:11,683 Nope, nope, nope. 773 00:39:12,351 --> 00:39:13,185 Good. 774 00:39:13,268 --> 00:39:15,771 It takes a lot of self-control for a dog 775 00:39:15,854 --> 00:39:18,399 not to eat a piece of steak in front of 'em. 776 00:39:19,483 --> 00:39:22,486 These guys want it. There's no denying that. 777 00:39:24,113 --> 00:39:27,241 Yes, good job. Hi, buddy. 778 00:39:27,324 --> 00:39:29,159 Eye contact is super important. 779 00:39:29,243 --> 00:39:31,161 He's turning away a little bit. 780 00:39:31,245 --> 00:39:33,080 Yes. Good boy. 781 00:39:33,705 --> 00:39:34,623 [sniffs] 782 00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:37,584 We use it as a tool of reinforcement. 783 00:39:37,668 --> 00:39:40,879 Good boy. Nice job. 784 00:39:41,630 --> 00:39:45,551 A dog that checks in can get positive feedback from the handler. 785 00:39:45,634 --> 00:39:47,261 "Hey, you're doing the right thing." 786 00:39:47,344 --> 00:39:48,387 Good. 787 00:39:50,973 --> 00:39:53,517 Good boy. Yes. 788 00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:55,102 [narrator] When humans aren't involved, 789 00:39:55,185 --> 00:39:58,188 dogs use eye contact in a very different way. 790 00:39:58,272 --> 00:39:59,648 [sheep bleating] 791 00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:03,026 Border Collies use "the eye" to control sheep. 792 00:40:04,987 --> 00:40:07,406 The hard stare mimics hunting, 793 00:40:08,657 --> 00:40:10,325 so the sheep flock together 794 00:40:12,077 --> 00:40:13,954 and move to the dog's will. 795 00:40:17,875 --> 00:40:19,251 Wolves do the same, 796 00:40:19,334 --> 00:40:21,628 but they finish the job. 797 00:40:21,712 --> 00:40:22,880 [wolf growls] 798 00:40:24,381 --> 00:40:27,551 Canine vision evolved to find and track prey. 799 00:40:31,221 --> 00:40:34,600 Rods help see in poorly lit, dark areas. 800 00:40:35,184 --> 00:40:39,480 Dogs have more rods. Because of that, they have better night vision than we do. 801 00:40:40,314 --> 00:40:45,444 And dogs also have a reflective layer on the back of their eyes 802 00:40:45,527 --> 00:40:46,904 called the tapetum lucidum. 803 00:40:47,613 --> 00:40:52,784 Light will reflect on it and act as a flashlight in poorly-lit situations. 804 00:40:54,828 --> 00:40:57,247 Cones are what allow us to see colors, 805 00:40:57,331 --> 00:40:59,666 and humans have three different types of cones. 806 00:40:59,750 --> 00:41:03,128 Dogs only have two, so dogs don't see certain colors that we do. 807 00:41:04,671 --> 00:41:09,468 They just only see in hues of yellow, blue, grayish-brown. 808 00:41:10,928 --> 00:41:15,015 They're much better at things that are actually moving. 809 00:41:20,020 --> 00:41:24,566 We think that the world's a little blurrier than what our world is. 810 00:41:25,817 --> 00:41:28,487 They definitely rely on vision, 811 00:41:29,613 --> 00:41:31,323 but they can live without it. 812 00:41:34,034 --> 00:41:36,745 Dogs are built to smell the world. 813 00:41:36,828 --> 00:41:40,082 I like to use the phrase that dogs smell in color 814 00:41:41,124 --> 00:41:44,002 because it kinda gives us something that we can relate to 815 00:41:44,086 --> 00:41:46,797 because we use vision as our primary sense. 816 00:41:47,673 --> 00:41:49,800 [Hutchinson] Nemo. Let's go, buddy. We got this. 817 00:41:51,218 --> 00:41:54,137 [narrator] Dogs also smell in three dimensions. 818 00:41:55,138 --> 00:41:59,560 They can make a spatial map of a room using just their nose. 819 00:42:01,311 --> 00:42:03,313 [sniffing] 820 00:42:03,397 --> 00:42:07,609 [Hutchinson] Supermarkets are very tempting, challenging places 821 00:42:07,693 --> 00:42:10,737 where food is often at dog level. 822 00:42:11,863 --> 00:42:14,992 There's meat, and there's fish, and there's produce, 823 00:42:15,075 --> 00:42:18,161 and there's all kinds of things, but forget about all of that. 824 00:42:19,621 --> 00:42:23,417 [narrator] A dog's nose can detect millions of different smells. 825 00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:27,004 It even knows if their owner was here… yesterday. 826 00:42:27,087 --> 00:42:28,171 [sniffing] 827 00:42:28,255 --> 00:42:31,842 The challenge for Nemo, keep his focus on the trainer, 828 00:42:32,718 --> 00:42:33,552 not the food. 829 00:42:33,635 --> 00:42:35,846 [Hutchinson] Oops. Nemo. Yeah. 830 00:42:35,929 --> 00:42:38,473 You'll get your food later, kiddo. Let's go. 831 00:42:39,474 --> 00:42:42,603 It's a little bit of a challenge with Nemo, 832 00:42:42,686 --> 00:42:46,106 especially in aisles of smelly, wonderful things 833 00:42:46,189 --> 00:42:49,109 that any dog would love to sink their teeth into. 834 00:42:50,110 --> 00:42:54,239 It's very easy for Nemo to veer off and want to sniff. 835 00:42:56,617 --> 00:42:58,243 No fish. Come on, buddy. 836 00:42:58,327 --> 00:43:02,164 So what I'm looking for is that Nemo keeps his attention on me, 837 00:43:02,247 --> 00:43:05,667 because in the real world, his person is going to need him 838 00:43:05,751 --> 00:43:07,711 regardless of what is going on. 839 00:43:09,212 --> 00:43:12,132 [narrator] While not every dog is welcome in a supermarket, 840 00:43:12,966 --> 00:43:16,595 every dog can benefit from learning to control their impulses. 841 00:43:18,597 --> 00:43:21,391 [man] Yo, that dog's totally gonna steal that guy's pizza. 842 00:43:21,475 --> 00:43:25,228 [women laughing] 843 00:43:25,312 --> 00:43:27,272 The anatomy of a dog's nose 844 00:43:27,356 --> 00:43:32,527 is designed to allow the dog to experience the world through odor. 845 00:43:33,570 --> 00:43:34,571 [sniffs] 846 00:43:34,655 --> 00:43:40,160 The nostrils themselves are designed so that about 10 to 15% of this air 847 00:43:40,243 --> 00:43:43,664 goes directly to what we call the olfactory epithelium, 848 00:43:43,747 --> 00:43:47,334 the part of the nose that receives information about odor. 849 00:43:48,001 --> 00:43:48,919 It's a labyrinth. 850 00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:51,797 There are just huge amounts of nooks and crannies 851 00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:56,551 where all of these little cells that capture odor are sitting. 852 00:43:57,678 --> 00:44:01,556 The dog has more types of these cells than humans do, 853 00:44:01,640 --> 00:44:05,268 a higher density of these cells, and a higher absolute number. 854 00:44:05,811 --> 00:44:09,231 That information is processed in their cortex. 855 00:44:10,107 --> 00:44:13,777 When they exhale, it goes out to the sides through the little slits, 856 00:44:13,860 --> 00:44:15,821 and that's a really important component 857 00:44:15,904 --> 00:44:18,615 'cause they can breathe and smell all at the same time. 858 00:44:18,699 --> 00:44:20,534 [sniffs, grunts] 859 00:44:20,617 --> 00:44:21,618 [woman] Search. 860 00:44:22,369 --> 00:44:25,789 [narrator] This remarkable nose can also be used to save a life. 861 00:44:25,872 --> 00:44:26,998 [sniffing] 862 00:44:27,082 --> 00:44:29,418 [clicks clicker] Yay-hay-hay-hay! 863 00:44:29,501 --> 00:44:33,547 So we have several tools that we use when we're training a dog. 864 00:44:34,798 --> 00:44:37,092 We have the scent wall. 865 00:44:38,719 --> 00:44:40,178 So these are just ports. 866 00:44:40,887 --> 00:44:44,725 On the back side, we can insert the source of the odor, 867 00:44:44,808 --> 00:44:50,355 and the dog will have to learn to very systematically search that wall 868 00:44:50,439 --> 00:44:52,649 to identify where the odor is. 869 00:44:53,817 --> 00:44:56,528 That translates to how they will search 870 00:44:56,611 --> 00:45:00,031 to identify contraband or hazard that might be out there. 871 00:45:01,116 --> 00:45:05,412 From a training perspective, we put out what we call "distractors" 872 00:45:05,495 --> 00:45:08,874 to see will it interfere with their focus 873 00:45:08,957 --> 00:45:12,711 so that it actually diminishes their ability to use their nose 874 00:45:12,794 --> 00:45:14,421 because they're distracted? 875 00:45:19,259 --> 00:45:22,429 [woman clicks clicker] Good boy! Wa-ha-haw! 876 00:45:22,512 --> 00:45:24,347 [Otto] When we think about our dogs, 877 00:45:24,431 --> 00:45:27,058 we really think of them as being extraordinary. 878 00:45:27,142 --> 00:45:31,146 And the thing that stops my heart every time I see it 879 00:45:31,229 --> 00:45:33,815 is when a dog goes out into the rubble pile… 880 00:45:36,401 --> 00:45:38,945 and can see that there's masses of people 881 00:45:39,029 --> 00:45:42,365 working and standing and on that rubble pile. 882 00:45:44,451 --> 00:45:47,370 And they go, "Okay, you, you, you, you're all fine, 883 00:45:48,038 --> 00:45:49,873 but I smell somebody else." 884 00:45:51,416 --> 00:45:52,918 And they can't see them. 885 00:45:53,418 --> 00:45:54,628 [barking] 886 00:45:58,131 --> 00:45:59,716 [barking] 887 00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:03,345 [Otto] How they can find a concealed person, 888 00:46:03,428 --> 00:46:07,015 someone who would, in a real disaster situation, be trapped… 889 00:46:07,098 --> 00:46:10,519 -[barking] -[Otto] …is just mind-blowing. 890 00:46:10,602 --> 00:46:11,812 [barking] 891 00:46:12,604 --> 00:46:13,563 [barking] 892 00:46:13,647 --> 00:46:15,482 [woman] Yes! Woo-hoo-hoo! 893 00:46:15,565 --> 00:46:20,028 We don't have any equipment that can match the dog's ability, 894 00:46:20,111 --> 00:46:24,241 their speed, and their accuracy in finding these concealed people 895 00:46:24,324 --> 00:46:27,244 whose lives really depend on being found quickly. 896 00:46:28,370 --> 00:46:30,622 [barking] 897 00:46:30,705 --> 00:46:31,790 And that is a superpower. 898 00:46:32,374 --> 00:46:34,835 [reporter] When the 7.8 magnitude earthquake 899 00:46:34,918 --> 00:46:37,003 rocked Turkey and Syria, 900 00:46:37,087 --> 00:46:41,341 Colin the Collie, a member of the UK's International Search and Rescue Team, 901 00:46:41,424 --> 00:46:45,262 spent ten days in one of Turkey's hardest-hit areas. 902 00:46:46,012 --> 00:46:49,766 Dogs are responsible for 11 successful rescues. 903 00:46:50,725 --> 00:46:54,312 [Otto] Dogs have been used for scent work for centuries, 904 00:46:54,980 --> 00:46:58,441 but it's only been more recently that dogs have been used 905 00:46:58,525 --> 00:47:02,279 to help us identify odors associated with disease. 906 00:47:02,779 --> 00:47:06,491 Cancer is probably the one disease that has received the most attention. 907 00:47:08,326 --> 00:47:10,453 All right, Amritha, what do we have Osa doing today? 908 00:47:10,537 --> 00:47:14,583 So Osa is going to find our cancer-detection training odor 909 00:47:14,666 --> 00:47:17,752 on our eight-port scent-detection wheel, 910 00:47:17,836 --> 00:47:21,590 the same wheel we use for our Covid-detection studies. 911 00:47:21,673 --> 00:47:22,841 -[woman] Ready, Osa? -[yips] 912 00:47:22,924 --> 00:47:23,758 [woman] Search! 913 00:47:24,259 --> 00:47:28,972 [Otto] With cancer detection, we take a blood sample from a person with cancer. 914 00:47:29,055 --> 00:47:31,725 We ask the dog first to sniff that sample. 915 00:47:31,808 --> 00:47:34,060 -And then we click a little clicker… -[clicker clicks] 916 00:47:34,144 --> 00:47:35,854 -Good girl! -[Otto] …and they get a treat. 917 00:47:35,937 --> 00:47:38,231 -Nice job, Oss! -[Otto] We do that a couple of times. 918 00:47:38,315 --> 00:47:40,108 Then, all of a sudden, there's another sample, 919 00:47:40,191 --> 00:47:41,693 and here's that healthy patient. 920 00:47:42,193 --> 00:47:46,489 When they put their nose on the sample that is not from the patient with cancer, 921 00:47:46,573 --> 00:47:48,742 they don't get their reward. 922 00:47:48,825 --> 00:47:50,368 [woman] Ready, Osa? Search. 923 00:47:51,411 --> 00:47:55,457 [Otto] The dogs are constantly processing the information, they're adapting, 924 00:47:55,540 --> 00:47:59,544 and they're able to parse out the relevant odors 925 00:47:59,628 --> 00:48:02,130 and recognize that this is the cancer. 926 00:48:02,213 --> 00:48:04,007 -[clicker clicks] -[woman] Good girl! 927 00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:06,301 Yes. Good job, Osa. 928 00:48:07,052 --> 00:48:10,513 Even if people have a different diet, come from different ethnic backgrounds, 929 00:48:10,597 --> 00:48:12,390 if they're from a different geography, 930 00:48:12,474 --> 00:48:15,477 a lot of times, the machines get confused by that. 931 00:48:16,102 --> 00:48:17,812 -[sniffing] -[clicker clicks] 932 00:48:17,896 --> 00:48:19,481 -[woman 1] Good girl. -[woman 2] Good job. 933 00:48:19,564 --> 00:48:22,525 So there's something very amazing about the dog's brain 934 00:48:22,609 --> 00:48:24,194 and their processing ability. 935 00:48:24,277 --> 00:48:25,362 [panting] 936 00:48:25,445 --> 00:48:28,531 So what happens if there's no target odor in the wheels? 937 00:48:28,615 --> 00:48:31,910 So if the wheel doesn't contain any target substance, 938 00:48:31,993 --> 00:48:35,664 what they do is they will jump on this platform right here, 939 00:48:35,747 --> 00:48:36,748 and they'll sit, 940 00:48:36,831 --> 00:48:40,627 and that tells us that they have sniffed all of the samples on the wheel, 941 00:48:40,710 --> 00:48:43,672 and they don't believe any of them to be the target sample. 942 00:48:43,755 --> 00:48:45,215 -So like an all-clear signal. -Mm-hmm. 943 00:48:45,298 --> 00:48:46,216 [sniffing] 944 00:48:46,299 --> 00:48:49,260 [Amritha] Diseases like cancer have really low incidence rates, 945 00:48:49,344 --> 00:48:50,887 so we want to make sure 946 00:48:50,971 --> 00:48:54,975 that the dogs are willing to pass a lot of negative samples. 947 00:49:03,566 --> 00:49:05,235 -[clicker clicks] -[woman] Good girl. 948 00:49:05,318 --> 00:49:06,152 [laughter] 949 00:49:06,236 --> 00:49:07,779 [woman] Good job. 950 00:49:07,862 --> 00:49:10,365 [laughter continues] 951 00:49:10,448 --> 00:49:15,078 [narrator] Dogs can smell cancer, diabetes, even Parkinson's. 952 00:49:17,080 --> 00:49:18,581 They can smell our mood. 953 00:49:20,083 --> 00:49:20,959 Adrenaline. 954 00:49:21,876 --> 00:49:23,712 They can even smell our stress. 955 00:49:24,796 --> 00:49:29,134 Being able to pick up on such minute changes is a superpower. 956 00:49:30,468 --> 00:49:33,304 She came up and put her nose on my belly, 957 00:49:33,930 --> 00:49:38,810 and I knew in my gut that something was wrong. 958 00:49:39,561 --> 00:49:42,397 Sierra was telling me I had ovarian cancer. 959 00:49:43,356 --> 00:49:45,358 I believe she saved my life. 960 00:49:47,110 --> 00:49:50,947 [Hecht] We all experience attachment bonds with the dogs in our households. 961 00:49:51,448 --> 00:49:53,658 Dogs are bonded to us. We're bonded to them. 962 00:49:54,701 --> 00:49:58,079 At Harvard University, we're looking at the formation of attachment bonds 963 00:49:58,163 --> 00:50:00,582 between dogs and children. 964 00:50:01,708 --> 00:50:04,627 [narrator] Turns out our bond is more than just skin deep. 965 00:50:05,879 --> 00:50:10,133 Cortisol is a hormone that bodies release during stressful experiences. 966 00:50:11,051 --> 00:50:13,470 When people have an attachment bond with a dog, 967 00:50:13,553 --> 00:50:18,141 the presence of that bonded partner can buffer that bump in cortisol 968 00:50:18,224 --> 00:50:20,185 that occurs during a stressful event. 969 00:50:20,685 --> 00:50:22,645 Interactions between dogs and humans 970 00:50:22,729 --> 00:50:27,776 also cause release of a hormone called oxytocin in both species. 971 00:50:28,318 --> 00:50:31,738 This is a hormone that is involved in the formation of social bonds 972 00:50:32,530 --> 00:50:36,534 and the feeling of positive interactions with an attachment partner. 973 00:50:37,869 --> 00:50:39,871 [narrator] Dogs create attachment bonds with us 974 00:50:39,954 --> 00:50:42,290 as if they themselves are humans. 975 00:50:44,626 --> 00:50:46,169 At Canine Companions, 976 00:50:46,252 --> 00:50:50,256 this attachment bond is the key to making a successful match. 977 00:50:51,466 --> 00:50:52,300 [woman] Dress. 978 00:50:53,009 --> 00:50:55,845 [narrator] The dogs have mastered the basics in the classroom 979 00:50:55,929 --> 00:50:58,306 and taken what they've learned into the real world. 980 00:51:00,308 --> 00:51:05,438 Now the trainers have decided that seven of the 11 dogs in the current class 981 00:51:05,522 --> 00:51:07,315 have passed stage two. 982 00:51:08,191 --> 00:51:11,861 They're ready to move on to the final and most important stage, 983 00:51:12,821 --> 00:51:15,031 building a bond with someone in need. 984 00:51:15,532 --> 00:51:18,034 [woman] All right, guys, welcome to pre-matches. 985 00:51:18,118 --> 00:51:22,872 All of the trainers have met together, talked about the dogs, their puppyhood, 986 00:51:22,956 --> 00:51:24,958 everything that you guys have given us, 987 00:51:25,041 --> 00:51:26,918 and we have made our best guesses 988 00:51:27,001 --> 00:51:30,171 of what dog will be best pre-matched with you guys. 989 00:51:30,922 --> 00:51:33,967 [narrator] Seven potential recipients from all over the Northeast 990 00:51:34,050 --> 00:51:38,221 have been invited to Canine Companions to meet these seven dogs. 991 00:51:38,805 --> 00:51:40,849 All the trainers have been together… 992 00:51:40,932 --> 00:51:44,686 [narrator] If the dog and the person can form an attachment bond, 993 00:51:44,769 --> 00:51:46,396 they will go home together. 994 00:51:48,148 --> 00:51:50,984 It can take time for a dog to adjust to a new owner, 995 00:51:51,776 --> 00:51:54,946 but kindness and consistency help ease the transition. 996 00:51:57,740 --> 00:52:00,160 This is the beginning of your relationship, 997 00:52:00,243 --> 00:52:03,788 so please remember to keep your expectations and consistency 998 00:52:03,872 --> 00:52:06,416 as you continue to work with your dog. 999 00:52:06,499 --> 00:52:09,127 No googly eyes at the dogs next to you. 1000 00:52:09,210 --> 00:52:12,797 Please give everything, all of your all, to the dog that's in front of you. 1001 00:52:12,881 --> 00:52:16,050 We want the relationship to start now. 1002 00:52:16,634 --> 00:52:18,094 All right, are we ready? 1003 00:52:18,178 --> 00:52:19,387 -[man] Yeah. -[girl] Yes. 1004 00:52:19,470 --> 00:52:20,513 [woman] Awesome. 1005 00:52:21,097 --> 00:52:26,769 James, you have been pre-matched with black Lab-golden cross, Biro. 1006 00:52:27,353 --> 00:52:29,230 -[man] All right. -[cheering and applause] 1007 00:52:29,314 --> 00:52:30,899 [woman laughs] 1008 00:52:31,900 --> 00:52:33,526 [woman] You can hold that leash. 1009 00:52:34,402 --> 00:52:36,404 [gentle, emotive music playing] 1010 00:52:40,450 --> 00:52:43,786 [woman] Christy, you have been matched with Goldie the Fifth. 1011 00:52:43,870 --> 00:52:46,247 [applause] 1012 00:52:53,713 --> 00:52:56,174 -[laughter] -[woman] Aww. 1013 00:52:56,257 --> 00:52:57,926 [girl] Doggy kisses. 1014 00:53:01,888 --> 00:53:04,182 [woman] And Jaz, we didn't forget about you! 1015 00:53:04,265 --> 00:53:07,852 You've been matched with yellow Lab-golden cross, Bonus. 1016 00:53:07,936 --> 00:53:09,145 [man] Bonus. 1017 00:53:09,229 --> 00:53:11,231 -[cheering and applause] -[woman laughs] 1018 00:53:15,652 --> 00:53:17,195 Thank you. Sure. 1019 00:53:17,278 --> 00:53:18,988 Hi, Bonus! 1020 00:53:21,449 --> 00:53:23,076 [laughing] 1021 00:53:23,159 --> 00:53:24,786 [woman] Congratulations, everybody. 1022 00:53:24,869 --> 00:53:28,539 You can take a few minutes. Go ahead and love on those dogs. 1023 00:53:28,623 --> 00:53:29,874 [man] Who is that? 1024 00:53:29,958 --> 00:53:31,125 Can you say "Bonus"? 1025 00:53:31,209 --> 00:53:32,043 Bonus. 1026 00:53:32,126 --> 00:53:33,962 -[Sandy] You can say Bonus. -[man] All right. 1027 00:53:34,045 --> 00:53:35,213 Good job. 1028 00:53:36,422 --> 00:53:38,383 And action! 1029 00:53:38,883 --> 00:53:40,635 Yeah boy! 1030 00:53:43,012 --> 00:53:45,932 Mother and dad. 1031 00:53:46,015 --> 00:53:47,725 This is my mom and dad. 1032 00:53:47,809 --> 00:53:50,728 -Tell us a little bit about Jazzy. -B… uh, b… 1033 00:53:52,063 --> 00:53:54,274 'Cause she's kind of a knucklehead sometimes. 1034 00:53:54,357 --> 00:53:55,483 Oh, I… 1035 00:53:56,192 --> 00:53:57,402 You're mean. 1036 00:53:57,485 --> 00:53:59,320 -[laughs] -My dad. 1037 00:54:00,863 --> 00:54:03,032 [Jazmin's dad] So Jaz, actually, when she was born, 1038 00:54:03,116 --> 00:54:04,701 we had complications from day one. 1039 00:54:06,953 --> 00:54:09,664 And she spent a lot of time in the NICU. 1040 00:54:11,958 --> 00:54:14,669 -She has trouble with talking. -Hi. 1041 00:54:15,211 --> 00:54:16,379 She can say, "Hi." 1042 00:54:16,462 --> 00:54:19,173 She comprehends everything. 1043 00:54:19,257 --> 00:54:21,509 Humor, sarcasm, she gets it all, 1044 00:54:22,260 --> 00:54:25,054 but her ability to communicate to you is a challenge. 1045 00:54:25,138 --> 00:54:27,223 She needs a dog. She has to have a dog. 1046 00:54:27,307 --> 00:54:29,100 It is one of those imperatives for her life. 1047 00:54:29,183 --> 00:54:30,977 [indistinct chattering] 1048 00:54:31,060 --> 00:54:33,104 [girl laughing] 1049 00:54:34,731 --> 00:54:36,858 [narrator] The dogs that didn't get picked… 1050 00:54:38,943 --> 00:54:41,529 will still have a chance to change lives. 1051 00:54:43,448 --> 00:54:45,575 [Hutchinson] We have decided, unanimously, 1052 00:54:45,658 --> 00:54:49,996 that Mr. Peabody will do very, very well 1053 00:54:50,079 --> 00:54:53,958 with a veteran who has PTSD. 1054 00:54:55,668 --> 00:55:02,175 A steady, calming presence is the type of work he enjoys, 1055 00:55:02,258 --> 00:55:05,511 is the type of work that he has excelled at. 1056 00:55:06,721 --> 00:55:07,638 Let's go. 1057 00:55:08,222 --> 00:55:10,808 And that's the best fit for him. 1058 00:55:13,853 --> 00:55:15,146 [laughs] 1059 00:55:15,229 --> 00:55:18,358 [narrator] As for Nemo, he's cut out for something different. 1060 00:55:18,441 --> 00:55:19,609 Nemo, no. 1061 00:55:19,692 --> 00:55:24,530 We definitely don't call it failing because these dogs are amazing. 1062 00:55:24,614 --> 00:55:27,575 But Nemo, he didn't make it through our program. 1063 00:55:27,658 --> 00:55:29,243 -[barks] -No. 1064 00:55:29,327 --> 00:55:32,789 So we give him the opportunity to live a different life. 1065 00:55:33,498 --> 00:55:35,750 He's gonna make one heck of a pet dog. 1066 00:55:36,709 --> 00:55:40,421 The puppy raiser, the family that put all their time and love into them 1067 00:55:40,505 --> 00:55:42,840 for the first year and a half of their lives, 1068 00:55:42,924 --> 00:55:46,219 they have the opportunity to adopt the dog back. 1069 00:55:46,302 --> 00:55:48,388 [bright music playing] 1070 00:55:51,766 --> 00:55:54,102 -Hey, Nemo! -Nemo! 1071 00:55:54,185 --> 00:55:56,354 How ya doing, puppy? Huh? 1072 00:55:58,606 --> 00:56:01,526 [narrator] Adopting a sweet boy like Nemo is a no-brainer. 1073 00:56:03,319 --> 00:56:04,737 [man exclaims] 1074 00:56:05,488 --> 00:56:06,781 How have you guys been? 1075 00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:11,953 [female owner] I know. It's so exciting. It's so exciting. 1076 00:56:13,621 --> 00:56:18,334 [woman] We are actually gonna go right into our first practice of the day, 1077 00:56:18,418 --> 00:56:22,380 and we're gonna start to work with these dogs and build the bond. Okay? 1078 00:56:22,463 --> 00:56:26,300 [narrator] For the dogs that are matched, it's two intensive weeks. 1079 00:56:26,384 --> 00:56:29,178 Mark with that "yes" when he looks at Jaz. 1080 00:56:29,262 --> 00:56:30,972 -Bonus. -Yes. 1081 00:56:31,055 --> 00:56:31,973 [Jazmin] Here. 1082 00:56:32,723 --> 00:56:35,309 [narrator] In order for Bonus to go home with Jazmin, 1083 00:56:35,393 --> 00:56:37,645 they need to build a bond by graduation. 1084 00:56:37,728 --> 00:56:39,230 Look him in the eye there. 1085 00:56:39,313 --> 00:56:40,481 -Bonus. -Yes. 1086 00:56:40,565 --> 00:56:43,317 [narrator] The best way to nurture any new relationship, 1087 00:56:43,401 --> 00:56:47,071 stay positive and learn to communicate. 1088 00:56:47,780 --> 00:56:53,661 When you want a dog to be consistent, reliable, be your partner… 1089 00:56:53,744 --> 00:56:56,789 We literally make partnerships. 1090 00:56:56,873 --> 00:56:58,332 Good boy. Good boy. 1091 00:56:58,416 --> 00:56:59,542 Really nice. 1092 00:56:59,625 --> 00:57:03,171 [Hutchinson] Communication is extraordinarily important. 1093 00:57:03,254 --> 00:57:05,673 He might not know he's communicating to you, 1094 00:57:05,756 --> 00:57:07,842 but he's always communicating to you. 1095 00:57:08,342 --> 00:57:11,637 For us to communicate to the dog, we've gotta learn how to talk dog, 1096 00:57:11,721 --> 00:57:14,098 and that's how this whole program works. 1097 00:57:15,266 --> 00:57:17,143 [narrator] Now researchers are studying to see 1098 00:57:17,226 --> 00:57:21,063 if dogs can actually learn to talk human. 1099 00:57:21,814 --> 00:57:22,857 [automated voice] Play. 1100 00:57:23,357 --> 00:57:24,442 [woman] Okay, we'll play. 1101 00:57:25,109 --> 00:57:28,404 When you communicate with somebody of another species, it's mind blowing. 1102 00:57:28,488 --> 00:57:30,573 Imagine if you had to communicate to a turtle. 1103 00:57:30,656 --> 00:57:34,494 Like, I wouldn't even start imagining what it means to communicate with them. 1104 00:57:35,161 --> 00:57:36,287 [automated voice] Scritches. 1105 00:57:36,370 --> 00:57:37,705 [woman] You want some scritches? 1106 00:57:37,788 --> 00:57:40,875 Yeah, there you go. There's some scritches. 1107 00:57:40,958 --> 00:57:45,129 [Rossano] I'm trying to train pets to learn symbols, words, 1108 00:57:45,213 --> 00:57:47,381 as a window into their minds, 1109 00:57:47,465 --> 00:57:50,968 so that we can learn something about what they're thinking, experiencing, 1110 00:57:51,052 --> 00:57:53,179 and able to communicate about their emotions too. 1111 00:57:53,262 --> 00:57:54,096 Hey. 1112 00:57:56,766 --> 00:57:57,600 [dog whimpers] 1113 00:57:57,683 --> 00:58:00,186 [robotic voice] 1114 00:58:02,271 --> 00:58:05,775 The devices that we use for this study are an adaptation of devices 1115 00:58:05,858 --> 00:58:09,028 that are being used with nonverbal humans for a long time, 1116 00:58:09,111 --> 00:58:12,448 and we call it augmented interspecies communication devices. 1117 00:58:12,532 --> 00:58:14,951 -[automated voice] Pea… Pea… Peanut. -[woman] Mm-hmm. 1118 00:58:15,034 --> 00:58:16,869 -[automated voice] Peanut. Peanut. -[yips] 1119 00:58:16,953 --> 00:58:19,956 [Rossano] There's been research, for example, with primates 1120 00:58:20,039 --> 00:58:22,291 with a similar device called a lexigram, 1121 00:58:22,375 --> 00:58:26,003 where you have symbols that when you push, they'll produce a sound or a word 1122 00:58:26,087 --> 00:58:27,797 that humans can understand. 1123 00:58:27,880 --> 00:58:31,551 But usually, the studies are conducted with one or two individuals. 1124 00:58:32,176 --> 00:58:34,845 We have 10,000 dogs from 47 countries. 1125 00:58:35,930 --> 00:58:39,517 The ones who have the most buttons are around 150. 1126 00:58:39,600 --> 00:58:41,352 They've been in the study a couple of years. 1127 00:58:42,436 --> 00:58:45,648 -[automated voice] Snuffle mat. -[woman] You want your snuffle mat? Okay. 1128 00:58:45,731 --> 00:58:47,400 [woman] Parker's two and a half years old, 1129 00:58:47,483 --> 00:58:50,653 and she has been using the buttons to communicate 1130 00:58:50,736 --> 00:58:53,573 for almost two years, since she was six months old. 1131 00:58:53,656 --> 00:58:57,159 These are the buttons that Parker uses. 1132 00:58:57,243 --> 00:59:00,413 So each of them have, like, a little design. 1133 00:59:00,496 --> 00:59:03,708 And when you press it, the audio comes from the base there 1134 00:59:03,791 --> 00:59:06,002 that it's Bluetooth linked to. 1135 00:59:06,085 --> 00:59:07,420 [automated voice] Outside. 1136 00:59:08,629 --> 00:59:12,091 Parker both will ask me questions and respond to questions 1137 00:59:12,174 --> 00:59:15,177 that I ask her either verbally or using the buttons. 1138 00:59:15,970 --> 00:59:19,807 [automated voice] What Parker want? Hmm? 1139 00:59:20,891 --> 00:59:21,726 Stick. 1140 00:59:21,809 --> 00:59:23,144 [woman] Yeah! Okay, more stick. 1141 00:59:23,227 --> 00:59:28,274 The way that she uses it as a means to communicate with me in a deeper way 1142 00:59:28,357 --> 00:59:31,611 really accentuates our relationship overall. 1143 00:59:31,694 --> 00:59:33,321 [automated voice] 1144 00:59:33,821 --> 00:59:35,573 [woman] 1145 00:59:35,656 --> 00:59:38,618 I think you can get caught up in, like, "Oh, dog people are crazy." 1146 00:59:38,701 --> 00:59:40,620 "They just think dogs are little people." 1147 00:59:40,703 --> 00:59:44,123 But, yeah, just imagine being a scientist for a minute. 1148 00:59:44,206 --> 00:59:45,374 [automated voice] 1149 00:59:47,126 --> 00:59:52,340 [Hare] And you're trying to understand how non-human animals think. 1150 00:59:52,423 --> 00:59:54,133 And so the question is now becoming, 1151 00:59:54,216 --> 00:59:57,178 "Well, how sophisticated is their communication gonna become 1152 00:59:57,261 --> 01:00:01,515 now that they've got this new way to talk to their human family members?" 1153 01:00:01,599 --> 01:00:04,685 So I don't know! We're gonna see what's possible here. 1154 01:00:04,769 --> 01:00:05,853 It's gonna be fun. 1155 01:00:05,936 --> 01:00:07,688 [siren wails] 1156 01:00:07,772 --> 01:00:09,273 [automated voice] 1157 01:00:09,357 --> 01:00:12,026 [Rossano] Trying to combine three, four buttons, 1158 01:00:12,109 --> 01:00:15,154 they can produce a sentence to communicate novel concepts. 1159 01:00:18,407 --> 01:00:21,077 That's the thing that fascinates me the most. 1160 01:00:21,577 --> 01:00:22,953 [automated voice] 1161 01:00:23,037 --> 01:00:25,539 [woman 1] He says, "Shut up. I want to take a nap." 1162 01:00:25,623 --> 01:00:29,043 [laughter] 1163 01:00:29,126 --> 01:00:31,170 [woman 2] Fashion is my first dog. 1164 01:00:31,671 --> 01:00:33,798 We've been doing this for three years now. 1165 01:00:33,881 --> 01:00:35,549 As far as the buttons are concerned, 1166 01:00:35,633 --> 01:00:39,261 I definitely think that they have helped build our relationship. 1167 01:00:40,012 --> 01:00:43,307 I really think that there's a level of validation 1168 01:00:43,391 --> 01:00:46,602 in my understanding of what I already think he wants, 1169 01:00:46,686 --> 01:00:49,647 and just that communication because of these words. 1170 01:00:51,107 --> 01:00:52,775 I have a one-year-old as well. 1171 01:00:53,359 --> 01:00:56,862 And for a long time, was just crying whenever he wasn't happy. 1172 01:00:57,488 --> 01:01:01,575 But now he can tell me "water" and "cracker" 1173 01:01:01,659 --> 01:01:04,036 and "Mama" and "Dada," and so can call for help. 1174 01:01:05,496 --> 01:01:08,165 Those five, six words already have changed my life. 1175 01:01:09,166 --> 01:01:11,001 Imagine having 200 words. 1176 01:01:11,085 --> 01:01:12,378 That's the thing that excites me. 1177 01:01:12,461 --> 01:01:16,048 It's like, if we can get a little window into a dog's mind, 1178 01:01:16,632 --> 01:01:18,134 that would be fantastic. 1179 01:01:19,468 --> 01:01:22,596 [narrator] The average dog can learn 165 words. 1180 01:01:22,680 --> 01:01:23,514 [dog whimpers] 1181 01:01:24,557 --> 01:01:28,602 The smartest dog on record, Chaser, knew more than a thousand words. 1182 01:01:30,146 --> 01:01:34,984 I think that the types of intelligence that different dogs have can really vary, 1183 01:01:35,067 --> 01:01:38,070 just like different people have different types of intelligence. 1184 01:01:39,989 --> 01:01:43,159 [woman] Sailor, what happened? Sailor, what happened? 1185 01:01:43,242 --> 01:01:44,243 Sailor. 1186 01:01:44,326 --> 01:01:45,703 Sailor, what happened? 1187 01:01:46,579 --> 01:01:50,833 I don't know if I'd call any dogs dumb. That doesn't seem quite fair. [laughs] 1188 01:01:55,796 --> 01:02:01,218 [narrator] Smart or not, all dogs do some unusual things. 1189 01:02:01,802 --> 01:02:05,556 Puppies often chase their tail because they don't know it's a part of them. 1190 01:02:06,891 --> 01:02:10,394 Some experts believe that dogs like to poop facing north. 1191 01:02:12,229 --> 01:02:14,565 Scientists believe dogs do dream… 1192 01:02:14,648 --> 01:02:17,193 -[dog barks] -[narrator] …often about their owner. 1193 01:02:19,361 --> 01:02:21,071 [woman] Daisy, are you dreaming? 1194 01:02:21,155 --> 01:02:22,698 [laughter] 1195 01:02:24,116 --> 01:02:26,410 [narrator] Researchers at Harvard are working to decode 1196 01:02:26,494 --> 01:02:28,746 why dogs do the things they do. 1197 01:02:31,749 --> 01:02:34,376 [Hecht] We're trying to find out what's going on inside dogs' minds 1198 01:02:34,460 --> 01:02:38,380 through a combination of behavior testing and also MRI scans. 1199 01:02:38,464 --> 01:02:41,091 [gentle music playing] 1200 01:02:41,175 --> 01:02:43,010 [machine beeping] 1201 01:02:49,558 --> 01:02:51,435 [Hecht] So this is the hypothalamus. 1202 01:02:52,394 --> 01:02:54,313 The hypothalamus is a brain region 1203 01:02:54,396 --> 01:02:57,733 that is involved in, um, what we think of as the four Fs. 1204 01:02:58,400 --> 01:02:59,527 Feeding, 1205 01:02:59,610 --> 01:03:00,736 fighting, 1206 01:03:00,820 --> 01:03:01,695 fleeing, 1207 01:03:02,238 --> 01:03:03,572 and reproduction. 1208 01:03:03,656 --> 01:03:06,367 And it's crucially involved in the flight-or-fight response. 1209 01:03:07,201 --> 01:03:10,287 [narrator] This brain region also helps determine personality, 1210 01:03:10,830 --> 01:03:13,749 why some dogs are fearless and others timid. 1211 01:03:14,959 --> 01:03:18,295 [Hecht] Along with MRI studies, our life-experiences study 1212 01:03:18,379 --> 01:03:22,466 is looking at the effects of early-life stress in dogs. 1213 01:03:23,592 --> 01:03:26,220 Our preliminary results indicate early-life stress 1214 01:03:26,303 --> 01:03:29,765 does influence fear and aggression behavior later in life in dogs. 1215 01:03:30,975 --> 01:03:32,893 Dogs definitely experience anxiety. 1216 01:03:32,977 --> 01:03:33,978 [dog whines] 1217 01:03:35,437 --> 01:03:39,817 [narrator] As many as 70% of dogs suffer some form of anxiety. 1218 01:03:40,818 --> 01:03:43,153 It can come from early life experience. 1219 01:03:44,280 --> 01:03:46,282 And sometimes you're just born with it. 1220 01:03:47,366 --> 01:03:52,580 [Hecht] A state of stress or worry or fear is a very primal, ancestral emotion. 1221 01:03:53,080 --> 01:03:57,293 I think anybody that has a dog probably has experienced their dog feeling anxious, 1222 01:03:57,376 --> 01:03:59,795 and it's easy to interpret and empathize. 1223 01:04:02,923 --> 01:04:07,428 [narrator] One of the most common canine anxieties happens when we leave. 1224 01:04:08,637 --> 01:04:11,432 -If you could ask her to stay in here. -Townsend, sit. 1225 01:04:11,515 --> 01:04:13,893 [Hecht] We do a behavior test where the owner leaves the room, 1226 01:04:13,976 --> 01:04:15,603 so the dog is left alone. 1227 01:04:16,979 --> 01:04:19,398 If the dog experiences separation anxiety, 1228 01:04:19,481 --> 01:04:22,026 it's probably going to come out in that situation. 1229 01:04:22,860 --> 01:04:24,320 And so we watch the dog carefully, 1230 01:04:24,403 --> 01:04:27,448 and if it seems like they're starting to show signs of distress, 1231 01:04:27,531 --> 01:04:29,283 we have the owner go back. 1232 01:04:29,366 --> 01:04:30,868 Some dogs are completely mellow. 1233 01:04:30,951 --> 01:04:33,579 They might sniff around or maybe curl up and take a nap. 1234 01:04:33,662 --> 01:04:36,957 And, um, other dogs really are, you know, barking or howling 1235 01:04:37,041 --> 01:04:38,417 or scratching at the door. 1236 01:04:39,585 --> 01:04:42,546 I think this kind of gives us a window into what dogs are doing 1237 01:04:42,630 --> 01:04:43,714 when we're not there. 1238 01:04:44,632 --> 01:04:48,218 [narrator] Anxiety can cause aggression, depression, 1239 01:04:48,844 --> 01:04:50,304 even destructive behavior. 1240 01:04:50,888 --> 01:04:55,809 [growling] 1241 01:04:55,893 --> 01:04:58,562 [panting] 1242 01:04:59,605 --> 01:05:01,482 [narrator] Luckily, some of the same things 1243 01:05:01,565 --> 01:05:02,983 that relieve stress in humans 1244 01:05:03,567 --> 01:05:04,944 can also work for dogs. 1245 01:05:06,904 --> 01:05:08,906 ["Flower Duet" by Delibes playing] 1246 01:05:13,410 --> 01:05:16,914 [Hecht] There was one study that looked at dogs' affective responses 1247 01:05:16,997 --> 01:05:19,833 to classical music and other types of music. 1248 01:05:21,627 --> 01:05:25,631 Preliminary data suggested classical music might have a calming effect on dogs 1249 01:05:25,714 --> 01:05:28,384 and rock music might have the opposite effect. 1250 01:05:29,343 --> 01:05:32,429 I think this is an area where more research could be helpful. 1251 01:05:34,348 --> 01:05:37,309 [narrator] Often, nothing relieves your dog's anxiety more 1252 01:05:37,393 --> 01:05:38,852 than you coming home. 1253 01:05:39,436 --> 01:05:40,437 [barks] 1254 01:05:42,898 --> 01:05:44,900 The more time you spend together, 1255 01:05:44,984 --> 01:05:47,027 the stronger the attachment grows. 1256 01:05:47,111 --> 01:05:51,782 [barking] 1257 01:05:53,617 --> 01:05:56,620 [woman] All right, so I'm gonna start heading in. 1258 01:05:57,121 --> 01:05:58,664 I'm gonna stop, say "Okay." 1259 01:05:58,747 --> 01:06:01,417 As you go by, you're gonna do this, you're gonna that. 1260 01:06:01,917 --> 01:06:05,421 [narrator] Jazmin and her family have spent the past two weeks with Bonus. 1261 01:06:05,504 --> 01:06:10,259 It's time for them to take the final test and prove they've built a bond. 1262 01:06:12,678 --> 01:06:13,762 Bonus, let's go. 1263 01:06:15,305 --> 01:06:17,850 One of the challenging final exam tests 1264 01:06:17,933 --> 01:06:21,061 is to walk the dog through an obstacle course 1265 01:06:21,145 --> 01:06:23,439 with no leash, no nothing, just talking to the animal. 1266 01:06:24,189 --> 01:06:25,274 Bonus, get. 1267 01:06:27,109 --> 01:06:28,777 Get. Come on. 1268 01:06:30,112 --> 01:06:31,530 There it is. Yes. 1269 01:06:32,031 --> 01:06:33,032 Bonus, let's go. 1270 01:06:33,741 --> 01:06:34,575 Bonus, jump. 1271 01:06:35,325 --> 01:06:36,243 Yes. 1272 01:06:36,326 --> 01:06:37,619 -[woman] Good job. -Give. 1273 01:06:37,703 --> 01:06:38,871 -Good job. -[woman] Very good. 1274 01:06:38,954 --> 01:06:41,415 Jaz, praise your dog if he's doing good. 1275 01:06:41,498 --> 01:06:43,042 -Yeah! -Good boy. 1276 01:06:43,125 --> 01:06:44,668 [woman] Booty scratches! 1277 01:06:44,752 --> 01:06:45,919 -Very nice. -You ready? 1278 01:06:47,921 --> 01:06:49,798 Bonus. [kisses] Tug. 1279 01:06:50,716 --> 01:06:52,509 Come on. Come on. 1280 01:06:52,593 --> 01:06:53,886 This. Tug. 1281 01:06:53,969 --> 01:06:55,054 Come on. 1282 01:06:55,137 --> 01:06:57,056 Whoops. Tug. 1283 01:06:58,932 --> 01:07:00,559 [woman] Yeah, there you go, Jaz. 1284 01:07:01,060 --> 01:07:02,644 -Yeah. Tug. -[Jazmin's dad] Tug. 1285 01:07:03,228 --> 01:07:06,148 [woman] Yay! We'll take it. 1286 01:07:06,231 --> 01:07:07,357 Bonus, push. 1287 01:07:07,441 --> 01:07:10,527 -Good boy! Good boy! -[cheering and applause] 1288 01:07:12,571 --> 01:07:14,823 Jaz, take a bow. [chuckles] 1289 01:07:14,907 --> 01:07:17,076 [Sandy] He was phenomenal. 1290 01:07:17,159 --> 01:07:20,204 He absolutely knows his job, and he absolutely knows us 1291 01:07:20,287 --> 01:07:22,039 because he stuck with you guys the whole time. 1292 01:07:22,122 --> 01:07:22,956 Yeah. 1293 01:07:23,040 --> 01:07:25,042 -Just give him a little kissy. -[Jazmin] Mmmm! 1294 01:07:25,125 --> 01:07:26,126 [laughter] 1295 01:07:26,210 --> 01:07:29,046 [narrator] It's official. Bonus has passed. 1296 01:07:32,132 --> 01:07:36,512 But before he's done, there's one last symbolic moment. 1297 01:07:37,304 --> 01:07:40,599 [Hutchinson] Before graduation, the dogs see the puppy raiser 1298 01:07:40,682 --> 01:07:44,186 who loved them for a year and a half of their lives 1299 01:07:44,269 --> 01:07:45,938 so they can get some quality time. 1300 01:07:47,773 --> 01:07:49,817 Hi, Bonus! 1301 01:07:50,317 --> 01:07:53,320 -Hi, baby! -[woman 1] Who's that? 1302 01:07:54,488 --> 01:07:55,739 Oh, yes. 1303 01:07:56,448 --> 01:07:57,991 Oh, my buddy. I missed you. 1304 01:07:58,075 --> 01:08:00,119 [Hutchinson] They're still dogs at the end of the day. 1305 01:08:00,202 --> 01:08:02,037 They have a past. They have history. 1306 01:08:03,205 --> 01:08:04,414 [woman 2] Come here, Berkley! 1307 01:08:04,498 --> 01:08:07,751 Hey! Berkley, it's me! 1308 01:08:07,835 --> 01:08:11,463 [Hare] The stories of the soldier coming home after years. 1309 01:08:11,547 --> 01:08:13,966 [woman 3] Zeke, go look who's here. 1310 01:08:15,175 --> 01:08:16,718 [Hare] You know, we all wanna know… 1311 01:08:16,802 --> 01:08:18,262 [dog barks] 1312 01:08:18,345 --> 01:08:19,847 …does the dog remember? 1313 01:08:20,639 --> 01:08:21,473 [barking] 1314 01:08:21,557 --> 01:08:23,433 [woman 2] Hey, Berkley, it's me. 1315 01:08:23,517 --> 01:08:27,271 Usually, it takes them a second or two to, "Is this right? Is this…?" 1316 01:08:27,354 --> 01:08:28,230 [barks] 1317 01:08:28,313 --> 01:08:29,648 It's me. It's… 1318 01:08:30,524 --> 01:08:32,234 [Hare] And best evidence is… 1319 01:08:32,317 --> 01:08:33,152 Look, it's me. 1320 01:08:33,235 --> 01:08:34,403 [Hare] …they do. 1321 01:08:34,486 --> 01:08:35,988 Yeah! 1322 01:08:36,488 --> 01:08:37,531 [laughs] 1323 01:08:37,614 --> 01:08:38,574 Then they go berserk. 1324 01:08:39,241 --> 01:08:40,242 [woman 2] Hi! 1325 01:08:40,784 --> 01:08:42,744 [man 1] Now he knows ya. Now he knows ya. 1326 01:08:43,453 --> 01:08:44,496 Hi, Ruthie! 1327 01:08:45,372 --> 01:08:46,957 [man 2] Hey! Come here. 1328 01:08:48,500 --> 01:08:50,961 [woman 4 laughing] 1329 01:08:52,462 --> 01:08:53,338 [woman 5 squeals] 1330 01:08:55,883 --> 01:08:59,303 [Hare] Dogs certainly can remember what different dogs 1331 01:08:59,386 --> 01:09:02,222 that they've encountered early in their life smell like for years, 1332 01:09:02,306 --> 01:09:03,432 and people too. 1333 01:09:03,515 --> 01:09:04,975 [speaking indistinctly] 1334 01:09:07,227 --> 01:09:11,148 [narrator] Our bond is unlike any interspecies relationship on Earth. 1335 01:09:11,231 --> 01:09:12,191 Yay. 1336 01:09:12,274 --> 01:09:14,693 [narrator] But do they actually love us? 1337 01:09:15,319 --> 01:09:17,154 Yeah, I think dogs love us. Um… 1338 01:09:17,237 --> 01:09:19,531 I think that dogs' experience of love 1339 01:09:19,615 --> 01:09:22,201 might be different than the human experience of love. 1340 01:09:22,284 --> 01:09:23,493 [baby cries] 1341 01:09:23,577 --> 01:09:26,455 [Hecht] Dogs show some form of emotional contagion. 1342 01:09:26,538 --> 01:09:28,165 They can respond appropriately 1343 01:09:28,248 --> 01:09:30,876 to the emotions of other individuals in their social group. 1344 01:09:36,840 --> 01:09:39,009 [Woods] They're family. They absolutely love you. 1345 01:09:39,092 --> 01:09:41,136 [girl sobs] 1346 01:09:41,803 --> 01:09:44,014 [Woods] That's why they're doing that weird eye thing 1347 01:09:44,097 --> 01:09:46,099 when they're just kind of staring at you. 1348 01:09:46,767 --> 01:09:48,852 They're just hugging you with their eyes. 1349 01:09:49,561 --> 01:09:53,106 That interspecies connectedness is, like, quite amazing. 1350 01:09:53,190 --> 01:09:54,900 So, absolutely, they love us. 1351 01:09:55,984 --> 01:09:59,029 [Hutchinson] I think that with the right relationship, 1352 01:09:59,613 --> 01:10:04,117 if a dog feels safe, confident around its human, 1353 01:10:04,201 --> 01:10:07,788 if a dog becomes happy when they see their human, 1354 01:10:07,871 --> 01:10:10,832 if a dog enjoys petting from their human, 1355 01:10:12,125 --> 01:10:13,752 eh, I can call that love. 1356 01:10:13,835 --> 01:10:15,629 That's how I love people. 1357 01:10:15,712 --> 01:10:16,964 I'll call that love. 1358 01:10:19,633 --> 01:10:23,845 On behalf of Team Bonus, my wife, and the entire graduating class, 1359 01:10:23,929 --> 01:10:26,390 we truly wanna say thank you to everyone. 1360 01:10:27,557 --> 01:10:30,394 You know, nine years ago, we were here with Jazmin, 1361 01:10:30,477 --> 01:10:32,271 and she could barely talk. 1362 01:10:32,354 --> 01:10:34,856 She never engaged with anybody. 1363 01:10:35,524 --> 01:10:37,526 And that was when we met our first dog. 1364 01:10:38,652 --> 01:10:42,197 And it has made all the difference in the world. 1365 01:10:43,782 --> 01:10:46,410 Every day I see her strength and patience 1366 01:10:46,952 --> 01:10:48,704 and her incredible spirit… 1367 01:10:57,045 --> 01:11:00,424 …and her incredible spirit that lifts up everyone she meets. 1368 01:11:02,426 --> 01:11:04,428 It's why you puppy raisers do it. 1369 01:11:04,511 --> 01:11:07,514 It's what is so special about this entire program. 1370 01:11:07,597 --> 01:11:10,183 [cheering and applause] 1371 01:11:13,228 --> 01:11:15,939 These dogs change families in unimaginable ways. 1372 01:11:16,023 --> 01:11:18,025 [applause] 1373 01:11:20,610 --> 01:11:22,237 [Jazmin's dad] Good boy. Bonus, sit. 1374 01:11:27,701 --> 01:11:29,286 [automated voice] I love Bonus. 1375 01:11:29,369 --> 01:11:30,412 Nice. 1376 01:11:31,371 --> 01:11:35,083 So when you realize how amazing dogs are and all that they do for us… 1377 01:11:35,167 --> 01:11:36,626 Here, boy. 1378 01:11:37,502 --> 01:11:41,131 [Hare] …the question then becomes, "Well, what could we do to be better?" 1379 01:11:42,049 --> 01:11:44,843 What we can learn about dogs is it's better to be friendly. 1380 01:11:45,427 --> 01:11:47,471 [woman] Hi! You're so cute. 1381 01:11:49,389 --> 01:11:51,058 [Woods] It means survival of the friendliest 1382 01:11:51,141 --> 01:11:53,101 is a very powerful strategy. 1383 01:11:53,185 --> 01:11:54,269 [woman] Yeah! 1384 01:11:54,353 --> 01:11:57,856 [Woods] Dogs will accept you no matter who you are or where you come from, 1385 01:11:57,939 --> 01:12:01,401 and they have bridged an entire species divide. 1386 01:12:01,485 --> 01:12:03,320 ♪ Oh, the happy dog ♪ 1387 01:12:03,403 --> 01:12:06,782 [Woods] And they can live with us in perfect harmony. 1388 01:12:08,408 --> 01:12:12,746 Dogs are such a great example of what true acceptance looks like. 1389 01:12:12,829 --> 01:12:16,041 That is gospel truth. You don't need science to know that. 1390 01:12:20,212 --> 01:12:23,048 [upbeat music playing] 1391 01:12:49,825 --> 01:12:50,659 Buddy. 1392 01:12:50,742 --> 01:12:54,371 [girls screaming and exclaiming] 1393 01:13:01,545 --> 01:13:05,173 [Draper] I just wanna be a French bulldog. I wanna lay around and eat, 1394 01:13:05,257 --> 01:13:07,968 and go out and poo, then come back and lay down in the sun 1395 01:13:08,051 --> 01:13:11,596 and have somebody pet me for about five minutes and then leave me alone. 1396 01:13:11,680 --> 01:13:13,890 If I'm a French bulldog, I'll figure it out.